Vocabulary/Grammar activities

Unit 1
A Complete the sentences with these words.

anger arm’s back courage edge foot grudge

head head pain pride rut
1 The problems between my grandparents and their neighbours go ________ years.
2 My life is in a ________ , I need to get out and about and do new things.
3 I hate having to get up at 6am for school. It’s a ________ in the neck.
4 He’s got an interview later today, so he’s really on ________ . Be nice to him.
5 Shut up, would you! You’re doing my________ in! Stop criticising people!
6 It’s always best to keep obnoxious people like that at ________ length.
7 Sarah’s a very easy-going character, and she’s not the kind of person to bear a ________ .
8 I know you’ve had a bad day, but try not to vent your ________ on other people.
9 He’s not very subtle, he often says exactly what he thinks and puts his ________ in it.
10 I’m trying to work up the ________ to ask him out.
11 Can’t you just swallow your ________ and accept that you made a mistake?
12 “I’ve got my driving test on Monday!” “Keep a cool ________ and you’ll be fine.”

B Circle the correct words.

1 Her parents were adamant / overjoyed at her exams results.
2 When you go to university, write to me every day, otherwise we’ll just drift / fall apart.
3 She loves him so much but I’m not sure it’s mutual / reciprocal.
4 She doesn't have much phone coverage as her house is so distant / remote.
5 My little brother's very cheeky to my aunt, but I suppose familiarity asserts / breeds contempt.
6 The doctor said that anxiety was the cause of his abnormal / dysfunctional behaviour.
7 My mother and her sister are inseparable / unified and they're identical twins too!
8 He needs to stop thinking about it; he's being too impassive / obsessive.
9 The huge smile on your face is arousing / bearing curiosity.
10 Don’t you know he’s joking? You’re so gullible / vulnerable!
11 He says their relationship is purely companionable / platonic, but we’re not convinced.
12 Her behaviour is very beside / out of character; I don’t know what’s wrong.

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C Choose the correct answers.
1 As people get older, they ________ their memory to a greater or lesser degree.
a have lost b lose c are losing d have been losing
2 Pete ________ a habit of falling out with people over nothing since his football team lost the league.
a has developed b is developing c develops d has been developing
3 When I ________ my boyfriend’s parents, I felt totally at ease right from the start.
a was meeting b had met c met d have met
4 In recent weeks, since his bike was stolen, Max ________ signs of a more cynical side to his character.
a is showing b shows c has been showing d would show
5 Although everyone ________ why he was in her bad books, nobody wanted to explain it to him.
a understands b understood c was understanding d is understanding
6 They get on incredibly well. They ________ on the same wavelength right since the moment they met.
a are b were c are continuing d have been
7 He ________ her every day and it’s beginning to put stress on their relationship.
a teases b is teasing c has teased d has been teasing
8 When I told Polly she could tell me what the problem is, she really ________ everything off her chest.
a gets b is getting c has got d got

D Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct form of the Past Simple, Past Continuous,
Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous.
1 She ________ (start) to tell him what she thought of him, but then decided to bite her tongue.
2 They ___________ (talk) about her behind her back for years when she finally found them out.
3 Doctors ___________ (recommend) eating bananas and fish to improve his brain’s efficiency.
4 Julia ___________ (stick) up for him when no one else would.
5 As a teenager, my dad was an apathetic student who ___________ (always/miss) classes.
6 Fred ___________ (train) very hard for months, so I wasn’t surprised when he beat the record.
7 Harry ___________ (be) withdrawn all morning, so eventually I asked him if he was all right.
8 Carrie ___________ (hope) to settle down in their new home, but her parents hated living there.

E Circle the correct words.

1 My grandma would watch / was watching old films while she was knitting, every afternoon!
2 Mum would meet / love meeting me after school every afternoon, when I was little.
3 He would promise / promised he would never tell her a lie. Unfortunately, he often did.
4 Who would you / did you use to spend your ‘misspent youth’ with, Dad?
5 As a child, Kay would / used to love lying in the sun, reading adventure stories.
6 At primary school, I used to / would hate having to study for spelling tests every week.
7 I would never / never used to enjoy getting my hair cut. I love it now!
8 My grandparents wouldn't / didn't use to have so many electrical appliances in their kitchen, when they were young.

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Unit 2

A Complete the sentences with these words.

analyse calculate decompose deduct disintegrate dissolve eradicate

estimate infer interpret
1 From your recent absences, are we to _______ that you are planning to leave the company?
2 It’s difficult to _______ the extent of the damage, but we’re guessing that it’s huge.
3 When organic materials _______, methane gas is released into the atmosphere.
4 In order to find the average, we _______ the highest and lowest results then work with the rest.
5 Could you take this test tube to the laboratory, please, and _______ its contents?
6 These findings look significant; how should we _______ them?
7 We’ve got the numbers we need; now we need to _______ the exact force of the impact.
8 If the solids do not _______ in the liquid, the resulting mixture is called a suspension.
9 Typically, satellites _______ on impact with our atmosphere, then splash down in the Pacific.
10 It is hoped that vaccines and genetically altered mosquitoes will _______ malaria by 2040.

B Complete the sentences with a preposition.

1 This article says scientists are ____ the brink of discovering a new source of energy.
2 Astrophysicists are not convinced that we are ____ reach of finding out if there is life on other planets.
3 He is so ____ the times that he doesn’t even have a smartphone.
4 She was standing in that box one minute and the next she had disappeared ____ my eyes.
5 Two hundred years ago, man’s grasp of electrochemistry was ____ its infancy.
6 I’m not sure that I like the idea of having instant virtual travel ____ my fingertips.
7 He’d ideally like his company to be ____ of the curve in drone technology.
8 R. Buckminster Fuller was certainly a genius, but ____ all accounts he was also highly eccentric.
9 In order to find original, innovative solutions to everyday problems, you need to think ____ the box.
10 He’s more than willing to lend you any of his books, but his personal notes are totally ____ limits.

C Choose the correct answers.

1 Fifty people have registered for the online platform, but I think we only have a dozen _____ users.
a system b information c active d functional
2 I know his ideas are supposed to be _____, but to be honest I find them rather underwhelming.
a outdated b conventional c impractical d groundbreaking
3 This type of technology is in _____ danger of becoming obsolete.
a eminent b imminent c hefty d tangible
4 The results of the test were _____, so they decided to repeat it under slightly different conditions.
a generic b inconclusive c abstract d emitted
5 It is probably _____ to believe that all scientific progress is beneficial to man.
a ingenuous b utilitarian c ingenious d eminent
6 Any kind of _____ breach at this stage would endanger the reputation of our programmes.
a security b information c digital d system
7 Librarians nowadays who have poor digital _____ skills should really update their skill set.
a information b literacy c search d computer
8 If you want to find an actor or scientist’s name, use a _____ engine to carry out a photo comparison.
a computer b digital c search d intelligence

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D Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the words in bold. You may
use between three and eight words.
1 This kind of artificial intelligence will slowly die out before the end of the century.
have
Little __________________________________ become obsolete by the end of the century.
2 I’ll be leaving to go in to the laboratory in a minute.
just
I __________________________________ go in to the laboratory.
3 We cannot respond to your query until we hear from our researchers in Taiwan.
soon
__________________________________ hear from our researchers in Taiwan, we’ll respond to your query.
4 They’re sure to discover a cure for malaria in the next ten years.
bound
A cure for malaria __________________________________ some time in the next decade.
5 The twenty-twenties, which are almost upon us, may see changes in how we study.
fast
Changes in the way we study may occur in the twenty-twenties, a decade _____________________.
6 She’s really excited about going to the Physics Fair at the university on Saturday.
to
She __________________________________ spending Saturday at the university Physics Fair.
7 I’m going to be fairly upset if I don’t win that research grant.
shan’t
If I don’t win that research grant, I __________________________________ happy about it.
8 If you don’t phone to say you got home safely as soon as you get in, we’ll worry all evening.
tell
We’ll worry all evening unless you __________________________________sound when you get home.

E Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 A radical change in attitudes to online privacy _____________. (loom)
2 I’m not convinced we _____________________ (ever/discover) how the universe began.
3 Will you _____________ (go) past the computer repair shop later?
4 He’s certain _____________ (want) to see the results of the tests we carried out.
5 Once they _____________ (develop) efficient artificial intelligence, jobs will be at risk.
6 You can tell me what you think of my ideas once you _____________ (read) this report.
7 We _____________ (understand) his explanation very well, shall we?
8 Scientists say a breakthrough is imminent; they expect _____________ (make) an announcement this month.
9 How can I find out where they _____________ (play); do you have the tour dates?
10 By the time you read this note, you _____________ (already / deduce) that I have left.

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Unit 3

A Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the words in bold. You may
use between three and eight words.
1 The decision was taken to reduce the number of free meals available to the homeless.
back
They decided they would have __________________ number of free meals they gave to the homeless.
2 You’ll just have to accept the need for another job.
up
You’ve __________________ fact that you have to find another job.
3 Nobody paid any attention to his request for help.
ears
His request for help _________________________________________.
4 How could I possibly refuse to help all those children who need of medical help?
back
How could I possibly __________________ all those children needing medical aid?
5 Couldn’t you endeavour not to just do the same as everyone else? Be original!
jump
Why not_________________________________? Be original!
6 They always seem to get the same old celebrities to help them raise funds for charity.
fall
It seems they __________________ the same old celebrities to help collect money for charity.
7 The public are always incredible when it comes to helping each other in a crisis.
bring
A crisis always seems __________________ in the public and everyone helps each other.
8 Why are we encountering so many problems caused by bureaucracy?
bureaucratic
Why are we running _________________________________?
9 The situation has reached the point where we can no longer ignore the issues.
head
The point has been reached at which we can _________________________ sand.
10 He is hoping that plenty of affluent people will support him in his endeavour.
wealthy
He is hoping that a ________________________________ behind his cause.

B Complete the sentences with the correct form of these words.

alarm ban condemn condone disperse favour persecute

picket prosecute suppress
1 The factory is being _____________ by office staff who have had their pay cut.
2 The organisers cannot _____________ any violent form of protest carried out by participants.
3 The crowds were _____________ quite peacefully by police on horseback.
4 He will be _____________ by the courts for his involvement in five cases of violence during the protest.
5 The Huguenots were _____________ for their religious beliefs and fled to Britain in the 17th century.
6 We must _____________ some of the actions of our more radical members and apologise publicly on their behalf.
7 I was _____________ to read that some countries allow people to carry guns.
8 Dog fighting has been _____________ in this country; you can face up to two years in prison for owning fighting dogs.
9 The revolution was _____________ when the military stepped in.
10 Do you feel that some people here are _____________ by management and given preferential treatment?

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C Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first.
1 Abuse in 19th century British workhouses was frequent.
People were _________________________________________________________.
2 Prejudiced people can occasionally be driven to commit crimes against their neighbours.
Prejudice can _________________________________________________________.
3 Certain groups of people have frequently been oppressed throughout history.
The oppression of _________________________________________________________.
4 Ignoring people or ridiculing them are tactics used by callous bullies to humiliate them.
In order to humiliate them, people are __________________________________________.
5 I try to be open-minded when I’m following political debates.
I try to _________________________________________________________.
6 We will be brutal in our attempt to be heard.
No effort will _________________________________________________________.
7 Having professionals paint your house is cheaper than doing it yourself, in the long term.
If you get your _________________________________________________________.
8 Obedience is required of police dogs at all times.
A police officer must _________________________________________________________.

D Choose the best answer.

1 The car ___________ illegally, so they took it away.
a got parked b had parked c was parked
2 My best friend ___________ to be School Captain this morning.
a nominated b got nominated c has nominated
3 Corrupt politicians ___________ away their right to vote.
a got taken b have taken c were taken
4 I’ve written a letter to our local MP and I want to ___________.
a get it delivered b have delivered it c delivered it to her.
5 He says he ___________ mercilessly at his last school.
a got him bullied b was bullied by c got bullied
6 Emigrating to the USA ___________ by the Irish, whereas the Scots went to Canada.
a was typically favoured b typically favoured c had typically favoured
7 Disregarding the rules will result in your ___________ from the rugby club.
a being banned b having banned c having it banned.
8 The gardens where I live ___________.
a abuse the local children b are abused by the local children c have the local children abused
9 I wonder if paper passports will ever ___________.
a be done away with b have done away with them c get them done away with

E Circle the correct answer.

1 Some of the protestors got interviewed / them interviewed.
2 Our placards at the march were great – we had them made / made them by a local artist.
3 These are said / have said to be some of the greatest names in history.
4 Don’t worry, sir; we’ll soon have you up and walking / walked again.
5 They told / were told to meet outside the railway station.
6 We need to have done it / have it done quickly and humanely.
7 It seems / is said by many that he was one of the most benevolent leaders in history.
8 They’re too apathetic to get supported / behind the cause
9 You’re going to get arrested yourself / yourself arrested!
10 If you can help those people there, I’ll have someone send / sent you a nurse.

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Unit 4

A Complete the sentences with one word.

1 The _______ were incredible; their singing was beautiful.
2 I’m sorry, the hotel is fully-booked. We have a dance _______ staying for the whole week.
3 As the actor arrived in the lounge for our interview, her _______ disappeared to their rooms.
4 The _______ of directors has a meeting today at 3pm.
5 He isn’t a friend. He’s an _______ of my brother’s. I think they went to primary school together.
6 Roughly 3 million Welsh people live in Wales, but the Welsh _______ around the world is about the same size, with at
least 75,000 Welsh people in Argentina alone.
7 Since his parents got divorced, he’s not on _______ terms with his father.
8 The crowd wasn’t peaceful at all; in fact it was more like an angry _______.
9 Mr Carter is a really strict teacher; try not to get on the wrong ________ of him.
10 My sister and I are the _______ of friends. We see each other every day.
11 I always ignore those What happened next will amaze you articles on social media – they’re just _______.
12 When we all go to university, do you think we’ll _______ in touch?

B Circle the correct answer.

1 You need to cultivate / harvest new friendships when you change school, or you’ll feel lonely.
2 Josh and I are working on our project tonight. I know you’re busy but I wanted to keep / put you in the loop.
3 I wish people wouldn’t use avatars / memes instead of profile photos on social media.
4 We’re hoping to get some of the money for drums for our band by crowdfunding / trending.
5 Make sure you get around / in with some nice people at college and avoid those nasty cliques.
6 She says she’s really looking forward to catching in / up with your news.
7 There are several different cabinets / factions in the party and they never agree.
8 We’re going to watch my brother play basketball; feel free to drop / tag along if you like.
9 A clan is like a flock / tribe, in that there are family connections between many of the members.
10 Hi Mum, sorry I missed you. I just wanted to touch base / home, but I’ll call back later.

C Complete the sentences with a word formed with the word in CAPITALS.
1 There’s a lack of ___________ at my school; everybody is white. DIVERSE
2 When you live in close ___________ to your neighbours, you become more tolerant. PROXIMATE
3 Our ___________ has lasted over fifteen years, and now we’re in love! FRIEND
4 I’m sorry, you can’t buy this model any more. It’s been ___________. CONTINUE
5 The main character is very unconventional and is full of ___________, brutal but generous and loyal. CONTRADICT.
6 Do you think their story is ___________ to that of Romeo and Juliet? ANALOGY
7 The best relationships are ___________- with give and take from both people. SIDE
8 He smiled; Katie and his mother were getting on ___________, watching an action movie together. FAME
9 It’s about an elderly man and his ___________ love who find romance again after three decades! LOSE
10 She thought she’d ___________her account but suddenly she received nine notifications. ACTIVE

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D Complete the sentences with these words.

can’t daren’t didn’t had have may needn’t ought well won’t
1 Oh darling! What beautiful flowers! You needn’t ___________!
2 I really think you ___________ to go out more often and meet new people.
3 We might as ___________ eat his share of the birthday cake; he’s obviously not coming.
4 When I was a child we ___________ dare speak to an adult unless we were spoken to.
5 He ___________ have remembered the party was today. That’s the only explanation for him not being here.
6 You ___________ pretend you’re sorry. I know you don’t really care.
7 “___________ I come round and ask you for help with my assignment?” “Yes, of course you can!”
8 Do you think we ___________ better tell her that they can’t stand each other?
9 I ___________ open the letter. What if it’s bad news?
10 It looks as if we ___________ be watching the match tonight. The electricity has gone off.

E Choose the correct answer.

1 That’s strange. I ___________ have put my keys down somewhere.
a can b must c will
2 If you smile at people in the street, you ___________ find that they smile back. But not always.
a ought b should c would
3 If we were only ___________ remember his number, we could call him and ask him where we are!
a able to b can c could
4 I think you ___________ better try to meet up at the weekend rather than on a school day.
a could b had c would
5 We ___________ be able to reunite our own old college football squad; that would be fun!
a might b need c ought
6 ___________ you be so rude and selfish? I’m really upset now!
a Can b Might c Need
7 These trousers ______ have shrunk in the wash, but I think it’s more likely that I’ve put on weight.
a can b could c will
8 Whether it’s true or not, we ___________ never know.
a needn’t b must c shall

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Unit 5

A Complete the sentences with a preposition.

1 He came last in the qualifying race, although _____ his credit he did make a tremendous effort.
2 _____ all likelihood we’ll be away this weekend, as we’re hoping to go to a musical in London.
3 Presentation and coordination are _____ the utmost importance in synchronised swimming.
4 I know he’s very charismatic and friendly, but don’t get sucked _____ by his act.
5 _____ retrospect, I might have preferred to have become a dancer.
6 After failing his first year at university, he turned _____ a new leaf and became a very good student.
7 Usain was stripped _____ one of his medals after his relay team was disqualified.
8 Don’t blow your chances _____ being offered the job just because you forgot to clean your shoes!
9 As he felt his leg break, the gymnast knew his hopes of a medal had gone _____ the drain.
10 She tried to pick _____ the pieces after her world was turned upside-down, but it wasn’t easy.
11 Try not to get caught _____ in Darren’s crazy plans – they never work out.
12 Álvaro fell in _____ the local cartel and he never spoke to us again.

B Complete the sentences with these words.

back backbone bleak chance chances corner criticism

rough setback spots towel track
1 Getting good qualifications should put you on the fast __________ to a bright future.
2 Although they came from a fairly __________ neighbourhood, it didn’t stop them becoming huge stars.
3 Generally speaking, he does not respond well to __________ - not a quality I admire in him.
4 She is rather a weak character; she lacks __________.
5 Try not to let this __________ put you off; ‘into every life a little rain must fall’ as they say.
6 You’ll be looking at a __________ future if you don’t leave school with good grades.
7 I’m the eternal optimist; I always believe brighter times are just around the __________.
8 He was mean and callous as a boy, and he’s mean and callous now. A leopard never changes its __________.
9 You might blow your __________ if you don’t call her now.
10 We’ve worked too hard to throw in the __________ now.
11 You have enough determination, so what’s holding you __________?
12 Do you think he stands any __________ of winning?

C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Supposing you __________ (want) to be famous, how would you achieve it?
2 If he __________ (ask) for your phone number, might you have given it to him?
3 You’re unlikely ever to be successful unless you __________ (be) willing to work very hard.
4 He __________ (only ever / give) up if all his hopes were dashed.
5 If you think you don’t deserve the job, you __________ (put) yourself down.
6 __________ (you / still / love) me even if I can’t afford to buy you a birthday present?
7 As long as you arrive punctually, we __________ (be) able to get a drink before the film.
8 It remains to be seen whether they __________ (solve) the problem quickly or not.
9 I __________ (not tell) the truth if I said I wasn’t scared right now.

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D Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first. Use the words in bold.
1 I would have made you something different if you’d told me you’re a vegetarian.
known
Had _____________________________, I would have made you something different.
2 My younger brother would choose Florida for our holiday, if it were up to him to decide.
decision
Were _____________________________, he would choose Florida for our holiday.
3 Excuse me making a suggestion, but we really ought to include Jack in our plans.
think
If I might _____________________________, should keep Jack in the loop.
4 He made a very unwise choice and now he regrets it.
such
If he hadn’t _____________________________ it now.
5 Of course she feels pessimistic! You always dash her hopes.
will
If you _____________________________ bound to feel pessimistic.
6 Of course we’ll be fine if everyone makes an effort.
provided
We’re sure _____________________________ an effort.
7 You’ll need to bring some food if you’re planning to bring your crowd with you.
going
If your _____________________________ sure you bring more food.
8 If we assume you’ve studied everything and you go to bed early, you’ll definitely pass.
can’t
As long as you’ve studied everything and you don’t go to bed early, ___________________.

E Circle the best answer.

1 If / Whether his TV series is a failure or not, he still won’t lose much money in the end.
2 I can lend you my bike, should / were you need it.
3 If you / Let’s supposing you had a million pounds in the bank, would you still want to study?
4 If you were to ask Jenny about her parents’ jobs, she will / might not want to tell you much.
5 If you may / Were you to want to study Maths at university, I know a woman who can help you.
6 He wouldn’t be able to visit us unless we gave / had given him a letter for immigration.
7 If they’re going to release him, why don’t / will they release him now?
8 We wouldn’t be / have been here now if we hadn’t persevered for all those years.

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Unit 6

A Complete the sentences with one word.

1 They lost their _________ egg in the banking crisis and now they’re completely skint.
2 He realised he’d been ripped _________ when the cheap game console he’d bought didn’t work.
3 Although he was a very wealthy man, he doled _________ more advice and criticism than money.
4 He sees earning money as a last _________; he’d rather borrow or steal it, as far as we can tell.
5 I’d lend you the money if I could, but I’m flat _________ myself, too.
6 Wilson won second prize in the lottery the other day; he’s _________ in it now!
7 She’s really a biologist, but she’s makes a little money on the _________ by making jewellery.
8 Millie’s trying to get a mortgage, but there’s so much _________ tape that it’s a very slow process.
9 The government has announced _________ in education, which doesn’t look good for the future.
10 I’m a bit _________ for cash; could you lend me a couple of euros, please?

B Circle the best answer.

1 She’s the chancellor / treasurer of the local photography club in her spare time.
2 He made a fortune from his first film but then offset / squandered it on parties and motorbikes.
3 Rather than be a victim of blackmail / bribery, he published the photos himself.
4 I’ve left my wallet at home. Could you lend me some broke / dosh? And I’ll get the coffee.
5 Gerard is always so well-dressed I suspect he’s pretty well-kept / well-off.
6 Francis was robbed of / with his dignity as well as his money.
7 Let’s go to La Cantina! It’s so good and the food’s a fairly safe bet / bid quality-wise too.
8 This is the posh part of town. You have to be fairly affluent / indigent to live here.
9 They want to crack down on /onto benefit fraud, which is why they ask so many questions.
10 Don’t go to that dentist! He’s above-board / crooked.

C Choose the correct answer.

1 The divorce _________ was so high that he had to sell the house.
a mortgage b settlement c stimulus
2 She’s such a _________ she never has any money but her wardrobe is full.
a miser b spendthrift c tight-fist
3 If you’d like to return the jacket to us, we can _________ you immediately.
a finance b offset c reimburse
4 I had such a fantastic birthday! My friends _________ me with cards and presents.
a gambled b showered c tipped
5 Money is so tight at the moment; we’ll have to go _________ a holiday this year.
a for b through c without
6 I’m not allowed to play games at night because Dad says the price of electricity is _________.
a incurring b maximising c soaring
7 She took them out for a _________ meal when they went to visit her in Milan.
a lavish b thrifty c well-to-do
8 I don’t like walking past that man’s restaurant. He’s always seemed a bit _________ to me.
a shady b wanting c well-heeled

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D Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first.
1 It was the first time in our lives we’d seen such a tremendous waste of money.
Never __________________________________________________________.
2 The hotel was so opulent that I felt uncomfortable there.
It was such __________________________________________________.
3 You really have to stop spending so much on shoes.
You’d __________________________________________________.
4 I really regret not investing my money when I had the chance.
I wish __________________________________________________.
5 You should never, ever tell him that you have so much money in the bank.
Under no __________________________________________________.
6 He gambled his money away as soon as he was paid.
No sooner __________________________________________________.
7 Stop being such a spendthrift! You’ll need your money when you’re older.
Don’t be so __________________________________________________.
8 The markets recovered ten years after the crisis.
Only after __________________________________________________.
9 I’d prefer it if you didn’t tell my parents that I’ve lost my job.
I’d rather __________________________________________________.

E Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Not only _______________ (they / squander) most of their inheritance but they lost their house gambling too.
2 I wish _______________ (always / be) so skint!
3 If I could live my life again, I _______________ (not wish) for more than happiness.
4 We’d rather you _______________ (ask) us for a loan. Why on earth did you go to a bank?
5 Sorry but my mother says that under no circumstances _______________ (she lend) us the car.
6 My grandma wishes she _______________ (spend) her savings now but she doesn’t know what on.
7 If he hadn’t been so gullible, he _______________ (never / buy) it.
8 I really wish you _______________ (stop) talking and do your homework.
9 They would have given her whatever she needed if she _______________ (fall) on hard times.

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Unit 7

A Complete the sentences with these phrases.

bucket list dawn on them on a whim out of this world play it by ear riot of colour satisfy their curiosity
sense of adventure stumble upon spur of the moment stone’s throw wipe them out
1 We loved the flowers on the islands, a complete __________ and the food was amazing too.
2 It began to __________ that they would be stuck in the airport for days.
3 __________ we rented a motorbike and toured the island. It was such fun!
4 When they spotted a strange-looking doorway, they had to __________ and go in.
5 We were really lucky to __________ a tiny, picturesque village in the mountains above the coast.
6 The views from the top are __________ so remember to take a camera.
7 The museum was a __________ from our hotel but we didn’t visit it until the last day.
8 It was a __________ and a passion for botany that led him to the Amazon project.
9 The butterflies here used to draw thousands of tourists, before the heat began to __________.
10 We changed our plans on the __________ and went to Siena instead.
11 I wouldn’t say it’s on my __________ but I would like to visit Japan one day.
12 We don’t need to choose a restaurant for lunch now, we can __________ as we walk around.

B Complete the sentences with a word formed with the word in CAPITALS.
1 They loved the trip to the Science Museum. It wasn’t just___________, it was fun. EDUCATE
2 There is a ___________ belief that flamenco is typical throughout Spain, but that is not true. HOLD
3 The variety of food was so ___________, it was hard to choose what to have. PHENOMENON
4 Children are generally so ___________ that travelling with them can be a joy – or a nightmare. INQUIRE
5 Attractive, peaceful rooms are a ___________ feature of any hotel. DESIRE
6 My love of travelling is driven by a ___________ for knowledge. THIRSTY
7 The ___________ may be surprised by the mix of cultures in Jerusalem. MIND
8 The ___________ of the beach in spring is the perfect antidote to the city. TRANQUIL
9 It’s an “eco-café”; you can only get there by bike and all the products are from ___________ sources. SUSTAIN
10 The area is struggling but the town hall hopes that the new port will bring a much-needed ___________ of life to the
area. INJECT
11 The structure is considered to be an ___________ by many, but I quite like it. ODD
12 Proximity to the beach was a ___________ factor in their choice of hotel. DECIDE

C Choose the correct answer.

1 Trying to buy tickets online was painfully __________.
a easy b practical c slow
2 The hotel food was __________ delicious.
a slightly b simply c very
3 Although we passed through very picturesque scenery, the bumpy ride was __________ uncomfortable.
a absolutely b extremely c utterly
4 Availability of flights connecting east and west Europe has __________ improved in recent years.
a considerably b entirely c rather
5 It’s __________ impossible to find cheap, decent places to stay in London.
a extremely b fairly c pretty
6 He’s absolutely __________ when we travel, which can be a good thing.
a fearless b fun c inquisitive
7 Trying to understand the local language was a bit __________.
a hilarious b impossible c tricky
8 We knew jetlag was catching up with us all when __________ no one appeared for breakfast.
a barely b scarcely c virtually
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D Circle the best answer.
1 Although the suburbs are very modern, the city centre proper / proper city centre is medieval.
2 Sorry but we’re not laughing any more. We need to take a serious / seriously look at the situation.
3 Could you please recommend a responsible person / person responsible to babysit for our children?
4 Almost / Hardly anyone spoke our language so we had to buy a phrasebook.
5 We liked the villa but mum thought the bathroom was absolutely / incredibly filthy.
6 The taxi driver who picked us up was terribly / utterly rude.
7 There were incredibly / surprisingly few tourists when we reached the Alhambra.
8 Several seagulls hungry / hungrily tried to steal our ice creams!

E Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first. Use the words in bold.
1 We were surprised by how good the folk concert we stumbled on was.
surprisingly
The folk concert ____________________________________________________________.
2 The hotel room could not have been cleaner.
absolutely
The hotel room ____________________________________________________________.
3 It was extremely difficult to stay on the right path back to the village.
virtually
Staying on the right path _____________________________________________________.
4 It was difficult to drive through the town as the streets seemed wider than they were.
deceptively
The streets of the town ___________________________, making it tricky to drive through.
5 The sudden influx of noisy tourists has made local residents understandably annoyed.
how
It is not ____________________________________ noisy tourists has annoyed local residents.
6 It was almost midnight when most of us were finally brought dessert.
hardly
_________________________________________________________ dessert before midnight.
7 It was not normal to see him so enthusiastic about taking a plane, as he hated flying.
unusually
Considering his hatred of flying, he took___________________________________________.
8 Thanks to Carnival, there were hardly any rooms left in the whole city.
available
Practically___________________________________________________ thanks to Carnival.

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Unit 8

A Complete the sentences with these words.

act all hypothesis indicator infinite lines methodology papers ropes submission
syllabus thesis
1 I finally finished my ___________ at the weekend after five years writing it!
2 At first, university seems very different from school, but once you know the ___________, you’ll be fine.
3 We have to formulate our ___________ and then try to prove or disprove it empirically.
4 The final date for ___________ was last Tuesday; you’re three days too late.
5 Reading between the ___________, I’d say you’re not very happy on your course.
6 My parents chose this school because the ___________ includes a lot of practical subjects.
7 If I don’t get my ___________ together, I’m going to fail my exams.
8 His knowledge of ancient history is ___________, or at least he says it is.
9 I like my new school better than the old one; the __________ is more interactive and I enjoy that.
10 There are so many dates and names it’s difficult to take it ___________ in.
11 Continuous assessment is, generally speaking, a better ________ of your progress than an exam.
12 She’s got three ___________ and a dissertation to do for next Monday.

B Circle the best answer.

1 I was worried we wouldn’t agree so it’s good to know we’re at / on the same page.
2 In general, students don’t address / apply themselves enough to their studies in the first term.
3 That’s not really within the scope / theory of the course, but you could do some extra reading.
4 Close analysis / review of his work revealed several instances of plagiarism.
5 You should put the assignment / bibliography in the appendix.
6 We have an exam in / on Identity Economics on Friday afternoon.
7 Original copies of his wonderful trilogy are quite hard to come by / round.
8 I agree he has a formidable intellect / knowledge but he’s also quite socially challenged.
9 She based her rationale on some very interesting arguments / plots.
10 He doesn’t want to follow our advice, so I suppose he’ll learn by the book / the hard way.
11 He just didn’t want to drop / hit the subject; I nearly screamed!
12 She is generally considered to be one of the top names in / on her field.

C Complete the sentences with one word.

1 Does this written assignment ___________ towards our final mark?
2 She’d been studying all night and drifted ___________ part way through the lecture.
3 You need to hit the ___________ during the Easter holidays as the exams are in May.
4 My teacher said my pronunciation made my answers ___________ and he couldn’t give me a mark.
5 He was just about to give us extra homework when we were ___________ by the bell, literally.
6 I’m sorry but in ___________ with the school rules, you may not wear a hoodie. Please take it off.
7 It’s a long story, but ___________ a nutshell, you’re going to have a new sports teacher.
8 His teachers say that he is on ___________ to get very good grades in his exams.

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D Choose the correct answer.
1 His teacher warned __________________________________________.
a him to be suspended b he was going to be suspended c him that he was going to be suspended
2 My parents encouraged __________________________________________.
a us to follow our dreams b to follow our dreams c that we followed out dreams
3 We suggest __________________________________________.
a follow your intuition b to follow your intuition c following your intuition
4 She congratulated me __________________________________________ my dissertation.
a on b by c of
5 They denied _______________________________ anything about the missing apparatus.
a know b to know c knowing
6 I want to ask whether ______________ our assignment and can help me.
a do you understand b you understand c you to understand
7 Our teacher _____________________ to making a mistake in the exam.
a apologised b admitted c denied
8 She wondered whether ______________ for a place on the course or not.
a to apply b she applied c should she apply
9 Did he mention __________________ Gary this morning?
a whether he see b to see c our seeing
10 We suggest _____________ about articles on recent theories in this field.
a he inquire b him to inquire c to him inquiring

E Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first.
1 “Are you enjoying your course?” she asked.
She inquired __________________________________________.
2 “I hate the way you’re always whistling and making strange noises in exams” Ryan said.
Ryan complained about __________________________________________.
3 “Why ever would he have been asking about me?” she wondered.
She wondered __________________________________________.
4 He agreed to let us stay up late that Friday to watch the final.
“All right, you __________________________________________.”
5 “I’m absolutely sure that someone in this class has taken my copy of the answers!” Mrs Galbraith shouted.
Mrs Galbraith accused __________________________________________.
6 “Bring them over here to my desk, please, Stephen.”
Mr Black asked __________________________________________.
7 My mother refused to let me give up on myself or on my future.
“I promise __________________________________________.”
8 “Don’t forget to change your clocks on Saturday, everyone!”
Our history teacher reminded __________________________________________.

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Unit 9

A Choose the correct answer.

1 After his wife died, he didn’t find it easy to ________ for himself.
a fend b push c strike d tend
2 Jude always gets ________ with the difficult customers.
a laid b saddled c settled d stood
3 I’ve decided to step ________ as CEO and will be leaving at the end of April.
a away b back c down d out
4 There are plenty of ________ jobs in the paper but not much casual work.
a full-time b part-time c temporary d weekend
5 Would you just grow ________ and take responsibility for things! We all make mistakes.
a in b on c through d up
6 After three nights ________ the midnight oil, she fell asleep at the dinner table.
a burning b hitting c lighting d throwing
7 He’s terrible at ________ and always wants to micro-manage everything.
a assigning b delegating c granting d handing
8 If things get really bad, you know you can lean ________ me.
a against b at c on d towards
9 She’s just ________ from a very well-paid job in the city because of stress.
a emancipated b evicted c liberated d resigned
10 Now you’ve learned the ropes, we’ll leave you to your own ________.
a deadlines b devices c methods d utilities
11 He’s a terrible ________ and never returns the deposit at the end of a lease.
a landlord b manager c sovereign d tenant

B Complete the sentences with a word formed with the word in CAPITALS.
1 They live in a very ________ society with little social mobility. HIERARCHY
2 We need to ask you to provide ________ and a CV with your job application. REFER
3 There’s an employment ________ on the High Street next to the cinema. AGENT
4 Your deposit will be returned to you at the end of the ________. TENANT
5 He took the company to court for unfair ________. DISMISS
6 An ________ assessor will evaluate staff performance. DEPEND
7 Many of the country’s problems are caused by part of the population feeling ________. FRANCHISE
8 He is a perfectionist and has an acute fear of ________. MEDIOCRE
9 She is totally ________ and doesn’t need help from anyone. SUFFICE

C Complete the sentences with one word.

1 Grace and Adrienne, ________of whom left home last year, are identical twins!
2 Find a seat ________ you can see the board from, please.
3 All four of the houses that we saw, the fourth of we eventually rented, were very nice.
4 What with ________ the boxes we had to move, it’s not surprising you’re exhausted.
5 I would leave my parents’ home without a second’s hesitation, ________ the chance.
6 We couldn’t really just decide to move out after a month, ________ signed a two-year contract.
7 There’s the professor ________ house we rented for two years.
8 The Prince of Wales, ________ is also the Duke of Cornwall, is said to be a good landlord.
9 ________ as I love you, I’d rather not share a house with you.
10 The individual ________ whom we leased the garage was crooked.

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D Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 ________ (walk) along the street round the corner from work, I found the house of my dreams.
2 ________ (live) with his parents for thirty-five years, he had no intention of moving out.
3 The film ________ (advertise) in this evening’s paper looks really worth watching.
4 His home island, ________ from the mainland in 1996, was becoming a peaceful, prosperous state.
5 ________ (warn) by his landlord several times, he was finally evicted last week.
6 We’re not sure if we will be continuing to employ you, ________ (give) our current financial state.
7 She went up the aisle ________ (hold) her father’s arm tightly.
8 ________ (look) at all the houses in your agency, we’ve decided not to move house.
9 Even ________ (draw) roughly on a napkin in pencil, the house looked beautiful.

E Circle the correct answer.

1 The government has decided to supplement rent for young families, allowed / allowing them to improve their living
conditions.
2 Although / Despite being much needed, help was slow in arriving.
3 Thank you for all your advice – not that I would / so as not to have followed it.
4 In view of / Much as his not having a fixed residence, we have decided to provide him with accommodation.
5 He was absolutely exhausted due to / in order to his late night shift and long hours.
6 We’re not sure next who’s / whose the next interview is.
7 Been / Being mistaken for a famous actor, he was offered the best room in the hotel.
8 Was the lady who / to whom you spoke to earlier looking for help finding work?

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Unit 10

A Complete the sentences with these words.

billboard caption column degree essence edition jingles

rule splash time
1 I’m not sure who it is in the photo but the __________ under it is quite amusing.
2 He writes a __________ in the Sunday paper and it’s really very popular.
3 They took his favourite series off prime __________ when audience figures started to drop.
4 The chief editor is, in __________, the heart of the magazine – she keeps it alive and well.
5 He earned quite a lot writing __________ for radio programmes as well as background music for films.
6 The __________ of risk involved in being a war correspondent is predictably high.
7 You should never __________ out telling the truth as an option in journalism.
8 Someone has graffitied the __________ opposite our school, because the advert on it was sexist.
9 She says she wants to __________ out and buy a new car she has seen on television.
10 The international __________ of the Guardian online paper is a bit too US-orientated for many Europeans.

B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the words in bold. You may
use between three and eight words.
1 He earns a large part of his income from product endorsement and advertising.
for
Product endorsement and advertising _____________________________ of his income.
2 Supported by everyone in his home town, he won the telephone vote easily.
getting
He won the telephone vote easily thanks to everyone _____________________________ him.
3 They want to try to persuade him to film an infomercial for their campaign.
into
They’re hoping to _____________________________ a campaign infomercial for them.
4 On planes, I always find a quick read of the inflight magazine is a pleasant way to pass the time.
flicking
I always enjoy passing the time _____________________________ the inflight magazine.
5 They manipulate people’s emotions in order to maximise the amount of money they donate.
way
They use _____________________________ of getting people to donate more money.
6 Some people think that the price we have paid for materialism is happiness and our sense of community.
of
It is said that materialism has taken over at _____________________________ and our sense of community.
7 He’s just trying to cajole you into buying him the latest video game.
over
He wants _____________________________ you’ll buy him the latest video game.
8 Do you think materialism and greed are their main driving force, or is it fame?
by
What do you think they _____________________________: materialism and greed or fame?

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C Choose the correct answer.
1 The day she received her _____________ copies of her novel, she auctioned them for charity.
a compliment b complimented c complimenting d complimentary
2 We cannot _____________ out buying our main rival to acquire their most popular brands.
a rule b splash c suck d wipe
3 The company wants to gear their new lines _____________ a younger, more modern target sector.
a at b for c on d to
4 Can I _____________ you into coming to the first night of my brother’s play with me?
a endorse b entice c induce d pull
5 Our market _____________ has actually increased since we stopped advertising in that paper.
a part b piece c sector d share
6 His tactics to _____________ the public probably won’t sway the majority.
a hype b lobby c tout d woo
7 Do people still use the _____________ ads to sell things or do they go online?
a classified b market c professional d trade
8 She _____________ her ideas for jingles to them this morning, and says she’s hopeful.
a coaxed b pitched c pushed d tempted

D Circle the correct answer.

1 They congratulated each other / themselves enthusiastically on a very successful campaign.
2 He put quite a few / great deal of thought into the choice of location for the advert.
3 He has worked with a lot of agents but no / no one has managed to turn his career around.
4 It’s impulse control that makes a / the teenager vulnerable to marketing, not lack of judgement.
5 Far fewer / less people use the word ‘fewer’ than ten or twenty years ago.
6 The concept is so simple that almost anybody / somebody could have come up with it.
7 Rock bands often split when they no longer get along with one another / themselves artistically.
8 - / The one thing I can’t resist is temptation; everything else is easy.
9 There’s any number of justification / reasons why I wouldn’t use that particular product.
10 A lot of actors appeared in those commercials, but none / no one was as memorable as him.
11 She used a lot of data, many / some of which was very up-to-date, to base her theory on.
12 Before we criticise others, we should really look at each other / ourselves closely in the mirror.

E Complete the sentences with one word where necessary. Use – if you think no word is required.
1 His company is _____________ important player in the world of advertising.
2 With the decline of the CD, musicians make much of their money from _____________ merchandising, nowadays.
3 Can you think of _____________ else we can use to make the room look nicer?
4 I’ve tried all their products, but _____________ one is as bad as the next.
5 Many people think he’s attractive, but they say beauty is in _____________ eye of the beholder.
6 She can give you a _____________ advice if you need help choosing.
7 I sincerely believe there is _____________ else we can do to help. We’ve run out of options.
8 The company holds marketing strategy meetings on _____________ Mondays.
9 Someone has left a phone in the cafeteria. _____________ can pick it up from Henry’s office.
10 They received a _____________ of complaints about their new ad, although of the half dozen or so, most were from
trolls.

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Unit 11

A Choose the correct answer.

1 Her popularity was so sudden, she felt as if her life were getting out of hand / hands.
2 He hopes that appearing on the talent show will help him make a comeback / stardom.
3 Five year-old Sunny stole the headlines / limelight everywhere the film premiered.
4 Despite being widely acclaimed / fabled by critics, his second film failed to win any awards.
5 Could you discreetly / discretely ask him for his autograph, please?
6 Dickens’ novels were originally published in excerpts / instalments in magazines.
7 She was furious when she saw her speeches hounded / lampooned on prime time television.
8 Some people believed that the department was involved in the conspiratorial / conspiracy.
9 They never expected to be dropped / signed from the record label after their online video success.
10 She was paid upwards of / to $25 million for the rights to her latest novel.
11 The unorthodox art on her album cover helped to put her music on the headlines / map.
12 As war correspondent / reporter for television news, he had many life-changing experiences.

B Choose the correct answer.

1 Although she was __________ for her parties, she was never actually successful in her field.
a eminent b fabled c illustrious d slandered
2 He became a virtual recluse after being __________ by a fan.
a hounded b slandered c sought d stalked
3 His films are a riot of colour, yet his own dress sense and lifestyle are at odds __________ that opulence.
a of b on c to d with
4 The twins __________ the peak of stardom at the age of only fourteen.
a got b hit c reached d stole
5 As an actor, his capacity for improvisation was behind some of Hollywood’s more __________ lines.
a acclaimed b eminent c feasible d immortal
6 The costumes were clearly plagiarised and the designer should have been sacked __________ the spot.
a at b from c in d on
7 You can read __________ from his autobiography on his web to encourage you to buy the book.
a anecdotes b excerpts c gossips d instalments
8 According to a __________ at the film studio, his new film will star his brother in the lead role.
a blackmail b gossip c leak d paper
9 Their reporting of the award-ceremony was so __________ that many people complained on Twitter.
a chaotic b credible c impartial d objective

C Complete the sentences with these words and phrases.

accounting knowing pleasing to please to shake hands with signing to sign talking to trying to try
1 We’re hoping to find a sponsor for the film festival but there’s no real __________ what will happen.
2 In between __________ autographs at posing for selfies, he managed to speak to the press.
3 No one had much faith in his project, but he just decided there was no harm in __________.
4 I always wanted to be an actor; I know you’re never too old __________ but I’ll never be confident enough.
5 They’re always trying __________ the same sector of the public. They need new audiences.
6 You mustn’t forget __________ the prince before you take the award.
7 I really don’t understand why you think he’s funny at all but I suppose there’s no__________ for taste.
8 He couldn’t stop __________ any autographs as security was too tight.
9 You don’t like any of fifteen the films on?! There’s just no __________ some people.
10 Do you remember __________ him before you fainted?

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D Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 After winning a national photography competition, she went on __________ (direct) a trilogy of films.
2 He became notorious in academic circles for __________ (publish) a controversial paper on Einstein.
3 __________ (know) how to be friendly but persistent are key skills for TV interviewers.
4 Honestly, his stand-up really makes me __________ (laugh) but I don’t like his films.
5 The film had seven nominations but it didn’t win a single award! No one saw that __________ (come)!
6 He became famous by __________ (create) art that was revolutionary yet appealed to the general public.
7 She didn’t allow him __________ (ignore) by the press and insisted that they interview him too.
8 He quietly ‘forgot’ __________ (mention) the scandal as he didn’t want to offend her.

E Choose the correct answer.

1 I really regret never __________ goodbye.
a have said b to have said c having said
2 If you don’t have a small digital camera, try __________ your phone.
a use b to use c using
3 We won’t let you __________ left alone.
a get b to get c getting
4 He had been advised repeatedly __________ into the centre alone.
a not drive b not to drive c not driving
5 Don’t allow them to encourage you __________ your appearance in any way.
a change b to change c changing
6 They warned him __________ to answer all his fans’ letters.
a not even attempt b not to even attempt c not even attempting
7 Visiting his exhibition could lead to people __________ traditional photography again.
a take up b to take up c taking up
8 I think they had better __________ themselves for pack of reporters waiting outside.
a prepare b to prepare c preparing

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Unit 12

A Complete the sentences with these words.

ancestry disrespect diversity forces long-gone mannerisms mists

strongly-held tight values
1 He has such particular _________ he’s very easy to imitate.
2 For most people the meaning of the Christmas tree is _________.
3 Fairytales are effective at transmitting _________, but they are also guilty of transmitting stereotypes.
4 I would love to know more about my _________; I think we’re originally from France.
5 The belief that the moon affects your mood is _________ in these parts.
6 The _________ of London is one of its most attractive features.
7 It is often said that to wear white to a wedding is a sign of _________ to the bride.
8 We had to sit _________ and wait for the procession to pass.
9 The two communities joined _________ to organise a huge festival in honour of their shared traditions.
10 All memory of my first village fair are lost in the _________ of time.

B Complete the sentences with a word formed with the word in CAPITALS.
1 Some of their customs come from a _________fear of the dark. ROOT
2 When we travel, we may find that many of our ________ about a country are wrong. ASSUME
3 They have little _________ of people who do not observe the local traditions. TOLERATE
4 Working in a multicultural school, you will be expected to show _________ to the different traditions. SENSITIVE
5 At carnival in many cities, groups sing ________ satirical songs about popular figures. REVERE
6 Last weekend, my parents celebrated the _________ of their wedding vows. NEW
7 I have a particular ________ for some of the traditions from my grandmother’s country. FOND
8 We leave the city during carnival, as the constant noise is not good for my _________. SANE
9 British traditions often reveal elements of the islands’ Celtic _________. HEIR
10 Songs are a(n) _________ part of most of our traditions, as is cake. PRESENT

C Choose the correct answer.

1 The events calendar for our town looks a bit culturally / traditionally bleak this winter.
2 Every year in the UK, Pancake Day is observed / offered on the same day as Mardi Gras in some countries.
3 Young people are often accused of tearing / turning their backs on tradition, but is it true?
4 When you move to a different country, it is not always easy to defy / integrate into the new culture.
5 We usually go away for the Bank Holiday, but this year we’re going to stay fast / put.
6 The oral / vocal tradition is strong in Northern countries, thanks to long nights and poor light.
7 The indigenous / original peoples of America spoke a great number of languages.
8 The tradition of a dowry / legacy when a woman marries is dying out worldwide.
9 There was a tremendous culture battle / clash when he first met her family, but it got much easier.

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D Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the words in bold. You may
use between three and eight words.
1 This one great carnival fortnight included a little of everything I had ever seen written about the islands.
read
All ___________________________ encapsulated in this one great carnival fortnight.
2 Before going, you really ought to watch this documentary.
need
What _____________________this documentary before you go.
3 The fact that people often say that traditions are dying out annoys me, as it isn’t true.
it
It ____________________________ said traditions are dying out, when it isn’t true.
4 It wasn’t until the Irish and Scottish emigrated to North America that Halloween arrived in the USA.
unknown
Halloween ________________________ people from Ireland and Scotland emigrated to America.
5 What appeals to me right now is trying some of the traditional food.
do
What I’d really _________ some of the traditional food.
6 The only thing on their mind from April to April are the preparations for the annual procession.
year
All they __________________ preparing for the annual processions.
7 Not many people remember that Oxford was traditionally ‘a place where cows cross the river’.
often
It __________________ name Oxford traditionally meant ‘a place where cows cross the river’.
8 Her knowledge of traditional songs and tales was a legacy from her grandmother.
taught
It __________________ everything she knows about traditional songs and tales.

E Complete the sentences with these words.

all it it it that
what what what when who
1 _____ I thought was that chocolate was originally a drink.
2 It was my English teacher ____ gave me a love of haiku poetry.
3 _____ I know is that when we got there, the festival had finished.
4 _____ seems to me that we’d better find a fancy dress shop.
5 We couldn’t agree on what to do that evening but _____settled it was a promise of fireworks.
6 _____ was the migrants from Europe who took their traditions to the USA.
7 It was the internet and social media _____ changed our birthday greetings habits.
8 _____ is the songs that I like best about most of our traditions.
9 It was _____Victoria was queen that Christmas cards became popular in the UK.
10 _____ we carved a face into at Halloween when I was a child, was a turnip.

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