JAIN UNIVERSITY

Declared as Deemed-to-be University u/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956

2015-2016
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara District - 562 112

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON
GREEN CONCRETE
Has been submitted as a Partial requirement for the award of Degree
of Bachelor of Engineering
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY

KAMARUDDIN VN
11BE6CV016

Department of civil Engineering

School of Engineering &Technology

Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara District-562112

Karnataka, INDIA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the technical seminar entitled “GREEN CONCRETE” presented

by KAMARUDDIN VN (11BE6CV016) Student of 8 semester, Department of
th

Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, is in the partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering of Jain University, Bangalore during the year 2015.it is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessments have incorporated in the
report deposited in the departmental library. The technical seminar report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements respect of seminar work
prescribed for the said degree.

(Signature of the Examiners) (Signature of the seminar in-charge)

Examiner 1:

Examiner 2:

Signature of the HOD

Department of Civil Engineering - SETJ

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge the assistance and support of a large number of
individuals who have been responsible for the successful completion of this technical seminar.

First, I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to school of Engineering and
Technology, Jain University for providing me with a great opportunity to pursue my Bachelor’s
Degree in this institution.

In particular, I would like to thank Prof. Krishna Venkatesh, Director, School of Engineering
and Technology, Jain University for his constant encouragement and expert advice.

It is a matter of pleasure to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Shashi Shankar,

Head of the Department, Civil Engineering, Jain University for providing right academic
guidance and constant support that made my task possible.

I would like to thank all the lecturers and also all the staff members of Civil Department for
their support and contributions.

I am also grateful to my family and friends who provided me with every requirement
throughout the course. I would like to thank one and all who directly or indirectly helped me in
completing the technical seminar successfully.

KAMARUDDIN VN

(11BE6CVO16)
CONTENTS

SL.NO INDEX Page no

1 INTRODUUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2

3 MATERIALS FOR GREEN CONCRETE 2

3.1 COARSE AGGREGATE 3-4

3.2 FINE AGGREGATE 5-6

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH

3.3 FLY ASH 7

3.4 HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE 8

3.5 SILICA FUMES 8-9

3.6 USE OF MARBLE POWDER 9

COMPARISON OF ORDINARY AND
4 GREEN CONCRETE 10
SUITABILITY OF GREEN CONCRETE IN
5 STRUCTURES 10

ADVANTAGES OF GREEN
6 CONCRETE 11
LIMITATIONS OF GREEN
7 CONCRETE 12-13

APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 13-16

8
9 SCOPE OF GREEN CONCRETE 16-17
10 CONCLUSION 17-18
11 REFERENCE 19
1.0 INTRODUCTION:

The concrete which is made using wastes which is eco-friendly is called as Green concrete. Green
concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. It was first invented in
Denmark in the year 1998.

The CO emission related to concrete production, inclusive of cement production, is between 0.1
2

and 0.2 ton per ton of produced concrete. Since concrete is the second most consumed entity after
water it accounts for around 5% of the world’s total CO emission (Ernst Worrell, 2001). However,
2

since the total amount of concrete produced is so vast the absolute figures for the environme nta l
impact are quite significant.

The solution to this environmental problem is not to substitute concrete for other materials but to
reduce the environmental impact of concrete and cement. Usage of quarry rock dust along with fly
ash and micro silica reported satisfactory properties. The potential environmental benefit to society
of being able to build with green concrete is huge. It is realistic to assume that technology can be
developed, which can have the CO emission related to concrete production. With the large
2

consumption of concrete this will potentially reduce the world’s total CO emission by 1.5 - 2%.
2

Concrete can also be the solution to environmental problems other than those related to CO 2

emission. It may be possible to use residual products from other industries in the concrete
production while still maintaining a high concrete quality. During the last few decades, society has
become aware of the deposit problems connected with residual products, and demands, restrictio ns
and taxes have been imposed and as it is known that several residual products have properties
suited for concrete production, there is a large potential in investigating the possible use of these
for concrete production. Well-known residual products such as silica fume and fly ash may be
mentioned.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Considering the time elapsed since the commencement of the use of concrete, green concrete is
very young a material. It was invented in 1998 in Denmark. The increasing awareness and activity
to conserve the environment and the realization that concrete production too releases a
considerable amount of CO in the atmosphere were strong initiatives to catalyze the genesis of
2

Green Concrete.

In 1997, the Kyoto Conference took place, in which several countries, after deliberating over the
then environmental conditions laid down several guidelines which would be the directive
principles to the participating countries on their environment related practices. The guidelines –
Kyoto Protocol, as they are called, needed the countries to cut down their CO emissions to a
2

certain degree as assigned. The given goal had to be achieved by the year 2012. Since then several
countries started to focus on several available options but Denmark focused on cement and
concrete production because approximately 2% of Denmark’s total CO emission stems from
2

cement and concrete production.

Realizing the necessity of such a technology and the prospects associated the Danish governme nt
soon released a proposal. The proposal is in accordance with the International and European
Conventions and Protocol, with the nationally agreed goals that comply with these. An important
aspect is Denmark’s obligation to reduce the CO -emission as previously mentioned. The proposal
2

covers the following environmental aspects: Greenhouse effect, depletion of the ozone layer,
materials harmful to the environment and health, water and resources.
3.0 Materials for Green Concrete:

Green construction materials are composed of renewable, rather than non-renewable resources.
Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of
the product. Depending upon project-specific goals, green materials may involve an evaluation of
one or more of the following criteria.

3.1 Coarse Aggregate:

Aggregate contents have direct and far-reaching effect on both the quality and cost of concrete.
Unlike water and cement, which do not alter in any particular characteristic except in the quantity
in which they are used, the aggregate component is infinitely variable in terms of shape, size and
grading etc. With coarse aggregates graded infractions between 5mm and 40mm, differences in
particle shape and surface texture affect the bulk void content and frictional properties of concrete.
Generally the requirement of course aggregate in concrete is more than 50%. Similarly sand
required is about 30%. They contribute in large quantity so its availability and effect on
environment must be carefully examined. Following source of coarse aggregate are discussed:

 Fresh Local Aggregate

 Recycled Demolition Waste Aggregate

 Recycled Concrete Material (RCM)

 Blast Furnace Slag (BFS)

a. Fresh Local Aggregate:

Many places there are stone quarry available. Though these may not be of high quality stone
like granite, basalt, Dolomite etc. but they may be of little lower quality. These can be used in
making concrete with the help of appropriate mix design - may be for lower characteristic
strength.
 b. Recycled Demolition Waste Aggregate:

Construction industry produces huge waste called demolition waste or MALWA. It is estimated
that per capita waste generation (including Municipal waste) generally range from 0.4 to 0.8 Kg
per day per person. The waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and thus waste prevention
and/or its recycling will reduce greenhouse gases and methane gas emissions etc.
Therefore, for sustainability of resources, it is necessary that all waste must be scientifica lly
managed. The waste distribution shows that there is about 50% demolition waste in the dump. In
order to have sustainability of resources this demolition waste must be recycled and used.

c. Recycled Concrete Material (RCM)

Recycled Concrete Material (RCM), also known as crushed concrete is similar to demolitio n
waste. Primary sources of RCM are demolition of existing concrete pavement, building slabs &
foundations, bridge structures, curb and gutter and from commercial or private facilities. This
material is crushed by mechanical means into manageable fragments. The resulting material is in
the form of Coarse Aggregate. Comprised of highly angular conglomerates of crushed quality
aggregate and hardened cement, RCM is rougher and more absorbent than its virgin constituents

d. Blast Furnace Slag (BFS):

In India more than 10 million tons of Blast Furnace Slag is produced every year and it is increasing
with the increase in steel production. Blast furnace slag is a waste product from the manufac ture
of pig iron. Iron ore, as well as scrap iron, is reduced to a molten state by burning coke fuel with
fluxing agents of limestone and dolomite. Blast furnace slag is a nonmetallic co-product produced
in the process of steel production. BFS consists primarily of silicates, aluminates, silicates, and
calcium-alumina-silicates.
Crushed Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag may be broken down as typical aggregate with the help of
processing equipment to meet gradation specifications. Thus, blast furnace slag can be available
as an aggregate as construction materials and acceptable as coarse or fine aggregate for use in
green Concrete.

3.2 Fine Aggregate (Sand):

Following source of Fine aggregate are normally used. Some are discussed here:
1. Fresh River Sand
2. Manufactured Sand
3. Recycled Glass aggregate.
4. Blast Furnace Slag (BFS)

a. Manufactured Sand For Concrete:

Sand is generally obtained from river bed. However, sand can also be manufactured after crushing
stone from rocks. This process is similar to getting crushed coarse aggregate. Infect after crushing
rock stone for coarse aggregate and sieving it on set of sieves between 40 - 6 mm size, the
remaining portion passing through 6 mm is called stone dust. This can also be said to be a bi-
product of manufacturing coarse aggregate. Such product or stone dust is generally in cubical form
and depend on the type of rock being crushed and can be called manufactured sand.

b. Natural Sand Vs Manufactured Sand:

Natural sand often contains undesirable minerals and clays, and the effect of these materials on
both the fresh and the hardened concrete can be extremely harmful. For example, the effect of clay
particles in fresh concrete is obvious, as the particles absorb disproportionate volume of water and
hence swell to many times their original size. This swelling occupies a volume in the cement paste
in its fresh state. When it hardens, the clay particles contract and leave minute voids which in turn
increase the shrinkage and permeability. This in turn reduces the concrete's chemical resistance
and compressive strength. The use of manufactured sand, however, reduces the risk of impurities.
It has been proven that about 20kg of cement can be saved for every cubic meter of concrete that
is made by replacing a poorly shaped aggregate with a cubical aggregate. In addition, both
compressive strength and flexural strength are improved by using cubical aggregates, which also
increases workability and reduces bleeding and shrinkage. The impact of the physical
characteristics of the sand used in the concrete mix is even greater than that of the coarse aggregate
fractions, both in the concrete's plastic and hardened states.

c. Recycled Glass Aggregate:

Glass is formed by super cooling a molten mixture of sand (silicon dioxide), soda ash (sodium
carbonate), and/or limestone to form a rigid physical state. Glass aggregate is a waste product of
recycled mixed glass from manufacturing and post-consumer waste. Glass aggregate, also known
as glass cullet, is 100 percent crushed material that is generally angular, flat and elongated in shape.
This fragmented material comes in variety of colors or colorless. The size varies depending on the
chemical composition and method of crushing.
When glass is properly crushed, this material exhibits fineness modulus & coefficient of
permeability similar to sand. It has very low water absorption. High angularity of this material,
compared to rounded sand, enhances the stability of concrete mixes. Such material can be easily
used in concrete construction as fine aggregate and give a better cohesive mix which will save on
the consumption of cement.

d. Blast Furnace Slag (BFS):

Blast furnace slag is described above under coarse aggregate. Here if blast furnace slag may be
broken down as typical fine aggregate also with the help of processing equipment to meet gradation
specifications. Thus it can be available as fine aggregate also as construction materials and
acceptable for use in green Concrete.
3.3 Partial replacement of cement with Fly Ash:

Fly ash is a by-product produced during the operation of coal-fired power plants. The finely
divided particles from the exhaust gases are collected in electrostatic precipitators.
These particles are called Fly ash. Gray to black represents increasing percentages of carbon, while
tan color is indicative of lime and/or calcium content.
Fly ash particles are very smooth and quite spherical in shape. These particles range from 1 to 150
m in diameter. Based on its composition, fly ash is classified into two groups: ASTM Class C or
high calcium fly ash and ASTM Class F or low calcium fly ash are the two categories of fly ash.

a. Use of Fly ash & Economic Impact:

Fly ash can be used as part replacement of Cement in Concrete. Finer the fly ash, better is its
reactivity and lesser is its water requirement. Fly ash particles finer than 10 microns get adsorbed
on cement particles giving a negative charge causing dispersion of cement particle flocks, thereby
releasing the water trapped within the cement particle flocks and improves workability.

b. Advantages Of Using Fly Ash in Concrete:

 Utilization of fly ash as a part replacement of cement or as a mineral admixture in concrete

saves on cement and hence the emission of CO . 2

 Use of good quality fly ash in concrete has shown remarkable improvement in durability
of concrete, especially in aggressive environment.

 Some of the technical benefits of the use of fly ash in Green Concrete are:
a) Higher ultimate strength
b) Increased durability
c) Improved workability
d) Reduced bleeding
e) Increased resistance to alkali-silica reactivity.
f) Reduced shrinkage.
3.4 High Volume Fly Ash Concrete:

One of the important milestones in the history of concrete technology is the development of high-
volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC). Concrete mixture containing 50% or more fly ash by mass of
cementitious material is termed as HVFAC, a term coined by Malhotra in the late 1980s.[9] From
theoretical considerations and practical experience of prominent researchers, it was found that,
with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash, it is possible to produce sustainable, high-
performance concrete mixtures that show high workability, high ultimate strength, and high
durability. It was first developed for mass concrete application where low heat of hydration was
of primary consideration.
In commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is limited to 15%-20% by mass of the total
cementitious material. Usually, this amount has a beneficial effect on the workability and cost
economy of concrete but it may not be enough to sufficiently improve the durability to sulfate
attack, alkali-silica expansion, and thermal cracking. For this purpose, larger amounts of fly ash,
on the order of 25%-35% are being used.
Although 25%-35% fly ash by mass of the cementitious material is considerably higher than 15%-
20%, this is not high enough to classify the mixtures as HVFA concrete according to the definitio n
proposed by Malhotra and Mehta. From theoretical considerations and practical experience the
authors have determined that, with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash, it is possible to
produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures that show high workability, high ultimate
strength, and high durability. The following text containing a brief description of the compositio n
and properties of HVFA concrete is adapted from Malhotra and Mehta’s book on HVFA concrete.

3.5 SILICA FUMES:

Silica fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the most
beneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete. Because of its chemical and physical properties, it is
a very reactive pozzolan. Concrete containing silica fume can have very high strength and can be
very durable. Silica fume is available from suppliers of concrete admixtures and, when specified,
is simply added during concrete production. Placing, finishing, and curing silica-fume concrete
require special attention on the part of the concrete contractor.
High-strength concrete is a very economical material for carrying vertical loads in high- r ise
structures. Until a few years ago, 6,000 psi concrete was considered to be high strength. Today,
using silica fume, concrete with compressive strength in excess of 15,000 psi can be readily
produced.

Silica fume for use in concrete is available in wet or dry forms. It is usually added during concrete
production at a concrete plant. Silica fume-concrete has been successfully produced in both
central-mix and dry-batch plants. Assistance is readily available on all aspects of handling silica
fume and using it to produce consistent, high-quality concrete.

3.6 Use of Marble powder:

Marble as a building material especially in palaces and monuments has been in use for
ages. However the use is limited as stone bricks in wall or arches or as lining slabs in walls, roofs or
floors, leaving its wastage at quarry or at the sizing industry generally unattended for use in
the building industry itself as filler or plasticizer in mortar or concrete. The result is that the
mass which is 40% of total marble quarried has reached as high as millions of tons. This huge
unattended mass of marble waste consisting of very fine particles is today one of the environme nta l
problems around the world (Corinaldesi et al., 2010). One of the logical means for reduction of
the waste marble masses calls for utilizing them in building industry itself. Some attempts
have been made to find and assess the possibilities of using waste marble powder in mortars and
concretes and results about strength and workability were compared with control samples of
conventional cement sand mortar/concrete.

4.0 Comparison of ordinary and green concrete:

In comparison to ordinary Portland cement

 green concrete features greater corrosion resistance,

 substantially higher fire resistance (up to 2400° F),
 high compressive and tensile strengths, a rapid strength gain,
  lower shrinkage.

Green concrete's greatest appeal may be its life cycle greenhouse gas reduction potential -- as much
as 90% when compared with ordinary Portland cement as shown in table 2.1. Researchers at the
TTC continue to work on ways to replace Portland cement with cementitious binders made from
industrial waste. Some next generation green concrete could last several times longer than ordinary
concrete.

Design Column ‘R’ Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Column ‘c’

Solution

Traditional Design Increased Stainless Steel Stainless Steel

+ concrete Reinforcement Cladding
Traditional Cover + +
Concrete + Green Green
Green Concrete Concrete Concrete
Kg CO / year
2 300 200 86 80

Table 2.1 – Showing life cycle greenhouse gasses by various design solutions

5.0 SUITABILITY OF GREEN CONCRETE IN STRUCTURES

 Reduce the dead weight of a facade from 5 tons to about 3.5 tons.
 Allow handling, lifting flexibility with lighter weight.
 Good thermal resistance
 Provide good fire resistance.
 Sound insulation than the traditional granite rock.
 Improve damping resistance of building.
 Speed of construction, shorten overall construction period.
6.0. ADVANTAGES OF GREEN CONCRETE

Green concrete is part of a movement to create construction materials that have a reduced impact
on the environment. It is made from a combination of an inorganic polymer and 25 to 100 percent
industrial waste. Here is a list of 4 benefits to using green concrete for your next project.

6.1 Lasts Longer:

Green concrete gains strength faster and has a lower rate of shrinkage than concrete made only
from Portland cement. Structures built using green concrete have a better chance of surviving a
fire (it can withstand temperatures of up to 2400 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale). It also has a
greater resistance to corrosion which is important with the effect pollution has had on the
environment (acid rain greatly reduces the longevity of traditional building materials). All of those
factors add up to a building that will last much longer than one made with ordinary concrete.
Similar concrete mixtures have been found in ancient Roman structures and this material was also
used in the Ukraine in the 1950s and 1960s. Over 40 years later those Ukrainian buildings are still
standing. If buildings don’t constantly have to be rebuilt, fewer construction materials are needed
and the impact to the environment during the process of making those materials is reduced.

6.2 As Industrial Waste:

Instead of a 100 percent Portland cement mixture, green concrete uses anywhere from 25 to 100
percent fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion and is gathered from the chimneys of
industrial plants (such as power plants) that use coal as a power source. There are copious amounts
of this industrial waste product.

Hundreds of thousands of acres of land are used to dispose of fly ash. A large increase in the use
of green concrete in construction will provide a way to use up fly ash and hopefully free many
acres of land.
6.3 Energy Consumption:

If you use less Portland cement and more fly ash when mixing concrete, then you will use less
energy. The materials that are used in Portland cement require huge amounts of coal or natural gas
to heat it up to the appropriate temperature to turn them into Portland cement. Fly ash already
exists as a byproduct of another industrial process so you are not expending much more energy to
use it to create green concrete. Another way that green concrete reduces energy consumpt ion is
that a building constructed from it is more resistant to temperature changes. An architect can use
this and design a green concrete building to use energy for heating and cooling more efficiently.

6.4 CO Emissions:
2

In order to make Portland cement–one of the main ingredients in ordinary cement–pulver ized
limestone, clay, and sand are heated to 1450 degrees C using natural gas or coal as a fuel. This
process is responsible for 5 to 8 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions worldwide. The
2

manufacturing of green concrete releases has up to 80 percent fewer CO emissions. As a part of a

2

global effort to reduce emissions, switching over completely to using green concrete for
construction will help considerably.

7.0 LIMITATIONS OF GREEN CONCRETE:

Although Green Concrete seems very promising to an environment friendly sustainab le

development, the cardinal concern is its durability. Refutations are being made constantly raised
regarding the service life of structures made with Green Concrete. Further split tensile strength of
Green concrete has been found much less than that of conventional concrete. Another challenge
before green Concrete is that of a market until the properties of Green Concrete are at par with the
conventional concrete, Green Concrete is unlikely to find many customers.

Several researches have argued that Green Concrete may be durable by using stainless steel
reinforcements but prediction is that by using stainless steel, the cost of the concrete increases
considerably. Even after this Green Concrete is not as durable as conventional concrete.
The limitations of Green Concrete can be summarized as follows:-

 By using stainless steel , cost of reinforcements increases

 Structures constructed with Green Concrete has comparatively less life.
 Split tensile strength is less than the conventional concrete.
 Not as durable as conventional concrete.

Given these limitations coupled with urgent need of reduction in greenhouse gas emission, has
sparked off a number of researches across the globe to make Green Concrete more durable and
bring it up to the mark of conventional concrete.

8.0 APPLICATION AND PROPERTIES:

8.1 Applications :

a. Liquid adhesive:

Polyguard green concrete liquid adhesive is a rubber based adhesive in solvent solution which is
specifically formulated to provide excellent adhesion with the polyguard waterproofing membrane
under many kinds of surface conditions. In addition it is formulated to promote adhesion of the
polyguard membranes to green concrete. Green concrete liquid adhesiveis an integral part of the
polyguard waterproofing systemand sufficient liquid adhesive must be used on surfaces to
condition them to be dust free so that the substrate is suitable for the application of polyguard
waterproofing membranes. Polyguard green concrete liquid adhesive will be a green color in
appearance.

Other applications of green concrete

 Pervious – Manage Storm Water

 Parking, Paving and UTW as shown in Figure 3.1

  Impervious-Green Roofs

 Concrete as a Finish Material

 High Mass Buildings

 Insulating Concrete Forms

b. Production of masonry units using green concrete:

Masonry units may be manufactured using construction and demolition waste (C&DW). C and
DW is used in the manufacture of recycled crushed aggregate (RCA) after crushing. The RCA is
then used as the main ingredient in a 14MPa green concrete plaster brick. This has several
advantages in terms of reducing embodied energy and preserving the environment:

• The C&DW would normally be dumped in landfill sites, thereby impacting on sensitive areas.
Thus using RCA in the manufacture of concrete masonry products eases the pressure on the
landfill sites.
• Using RCA means that less virgin materials such as sand and stone have to be quarried, thereby
directly lessening the mining impact on the environment.
• The embodied energy involved in quarrying of aggregates and then transporting them to the site
of manufacture is saved.

The end result is a truly green building product. The 14MPa concrete plaster brick is an engineer ing
grade, load-bearing, structural concrete masonry unit as approved by the Concrete Manufacturers
Association (CMA).All concrete masonry produced by members of the CMA is naturally
thermally efficient, and has the effect of creating walling with high insulation and thermal
properties. This results in buildings with reduced heating and cooling energy consumption. The
walling helps to ensure that buildings stay warm in winter and cool in summer, thereby lessening
the need for artificial climate control.
8.2 HARDENED PROPERTIES:

a. Compressive and split tensile strength

The 150 mm size concrete cubes, concrete cylinder of size 150 mm dia and 300 mm height were
used as test specimens to determine the compressive strength and split tensile strength respectively.
The results of standard cubes and cylinders are compiled in Table-3.2. The Indian standard method
resulted in highly conservative results of compressive and split tensile strengths for the M20 grades
of concrete. Compressive strength and split tensile strength were obtained as per IS: 516-1959. .

The 7 days and 28 days compressive strength of green concrete is 6.49% and 9.49% higher than
controlled concrete respectively. Similarly the 7 days and 28 days split tensile strength of green
concrete is 14.62 and 8.66% higher than controlled concrete respectively. The 3 days compressive
and split tensile strengths of green concrete were decreasing 12.36% and 10.41% respectively
when compared with controlled concrete. The authors suggest that a slightly less strength of
concrete at early age, in some degree, is beneficial to the durability of the concrete. Table 3.2 gives
a comparison.

Table 3.2- Showing the average compressive and split tensile test of green concrete at various
stages of curing
Average Compressive Strength Split Tensile Strength in
Average compressive strength and split in N/mm 2
N/mm 2

tensile strength of concrete. MIX 28

3 days 7 days 28 days 3 days 7 days
days
Mix A 15.45 18.33 36.85 2.40 2.60 4.62
Mix B 13.54 19.52 40.35 2.15 2.98 5.02

b. Resistance to sulphate attack:

The resistance to sulphate attack was studied by storage of standard prism specimens were
immersed in standard condition for 28 and 90 days and 150 days in testing baths (containing 7.5
percent MgSO and 7.5 percent Na SO by weight of water). After 28 and 90 days corrosion the
4 2 4

compressive strength of specimens results were compared with those of specimens stored in fresh
water. It represents that the durability of Green concrete under sulphate is higher to that of
conventional concrete. It can be seen from the test results with storage in 7.5% sodium sulphate
solution and 7.5% magnesium sulphate solution for 28 days that the corrosion resistance of mortar
specimen with green concrete is much better than that of control specimen, the effect is better for
M4 mix (fine aggregate replaced with 50% marble powder and 50% with quarry rock dust).

This is due to that the active SiO in marble powder and quarry rock dust can react with the Ca
2

(OH) in concrete to form secondary calcium silicate hydrate and make it chemically stable and
2

structurally dense, the impermeability of concrete is enhanced as well. In addition, the marble
powder can reduce the content of calcium aluminate in cementitious material, leading to increase
of sulphate resistance of concrete. From the results after 90-day immersion, the mortar specimens
with green concrete in 7.5% sulphate solution have similar effect with those immersed for 28 days,
but for those in 7.5% magnesium sulphate, the influence of addition on anticorrosion factor is not
obvious.

9.0 SCOPE OF GREEN CONCRETE:

Green Concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. Concrete is an

indispensible entity for a developing country like India which desperately needs continuo us ly
expanding infrastructure. India is the second largest producer of cement in the world. Further India
would be facing an exponential growth in the concrete demand by 2011 (Schumacher, 1999).

Being produced in voluminous quantities in India, the concrete industry has a considerable part in
the net CO emission of the country. The net CO emissions from the construction agencies are
2 2

greater than any other industry.In order to act in a responsible manner towards a sustainab le
development of the nation, Green Concrete is the need of the hour. India being a developing
country produces concrete in large quantities which result in huge volume of CO being emitted in
2

the atmosphere each year. Thus we can deduce that for a greener future, India needs to adopt Green
Concrete into practice as soon as possible. The other advantageous factor is the economy. As Green
Concrete is made with concrete wastes and recycled aggregates which are cheaper than the
conventional substitutes, and also with most of the industries facing problems with their waste
disposal, put it out of question to discard it.
Thus the scope for Green concrete can be summarized as follows:-
 Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry.
 As green concrete is made with concrete wastes it does take more time to come in
 India because industries having problem to dispose wastes.
 Also having reduced environmental impact with reduction in CO emission.
2

10 CONCLUSION:

The overview of the present state of affairs regarding concrete types with reduced environme nta l
impact has shown that there is considerable knowledge and experience on the subject. The Danish
and European environmental policies have motivated the concrete industry to react and will
probably also motivate further development of the production and use of concrete with reduced
environmental impact. The somewhat vague environmental requirements that exist have resulted
in a need for more technical requirements and most important goal is to develop the technology
necessary to produce and use resource saving structures i.e. Green Concrete. This applies to
structural design, specification, manufacturing, performance, operation and maintenance.

In 1994 cement industry consumed 6.6 EJ of primary energy, corresponding with 2% of world’s
energy consumption. Worldwide 1126 Mt CO or 5 of the CO production original from cement
2 2

production. The carbon intensity of cement making amounts to 0.81 kg CO / kg of cement. In

2

India, North America and china, the carbon intensity is 10% higher than an average. Specific
carbon emissions range from 0.36 kg to 1.09 kg CO / kg cement mainly depending on type of
2

process, clinker cement ratio and fuel used.

The potential environmental benefit to society of being able to build with Green Concrete is
huge. It is realistic to assume that the technology can be developed which can halve the CO 2

emission related to concrete production and the large energy consumption of concrete and the
following large emission of CO this will mean a potential reduction of total CO emission by 2%
2 2

(Obla 2009).

Seventeen different energy efficiency improvement options are identified. The improve me nt
ranges from a small percent to more than 52% per option, depending on the reference case and
local situation. The use of waste instead of fossil fuel may reduce CO emission by 0.1 – 0.5 kg /
2

kg cement. At the end of pipe technology to reduce CO emissions may be CO removal. Probably
2 2

the main technique is combustion under oxygen while recycling CO. However considerably
research is required for all unknown aspects of this technique.

It is important to keep a holistic cradle to cradle perspective when it comes to the use of a
material. Based on a research, it was concluded that the occupant for 99% of life cycle energy use
of a single family home. Less than 1% of the life cycle energy used in that home was due to
manufacturing cement and producing concrete. The global cement industr y accounts for
approximately 5% of global CO emissions. So whatever way one looks at it focusing on just the
2

production of concrete accounts for a very small percent of overall CO emissions. This is not to
2

say that progress should not be made in reducing the CO emission from concrete as produced.
2

However one should keep in mind that whatever CO emission reductions that are possible will still
2

account for a best of 2% global CO reduction (assuming a 21% reduction in global CO emissio n
2 2

from cement manufacture from now on).

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