Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet

Fourier’s law For a real (non-ideal) surface

𝑞 "
𝑞𝑒𝑒 = 𝐸 = 𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑠4
���⃗
𝑞" = = −𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐴 ε= emissivity [-] -> black bodies: 𝜀=1, real surface: 0<𝜀<1
𝑞 Heat transfer rate through area A [W] Irradiation
𝑞
���⃗
𝑞" = Heat flux or heat transfer rate per unit area perpendicular to the " 4
𝐴
2 2
𝑞𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐺 = 𝛼 𝜎 𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠
transport direction [W/m =J/(s m ] 2
G = rate of incident radiation per unit area (W/m ) of the surface (radiation/heat
2
𝐴 Area perpendicular to heat flux [m ] flux absorbed by the surface) originating from its surroundings
k Thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] Tsur = absolute temperature of the surroundings [K]
∇𝑇 Temperature gradient (driving force) [K/m]
α = absorptivity of the surface [0< α <1], for a “grey” surface α=ε

1-Dimensional Fourier’s law for different coordinate systems Net radiation exchange
"
Fourier’s law expressions and solutions for heat fluxes, heat rates and thermal 𝑞𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝐸 − 𝐺 = 𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑠4 − 𝛼 𝜎 𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠
4
= ℎ𝑟 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠 )
resistances for steady-state, 1D heat transfer, constant k in various coordinate
Radiative heat transfer coefficient for grey surface ℎ𝑟 = 𝜎𝜀(𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠 )(𝑇𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠
2 )
systems 2
[W/m K]
Plane Wall
Cylindrical Wall Spherical Wall
(Cartesian)
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 Thermal circuits
Fourier’s law 𝑞"𝑥 = −𝑘 𝑞"𝑟 = −𝑘 𝑞"𝑟 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∆𝑇
𝑘∆𝑇 𝑞= =
𝑘∆𝑇 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅
∆𝑇 R = thermal resistance [K/W]
Heat flux 𝒒" 𝑘 𝑟 1 1
𝐿 𝑟𝑟𝑟 �𝑟2 � 𝑟 2 �𝑟 − 𝑟 � Conductive resistance
1 1 2
2𝜋𝜋𝜋∆𝑇 4𝜋𝜋∆𝑇 Rcond = depends on geometry, see table left
Heat transfer ∆𝑇 Convective resistance
𝑘𝑘 𝑟 1 1
rate 𝒒 𝐿 𝑙𝑙 �𝑟2 � �𝑟 − 𝑟 � 1
1 1 2 𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
Thermal 𝑟2 1 1 ℎ𝐴
𝐿 𝑙𝑙 �𝑟 � �𝑟 − 𝑟 � Radiative resistance
resistance 1 1 2
Rcond
# 𝑘𝑘 1
2𝜋𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
# 2
Ar=2πrL for cylindrical, Ar=4πr for spherical coordinates, r1=rin, r2=rout ℎ𝑟 𝐴
Thermal contact resistance
𝑇𝐴 − 𝑇𝐵
Radiation 𝑅"𝑡,𝑐 =
Stefan-Boltzmann law for an ideal radiator (black body) 𝑞𝑥 "
" TA,B = temperature contact surface A,B [K]
𝑞𝑒𝑒 = 𝐸 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠4
"
𝑞𝑒𝑒 = radiation/heat flux emitted from the surface
Ts = absolute temperature of the surface [K]
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant

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Resistance in series (q=const): Concentrations in a binary system of A and B

𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 +. . +𝑅𝑛 = � 𝑅𝑖
𝑛
Resistances in parallel (ΔT =const):
1 1 1 1
= + +. . + = � 1/𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛
𝑛

Ideal gas law

𝑚
𝑝𝑉 =𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀 3
𝑝 = pressure [Pa] V = volume [m ]
n = molar amount of substance [mol] m = mass of substance [kg]
M = Molar mass of substance [mol/g] T = Temperature in K [K]
R = universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/(mol K)

Buckingham method:
Step 1: List all independent variables involved in the problem
Q0 = F(Q1, Q2, ... , Qn)
Step 2: Express each of the variables in terms of basic dimensions
Step 3: Apply Buckingham 𝛱 theorem / Determine number of 𝛱 groups: Assumptions: ideal Gas
Number of dimensionless groups required to describe the problem is
k=(n+1)-j. Diffusive molar and mass fluxes for binary system A in B
n = number of independent variables identified for the problem
j = number of primary dimensions which have been used to express the variables.
Diffusive Flux Vector notation 1D planar (Cartesian)
Step 4: Selection of a dimensionally independent subset of (repeating)
Molar flux (Fick’s Law) 𝑑𝑐𝐴
j variables Q1...Qj (j ≤ n). ���⃗
𝐽𝐴 = −𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝛻𝑐𝐴 𝐽𝐴,𝑧 = −𝐷𝐴𝐴
𝑐 𝑜𝑜 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
Step 5: Build 𝛱 groups by multiply one of the nonrepeating variables by
Mass flux (Fick’s Law) 𝑑𝜌𝐴
the product of the repeating variables, each raised to an exponent that will 𝚥𝐴 = −𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝛻𝜌𝐴
���⃗ 𝑗𝐴,𝑧 = −𝐷𝐴𝐴
𝑐 𝑜𝑜 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
make the combination dimensionless. 𝑑𝑦𝐴
Step 6: Assume dimensional homogeneity and solve set of equations to Molar flux (de Groot) ���⃗
𝐽𝐴 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝛻𝑦𝐴 𝐽𝐴,𝑧 = −𝑐𝐷𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑
obtain 𝛱 groups 𝑑𝜔𝐴
Mass flux (de Groot) 𝚥𝐴 = −𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝛻𝜔𝐴
���⃗ 𝑗𝐴,𝑧 = −𝜌𝐷𝐴𝐴
Step 7: Express result in form 𝛱1 = 𝐹(𝛱2 , 𝛱3 . . 𝛱𝑘 ) 𝑑𝑑
2 2
molar flux [mol/(m s)] mass flux [ kg/(m s)]

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Absolute molar and mass fluxes for binary system A in B Continious flow system
1
Absolute Flux Vector notation 1D planar (Cartesian) �𝑄̇𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑛𝑛𝑛 � = 𝑚̇ �(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )�
2
𝑑𝑦𝐴
����⃗
𝑁𝐴 = −𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝐴 𝑁𝐴,𝑧 = −𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝑐 𝑄̇𝑛𝑛𝑛 = net heat rate added to CV [W] 𝑊̇𝑛𝑛𝑛 = net rate of work done in CV [W]
Molar flux 𝑑𝑑 𝑚̇ = mass flow rate [kg/s] 𝑧𝑖 = height [m]
����⃗
+𝑦𝐴 (𝑁 �����⃗
𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 ) +𝑦𝐴 (𝑁𝐴,𝑧 + 𝑁𝐵,𝑧 )
𝑣𝑖 = velocity [m/s] ℎ𝑖 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑖 = specific enthalpy [J/(kg K)]
𝑑𝜔𝐴
����⃗
𝑛 𝐴 = −𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 𝛻𝜔𝐴 𝑛𝐴,𝑧 = −𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 1 = inlet, 2=outlet
Mass flux 𝑑𝑑
+𝜔𝐴 (𝑛
����⃗
𝐴 + ����⃗)
𝑛𝐵
+𝜔𝐴 (𝑛𝐴,𝑧 + 𝑛𝐵,𝑧 )
Molar flux for Differential Equations of Heat Transfer
equimolar counter DAB 𝑐�yA,1 − yA,2 � �⃗)
for k = 𝒇(𝒙
����⃗
𝑁𝐴 = − DAB 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝐴 𝑁𝐴,𝑧 =
diffusion 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
����⃗
(𝑁𝐴 = −𝑁 �����⃗
𝐵) 𝜕𝜕
Molar flux for 𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝑐 𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝛻 ∙ (𝑘𝑘𝑘 ) + 𝑞̇ 𝑔
𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝑐
𝑁𝐴,𝑧 = ∙ 𝜕𝜕
unimolecular (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
����⃗
𝑁𝐴 = − 𝛻𝑦 1 − 𝑦𝐴,2
for k = constant
diffusion stagnant 1 − 𝑦𝐴 𝐴
ln � �
film (𝑁 �����⃗
𝐵 = 0) 1 − 𝑦𝐴,1
𝜕𝜕 𝑞̇ 𝑔
= 𝛼∆𝑇 +
Control volume balance on rate basis 𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝑐𝑝
3 3
In a defined control volume, there is 𝑞̇ 𝑔 = volumetric generation term [W/m ] 𝜌 = density [kg/m ]
k 2
ACCUMULATION = INPUT - OUTPUT + GENERATION α=
ρ cp
= thermal diffusivity [m /s] 𝑐𝑝 = specific heat capacity [kJ/(kg K)]
Energy:
𝑑𝐸𝑠 Boundary condition of first kind - Dirichlet condition
= 𝐸̇𝑖𝑖 - 𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝐸̇𝑔 Constant Temperature
𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝑠 = stored energy [J] 𝐸̇𝑖𝑖 = ingoing energy rate [W] 𝑇(𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
𝐸̇𝑜𝑜𝑜 = outgoing energy rate [W] 𝐸̇𝑔 = generated energy rate [W] Boundary condition of second kind - Neumann condition
Constant gradient at a boundary (=constant flux)
Mass Species A 𝑑𝑑
� = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
𝑑𝑀𝐴 𝑑𝑑 𝑥=𝑥0
= 𝑀̇𝐴,𝑖𝑖 − 𝑀̇𝐴,𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑀̇𝐴,𝑔
𝑑𝑑 Boundary condition of third kind - Robin boundary condition
𝑀𝐴 = stored mass of A [kg] 𝑀̇𝐴,𝑖𝑖 = ingoing mass rate of A [kg/s]
The gradient at a boundary is described with a function (e.g. Newton’s Law of
𝑀̇𝐴,𝑜𝑜𝑜 = outgoing mass rate of A [kg/s] 𝑀̇𝐴,𝑔 = generated mass rate of A [kg/s]
cooling)
𝑑𝑑
� = 𝑓(𝑇)
𝑑𝑑 𝑥=𝑥0

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Differential Equations of Mass Transfer Vector operators for different coordinate systems
𝜕𝑐𝐴 (f = scalar function, e.g. Temperature T or concentration c):
= −𝛻 ∙ 𝑁�⃗𝐴 + 𝑅𝐴 Vector Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
𝜕𝜕
�⃗𝐴 can be either the purely diffusive flux 𝐽���⃗ �⃗ operators (x,y,z) (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛) (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝓)
𝑁 𝐴 or absolute flux 𝑁𝐴 of A
3
𝑅𝐴 = volumetric rate of mass generation [mol/(s m )]
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝜕
�⃗ � + 𝑅𝐴
= 𝛻 ∙ (𝐷𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝐴 ) − 𝛻 ∙ �𝑐𝐴 𝑉
𝜕𝜕 ⎛𝜕𝜕 ⎞ ⎛ 𝜕𝜕 ⎞ 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 ⎛ ⎞
�⃗ =molar-average velocity [m/s]
𝑉
Gradient ⎜ ⎟
⎜𝜕𝜕 ⎟ ⎜1 𝜕𝜕 ⎟ ⎜ 1 𝜕𝜕 ⎟
𝜵𝜵 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜𝑟 𝜕θ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Boundary condition of first kind - Dirichlet condition 𝜕𝜕 ⎜ 𝑟 𝜕𝜕 ⎟
𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕
Constant Temperature
⎝ 𝜕𝜕 ⎠ ⎝ 𝜕𝜕 ⎠
𝑐𝐴 (𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. ⎝𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜃) 𝜕𝜕⎠
Boundary condition of second kind - Neumann condition
Constant gradient at a boundary (=constant flux) 𝜕2𝑓 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 2 𝜕𝜕
� � �𝑟 � � �𝑟 �
𝑑𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
� = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. Laplace 𝜕2𝑓 1 𝜕2𝑓 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝑑𝑑 𝑥=𝑥0 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 �𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃) �
𝜵𝟐 𝒇 = 𝚫𝒇 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃) 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
Boundary condition of third kind - Robin boundary condition 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 1 𝜕2𝑓
The gradient at a boundary is described with a function + 2� + 2� + 2 �
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝜃) 𝜕𝜙 2
𝑑𝑐𝐴
� = 𝑓(𝑐𝐴 )
𝑑𝑑 𝑥=𝑥0
1 𝜕(𝑟 2 𝐹𝑟 )
1 𝜕(𝑟 𝐹𝑟 ) �
𝜕𝐹𝑥 𝜕𝐹𝑦 � 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕
Other Boundary conditions for mass transfer Divergence � + 𝑟 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕(𝐹𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃))
Evaporation and sublimation (Raoult’s Law) 𝜵 ∙ �𝑭⃗ 𝜕𝐹𝑧
1 𝜕𝐹θ 𝜕𝐹𝑧 +
+ + � 𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃) 𝜕𝜕
+ � 𝑟 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝑝𝐴,𝑠 = 𝑥𝐴 𝑃𝐴,𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝐹𝜙
+ �
𝑝𝐴,𝑠 = 𝑦𝐴,𝑠 𝑃= partial pressure of A in gas at the surface [bar] 𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃) 𝜕𝜕
𝑃𝐴,𝑠𝑠𝑠 = saturation (vapor) pressure at the surface
Solubility of gases in liquids (Henry’s Law)
𝑝𝐴 = 𝐻𝐻𝐴
𝐻= Henry constant [Pa]
Solubility of gases in solids
𝑐𝐴,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆 𝑝𝐴
3
𝑆= solubility [Pa m /mol]

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Convective heat transfer ṁ = mass flow rate [kg/s]

2
cp = specific heat capacity [kJ/(kg K)]
qs “= heat flux at the surface [W/m ]
Newton’s law of Cooling
𝑞 Average heat coefficient
= 𝑞" = ℎ∆𝑇
𝐴 2 1 𝐿
h = convective HT coefficient [W/(m K)] ∆𝑇 = temperature difference [K] ℎ𝐿 = � ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑑
𝐿 0
Internal Flow ℎ𝐿 = average heat transfer coefficient over a spatial dimension L
ℎ𝑥 = local heat transfer coefficient at a certain position x
𝑞𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 �𝑇𝑚,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 � = ℎ 𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑙

Logarithmic temperature difference Convective mass transfer

∆𝑇𝑜 − ∆𝑇𝑖 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 ∆𝑐𝐴
∆𝑇𝑙𝑙 = NA = molar convective mass transfer flux [mol/(m s]
2
∆𝑇
𝑙𝑙 � ∆𝑇𝑜 � 𝑘𝑐 = concective mass transfer coefficient [m/s]
3
𝑖 ∆𝑐𝐴 = concentration difference [mol/m ]
Constant surface temperature
∆𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜 Internal Flow
∆𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖𝑖 Use an analogy to HT
Energy balance results in
𝑇𝑚,𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 ℎ 4𝐿 Analogy between Heat, Mass and Momentum Transport
𝑙𝑙 � �+ =0
𝑇𝑚,𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝐷 Skin friction
Use local skin friction for analogy of local coefficients
2𝜏𝑆,𝑥
Constant external temperature 𝐶𝑓,𝑥 =
𝜌𝑣∞2
use modified Newton’s Law
2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑙 𝜏𝑆,𝑥 = Local shear stress at position x [N/m ]
q= Use average skin friction for analogy of average coefficients
𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡 2𝜏𝑆,𝐿
𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡 = total resistance of convective and conductive HT 𝐶𝑓,𝐿 = 2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑙 built with 𝜌𝑣∞
𝐹
∆𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜏𝑆,𝐿 = = Average shear stress = Drag force per surface area over spatial dimension
𝐴
2
L [N/m ]
∆𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖𝑖
Reynolds analogy
Constant heat flux:
ℎ 𝐶𝑓 𝑘𝑐
Local mean temperature of the fluid: 𝑆𝑆 = = = 𝑆𝑡𝑚 =
𝑞𝑠 "𝑃 𝜌𝑣∞ 𝑐𝑝 2 𝑣∞
𝑇𝑚 (𝑥) = 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 + 𝑥 valid for Blasius solution (laminar flow) of the horizontal plate and Pr=1 and Sc=1
𝑚̇𝑐𝑃
Tm,i= mean temperature inlet [K] P=cross section perimeter [m]

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local skin friction σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67x10-8 W/(m2K4)

0.664
𝐶𝑓,𝑥 =
�𝑅𝑒𝑥 NA = Avogadro number 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

average skin friction for averaged coefficients Units of selected physical quantities:
1.328
𝐶𝑓,𝐿 = [Pressure] ≡ atm (standard) = 101325 Pa
�𝑅𝑒𝐿 bar = 105 Pa Pa = N/m2
Chilton-Colburn analogy [Force] ≡ N = kg m/s2
For laminar and turbulent flow where is no form drag such as flow over flat plate
and internal flows [Work] ≡ J = N m
𝐶𝑓 [Power] ≡ W = J/s
𝑗𝐻 = 𝑗𝐷 = [Charge] ≡ C
2
[Current] ≡ A = C/s
𝑗𝐻 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃 2/3 [Voltage] ≡ V = J/C
valid for 0.5<Pr<50
𝑘𝑐 2/3
[Electrical resistance] ≡ Ω = V/A
𝑗𝐷 = 𝑆𝑆 [Dynamic viscosity] ≡ Pa s
𝑣∞
valid for 0.6<Sc<2500 [Kinematic viscosity] ≡ m2/s

Prandtl analogy Laminar-Turbulent transition criterion:

For turbulent flows where is no form drag such as flow over flat plate and internal Forced convection cylindrical pipe flow 𝑅𝑅 ≲ 2300
flows
𝐶𝑓 /2 Forced convection along vertical/horizontal plate 𝑅𝑅 ≲ 5𝑥105
𝑆𝑆 =
1 + 5�𝐶𝑓 ⁄2 (𝑃𝑃 − 1)
Forced convection over cylinder/sphere 𝑅𝑅 ≲ 2𝑥105
for mass transfer Stanton number use Sc instead of Pr. Natural convection along vertical plate 𝑅𝑅 ≲ 109

Constants
g = Gravitational acceleration =9.81 m2/s

k B = Boltzmann constant =1.38 × 10-23J/K

R = Universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/(mol K)

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 Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet

Correlations for natural Convection

Use analogy for mass transfer. Arithmetic mean temperature for properties
Charact. Range of
Geometry Nu = f (Ra)
length Raleigh No.
1

RaL < 109 0.670𝑅𝑎𝐿4

𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.68 + 4
9 9
0.492 16
�1 + � 𝑃𝑃 � �

RaL = 104-109 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.59 𝑅𝑎𝐿

1/4
L RaL = 1010-1013 1/3
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.1 𝑅𝑎𝐿
2

⎛ 1 ⎞
entire range 0.387𝑅𝑎𝐿6
⎜ ⎟
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = ⎜0.825 + 8⎟
⎜ 9 27 ⎟
0.492 16
�1 + � 𝑃𝑃 � �
⎝ ⎠
Use vertical plate equations for the
upper surface of the cold plate and the
L lower surface for the hot plate
Replace g by g cos(θ) for 0 < θ < 60o
RaL = 104-107 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.54 𝑅𝑎𝐿
1/4

RaL = 107-1011 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.15 𝑅𝑎𝐿

1/3

𝐴𝑠 /𝑃

RaL = 105-1011 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.27 𝑅𝑎𝐿

1/4

A vertical cylinder can be treated as a

vertical plate when
35𝐿
L 𝐷 ≥ 1/4
𝐺𝑟𝐿
2

⎛ 1 ⎞
𝑅𝑎𝐷 ≤ 10 12
⎜ 0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷6 ⎟
D 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = ⎜0.6 + 8⎟
⎜ 9 27 ⎟
0.559 16
�1 + � 𝑃𝑃 � �
⎝ ⎠

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 Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet

𝑁𝑁𝐷 = 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝐷𝑛
with

𝑅𝑎𝐷 ≥ 1011 0.589𝑅𝑎𝐷4

𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 2 + 4
𝑃𝑃 ≥ 0.7 9 9
0.469 16
�1 + � 𝑃𝑃 � �
D
𝑃𝑃 ≈ 1 𝑁𝑁𝐷 = 2 + 0.43𝑅𝑎𝐷
1/4
5
1 < 𝑅𝑎𝐷 < 10

Correlations for forced convection in internal flow

For mass transfer, use appropriate analogy.
Geometry Flow regime Restrictions Nu = f (Re,Pr)

Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D Laminar & fully
or developed
Non- (Graetz solution for
cylindrical long pipes)
duct with
Dh=4Ac/P

Properties are evaluated at arithmetic mean

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 Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet
𝜇𝑏 𝐷 1/3 𝜇 0.14
0.0044 ≤ � � ≤ 9.75 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 1.86 �𝑃𝑃 𝐿 � �𝜇 𝑏 �
𝜇𝑤 𝑤
𝜇𝑏 =viscosity bulk temperature
0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑃 ≤ 5
𝜇𝑤 =viscosity wall temperature
Laminar within Al other properties are evaluated at
Cylindrical bulk temperature
velocity & thermal
pipe of
entrance length ℎ𝐿
diameter D 2≤L/D≤20
(short pipes) = 1 + (𝐷⁄𝐿)0.7
ℎ∞
ℎ𝐿
20<L/D<60 = 1 + 6(𝐷⁄𝐿)
ℎ∞
ℎ∞ = value for fully-developed regime
4
0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑃 ≤ 100
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝐷 5 𝑃𝑃 𝑛
𝑅𝑅 > 104 n=0.4 for heating (Ts>Tm)
L/D>60 n=0.3 for cooling (Ts<Tm)
Cylindrical properties at arithmetic mean
Turbulent & fully
pipe of
developed
diameter D 0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑃 ≤ 17000 −1
−
2 𝜇𝑏 0.14
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 0.023𝑅𝑅𝐷 5 𝑃𝑃 3 � �
𝑅𝑅 > 104 𝜇𝑤
L/D>60 All properties, except μw evaluated at
bulk temperature

Correlations for forced convection for external flow

Plates: For mass transfer, use appropriate analogies.
Spheres, Cylinders: Analogies break down, use appropriate correlation
Geometry Flow regime Restrictions Nu = f (Re,Pr)
1
𝑃𝑃 ≥ 0.6 1
or 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332Re2x 𝑃𝑃 3
Flat plate of Laminar 1/2
0.6 ≤ 𝑆𝑆 ≤ 2500 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.664ReL 𝑃𝑃 1/3
length L (Blasius solution)
𝑅𝑅 < 2 ⋅ 105 Properties are evaluated at
arithmetic mean
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.0288𝑅𝑅𝑥 4/5 𝑃𝑃 1/3
Flat plate of 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.036𝑅𝑅𝐿 4/5 𝑃𝑃1/3
Turbulent 𝑅𝑅 > 3 ⋅ 106
length L Properties are evaluated at
arithmetic mean

𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐵 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑛 𝑃𝑃 1/3

Cylinder
of diameter D Laminar Pr = 1
in crossflow

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 Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet
1 1
0.62𝑅𝑒𝐷2 𝑃𝑃 3
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.3 + 1
2 4
�1 + (0.4/𝑃𝑃)3 �
Cylinder
Laminar & 5 4/5
of diameter D Pr > 0.2 𝑅𝑒𝐷 8
turbulent �1 + � � �
in crossflow 282,000
Properties are evaluated at
arithmetic mean

20 ≲ 𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≲ 105 𝑁𝑢𝐷 ≈ 0.31 (𝑅𝑒𝐷 )0.6

𝜇∞ 1/4
Sphere 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 2 + 𝑃𝑃 0.4 � �
Laminar 0.71 ≤ 𝑃𝑃 ≤ 380 𝜇𝑠
of diameter D 1 2
3.5 < 𝑅𝑒𝐷 < 7.6 ⋅ 104
�0.4𝑅𝑒𝐷2 + 0.06𝑅𝑒𝐷3 �
Properties are evaluated at T∞,
except μs which is evaluated at Ts

1/2
Falling spherical droplet of diameter D 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 2 + 0.6𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑃 1/3

For flux of species

A from a sphere
into an infinite sink 𝑆ℎ𝐷 = 2
of stagnant fluid B

1
2 2
3
Sphere For mass transfer 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 < 10,000 𝑆ℎ = �4 + 1.21𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 �
of diameter D into liquid streams 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 > 10,000
𝑆ℎ = 1.01 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴 1/3

2 < 𝑅𝑅 < 800

0.6 < 𝑆𝑆 < 2.7 1/2
For mass transfer 𝑆ℎ = 2 + 0.552𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑐 1/3
or
into gas streams
1500 < 𝑅𝑅 < 12000
0.6 < 𝑆𝑆 < 1.85

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 Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet

List of dimensionless groups

L= characteristic length scale external flow; R = characteristic length scale internal flow/particle
u= characteristic velocity; HT = heat transfer; MT = mass transfer, D = diffusivity
Dimensionless Groups Definition Interpretation
3 3
Archimedes number 𝑔𝑔𝐿 ∆𝜌 𝜌𝐿 gravitational force / viscous force
𝐴𝐴 = =
𝜇2 𝜈2
Arrhenius number 𝐸𝑎 activation energy / thermal energy
𝛼=
𝑅𝑅
Biot number (heat) ℎ𝐿 convective HT / conductive HT
𝐵𝐵 =
𝑘
Biot number (mass) ℎ𝑚 𝐿 convective MT / diffusive MT
𝐵𝑖𝑚 =
𝑘
Bodenstein number 𝑢𝐿 convective MT / axial diffusive MT
𝐵𝐵 =
𝐷𝑎𝑎 (Peclet number for chemical
reactors, 𝐷𝑎𝑎 =axial diffusion
coefficient)
Bond Number 𝑔�𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑔 �𝐿 2 gravitational force / capillary force
𝐵𝐵 =
𝜎
Brinkmann number 𝜇𝑢2 viscous dissipation / thermal
𝐵𝐵 = conduction
𝑘(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇0 )
Capillary number 𝜇 𝑢 viscous force / capillary (surface
𝐶𝐶 =
𝜎 tension) force
Dean number centrifugal force / viscous force
𝑢𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝐷𝐷 = � = 𝑅𝑅 �
𝜈 𝑅 𝑅
Eckert number 𝑢2 kinetic energy flow / boundary
𝐸𝐸 = layer enthalpy
𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇0 )
Euler number Δ𝑝 pressure force / inertial force
𝐸𝐸 = 2
𝜌𝑢
Fourier number HT 𝛼𝛼 𝑘𝑡 heat conduction / enthalpy
𝐹𝐹 = 2 =
𝐿 𝜌 𝑐𝑝 𝐿2 change; also dimensionless time
Fourier number MT 𝐷𝑡 diffusion rate / species
𝐹𝑜𝑚 = 2
𝐿 accumulation; dimensionless time
Inertial friction factor Δ𝑝 𝑅 specific pressure drop / inertial
𝑓𝑖𝑖 =
𝐿 𝜌𝑢2 force
Viscous friction factor Δ𝑝 𝑅 2 specific pressure drop / viscous
𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣 = force
𝐿 𝜇𝑢
Froude number 𝑢2 inertial force / gravitational force
𝐹𝐹 =
𝑔𝐿
3
Galileo number 𝑔𝜌𝐿 𝐿2 𝑔 Reynolds x gravity force / viscous
𝐺𝐺 = = 𝑅𝑅 force
𝜇2 𝜇𝑢

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 Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 – Formula Sheet

Graetz number HT 𝑅 2 𝜌 𝑢 𝑐𝑝 𝑅 thermal capacity flow / conductive

𝐺𝑧 = = 𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃 HT
𝐿𝑘 𝐿
Graetz number MT 𝑅2 𝑢 𝑅 mass capacity (flow) / diffusive MT
𝐺𝑧𝑧 = = 𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆
𝐿 𝐷 𝐿
Grashof number 𝑔 𝛽 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇0 )𝐿3 buoyant force / viscous force
𝐺𝐺 =
𝜈2
Knudsen number 𝜆 length of free mean path /
𝐾𝐾 =
𝐿 characteristic length
Lewis number 𝛼 thermal diffusivity / mass
𝐿𝐿 =
𝐷 diffusivity
Mach number 𝑢 velocity / speed of sound
𝑀𝑀 =
𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Nusselt number ℎ𝐿 convective HT / conductive HT
𝑁𝑁 =
𝑘 (at boundaries)
Ohnesorge number 𝜇 √𝑊𝑊 viscous force / SQRT(inertial force
𝑂ℎ = = x capillary force)
�𝜌𝜌 𝜎 𝑅𝑅
Peclet number HT 𝑣 𝐿 𝑢 𝜌 𝑐𝑝 𝐿 convective HT / diffusive HT
𝑃𝑃 = = = 𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃
𝛼 𝑘 (in bulk liquid)
Peclet number MT 𝑢𝐿 convective MT / diffusive MT
𝑃𝑒𝑚 = = 𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆
𝐷 in bulk liquid
Prandtl number 𝜈 𝜇 𝑐𝑝 viscous diffusivity / thermal
𝑃𝑃 = =
𝛼 𝑘 diffusivity
Raleigh number 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑃𝑃 natural convection HT /
conductive HT
Reynolds number 𝑢𝐿 𝑢𝐿 inertial force / viscous force
𝑅𝑅 = =
𝜈 𝜇/𝜌
Schmidt number 𝜈 𝜇/𝜌 momentum diffusivity / mass
𝑆𝑆 = =
𝐷 𝐷 diffusivity
Sherwood number 𝑘𝑐 𝐿 convective MT / diffusive MT
𝑆ℎ =
𝐷 (at boundaries)
Stanton number HT 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 convective HT / heat capacity
𝑆𝑆 = =
𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 (at boundaries)
Stanton number MT 𝑆ℎ 𝑆ℎ convective MT / mass capacity
𝑆𝑡𝑚 = =
𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑒𝑚 (at boundaries)
Stokes number 𝑡𝑝 𝑢 particle relaxation time /
𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑅 convective time scale
Strouhal number 𝑓𝐿 characteristic frequency /
𝑆𝑆 =
𝑢 characteristic timescale-1
Weber number 𝜌𝑢2 inertial force / capillary force
𝑊𝑊 = 𝜎
𝐿

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