ATOMIC THEORY AND QUANTUM NUMBERS

THE ATOM

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 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
IN DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY, ATOMS

• Are tiny particles of matter.

• Of an element are similar and different from other
elements.
• Of two or more different elements combine to form
compounds.
• Are rearranged to form new combinations in a
chemical reaction.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Atoms contains subatomic particles,

• PROTONS Have a positive (+) charge.

• ELECTRONS Have a negative (-) charge.
• Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. 2
• NEUTRONS Are neutral.
RUTHERFORD’S GOLD-FOIL EXPERIMENT
In Rutherford’s gold-foil experiment, positively charged particles
• Were aimed at atoms of gold.
• Mostly went straight through the atoms.
• Were deflected only occasionally.
Conclusion:
There must be a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the atom that
deflects positive particles that come close.

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 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
AN ATOM consists
• of a nucleus that contains protons and
neutrons.
• of electrons in a large empty space around
the nucleus.

ATOMIC MASS SCALE

On the atomic mass scale for subatomic
particles,

• 1 atomic mass unit (amu) has a mass equal

to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon-12 atom.
• A proton has a mass of about 1 (1.007)
amu.
• A neutron has a mass of about 1 (1.008)
amu.
• An electron has a very small mass,
0.000549 amu. 4
 PARTICLES IN THE ATOM

Particle Symbol Relative Mass (g) Mass Location in Atom

charge (amu)

Proton p or p+ +1 1.673 x 10-24 1 (1.007) Nucleus

Neutron n or n0 0 1.675 x 10-24 1 (1.008) Nucleus

Electron e- 1- 9.110 x 10-28 0.00549 Outside nucleus

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 TUTORIAL
3.4.1. Identify each statement as describing a

1) proton 2) neutron 3) electron

A. Found outside the nucleus

B. Has a positive charge
C. Is neutral
D. Found in the nucleus

Solution

Identify each statement as describing a

1) proton 2) neutron 3) electron

A. 3 found outside the nucleus

B. 1 has a positive charge
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C. 2 is neutral
D. 1, 2 found in the nucleus
QUANTUM NUMBERS AND ORBITALS

ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS

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 ENERGY LEVELS (QUANTUM NUMBERS)
ENERGY LEVELS

• Are assigned numbers N = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.

• Increase in energy as the value of N increases. n = 4 (N)
• Are like the rungs of a ladder with the lower energy levels
nearer the ground.
n = 3 (M)

ENERGY LEVELS HAVE A MAXIMUM NUMBER OF

ELECTRONS EQUAL TO 2N2. n = 2 (L)

ENERGY LEVEL MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS

N=1 2(1)2 = 2(1) = 2

n = 1 (K)
N=2 2(2)2 = 2(4) = 8
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N=3 2(3)2 = 2(9) = 18
 ORBITALS

AN ORBITAL
• Is a three-dimensional space around a nucleus where an electron
is most likely to be found.

• Has a shape that represents electron density (not a path the

electron follows).

• Can hold up to 2 electrons.

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 S ORBITALS

AN S ORBITAL
• Has a spherical shape around the
nucleus.

• Is found in each energy level. n=3

n=2

n=1

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 P ORBITALS

A P ORBITAL
• Has a two-lobed shape.
• Is one of three p orbitals in each energy level from n = 2.

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 TUTORIAL
3.7.1 The number of
A. Electrons that can occupy a p orbital is
1) 1. 2) 2. 3) 3.
B. P orbitals in the 2p sublevel is
1) 1. 2) 2. 3) 3.
C. Electrons in the n =3 level
1) 3. 2) 6. 3) 18.

SOLUTION
3.7.1 The number of
A. Electrons that can occupy a p orbital is 2) 2.

B. P orbitals in the 2p sublevel is 3) 3.

C. Electrons in the n =3 level 3) 18.

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