HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

BIOS-1620

REVIEW EXAM 5

61 Questions
42 Multiple Choice
13 True & False
6Fill in the Blank

I. Anatomy of Alimentary Canal

A. Inside to outside layers –mucous membrane , submucosa , muscular .
serous
epithelial cells are replaced every few days

B. Movements of the tube

1. peristalsis – propelling movement from pharynx to anus
Vomiting center located in medulla oblongata

2. segmentation – mixing movements , non-directional movements

C. Influence of ANS on digestive tract – parasympathetic increase activity,

Sympathetic decrease activity

D. Review
1. parts of mouth
i.e. vestibule between lip and gum

2. tongue
i.e. tonsils
palatine tonsils can affect swallowing and breathing
3. epiglottis – attached to the larynx

4. teeth
a. primary - 20
secondary - 32
incisor tears food , molars grinds food
root canal – nerves and blood vessels
loss of teeth diseases of gums and dental pulp
5. salivary glands function of digest starch , act as a lubricant , dissolves
food
chemicals
a. parotid produces amylase digest carbs

1
 b. submandibular

c. sublingual smallest ,viscous

E. Esophagus from pharynx to stomach

1. heartburn – define due to gastric juice in esophagus

Hiatal hernia due to weakness of diaphragm

F. Stomach
1. anatomy main part is body pyloric sphincter between stomach and duodenum
Lower esophageal sphincter (hiatal hernia occurs here)

2. gastric secretions
i.e. HCL from parietal cells (intrinsic factor for B12 absorption)
pepsinogen to pepsin
3. phases of gastric secretion
i.e. function of gastrin increases the secretions of the gastric glands

4. gastric absorption
a. function of chyme stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands

5. define enterogastric reflex regulates how much chyme exits stomach

G. Pancreas
1. function as endocrine and digestive organ

2. secretin function – stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

H. Liver
1. function - forms glucose from non-carbohydrate, stores Vitamin D, destroys &
stores RBCs, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol
damage affects lipid absorption
I. Bile
1. function water,bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes
i.e. bile salts – has a digestive function , emulsifies fat absorbs fat-soluble
vitamins
gall-stones – composed of cholesterol (due to excessive cholesterol)

J. Gall Bladder
1. function stores and concentrates bile
Cholesterol is recycled in synthesis of bile salts
Excess cholesterol eliminated in feces
K. Small Intestine
1. parts –duodenum , ileum , jejunum
2
 2. lining composed of epithelial cells
i
3. secretions
i.e. cholecystokinin –released in the presence of protein and fat
fatty chyme
secretin – released in presence of acidic chyme

4. absorption
a. malabsorption – define -digested but not absorbed

L. Large Intestine
1. anatomy ileocecal valve,, cecum , ascending colon , transverse colon ,
descending colon , sigmoid , anus , rectum

2. function - defecation, absorbs water & electrolytes, houses

intestinal flora

3. movements of large intestine

i.e. slow

valsalva maneuver used to aid defecation

4. feces
a. components –water ,electrolytes , mucous , bacteria ,bile pigments

M. Review
Hepatitis B - transmitted by sex , blood transfusion , consists of DNA
Jaundice due to increased concentration of bile pigments

blood vessels enlarged in anal columns called hemorrhoids

Hepatitis C transmitted by sharing razors , mother to baby , contaminated
water