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successfully.
PETER SOOSAI RAJ, ME., (Ph.d)., MISTE., for his kind patronage and
encouragement.
We heart fully acknowledge our sincere thanks for the warm full
teaching staff members for the help they provided during the course of our
project. We are very dutiful to explore our gratitude to our godly parents
Introduction
Abstract
Cam mechanism
Sand sieving
Induction motor
Pulley
Belt
Block diagram
Advantages
Applications
Cost estimation
Conclusion
Bibliography
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS:
developed for civil department. For filtering sand they are using manual method
with help of steel net, by this process they have to spend more time in filtering
the sand as well as humans gets tired of this process. So to avoid the above
requires large flow rates delivered by costly equipment. A stacked filter system
Once the filter layers are clogged with contaminant particles, they must
backwash by fluidizing the layers from the top down, by sending the backwash
fully engaged, all of the flow is entering the filter through the underdrain and
flowing up through the entire sand bed to exit the filter at the backwash trough.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT:
The cam based sand filter demonstrate the viability of cam based sand
detailed task list outlining the goals and deadlines for the semester has been
submitted. A filtering the sand by human is time consuming and delay for
requirement of the process. And then not purely filter by human to avoid this
mechanism is provided to filter the sand and purely small particles by using this
method.
CHAPTER- 1
Cam mechanism
Cam mechanism:
overview
PLATE CAM
The most commonly used cam is the cam plate which is cut out of a
piece of flat metal or plate. Here, the follower moves in a plane perpendicular
to the axis of rotation of the camshaft. Several key terms are relevant in such a
construction of plate cams: base circle, prime , pitch curve which is the radial
curve traced out by applying the radial displacements away from the prime
circle across all angles, and the lobe separation angle.
The base circle is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.
A once common, but now outdated, application of this type of cam was
automatic machine tool programming cams. Each tool movement or operation
was controlled directly by one or more cams. Instructions for producing
programming cams and cam generation data for the most common makes of
machine were included in engineering references well into the modern CNC era.
CYLINDRICAL CAM
A special case of this cam is constant lead, where the position of the
follower is linear with rotation, as in a lead screw. The purpose and detail of
implementation influence whether this application is called a cam or a screw
thread, but in some cases, the nomenclature may be ambiguous.
FACE CAM
Face cams may also be used to reference a single output to two inputs,
typically where one input is rotation of the cam and the other is radial position
of the follower. The output is parallel to the axis of the cam. These were once
common is mechanical analog computation and special functions in control
systems.
A face cam that implements three outputs for a single rotational input is
the stereo phonograph, where a relatively constant lead groove guides the stylus
and tone arm unit, acting as either a rocker-type or linear follower, and the
stylus alone acting as the follower for two orthogonal outputs to representing
the audio signals. These motions are in a plane radial to the rotation of the
record and at angles of 45 degrees to the plane of the disk. The position of the
tone arm was used by some turntables as a control input, such as to turn the unit
off or to load the next disk in a stack, but was ignored in simple units.
This type of cam was used for example in mechanical time keeping
and consisted of a follower being raised over 24 hours by the cam in a spiral
path which terminated at a sharp cut off at which the follower would drop down
and activate the day advance. Where timing accuracy is required as in clocking-
follower to raise the drop weight for most of its journey to near its full height,
and only for the last portion of its travel for the weight to be taken over and
A linear cam is one in which the cam element moves in a straight line
rather than rotates. The cam element is often a plate or block, but may be any
cross section. The key feature is that the input is a linear motion rather than
rotational. The cam profile may be cut into one or more edges of a plate or
block, may be one or more slots or grooves in the face of an element, or may
even be a surface profile for a cam with more than one input. The development
of a linear cam is similar to, but not identical to, that of a rotating cam.
Chapter - 2
6
SAND SEIVEING
SAND SEIVE:
that drags a raking or sifting device over beach sand to remove rubbish and
other foreign matter. They are manually self-pulled vehicles on tracks or wheels
combat the problems of litter left by beach patrons and other pollution washed
up on their shores. A chief task in beach cleaning strategies is finding the best
way to handle waste matter on the beaches, taking into consideration beach
erosion and changing terrain. Beach cleaning machines work by collecting sand
by way of a scoop or drag mechanism and then raking or sifting anything large
enough to be considered foreign matter, including sticks, stones, litter and other
items.
Similar applications include lake beaches, sandfields for beach volleyball
and kindergarten and playing field sandpits. The word "sandboni" is a back-
COMMON TECHNOLOGIES:
RAKING TECHNOLOGY
It can be used on dry or wet sand. When using this method, a rotating
conveyor belt containing hundreds of tines combs through the sand and removes
surface and buried debris while leaving the sand on the beach. Raking machines
can remove materials ranging in size from small pebbles, shards of glass, and
cigarette butts to larger debris, like seaweed and driftwood. By keeping the sand
on the beach and only lifting the debris, raking machines can travel at high
speeds.
SIFTING TECHNOLOGY
It is practiced on dry sand and soft surfaces. The sand and waste are
collected via the pick-up blade of the vehicle onto a vibrating screening belt,
which leaves the sand behind. The waste is gathered in a collecting tray which
allow time for the sand to sift through the screen and back onto the beach. The
size of the materials removed is governed by the size of the holes in the
installed screen.
It differs from pure sifters in that it uses rotating tines to scoop sand and
debris onto a vibrating screen instead of relying simply on the pick-up blade.
materials onto the screen. Once on the screen, combined raking and sifting
machines use the same technology as normal sifters to remove unwanted debris
collected into a windrow or pile and manually shoveled onto screened sifting
trays to separate the debris from the sand. While effective, it requires the
movement of sand to the site of the tray, and then redistribution of the sand after
sifting. A more efficient method is the use of a screened fork at the place where
the debris is located. The effort to manually agitate the sand can become
combines the spot cleaning effectiveness of manual screening with the ease of
Sand cleaning machines are used all over the world to ensure the safety
debris from the beach, municipalities and resorts are able to maintain their
dead fish washing ashore. Raking sand cleaners were then used to remove the
rotting fish off the beach before they released excessive toxins into the air, sand,
and water.
CHAPTER-3
INDUCTION
MOTOR
INDUCTION MOTOR:
SLIP:
Typical torque curve as a function of slip, represented as 'g' here. Slip, ,
is defined as the difference between synchronous speed and operating speed, at
the same frequency, expressed in rpm or in percent or ratio of synchronous
speed where is stator electrical speed, is rotor mechanical speed. Slip, which
varies from zero at synchronous speed and 1 when the rotor is at rest,
determines the motor's torque. Since the short-circuited rotor windings have
small resistance, a small slip induces a large current in the rotor and produces
large torque.[31] At full rated load, slip varies from more than 5% for small or
special purpose motors to less than 1% for large motors.
TORQUE:
See also: Fleming's left-hand rule for motors
STANDARD TORQUE:
STARTING:
See also: Motor controller
There are three basic types of competing small induction motors: single-
phase, split-phase and shaded-pole types and small polyphase motors.
SPEED CONTROL:
EFFICIENCY:
Full load motor efficiency varies from about 85% to 97%, related motor
losses being broken down roughly as follows:[41]
PULLEY
PULLEY:
A pulley may also be called a sheave or drum and may have a groove or
grooves between two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a
pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside
the groove or grooves.
BELT
BELT:
POWER TRANSMISSION:
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that
may not be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially
designed belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are
large and this has led to many variations on the theme.
Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product
of difference of tension and belt velocity: where, T1 and T2 are tensions in the
tight side and slack side of the belt respectively.
ROPE DRIVES:
In general, as with flat belts, rope drives were used for connections
from stationary engines to the jack shafts and line shafts of mills, and
sometimes from line shafts to driven machinery. Unlike leather belts, however,
rope drives were sometimes used to transmit power over relatively long
distances.
ROUND BELTS:
Round belts are a circular cross section belt designed to run in a pulley
with a 60 degree V-groove. Round grooves are only suitable for idler pulleys
that guide the belt, or when (soft) O-ring type belts are used. The V-groove
transmits torque through a wedging action, thus increasing friction.
V BELTS:
V belts solved the slippage and alignment problem. It is now the basic
belt for power transmission. They provide the best combination of traction,
speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are
generally endless, and their general cross-section shape is Roughly trapezoidal .
The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley , with the
result that the belt cannot slip off. V-belts need larger pulleys for their thicker
cross-section than flat belts.
MULTI-GROOVE BELTS:
RIBBED BELT:
FILM BELTS:
Though often grouped with flat belts, they are actually a different kind.
They consist of a very thin belt strip of plastic and occasionally rubber. They
are generally intended for low-power , high-speed uses, allowing high
efficiency and long life. These are seen in business machines, printers, tape
recorders, and other light-duty operations.
BELT FRICTION:
Main article: Belt friction
SPECIFICATIONS:
To fully specify a belt, the material, length, and cross-section size and
shape are required. Timing belts, in addition, require that the size of the teeth be
given. The length of the belt is the sum of the central length of the system on
both sides, half the circumference of both pulleys, an d the square of the sum (if
crossed) or the difference (if open) of the radii. Thus, when dividing by the
central distance, it can be visualized as the central distance times the height that
gives the same squared value of the radius difference on, of course, both sides.
When adding to the length of either side, the length of the belt increases, in a
similar manner to the Pythagorean theorem.
Chapter- 6
BLOCK
DIAGRAM:
Block diagram:
CHAPTER- 7
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Easy to operate
Low maintenance
Quick process
Material Cost:
S.NO PARTICULARS COST
1. Induction Motor Rs. 2500
2. Sieving plate Rs. 650
3. Pulley Rs. 550
4. Belt Rs. 450
5. Cam Rs. 350
Total Rs.4500
Manufacturing Cost:
Overhead Cost:
Over head cost is of this project is Rs. 870
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY;
2. ^ Stinky cleanup under way along Texas coast after big fish kill
3. Movie Themes, Mascots and a Lady With a Net, Greg Bishop 16.8.2008
News
PHOTOGRAPHY