Name of student : Hameed Kadhim Mohsin

Number of student : (17)

Name of experment : Tunnel Dryer

Number of experiment : ( 1 )

Date of experiment : 21 \ 10 \ 2014

The objective of the experiment

1. Study the drying process of solid materials and plot the
drying curve
2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient
3. Discuss the effects of area of drying on the rate of drying. ..
Introduction
The drying of materials is usually the final operation in
manufacturing process. Drying means the complete removal of
water from the material. The process involves simultaneous heat
and mass transfer. The study of drying is related to humidity of
drying air and the moisture content of the material. If a material
is exposed to air at a given temperature and humidity the
material will either lose or gain water until equilibrium is
established. There are different method of drying depending on
the nature of the material to be dried. In the experiment a tunnel
type dryer is used to study the process for different shapes of a
porous solid material

Drying in general mean usually means removal of relatively

small amounts of water from material. In drying the water is
usually removed as a vapor by air.

In some cases water maybe removed by mechanically from solid

materials by presses, centrifuging and other methods. This is
cheaper than drying by thermal means for removal of water. The
moisture content of the final dried product varies depending
upon the type of product.

Drying is usually the final processing step before packing and

makes many materials, such as soap powders and dyestuffs,
more suitable for handling.

Drying processes can be classified as batch, where the material

is inserted to the drying equipment and drying proceeds for a
given period of time, or as continuous, where the material is
continuously added to the dryer and dried material continuously
removed.
There are different types of drying equipments like:

 Tray dryer.
 Vacuum-shelf indirect dryers.
 Continuous tunnel dryers.
 Rotary dryers.
 Drum dryers.
 Spray dryers.

Heat is added by different ways, such as, by direct contact with

heated air at atmospheric pressure and the water vapor formed I
removed by air. The other way is to add the heat indirectly by
contact with a metal wall or by radiation
Theory
Extract the drying rate using the following equation
1 ∆𝑤
𝑅=− ∗
𝐴𝑐 ∆𝑡
Where:

R: Rate of drying [kg water/m2 hr].

W: Weight of water [kg water].
A: Surface area for cubic and ball [m2].
t : Time (sec)
Extract as well as the drying time for each of the ball and the
cube
1
𝑇𝐷 = 𝐴 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 ∗
𝐴𝑐

Then extracted air density through the use of temperature and

through the following equation

29 273.6
𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = ∗
22.4 (𝑇 + 273)

Where:
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚3
T = Temperature
We then extracted (G) using air velocity and density of the air
and through the following equation

𝑮 = 𝒖 ∗ 𝝆 𝒂𝒊𝒓
Then extracted (h) through the following equation

𝟖. 𝟖 ∗ 𝑮𝟎.𝟖
𝒉=
𝑫𝟎.𝟐
Experimental procedure
1. Weight the dry samples accurately
2. Soak the sample in water for 2 hour or more
3. switch on the fan and adjust the flow rate
4. Switch on the heaters and wait for 10 minutes until steady
state is reached
5. Record the dry blub and wet blub temperature of the hot
air, and the air velocity
6. Take the sample out of water and wipe the surface gently
with a paper tissue and then record the weight of the
soaked sample
7. Hang the sample on the balance and start the timing watch
8. Record the weight at time intervals as shown in the attache
table
9. Repeat for the other sample
Calculations
W dry for cubic =4.759 gm , W dry for ball =9.25gm
L of cubic =2 cm
D of ball = 3.6 cm
D of tunnel = 15.5 cm
U of air = 866 ft/min

∆𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
∆𝑡 = 300 − 0 = 300

For cubic
W dry=4.75 gm =0.00475 kg
𝑾 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑾 𝒘𝒆𝒕 − 𝑾𝒅𝒓𝒚
𝑊 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 7.86 − 4.75 = 0.00311 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑾 = 𝑾𝟐 − 𝑾𝟏
∆𝑊 = 0.00275 − 0.00311 = −0.00036 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑤
= −0.0000012
∆𝑡
𝑨 = 𝟔 ∗ 𝑳𝟐

𝐴 = 6 ∗ (0.02)2 = 0.0024 𝑚2
𝟏 ∆𝒘
𝑹=− ∗
𝑨𝒄 ∆𝒕
1
𝑅=− ∗ −0.0000012 = 0.0005 kg /m2 hr
0.0024
1
= 2000
𝑅
 NO Time ∆ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Wt. cubic Wt. cubic
(min) Wet(gm) dry(gm)
1 0 300 7.86 4.75
2 300 300 7.50 4.75
3 600 300 7.04 4.75
4 900 300 6.85 4.75
5 1200 300 6.71 4.75
6 1500 300 6.56 4.75
7 1800 300 6.39 4.75
8 2100 300 6.27 4.75
9 2400 300 6.20 4.75
10 2700 300 6.07 4.75
11 30000 300 5.96 4.75

W water ∆𝑤 ∆ 𝑤/∆𝑡 R 1/R

(Kg)
0.00311 - 0.00036 - 0.0000012 0.0005 2000
0.00275 - 0.00046 - 0.000001533 0.0006387 1565
0.00229 - 0.00019 - 0.000000633 0.0002639 3789
0.0021 - 0.00014 - 0.000000466 0.0001944 5142
0.00196 - 0.00015 - 0.0000005 0.0002083 4800.7
0.00181 - 0.00017 - 0.000000566 0.0002358 4240.8
0.00164 - 0.00012 - 0.0000004 0.0001666 6002.4
0.00152 - 0.00007 - 0.000000233 0.0000972 10282.7
0.00145 - 0.00013 - 0.000000433 0.0001805 5540.166
0.00132 - 0.00011 - 0.000000366 0.0001527 6544
0.00121
 0.0007

0.0006

0.0005

0.0004
R

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

W water

12000

10000
10282.7

8000
1/R

6000 6544
6002.4
5540.166
5142
4000 4800.7
4240.8
3789
2000
2000
1565
0
0.0031 0.0027 0.0022 0.0019 0.0018 0.0016 0.0015 0.0014 0.0013 0.0012
0.0021
1 5 9 6 1 4 2 5 2 1
#REF! 2000 1565 3789 5142 4800.7 4240.8 6002.4 10283 5540.2 6544

W water
For ball
W dry=9.25 gm =0.00925 kg
𝑾 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑾 𝒘𝒆𝒕 − 𝑾𝒅𝒓𝒚
𝑊 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 11.75 − 9.25 = 0.0025 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑾 = 𝑾𝟐 − 𝑾𝟏
∆𝑊 = 0.00193 − 0.0025 = −0.00057 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑤
= −0.0000019
∆𝑡
𝝅
𝑨 = 𝑫𝟐
𝟒
𝜋
𝐴 = (0.036)2 = 0.001017 𝑚2
4
𝟏 ∆𝒘
𝑹=− ∗
𝑨𝒄 ∆𝒕
1
𝑅=− ∗ −0.0000019 = 0.0018667 kg /m2 hr
0.001017
1
= 535.26
𝑅
 NO Time ∆ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Wt. ball Wt. ball
(min) Wet(gm) dry(gm)
1 0 300 11.75 9.25
2 300 300 11.18 9.25
3 600 300 10.9 9.25
4 900 300 10.69 9.25
5 1200 300 10.5 9.25
6 1500 300 10.38 9.25
7 1800 300 10.26 9.25
8 2100 300 10.17 9.25
9 2400 300 10.12 9.25
10 2700 300 10.03 9.25
11 30000 300 59.97 9.25

W water ∆𝑤 ∆ 𝑤/∆𝑡 R 1/R

(Kg)
0.0025 - 0.00057 - 0.0000019 0.001866 535.704
0.00193 - 0.00028 - 0.000000933 0.0009169 1090.63
0.00165 - 0.00021 - 0.0000007 0.0006877 1454.01
0.00144 - 0.00019 - 0.000000633 0.0006222 1607
0.00125 - 0.00012 - 0.0000004 0.000393 2544
0.00113 - 0.00011 - 0.0000003 0.0004 2543
0.00101 - 0.00009 - 0.0000003 0.35711 2.8011
0.00092 - 0.00005 - 0.000000166 0.000163 6108
0.00087 - 0.00009 - 0.00003 0.0294 34.0136
0.00078 - 0.00006 - 0.0000002 0.0001965 5089.05
0.00072
 0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
R

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

W water

7000

6000

5000

4000
1/R

3000

2000

1000

0
0.0025 0.00193 0.00165 0.00144 0.00125 0.00113 0.00101 0.00092 0.00087 0.00078 0.00072
535.704 1090.63 1454.01 1607 2544 2543 2.8011 6108 34.0136 5089.05

W water
  T=30.2 C
𝟐𝟗 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟔
𝝆 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = ∗
𝟐𝟐. 𝟒 (𝑻 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑)

29 273.6 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = ∗ = 1.1659 3
22.4 (30.2 + 273.6) 𝑚
𝑮 = 𝒖 ∗ 𝝆 𝒂𝒊𝒓
u =866 ft/min = 4.399 m/sec
𝑘𝑔
𝐺 = 4.399 ∗ 1.1659 = 5.128
𝑚2 ∗ 𝑠
𝟖. 𝟖 ∗ 𝑮𝟎.𝟖
𝒉=
𝑫𝟎.𝟐
8.8 ∗ (5.128)0.8
ℎ= = 47.04
(0.155)0.2

𝟏
𝑻𝑫 = 𝑨 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 ∗
𝑨𝒄

1
𝑇𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 = 0.81995 ∗ = 341.64
0.0024

1
𝑇𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.61618 ∗ = 605.88
0.001017
DISCUSSIONS
Q1 / Discuss the relation between drying and humidity
S / The relationship between the humidity and drying is an
inverse relationship
The lower the humidity in the sample whenever less and faster
drying time of the sample.
This depends on the shape of the sample and the nature of the
sample and the duration of their stay in the liquid.
Q2 / Discuss the experimental apparatus and compare with
other methods of drying
S / Is the method of drying tunnel modern methods used in
drying wood and other materials drying .This method is
characterized by ease of use compared to other roads and high
efficiency.And are drying this way through the transfer of
thermal load currents by the fan through the tunnel.
The thermal drying of industrial methods adopted in drying
wood and other materials
Q3 / Discuss the drying curve and the mass transfer
coefficient value what is the effect of sample shape
S / Through curved drying noticed an increase drying speed the
passage of time and increase the number of attempts and the
sample exposed to heat for a longer period.This affects the
drying of the sample and the efficiency of the drying time . that
the ball dry out faster than the cube The heat transfer coefficient
here depends on the shape of the sample and on the nature of the
sample
It is noted that the ball dry out faster than the cube and the ball
less drying time of drought cube time
References
1.coulson J.M. and Richardson J.F , chemical engineering
volume 2 ( Third Edition)
2.chirstie J.Geankoplise ,Transfer Process and Unit Operation
,(Third Edition)