MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
 His famous vocal music works/ Lieder were:
VOCAL MUSIC OF THE
ROMANTIC PERIOD
The parallelisms of music and literature were clearly
evident in almost all forms of vocal music during the Romantic
period. Composers interpret poems, mood, atmosphere and
imagery into music. Musical compositions suc as the art song
was written for solo voice and piano. Like all program music,
art song has its inspiration from poetry in this period. Mood is
often set at the beginning with piano introduction and
concluded with a piano postlude.
Romantic artists found inspiration in landscapes. Their
subjects were traditional myths, legends and folklore usually
dealing with the supernatural, grotesque, and less ordinary.
Vocal music in this period require singers to perform a greater
range of tone color, dynamics and pitch. Because of this,
Opera became an important source of musical
expressions. The birth of the opera houses came. It was the
place where all the arts converged: not only music, but poetry,
painting, architecture and the dance as well.
OPERA COMPOSERS OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
Franz Peter Schubert
 The proper name for Franz Schubert songs is
actually lieder, which is the German word for songs.
Schubert developed lieder so that they had a
powerful dramatic impact on the listeners.
 He tapped the poetry of writers like Johann Goethe.
He is considered the last of the Classical composers
and one of the first romantic ones.
“Gretchen am Spinnrade”, “Erlkonig”, “Ellens
Gesang III” (“Ave Maria”) and “Schwanenge sang”
(“Swan Song”). He also wrote piano pieces, string
quartets, operetta and the Symphony No.8 in B
minor (“Unfinished Symphony”)
 Schubert was born on the 31st of January 1797 in
Himmelpfortgrund, Austria and died in 1828 in
Vienna, Austria at 31.
Giuseppe Verdi
 A name associated with Romantic opera is that of
Verdi.
 His characters are ordinary people and not those of the
royal family like those found in German operas.
 He insisted on a good libretto and wrote operas with
political overtones and for middle-class audience.
 Verdi was born in Parma, Italy on October 9, 1813.
 He studied in Busseto and later went to Milan where
his first opera “Oberto” was performed in La Scala, the
most important opera house at the time.
 Almost all of his works are serious love story with
unhappy ending. Expressive vocal melody is the soul
of a Verdi opera.
 He completed 25 operas throughout his career. His
final opera ends with “All the world‟s a joke.”Some of
his famous operas are still being produced and
performed worldwide.
 His much acclaimed works are; La Traviata, Rigoletto,
Falstaff, Otello and Aida were he wrote for the opening
of the Suez Canal.
 He died in Milan, Italy on January 27,1901.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
Giacomo Puccini
 Giacomo Puccini was born in a poor family on
December 22, 1858 in Lucca, Italy. He studied at the
Milan Conservatory. He belonged to a group of
composers who stressed realism, therefore, he drew
material from everyday life, rejecting heroic themes
from mythology and history.
 Puccini‟s famous operas were: “La Boheme”,
“Tosca”, “Madame Butterfly”, and “Turandot”.
Richard Wagner
 Wilhelm Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig,
Germany on May 22, 1813. He attended Leipzig
University. He was very much inspired by Ludwig
van Beethoven.
 Wagner introduced new ideas in harmony and in
form, including extremes of chromaticism.
 He also explored the limits of the traditional tonal
system that gave keys and chords its own identity
which paved the way for the rise of atonality in the
20th century.
 Wagner exerted a strong influence on the operatic
medium. He was an advocate of a new form of opera
which he called “music drama” where musical and
dramatic elements were fused together.
 He developed a compositional style in which the
orchestra has of equal importance in dramatic roles
as the singers themselves.
 The expressiveness is aided by the use of
“leitmotifs” or musical sequences standing for a
particular character/plot element.
 His famous works are; “Tristan and Isolde”, “Die
Walkyrie”, “Die Meistersinger”, “Tannhäuser”,
and “Parsifal”. His work would later influence
modern film scores, including those of the Harry
Potter and Lord of the Rings film series.
 Wagner died of a heart attack on February 13,1883
at age of 69.
Georges Bizet
 Georges Bizet was registered with the legal name
Alexandre-Cesar-Leopold Bizet, but was baptized
Georges Bizet and was always known by the latter
name. He was born October 25, 1838 in Paris, France.
He entered the Paris Conservatory of music at a very
young age.
 Bizet became famous for his operas. His most famous
opera is “Carmen”. However, when “Carmen” first
opened in Paris, the reviews were terrible. The shows
were criticized in horrible ways that resulted in poor
audience attendance.
 During the first round of “Carmen” performances, Bizet
died (June 3, 1875). He was only 36. Four months
later, “Carmen” opened in Vienna, Austria, and was a
smash hit. It is now one of the most popular operas
ever written. Bizet never knew that audiences would
come to consider it as his masterpiece.
Opera became increasingly popular during the
Romantic period.
 It is a musical composition having all or most of its
text set to music with arias, recitative, choruses,
duets, trios, etc. sung to orchestral accompaniment.
 The opera is usually characterized by elaborate
costumes, scenery and choreography.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
Components of an Opera:
 Libretto - the text of an opera. Librettist and the
composer work closely together to tell the story.
 Score - the book that the composer and librettist put
together. The score has all the musical notes, words
and ideas to help the performers tell the story. Often,
there are operas with overtures, preludes, prologues,
several acts, finales and postludes.
 Recitative - Declamatory singing, used in the prose
parts and dialogue of opera. Different roles in operas
are created taking into account different types of
voices. Each role requires a different type of singer,
not only able to sing a given vocal range but also
with certain voice characteristics, color and power.
 Aria – an air or solo singing part sung by a principal
character. This song is what the public will
remember best when leaving the opera house.
Properly and well sung, a beautiful aria can bring an
audience to its feet and decide the fate of an entire
opera.
 It is also important to know the types of voices of
singers. This will serve as a guide for singers on their
choice of songs and vocal quality expected of a singer or
opera character.
For the Male Voice:
1. Tenor- highest male voice
2. Baritone- Middle male voice, lies between Bass and
Tenor voices. It is the common male voice.
3. Bass- lowest male voice
For the Female Voice:
1. Soprano- highest female voice
 Coloratura-highest soprano voice
 Lyric-bright and full sound
 Dramatic- darker full sound
 Mezzo-Soprano- most common female voice;
strong middle voice, tone is darker or deeper than
the soprano
 Contralto- lowest female voice and most unique
among female
Duet, trio, and other small ensemble
Chorus
Orchestra
Acts-main divisions of an opera
Scene- setting or place
 Composers like Verdi, Puccini and Wagner saw the
opportunity to explore ways to develop the vocal
power of a singer. Greater range of tone color,
dynamics and pitch were employed.
 Dynamics and vocal embellishments were used to
further affect the way singers sing.
Some musical terms are used like:
 A Capella - one or more singers performing without
instrumental accompaniment.
 Cantabile - In a singing style
 Capo - Head, the beginning
 Coda - closing section appended to a movement or
song.
 Dolce - sweetly
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
 Falsetto - a weaker and more airy voice usually in
the higher pitch ranges.
 Glissando - sliding quickly between 2 notes/
 Passagio - parts of a singing voice where register
transitions occur.
 Rubato - slight speeding up or slowing down of the
tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist.
 Tessitura - the most comfortable singing range of a
singer.
 Vibrato - rapidly repeated slight pitch variation
during a sustained note, to give a richer & more
varied sound.
Here are some examples of the story of 2 famous
operas of the Romantic Period:
LA TRAVIATA
Music by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Libretto in Italian by Francesco Maria Piave, based on “La
Dame aux Camélias,” play by Alexandre Dumas after his
novel by the same name. The play is known in English as
“Camille.” Premiere: Venice, March 6, 1853.
Categorized as a Romantic tragedy.
Set in Paris, France during 1850.
Originally in three acts, but present-day productions are
usually in four acts dividing the original Act II
ACT I: Violetta‟s Paris salon, luxuriously furnished
ACT II: A villa near Paris
ACT III: Ballroom in Flora‟s mansion
ACT IV: Violetta‟s bedroom
Synopsis
 At one of her brilliant supper parties, the beautiful but
frail demi-mondaine (a woman supported by a
wealthy lover –Merriam Webster Dictionary), Violetta
Valéry, meets the well-born Alfredo Germont. They
immediately fall in love and she decides to abandon
her life of pleasure.
 Alfredo‟s father did not approve of their lifestyle in
the country and demands that Violetta renounce
Alfredo. Violetta determined to make the sacrifice,
then departs and leaves only a note for Alfredo.
 She appears at a ball in Flora‟s house on the arm of
an old admirer, Baron Douphol which makes Alfredo
angry. Alfredo challenges the Baron to play cards
where Alfredo wins consistently. Unable to persuade
Violetta to go with him, Alfredo insults her. Violetta
becomes ill, and all her friends desert her, leaving
her virtually penniless.
 Alfredo returns to Violetta. His father told him of the
real story behind Violetta‟s departure from their
country house, and urged him to seek her
forgiveness. Overjoyed at the sight of him, Violetta
attempts to rise but falls into Alfredo‟s arms.
Germont and the doctor enter as Violetta dies.
Madame Butterfly
 Music by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
 Libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi
Ilica.From the short story by John Luther Lung,
derived from Pierre Loti‟s tale Madame
Chrysantheme.
 Romantic tragedy. Set numbers; recitative. Setting:
Nagasaki, Japan, at the beginning of the 20th
century. Two acts; Act 2 with two parts
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
Synopsis
 When American naval vessels frequented Japanese
seaports, American Lieutenant Benjamin Franklin
Pinkerton met Cio-Cio-San (“Butterfly”) and was
captivated by her beauty. Pinkerton rented a
Japanese house and part of his rental package is his
“betrothal” to Cio-Cio-San.
 Treating the marriage merely as a casual affair,
Pinkerton returns to America after the wedding
leaving Cio-Cio-San loyally waiting for his return. He
marries an American woman named Kate. When he
returns to Japan three years later with his American
wife, he learns that he bore a son with Cio-Cio-San.
Upon learning that Pinkerton had married another
woman, Cio-Cio-San kills herself to make sure that
Pinkerton takes their son with him.
Training to sing for opera usually requires a long process of
voice lessons or study. It also requires a lengthy time of
practice for you to master your voice.
For many singers, the long process of studying also means
starting early in life. The list below shows you the different
aspects that you need to learn as you train for opera.
 Sound/ Tone Color:
For opera, the performance is about the quality of
sound that the singer makes. Singing opera requires you to
sing long phrases and to sing loud enough to be heard over
an orchestra in large halls.
 “Bel Canto” technique:
When singing opera, the focus of the performance is
on the singing technique. Opera technique is called bel
canto, which literally means beautiful singing. This is done
by singing with your mouth and throat wide open and used
with the proper breath support to project the voice through
the entire hall.
Endurance for long operas is an issue for singers.
You have to practice a lot so that you can sing well for the
entire length of the opera, which can be two to four hours.
 Language:
Opera singers often sing in Italian, French, German,
or Russian. You don‟t have to be fluent in all these
languages, but you want to be familiar enough with them
that you can easily sing and sound like you are fluent in
these languages.
Fundamentals of Singing
 Breathing
There are two sides of breathing-inhaling and
exhaling- and both play an important role in singing.
Breathing is a natural biological function but you can control
how you breathe in order to develop your best singing
voice. Learn how to expand your lung capacity, control your
exhalation, and release air without making breathing noises.
 Controlling Tone Quality
The timbre of the voice describes its tone quality.
Some singers refer to “head” and “chest” voice. Generally,
the lower the pitch, the lower it resonates. The voice often
“breaks” and the tone quality changes on certain pitches.
The key is to realize that the registers are not actually
separate mechanism, just have different levels on a
continuous scale.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
 Posture
Proper posture promotes efficient breathing which is
essential to projection, tone quality, and vocal range. The
ideal posture for singing is erect yet relaxed. Overall good
health and physical fitness are also important.
 Vocal Range
One major goal of every singer is to have a well-
developed and impressive singing range. In order to
achieve this, a singer should establish good vocal habits in
the most comfortable placement of the voice and then
slowly expanding the range.
 Endurance
Singers are expected to perform well even it will take
an hour or more to perform. Endurance is expected from
singers who also practice long hours to give a good and
memorable performance.
Even today popular singers still showcase their
talents to a high level of performance. The need to capture
the audience with their extraordinary vocal ability is still the
main reason for showcasing their talents. Many musical
plays are inspired by these operas of the Romantic Period.
They emulate the same intense emotions but are now put
into the present context.
 In the Philippines, the sarsuwela, also known as the
„drama simbolico‟ was a traditional theatre genre that
dominated the Philippine theatre scene over one
hundred years. It was first introduced by Dario
Cespedes.Like the Opera of the Romantic period its
storyline was commonly based on domestic issues that
often exemplified a strong sense of Filipino nationalism
and anguish against the country‟s foreign imperialists.
 Famous writers of sarsuwela include Benigno Zamora,
Severino Reyes and Clodualdo del Mundo. Dalagang
Bukid (Country Maiden, 1919) is arguably the most
popular sarsuwela in Tagalog.
 Today, singers like Maria Callas and Kirsten Chenoweth
are famous because of their performances of different
operas and musical plays abroad. In the Philippines
artist like Isay Alvarez, Robert Seňa, Monique Wilson,
Jaime Rivera and Leah Salonga also became famous
not only in the local scene but abroad as well for their
roles in musical plays like the “Miss Saigon.” In fact
Leah Salonga won various international awards like the
Olivier, Tony, Drama Desk and Theatre World awards.
She also received the Order of Lakandula Award from
Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in
recognition of her excellence in her craft and for using
her talents to benefit Philippine society.
 Heralded by the French Revolution, the Romantic
Period was one of subjectivity. The music is intensely
emotional, deriving its strength from massive forces and
vivid orchestration. It was also in this period, hat the
virtuoso emerged and performed in numerous concerts.
 The Romantic Era brought further changes in the world
of vocal music. The art song (lied) became a special
category of vocal music. Composers made great strides
during this time to closely associate the text or words of
a piece with its musical counterpart.
 The real achievements of the Romantics in theatre were
in opera. One of the striking characteristics of the late
18th and early 19th centuries is the development of the
idea of romantic love linked to marriage. Romantic
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

operatic voice is trained to be full and rich, powerful

enough to fill an opera house in the days before
electronic amplification.

GLOSSARY:
Aria - solo singing part in an Opera
Bel canto - beautiful singing
Chromaticism - The use of notes foreign to the mode or
diatonic scale upon which composition is based
Coloratura - type of operatic soprano who specializes in
music that is distinguished by agile runs and leaps
Leitmotifs - musical sequences standing for a particular
character/plot element.
Libretto - book or story of the opera
Lieder - German word for songs
Mezzo-soprano - Female vocal range between soprano
and alto; have a tone that is darker than sopranos but
lighter than altos
Overtures - An instrumental composition intended
especially as an introduction to an extended work, such as
an opera
Postlude - a closing piece of music
Preludes – a short piece generally played as an
introduction to another larger musical piece
Prologues - An introduction or preface
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
WESTERN CLASSICAL
PLAYS/OPERA
Greek Theater
History of the Theatrical Forms and Their Evolution
 Theater began from myth, ritual and ceremony. Early
society perceived connections between actions
performed by groups of people or leaders to a
certain society and these actions moved from habit,
to tradition, to ritual, to ceremony due to human
desire and need for entertainment. The repeated
rehearsals, performances and creation of different
actions broke the ground for theater. Let us now
study the theatrical forms of the different art periods.
 Theater means ―place of seeing‖, but it is more
than the buildings where performance take place. To
produce theater, a playwright writes the scripts, the
director rehearses the performers, the designer and
technical crew produce props to create the scenes,
and actors and actresses perform on stage. Then it
will only be a true theater act when an audience
witnesses it.
 Before we proceed to experience how to organize
and perform in a theater, we have to acquire
information on the important periods and events in
theater history.
Ancient Theater
700 B.C.E.-410 C.E.
(Greek and Roman Theater)
 European theater began in Ancient Greece. It began
around 700 B.C. with festivals honoring their many
gods. One god, Dionysus, with a religious festival
called, ―The Cult of Dionysus‖, to honor Dionysus
(Di-on-i-sus), the god of wine and fertility. The city-
state of Athens was the center of a significant
cultural, political, and military power during this
period, where the festivals and competitions were
usually performed. The three well-known Greek
tragedy playwrights are Sophocles, Euripides and
Aeschylus.
 The theater of ancient Greece consisted of three
types of drama: Tragedy, Comedy and the Satyr
play.
 Tragedy is a compound of two Greek words,
―tragos‖ or "goat" and ―ᾠδή‖ (ode) meaning
"song, referring to goats sacrificed to Dionysus
before performances, or to goat-skins worn by the
performers.
 In Greece, tragedy was the most admired type of
play. It dealt with tragic events and have an unhappy
ending, especially one concerning the downfall of the
main character. Thespis was the first actor and
introduced the use of masks and was called the
"Father of Tragedy‖ .
 The actors, directors, and dramatists were all the
same person. After some time, only three actors
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
were allowed to perform in each play. Due to limited
number of actors allowed on-stage, the chorus
played into a very active part of Greek theatre. Music
was often played during the chorus. Men performed
songs to welcome Dionysus and women were not
allowed to perform. Competitions in song, dance,
music, scenic representation and bodily exercises
were done during the festivals. And to promote a
common identity, Athenians spread these festivals to
their numerous allies.
 Comedy plays were derived from imitation; there
were no traces of their origin. Aristophanes wrote
most of the comedy plays. Out of these 11 plays,
Lysistrata survived, a humorous tale about a strong
woman who led a female coalition to end war in
Greece. Cyclops was an adventurous comedy by
Euripides.
 Satyr Play contains comic elements to lighten the
overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending.
The satyr play was a short, lighthearted tailpiece
performed after each trilogy of the tragedies. It is an
ancient Greek form of tragic comedy. It featured
choruses of satyrs, based on Greek mythology, and
with pretended drunkenness, bold sexuality
(including phallic props), tricks, and sight jokes. This
featured half-man / half-goat characters known as
Satyrs. They were awful, ridiculous, and usually
drunk. The Satyr characters lusted after everyone on
stage, and they delivered the most humorous lines,
often at the expense of others.
Ancient Theater Terms:
Theatre buildings were called theatron. The theaters were
large, open-air structures constructed on the slopes of hills.
They consisted of three main elements: the orchestra, the
skene, and the audience
.
Orchestra: A large circular or rectangular area at the center
part of the theatre, where the play, dance, religious rites,
and acting took place.
Theatron- viewing place on the slope of a hill
Skene –stage
Parodos- side entrance.
Roman Theater
 The theatre of ancient Rome started in the 3rd
century BC. It had varied and interesting art forms,
like festival performances of street theatre,
acrobatics, the staging of comedies of Plautus, and
the high-verbally elaborate tragedies of Seneca.
Although Rome had a native tradition of
performance, the Hellenization (historical spread of
ancient Greek culture) of Roman culture in the 3rd
century BC had an intense and energizing effect on
Roman theatre and encouraged the development of
Latin literature.
 According to Roman historian Livy, in the 4th century
BC, the Etruscan actors were the first experienced
theater. While in 240 BC, Roman drama began with
the plays of Livius Andronicus. It remained popular
throughout late Antiquity. And by the mid 4th century
AD, 102 out of 176 ludi publici being dedicated to
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
theatre, besides a considerably lower number of
gladiator and chariot racing events.
 Greek theatres had a great influence on the
Roman’s theater, too. The Triumvir Pompey- was
one of the first permanent (non-wooden) theatres in
Rome, whose structure was somewhat similar to the
theatron of Athens. The building was a part of a
multi-use complex that included a large
quadriporticus (a columned quadrangle), directly
behind the scaenae fron-, an elaborately decorated
background of theatre stage, enclosed by the large
columned porticos with an expansive garden
complex of fountains and statues. There were rooms
also that were dedicated to the exposition of art and
other works collected by Pompey Magnus which
were located along the stretch of covered arcade.
 The usual themes for Roman theater plays were
chariots races, gladiators, and public executions.
The Romans loved a good spectacle. They loved to
watch combat, admired blood sports and gladiator
competition. The more realistic the violence, the
more it pleased Roman audiences. The Christians
however opposed the barbaric themes of the plays
and closed down all theaters.
 Comedy plays were popular too in the Roman
Theater from 350 to 250 B.C. and women were
allowed to perform on stage.
Medieval Theater
500 C.E.-1400
During the Medieval era, theater performances were not
allowed throughout Europe. To keep the theater alive,
minstrels, though denounced by the Church, performed in
markets, public places and festivals. They travelled from
one town to another as puppeteers, jugglers, story tellers,
dancers, singers, and other theatrical acts. These minstrels
were viewed as dangerous and pagan.
Churches in Europe started staging their own theater
performances during Easter Sundays with biblical stories
and events. Eventually, some plays were brought outside
the church due to their portrayal of the devil and hell. An
example of this kind of play is the ―Mystére d‟Adam” or
"The Mystery of Adam.‖ The story revolves around Adam
and Eve and ends with the devil capturing and bringing
them to hell.
Over the centuries, the plays revolved around biblical
themes from the Story of the Creation to the Last Judgment.
Renaissance Theater:
1400-1600
 Renaissance theater arts were characterized by a
return of Classical Greek and Roman arts and
culture.
 During Middle Ages, mystery plays formed a part of
religious festivals in England and other parts of
Europe during the Renaissance period. Morality
plays (in which the protagonist was met by
personifications of various moral attributes who try to
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
choose a Godly life over the evil) and the University
drama were formed to recreate Athenian tragedy.
Public theatres were developed like, the Commedia
dell'arte (Italian comedy and a humorous theatrical
presentation performed by professional players who
traveled in troupes) and the elaborate masques (a
dramatic entertainment consisting of pantomime,
dancing, dialogue, and song and sometimes players
wore masks) that were usually presented in court.
 One of the most prominent supporters of the theater
was Queen Elizabeth I. The companies of players
(companies of actors) were organized by the
aristocrats and performed seasonally in many places.
They were called professional players that performed
on the Elizabethan stage. The tours of these players
gradually replaced the performances of the mystery
and morality plays by local players. Gorboduc (authors
were Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville), also
known as Ferrex and Porrex, was an English play and
first performed at the Christmas celebration in 1561,
and performed before Queen Elizabeth I on 18 January
1562, by the Gentlemen of the Inner Temple ( was one
of the four Inns of Court -professional associations for
barristers and judges in London).
 The famous actor and poet who emerged in this period
was William Shakespeare. He was baptized on April
26, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616. He was an
English poet, playwright and actor and regarded as the
greatest writer and dramatist in the whole world.
Shakespeare was often called England's national poet
and the "Bard of Avon". His works consist of about 38
plays. Some of these plays were well-loved Romeo
and Juliet, Hamlet, Midsummer Night’s Dream,
Cleopatra, Julius Caesar, Muc Much Ado about
Nothing. The four tragedies considered to be
Shakespeare's greatest works were Hamlet, Othello,
King Lear, and Macbeth. Other contemporary
playwrights like Christopher Marlowe (tragedies such
as Dr. Faustus and The Jew of Malta), and Thomas
Kyd (The Spanish Tragedy).
 The history plays depicted English or European
history. Shakespeare's plays were about the lives of
kings, such as Richard III and Henry V, Christopher
Marlowe's Edward II and George Peele's Famous
Chronicle of King Edward the First.
 Comedies were common, too. These dealt with life in
London after the fashion of Roman New Comedy.
Some of comedy plays were ―The Shoemaker's
Holiday‖ by Thomas Dekker and ―A Chaste Maid in
Cheapside‖ by Thomas Middleton.
 For the first time, ballet was performed in public
during this period. Ballet is a formalized form of
dance which originated from the Italian Renaissance
courts. It developed and flourished from Italy to
France with the help of Catherine de' Medici, (Queen
of France). An early example of Catherine's
development of ballet is through „Le Paradis d'
Amour', a piece of work presented at her daughter's
wedding, Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre.
Money of the Aristocrats was responsible for the
initial stages of ―court ballet‖ for the Aristocrats’
entertainment. The first formal ―court ballet‖ ever
recognized was, 'Ballet des Polonais' in 1573. A true
form of royal entertainment, 'Ballet des Polonais' was
commissioned by Catherine de' Medici to honor the
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
Polish Ambassadors who visited Paris for the
enthronement of King Henry in Poland.
Innovations of the Stage:
1. Proscenium was developed. This is the area of a theater
surrounding the stage opening. Arches frame and divide the
stage from the audience.
2. Backdrops for scenery were popularized by the art of
painting clothes.
3. Commedia dell‟arte or ―Comedy of the Profession‖ was
developed. It was quick-witted performance of the
characters/players
Baroque Theater
1600-1750
 The theater of the Baroque period is marked by the use
of technology in current Broadways or commercial
plays. The theater crew uses machines for special
effects and scene changes which may be changed in a
matter of seconds with the use of ropes and pulleys.
 This technology affected the content of the performed
pieces, practicing at its best the Deus ex Machina(a
Latin word meaning "god from the machine) solution.
 In which the character gods were finally able to come
down from the heavens and rescue the hero in
dangerous situations.
 As a result, the theater was richly decorated, the
multiplicity of plot turns and a variety of situations
characteristic of Mannerism (a variety of approaches or
intellectual sophistication as well as using artificial
qualities of the play) were succeeded by opera.
 The use of theatrical technologies in the Baroque
period may be seen in the films Vatel (2000), Farinelli
(1999) and in the different stage productions of
―Orpheus‖ by Claudio Monteverdi.
Neoclassical Theater
1800-1900
 The Neoclassical period was a movement where the
styles of Roman and Greek societies influenced the
theater arts.
 During the Neoclassical period, the theater was
characterized by its grandiosity. Costumes and
sceneries were highly elaborate. The main concepts of
the plays were to entertain and to teach lessons.
Stages were restyled with dramatic arches to highlight
the scenes. Multiple entry points on the stage were
evident in many plays. Lighting and sound effects
intensified the mood and message of each scene,
enhancing the dramatic experience. The idea of
changing scenery and backdrops become more
noticeable, particularly with the invention of pulley
systems that allowed parts to move more quickly
across the stage.
 The concept of decorum (meaning right and proper
audience behavior) was applied in this period which
means classical concepts and appropriate social
behavior must be observed.
 This period officially established just two types of plays,
tragedy and comedy. They never mixed these together,
and the restriction led to the use of the now well-known
pair of happy and sad masks that symbolize the
theatrical arts. Tragedies portrayed the complex and
fateful lives of the upper classes and royals, while
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
comedies, which were either public discourse or
comedies of manners, tended to focus on the lower
ranks of society, Observance to these genres was
critical to a play's success.
 Three playwrights achieved a significant amount of
success. Pierre Cornielle (1606 – 1684) was often
called the father of the French tragedy, writing scripts
for more than four decades. One of these was “The
Cid‖. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known as Molière
(1622 – 1673) was known for his comedies, “Tartuffe
and The Missanthrope‖ was one of his works. Jean
Racine (1639 – 1699) was a tragedian beloved for his
simple approach to action and the linguistic rhythms
and effects he achieved. ―Andromache and Phaedra”
was one of his scripts. These men were able to take
elements from classical Greek and Roman literature
and transform them into plays.
TRIVIA about the Neoclassical Theater:
1. The first "spotlight" was used in the U.S. during
this period and was called the "Limelight”.
2. The Theatre Regulation Act of 1843 banned drinking
in legitimate theaters. Many tavern owners took
advantage of the situation and renovated their
establishments to accommodate live performances.
Romantic Theater
1800-2000
Romantic Playwrights:
During Romantic period, melodrama and ―operas‖ became
the most popular theatrical forms. Melodrama originated
from the French word “melodrame”, which is derived from
Greek ―melos”, music, and French‖ drame”, which is
derived from Greek ―dran” to peform. Melodrama can be
also be described as a dramatic work that puts characters
in a lot of danger in order to appeal to the emotions and in
which orchestral music or song was used to accompany the
action. Opera, in the other hand, is an art form in which
singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining
text (called a libretto) and musical score. Such as acting,
scenery, and costumes and dance were important elements
of theater. It is usually performed in an opera house,
accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
Victor Marie Hugo was born on February 26, 1802 and
died on May 22, 1885. He is considered one of the greatest
and best known French writers. He was a poet, novelist,
and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo's literary
fame comes from his poetry, novels and his dramatic
achievements. Among his works that stand out all over the
world are “Les Contemplations , La Légende des siècles,
Les Misérables, and Notre-Dame de Paris” which is known
as the Hunchback of Notre-Dame. Quasimodo, a deformed
hunchback, the bell-ringer of Notre Dame had a good heart
of helped Esmeralda, a beautiful Gypsy street dancer with a
kind and generous heart. Esmeralda captured the hearts of
many men that had always wanted to own her.
There are several playwrights that had been known
in this period such as, Charles Nodier, George Sand,
Heinrich von Kleist, Ludwig Uhland and many more.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
Romantic Composers
Georges Bizet was born on October 25, 1838 – died June
3, 1875, Paris. Bizet was the only child of Adolphe Armand
Bizet( formerly a hairdresser and later became a singer and
composer) and Aimee Marie Louise Leopoldine Josephine
Delsarte, (a pianist). . He entered the Paris Conservatory of
Music a fortnight before his tenth birthday. His first
symphony, the Symphony in C Major, was written when
he was seventeen years old. The symphony had an
amazing stylistic resemblance to the music of Franz
Schubert.
This French composer was a pianist and best known for his
operas. Carmen is the most popular among his works. Bizet
composed the title role for a mezzo-soprano in the
character of Carmen. The opera tells the story of the
downfall of Don José, a naïve soldier who is seduced by the
charms of the sizzling Gypsy, Carmen.
Some of his stage works are La prêtresse, operetta (1854),
Le docteur Miracle, opéra bouffe (1857), Don Procopio,
opéra bouffe (1859), Les pêcheurs de perles, opera (1863),
Ivan IV, grand opera (unfinished), La jolie fille de Perth,
opera (1867), Noé, opera by Fromental Halévy finished by
Bizet (1869), L'Arlésienne, 'musique de scène' (1872),
Djamileh, one-act opera (1872).
His contemporary composers during the Romantic period
were Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, Frederic Chopin, Ludwig
van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelsshon and
Hector Berlioz
Theatrical Elements:
Genre: Tragedy
Number of Characters per Play: 1 to 3 characters only, but
they can portray
other characters.
The Chorus: consists of twelve (12) members, all of whom
wore identical masks since they were supposed to be of like
mind and opinion
Masks: The use of masks acts to advance the universality
of the themes and the dramatic impact of the events and to
keep the audience from beingdistracted by the actual,
physical attributes of the actors.
Oedipus: a gold mask with exaggerated deep empty
eyesockets
Jocasta: was the wife of Laius and mother of Oedipus, the
expression of her mask depends on the scene of the play.
Antigone and Ismene : white face, dark under the eyes and
sad-looking
Creon : brother in-law of Oedi
Staging:
The Parthenon’s facade, has the design of Ionic order
columns with cornice and moldings on the top, and elevated
by 5 step-risers at the center, and has a platform in front
near the audience.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

Different Western Classical Plays and Opera tetralogy. Sophocles influenced the development of the
drama, most importantly by adding a third actor. And he
A. Greek: developed his characters to a greater importance than the
chorus in the presentation of the plot.
This time let us read an example of plays, Oedipus Rex and Oedipus Rex( Ee-dih – pus Rex):
Antigone . Understand the stories because after you have (Sophocles-Playwright)
read these, you will answer the activities given in this Main Characters:
module and choose one of them to perform in the Oedipus - the king of Thebes
culminating activity. You are given enough time to read the Creon - Oedipus brother-in-law
story Eurydice - Creon’s wife
Apollo - god or oracle of Delphi
Sophocles-Playwright King Laius - father of Oedipus
Sophocles (sofəkliːz); c. 497/6 BC 406/5 BC) is an ancient Jocasta - mother and wife of Oedipus
Greek tragedian. His contemporary playwrights were Polynices and Eteocles – sons of Oedipus
Aeschylus, and Euripides. Sophocles wrote 123 plays, but Tiresias - the blind prophet
only seven have survived in a complete form: Polybus - Oedipus foster father
Ajax, Merope - Oedipus foster mother
Antigone, Antigone and Ismene – the daughters of Oedipus
Haemon - Antigone’s lover
The Women of Trachis,
Sphinx- the half-human half lion that symbolizes plague and
Oedipus( Ee dih - pus) the King, misfortune
Electra,
Philoctetes and
Oedipus at Colonus.

For almost 50 years in the dramatic competitions of the city-

state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals
of the Lenaea and the Dionysia, Sophocles was the most
famous playwright. He won first place in 24 out of 30
competitions and was never judged lower than second
place. Aeschylus won 14 competitions, and was sometimes
defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won only 4
competitions The most famous tragedies of Sophocles were
Oedipus and Antigone: they were known as the Theban
plays, although each play was actually a part of a different
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

B. Renaissance: Romeo and Juliet
(William Shakespeare)
Genre: Tragedy
William Shakespeare was born and baptized on April 26
1564 and died on April 23 1616.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-
Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with
whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet
and Judith. He was an English poet and playwright, widely
known as the greatest writer in the English language and
the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He’s been known also as
the "Bard of Avon". His existing works consist of about:
38 plays,
154 sonnets,
two long narrative poems
Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in
London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing
company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known
as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford
around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later.
With the exception of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare's
most famous tragedy and one of the world's most
enduring love stories, William Shakespeare's early plays
were mostly histories written in the early 1590s.
Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early
period:
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Merchant of Venice
Much Ado About Nothing
As You Like It and
Twelfth Night
Titus Andronicus
The Comedy of Errors
The Taming of the Shrew and
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Later Works: Tragedies and Tragicomedies
Hamlet
King Lear
Othello
Theatrical Elements:
Staging for Romeo and Juliet:
The stage itself was divided into three levels:
a main stage area with doors at the rear and a curtained
area at the back for "discovery scenes";
an upper, canopied area called "heaven", for balcony
scenes; and
an area under the stage called "hell," which could be
accessed through a trap door in the stage.
There is no curtain in the front of the stage, which meant
that scenes had to flow into each other, and "dead bodies"
had to be dragged off. There are dressing rooms located
behind the stage,
The performances during the renaissance period took place
during the day, and the open plan theater allowed for the
use of natural light. Since there could be no dramatic
lighting and there was art direction (scenery and props),
audiences relied on the actors' lines, dialogue, movements,
and stage directions to tell the time of day and year, same
as the location, mood and weather.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

But today, new media technology/gadgets like the laptop,
computer, mixer, sensitive microphones, fogs machine, loud
speakers and the like are available. These new technology
are used in many performances, to make the play more
realistic, creative, and spectacular. Backdrops for every
scene can be seen through the use of computers. Props are
created much more easily and are more colorful. There is a
greater impact and satisfaction not only to the audience but
also to the performers in using the innovations in the plays.
Props:
Props in this play may vary depend on the scene/act the learners
are going to perform. Here are lists of props one may use for the
play.
Characters:
Montague’s Family:
Romeo — sole heir to the Montague fortune
Lord Montague — Romeo’s father
Lady Montague — Romeo’s mother
Benvolio — Romeo’s cousin
Balthasar — Romeo’s faithful servant
Abraham — Montague servant
Capulet’s Family
Juliet — sole heir to the Capulet fortune
Lord Capulet — Juliet’s father
Lady Capulet — Juliet’s mother
Tybalt — Juliet’s cousin
The Nurse — Juliet’s faithful Nurse
Peter — Capulet servant
Sampson — Capulet servant
Gregory — Capulet servant
Other Characters:
Friar Lawrence — friend and advisor to Romeo and Juliet
Mercutio — Romeo’s best friend; Prince’s kinsman
Prince Escalus — Prince of Verona; kinsman to Mercutio
and Paris
Paris — Loves Juliet
Rosaline — Romeo’s first love who never actually appears
in the play
Friar John — Friar Lawrence’s friend
Apothecary — Romeo’s acquaintance in Mantua
Costumes:
The costumes are based on the style and design of dresses worn
during the renaissance period.
C. Romantic Period
Georges Bizet
(Composer, Arranger)
Georges Bizet was born on October 25, 1838 in Paris,
France and died on June 3, 1875 at Bougival, France. Bizet
was the only child of Adolphe Armand Bizet( formerly a
hairdresser and later became a singer and composer) and
Aimee Marie Louise Leopoldine Josephine Delsarte, (a
pianist).
• They lived on the southern slopes of Montmartre, Paris
Georges Bizet was a French composer and pianist of the
Romantic era. He is best known for his opera Carmen.
Georges Bizet was registered with the legal name
Alexandre-César-Léopold Bizet, but was baptized Georges
Bizet, and he became known with this name. At the age of
ten he entered
PD Picture:Photo by Etienne Carjat, 1875,
http://www.metronimo.com/fr/portraits/show.php?start=0&file=bizet3.jpg&album=7
the Paris Conservatory of Music. Georges Bizet's first
symphony was the Symphony in C Major. It seems that
Bizet completely forgot about it, until 1935, when in the
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

archives of the Conservatory library the piece was Halévy was based on a novel of the same title by Prosper
discovered . When it was first performed, it was immediately Mérimée.
hailed as a junior masterwork and became one of the great Staging:
performances during the Romantic period. It was a The story is set in Seville, Spain and the surrounding hills, in
delightful work of a seventeen-year-old boy, Georges Bizet. 1820. The opera, written in the genre of opéra comique with
Some Stage Works: musical numbers separated by dialogue tells the story of the
Carmen, opera (1875) downfall of Don José, a naïve soldier who is seduced by the
L'Arlésienne, 'musique de scène' (1872) charms of the flaming Gypsy, Carmen. No man could resist
Djamileh, one-act opera (1872) Carmen’s charms, and when she was ready to move on, watch
Noé, opera by Fromental Halévy finished by Bizet (1869) out! The opera is a fascinating drama of love and jealousy, filled
Ivan IV, grand opera (unfinished) with famously alluring melodies and captivating dancing. The
La jolie fille de Perth, opera (1867)
story has been the subject of many screen and stage
Les pêcheurs de perles, opera (1863)
adaptations.
CARMEN
(Georges Bizet
The Setting of Carmen: Famous Filipino Playwrights
The setting of Carmen takes place in Seville, Spain during Read the biography of the following Filipino theater artists,
the mid 19th century. Francisco Balagtas, Severino R. Reyes, Ricardo G. Abad
Main Characters of Carmen: and Salvador F. Bernal. Watch the play Walang Sugat and
Carmen (soprano) Florante at Laura. Compare and differentiate their works to
Don Jose (tenor) Western classical theater.
El Dancairo (baritone) Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz was born on April 2,
El Remendado (tenor) 1788 in Panginay, Bigaa, Bulacan and died on February 20,
Escamillo (baritone) 1862 of pneumonia. He was also known as Francisco
Frasquita (mezzo-soprano) Baltazar. His best known work is the Florante at Laura.
Mercedes (mezzo-soprano) Francisco Balagtas was the youngest of the four children of
Micaela (soprano) Juan Balagtas, a blacksmith, and Juana de la Cruz. He
Morales (bass) studied in a parochial school in Bigaa and later in Manila.
Zuniga (bass) During his childhood years. Francisco worked as houseboy
Brief History: in Tondo, Manila.
Image from : Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
The opera Carmen is one of the world’s most popular http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_nhi_francisco_baltazar.jpg

operas. It was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Balagtas learned to write poetry from José de la Cruz
Paris in France on March 3, 1875.. The opera was in four (Huseng Sisiw), one of the most famous poets of Tondo. It
acts with music written by the French composer Georges was de la Cruz himself who personally challenged Balagtas
Bizet. The libretto written by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic to improve his writing.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

In 1835, Balagtas moved to Pandacan, where he met María A Filipino writer, dramatist, and playwright, Reyes was
Asunción Rivera, who served as the muse for his future highly acclaimed as one of the giants of Tagalog literature
works. She is referenced in Florante at Laura as 'Celia' and In 1902, Reyes founded and directed the Grand
'Mer'. Compania de Zarzuela Tagala.
Balagtas' affections for Mer were challenged by the On June 14, 1902, the company staged his play Walang
influential Mariano Capule. Capule won the battle when he Sugat (No Wounds), a
used his wealth to get Balagtas imprisoned under the http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/modules_in_Tagalog/w
accusation that Balagtas ordered a servant girl's head to be pe36733.JPGdrama set against the historical events in
shaved. It was in prison that he wrote Florante at Laura so Bulacan during the Philippine revolution.
that the events of the poem were meant to parallel his own
situation. In 1923, Reyes co-founded the Liwayway, a Tagalog
Balagtas published Florante at Laura upon his release in literary weekly which published a series of fairy tales titled
1838. He moved to Balanga, Bataan in 1840 where he ― Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang‖, written by Reyes. The
served as the assistant to the Justice of peace and later, in storyteller, Lola Basyang was based by the author on a
1856, as Major Lieutenant. neighbor named Gervacia de Guzman.
He died on February 20, 1862 at the age of 73.On his death Severino Reyes died on September 15, 1942, when the
bed, he asked a favor that none of his children become a Philippines
poet like him, who had suffered under his gift. He even told was under the Japanese
them it would be better to cut their hands off than let them regime.
be writers. Severino Reyes'
Balagtas is so greatly revered in the Philippines that the masterpiece, Walang
term for Filipino debate in extemporaneous verse is named Sugat broadly underscores
after him: Balagtasan and one of the greatest literary the injustice of Spanish rule
awards in the Philippines is also named after him. even as it dances around
Severino R. Reyes the cruel fate of the young
(A playwright) lovers Tenyong and Julia
with humor and song. Set
"Father of the Tagalog Zarzuela" in the final leg of the
The son of Rufino Reyes Philippine Revolution,
and Andrea Rivera, Reyes was Tenyong is forced to leave
born in Sta. Cruz, Manila on behind his childhood
February 11, 1861. sweetheart Julia to join the
He studied at San Juan de Katipunan. Meanwhile,
Letran College and later at the Julia's mother pressures
University of Sto. Tomas, where he studied philosophy. her into marrying the
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
wealthy Miguel instead.
With no word from
Tenyong as the battle
Cast+of+Walang+Sugat+from+left+Lou+Veloso,+Remus+Vi
llanueva,+Jelson+Bay,+Noel+Rayos,+Cris+Vilonco+and+N
oemi+Manikan-Gomez.jpg
prolongs, Julia gives in, but
her wedding is interrupted by the fatally wounded Tenyong.
He mentions his dying wish to Julia, and the play features
an "unexpected twist" that shows how Tenyong was able to
outwit the persons separating him from his beloved Julia.
• The production was directed by Ricardo Abad, under the
musical direction of Josefino Tolledo. Jonjon Villareal
handled lights design while Dexter Santos choreographed.
Set, and costumes were designed by National Artist
Salvador Bernal.
Dr. Ricardo G. Abad
(A Director)
Born in Manila on August 10, 1946 of parents
from Cavite and Camiguin.
Graduated at the Ateneo de Manila, after which
he obtained a Fulbright grant to finish a doctorate
in sociology at Fordham University in New York.
Full-time Faculty, Department of Sociology and
Anthropology; Artistic Director, Tanghalang
Ateneo Metrobank Network of Outstanding
Teachers Pathways/ANI, Ateneo de Manila
University Role Players, Theater for Life Social
Weather Stations
Has been involved as actor and director in over 120
productions while at the same time doing sociological work
as teacher, researcher, and editor.
He has also directed and acted for professional
companies like Teatro Pilipino and Tanghalang Pilipino of
the Cultural Center of the Philippines, and the Metropolitan
Theater.
Theater Guild. Many of his theater productions were
classics of western drama but in terms of a Filipino and
Asian sensibility, like Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
Salvador F. Bernal
(Father of Theater Design in the Philippines)
Born in 1945 to a family that ran a Terno shop
• He was the first to develop theater design as a profession
and elevate it to an art form.
• Studied at Ateneo de Manila and at Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois, USA, practiced and handled
courses in the art and
Photo taken from Cultural Center of the Philippines Exhibit,
by Lourdes R. Siobal
craft of theater design.
• Taught briefly at Ateneo de Manila and University of the
Philippines
• He had designed more than 250 productions in ballet,
theater and film.
• National Artist awardee
Summary:
Different Theaterical Forms
I. Ancient Theater
Greek Theater
- Ritual-theory, focused on god Dionysus, performed in
festivals
- Sophocles and Euripides were the most popular
playwrights during Ancient period
- Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone were
famous plays
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
- Theater genre was tragedy
- Performed in Theatron-viewing place on slope of a hill
- Women were not allowed to perform
Roman Theater
- Began in Ancient Greek Theater
- Theater genre- Comedy
- Women began to perform
- Competitions of chariots, gladiators and public executions
as public theaters
II. Renaissance Theater
Focused on Classical Greek and Roman arts and culture
Theater designs were developed
Backdrops for scenery
Queen Elizabeth supported theater
Famous actor and playwright was William Shakespeare,
who wrote Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Midsummer Night’s
Dream, Cleopatra
III. Romantic Period
 Fabula- means in Russian ``story'' or ``plot'' ;consisting of
The age of enlightenment
Focused on appreciation of the exotic and primitive
Used fantastic mythical or nature-focused images
Melodrama was the genre of theater
Famous Operatic composers were Georges Bizet
(Carmen) and Richard Wagner.
Protagonist was rebellious who often succeeded
Interest in the common man and childhood
Technical innovations were introduced
Glossary:
Backdrop-a painted cloth hung at the back of a theatre
stage as part of the scenery
Broadway Theater-professional theatres with 500 or more
seats located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center
along Broadway, in the Manhattan borough of New York
City ; along with London's West End theatres, Broadway
theatres are widely considered to represent the highest
level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world
Chariot-a two-wheeled vehicle drawn by horses, used in
ancient racing and warfare
Comedy-a play characterized by its humorous or satirical
tone
Curtain Call- the appearance of one or more performers on
stage after a performance to acknowledge the audience's
applause
Decorum- behavior in keeping with good taste and propriety
depiction of amusing people or incidents, in which the
characters
Drama- a term coming from the Greek word meaning
"action" , which is derived from the verb meaning "to do" or
"to act"
the entirely of the events that actually (or supposedly, in
fictional narrative) occurred, independent of the particular
narration; considered as having a chronological order, and
being seen from a fully well-informed perspective; does not
have the gaps, and is infinitely detailed
Greek chorus - a homogeneous, non-individualized group of
performers in the plays of classical Greece, who comment
with a collective voice on the dramatic action
Gypsy- a member of a nomadic; European, African, Indian
people of generally dark color complexion, who migrated
originally from India, settling in various parts of Asia,
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

Europe, and, most recently, North America; a chorus Trilogy- a set of three works of art that are connected, and
dancer, esp. in the Broadway theater that can be seen either as a single work or as three
Liturgy- the sacrament of the Eucharist or the Mass individual works
Melodrama- a sensational dramatic piece with exaggerated ultimately triumph over adversity
characters and exciting events intended to appeal to the
emotions
Minstrel-a medieval singer or musician, especially one who
sang or recited lyric or heroic poetry to a musical
accompaniment for the nobility
Neoclassical- a revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th
centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals
of reason, form, and restraint
Opera- an art form in which singers and musicians perform
a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score,
usually in a theatrical setting; incorporates many of the
elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and
costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance
is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an
orchestra or smaller musical ensemble
Opera House-a theatre designed for the performance of
opera
Playwright- a person who writes plays
Plot- the main events of a play, novel, film, or similar work,
devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated
sequence

Tavern-a place of business where people gather to drink

alcoholic beverages and be served food, and in some
cases, where travelers receive lodging
Tetralogy-a group of four related literary or operatic works.
Tragedy-a play dealing with tragic events and having an
unhappy ending, especially one concerning the downfall of
the main character
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

The HELP Philosophy can guide you in starting a healthy

INTRODUCTION lifestyle change:
 The way you live your life in an everyday basis is
your lifestyle. These are the patterns of your
behaviour on how you typically live. In includes
eating habits, 15
 physical activity participation, and recreational
choice. Do you belong to the “technology
generation?” Well, these are the people who choose
to spend time in front of the computer rather than
playing sports, walking, and moving around. How
about your eating preferences? Today‟s teenagers
are seen at places like fast food chains indulging
with unhealthy food such as fries, burgers, an
drinking too much sugary drinks that causes obesity.
 Participation in active recreation influences your WEIGHT RANGE
healthy lifestyle. It improves health condition in It is an estimate of how much you should weigh
many ways. It also helps you to use the calories depending on your height and your body frame. One of the
better and sustain a desirable weight. ways of knowing your weight range is through your Body Mass
 Lifestyle change is the best way of preventing Index (BMI).
illness and early death. Major causes of early death
have shifted from infectious diseases to chronic After determining your healthy weight rangeusing your
lifestyle-related conditions such as heart disease, BMI, let us identify what affects your weight?
cancer, and diabetes. 1. Genes –These are inherited traits from your parents.
Children can inherit the chances of being overweight or
How do you maintain a healthy lifestyle? obese if born from obese parents, approximately 80%
chance. While a non-obese parents can only have a 10%
1. Engage yourself in a regular physical activity chance of bearing an obese or overweight child. The rapid
2. Eat healthy food. growth teens undergo causes a natural healthy weight gain.
3. Find time to manage stress However, girls on their teens have hormonal changes that
4. Follow a good personal healthy habits cause weight change.
2. Environmental factors – aside from the genetic factors,
being overweight or obese is also caused by some
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
environmental factors. This includes behaviour and lifestyle
choices. When a child is brought up with overeating
unhealthy foods and under exercising, he develops a
learned behaviour that leads to wrong lifelong habits.
Energy Balance
The concept of energy balance compares the amount of
energy consumed as food with the amount of energy
expended through physical activities, exercises, and resting
metabolism.
You can maintain a healthy weight by eating a healthy diet
and balancing the food you eat. These foods are used as
energy to keep your body systems working. You use some
for physical activity and exercises such as playing sports
and dancing.
If you eat more than your energy expenditure, you will
gain weight. If you eat the same amount of food that your
body needs in your daily physical activities, you will
maintain your weight. Then if you have more than
energy expenditure than food intake, you will lose
weight.
To sum it up:
Weight Gain (more calories consumed/less calories
expended)
Weight Loss (more calories consumed/less calories
expended
Weight Management (calories consumed = calories
expended
Engaging in physical activity is one big step that you can do
to start changing your lifestyle into a more healthy and
active one. Being active would mean getting yourself into
active recreation such as sports, dances and some outdoor-
type activities.
Introduce the next topic. Note that active recreation is
divided into:
i. Indoor recreation
Individual sports – badminton
Team sports – volleyball
Dance – Zumba
ii. Outdoor Recreation
Hiking
Camping
Orienteering
INDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Badminton
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Badminton is believed to have originated from the game
“poona” that was played by English Army officers stationed
in India during the 17th century. It was later brought to
England in 1870‟s when the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn
party in his country place, Badminton. It was only in 1992
Barcelona Olympics when the game became an Olympic
sport with singles and doubles events.
Games are held inside the gym to avoid the effect of air in
the flight of the shuttle. Players need a racket and a shuttle
cock to enjoy the game in a court.
The game requires the skills in service, strokes in hitting the
shuttle such as smash, drop, lob or clear and net shorts,
and power of the leg in footwork.
The game is played by either singles, doubles and mixed
doubles. A game is won when a player/s reach a score of
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
21 points. In case of a deuce (20-all), one has to gain a two
point advantage over the other. But in case of a 29-all
score, the first to reach 30 will win the set. A match is won
by winning two out of three sets.
Volleyball
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The beginning of volleyball can be traced from the ingenuity
of William J. Morgan in 1895 at Holyoke Massachusetts.
Initially, the game was called “mintonette” but in its first
exhibition game demonstration, Alfred Halstead suggested
the name “Volley Ball” due to the volleying characteristic of
the game.. In 1910, the game was brought to the
Philippines by Elwood S Brown. The Filipinos are credited
in the changes of the game with the addition of the skill
called “spike or kill”. In 1964, volleyball had its first summer
Olympics exposure as a medal sport.
Volleyball is a team sports with six players in each side of
the court with a 9x18 meters dimension. The object of the
game is to send the ball over the net and avoid it from
grounding into your own court. A ball, net and a court is
needed to play the game. Scoring follows a rally point
system. A game is won in a two out of three sets. A set is
won by reaching a score of 25. In case of a deuce, a team
should have a two-point advantage over the other. Players
need skills like service, volleying, setting, spiking and
blocking to enjoy much of the game and gain its fitness
benefits.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS
Badminton and volleyball are good recreation activities that
involve the physical dimension.It enhances the
metabolism of the body which in turn is a factor in losing
weight. While playing badminton, the constant racket
swings in receiving birdies, leg stretches in saving net and
drop shots, and power jumps for smashing burns more
calories. Volleyball on the other hand strengthens the upper
body, arms and should as well as the lower extremities
when you serve, pass, set, spike and block when in play.
You can burn an approximately 7% of body fats in
badminton, while burns 585 calories in a 45 minute game.
Participation in both badminton and volleyball helps you to
manage your weight appropriate for your age and height.
However, religious indulgence in the two games can lead
you to attaining your desired weight by losing extra fat
deposits. This can be achieved better when combined with
proper diet.
Aside from the physical dimension, t the games also has
claims on affecting the different dimensions of health of a
person. When players control their feelings during games,
the emotional dimension is involved. Since a sport is fun,
the emotional wellbeing is improved. Playing with strategies
and tactics involves the intellectual dimension.Thinking of
ways on where to direct the shuttle and the ball gives you an
advantage of winning and enjoying the game. The social
dimensionis
seen when players build good relationships. Trusting your
teammate builds camaraderie and teamwork.
Before you introduce this topic, you can give this as an
assignment so that they can have a broader
background of what zumba/latinaerobi dance is. You
can also ask them to download a video of thefollowing
dances so that they can relate to the lesson.
fat- burning cardio latin work out by Denise Austin
Reduce tummy by Zuma Rio
Sizzling Latin Dance Fitness by Paul Eugene
Dance
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
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Dance is another indoor alternative recreation for those who
enjoy the beat of rhythm and movement. It is a fantastic and
fun form of exercise that gradually raises heart rate. That‟s
why dance is a very good cardio work out. Regular
participation in dance activities tightens and tones muscle
groups and burns more calories.
Zumba Fitness Dance –
Zumba dance is an alternative indoor recreational activity
with fitness benefit claims. It was accidentally discovered by
a Alberto “Beto” Perez , a celebrity fitness trainor of
Colombia in the mid 90‟s. The birth of zumba came about
during one his aerobics class, when he realized that he had
forgotten his aerobics music. Quickly, he grabbed whatever
tape he has in his backpack. It so happened that the his
tapes are those of latin music such as merengue and salsa.
With his improvisation skill, he was able to create an on-the
–spot aerobics class using the non-traditional music. That‟s
the birth of the dance fitness craze Zumba!
Here are some benefits of dancing zumba /latin aerobics:
It improves cardiovascular health –The
combination of cardio intervals brought about by the
fast and slow rhythms makes this dance a great
cardio interval work-out The fast and upbeat moves
of zumba improve the delivery of blood which carries
oxygen to the different parts of the body through the
veins, arteries and heart.
It helps in losing weight – cardio interval effect of zumba
maximize burns more calories. Joining zumba workout for
an hour burns approximately 600 calories.
Stress Reliever – It is believed that zumba dancing
releases more altering endorphins that melts away worries
away.
Improved mood – It releases feel good hormones called
“endorphin” that improves self-esteem, self- confidence and
self -image.
It tones the abdominals – the dance moves work on
firmer core abdominal muscles.
Basic Zumba steps
Zumba involves a combination of latin dance steps such as
Salsa, Samba, Raggaeton, Merengue, Cumbia, Cha-cha-
cha, mambo rumba, flamenco. Many steps have been
included to make the dance more exciting such as belly
dancing, hip hop and the like
OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Are you dreaming of adventures to experience? Mountains
to climb?Rivers and beaches to swim?Terrains to hike and
other adventures that nature can offer? Well, get ready and
find your way out…Let the adventure begin!
HIKING
Hiking is going on an extended walk for the purpose of
pleasure and exercise. Pleasure includes having close
encounter with nature, enjoying the beauty of the
environment, smelling the natural aroma of flowers and
trees, and being one with Mother Nature. Exercise on the
other hand pertains to the fitness benefits that we get from
the activity. Hiking is more of adventure
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MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

Ask them the following: Have you experienced walking weight. Use a climbing checklist to help you decide what to
in a longer distance? How was the feeling? bring. You can also rent or borrow equipment from other
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results_header_icon/public/images/icons/icon_activity_hiking_0.png
● When choosing a backpack, look at its carrying capacity
%3Fitok%3DI5CvBPlt
and its size. It should be big enough to fit all your
It offers cardiovascular fitness
belongings and snug enough to stay close to your back.
It gives the feeling of relaxation
Pack your heaviest gear close to your back and near your
It balances your daily life routine
shoulders.
It‟s a good option for weight management activity
6. Pack and wear appropriate clothing.
Have you thought of a good destination to go on ● Wear moisture-wicking or “dry-fit” fabric because this
absorbs sweat faster than cotton and dries easily.
hiking? Well, be guided by the following reminders:
Essential Tips for the Outdoors: ● Wear proper footwear, such as hiking shoes or trail
1. Pick a partner. runners, as most sneakers or sandals may not have enough
grip on their soles.
● Find a friend who is an experienced hiker or backpacker. 26
It‟s safer to travel with a friend or group of friends. Plus, an
experienced hiker can share valuable tips and advice for
the wilderness.
2. Pick a destination.
● Do your research on your destination: read travel books,
websites or magazines. Ask well-travelled friends too.
3. Know your time and distance.
● Know how long and how far the trip will take you. This will
also help you plan what you need to pack. This will also
help you when making a budget for the trip.
4. Be physically ready.
● Make sure you are physically fit for the hike. You should
have ample endurance to prepare yourself for long walks.
Practice carrying heavy bags so that you will also build
strength.
5. Choose your gear and your backpack.
● Try to pack as light as possible. Think about which
comforts of home you can leave behind to save space and
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
● Wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
● Always bring a rain jacket in case it rains.
● Wear comfortable pants, such as trekking pants or shorts.
Jeans can be heavy and quite hot if worn during hiking trips.
7. Plan your meals.
● Bring some trail mix (nuts, chocolate, jelly, cereal, etc.) to
keep your energy up throughout the day.
● If going on overnight hikes, plan your meals accordingly.
If traveling with a big group, divide the team into smaller
groups and assign a meal per small group.
8. Keep communication lines open.
● Not all areas have signal for your mobile phones but keep
them handy in case of an emergency.
● Before you leave for your trip, make sure that you have a
contact person who knows all your emergency details. Keep
the contact person informed on your whereabouts at all
times (if possible). Leave your itinerary with the contact
person.
9. Wilderness ethics
● Pack out what you pack in. Practice the Leave No Trace
principles by picking up after your trash and bringing them
home with you.
● Modulate your noise levels. Remember, some people go
into the wilderness to relax and unwind. Respect the privacy
of other people.
● Be respectful and courteous to other visitors as well as to
wildlife.
● Enjoy the view and the experience!
Source: Wood, T.D. (2013). Backpacking for beginners.
Retrieved from: http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-
advice/backpacking-beginners.html
Give them an assignment “Give scenarios/situations in
the school or community on how can one apply “Leave
No Trace ”policy
ORIENTEERING
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It is an outdoor navigational recreational activity using
specially drawn and detailed maps. It requires navigational
skills to navigate from point to point normally moving at a
speed .An orienteering course consist of a series of control
points which have to be located in order in the shortest
possible time.
Orienteering as an outdoor recreational activity offers much
benefit to you: Here are some claims:
1. Conceptual aspects – Since it is a navigational activity, it
enhances your decision making skills about map
interpretations and using compass. It also requires you to
constantly interpret information contained in the map.
2. Physical Aspect – Orienteering is basically a
running sport so it develops your cardiovascular endurance
and general fitness. Speed, endurance, and strength are
essential components necessary to successfully participate
in the game. Technically, this activity captivates the mental
and physical challenge features.
3. Personal aspects – Since you are responsible in making
decisions in this activity, you develop your self-confidence
and reliance. Your aims
29
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
are clear that you work hard to achieve them giving you the
feeling of self-achievement.
4. Social Aspects – You will learn to work cohesively with
one another
5. Environmental aspect – It creates an avenue for you to
appreciate your environment
The fundamental skill in orienteering is orientating the
map or setting the map. In moving the map, you have to:
Find your approximate location on the map
Recognize the pattern of features on the ground as being
the same as the pattern on the map
Always hold the map so that you are looking along the
route with the map matching the ground.
The map is said to be oriented if the features on the map
are in proper relation to the actual features in the field
The Map - is a picture or representation of the earth‟s
surface. It includes a compass rose that shows directions.
Cardinal directions are the four base parts on a compass.
The top point is north and the point at the bottom is south.
The side points are called east and west. The points in
between the cardinal directions are called intermediate
directions which include northwest, northeast, southwest
and southeast.
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Maps use a key or legend to explain the meaning of each of
the symbols used in the map. The key usually shows a
small picture of each of the symbols used on the map,
along with a written description of the meaning of each
symbol.Maps use a key or legend to explain the meaning of
each of the symbols used in the map. The key usually
shows a small picture of each of the symbols used on the
map, along with a written description of the meaning of
each symbol.
Orienteering Compass
A compass is an invaluable tool that every backpacker
should know how to use. It is a magnetized needle floating
in a liquid and responding to the Earth‟s magnetic field
consequently revealing directions. Generally, a compass is
use to measure bearings and to pinpoint locations
Orienteering Compass Parts
Magnetic needle – the magnetic needles north end is
painted red and its south end is white.
Revolving compass housing – the housing is marked with
the four cardinal points of north, east, south and west and
further divided into 2 degree graduations indicating the full
360 degrees of a circle. The bottom of the rotating housing
is marked with an orienting arrow and meridian lines
Transparent base plate – the base plate is marked with a
ruler , an index line as well as the direction of travel arrow.
Parts of an orienteering compass
Bearing
Bearing refers to the direction from one spot to another
measured in degrees from the reference line of north.
How do you take the bearing?
Hold the compass in front of you with the direction of
travel arrow pointing at object of interest
Hold the compass level steady and rotate the housing
dial until the orienting arrow lines up with the red end ( north
end) of the magnetic needle, while keeping the direction of
travel arrow pointed at the object.
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON
Read the number indicated at the index line – that is your
bearing
Here‟s how the exercises are done …
1. Lateral trunk stretch –Stand with feet shoulder width,
stretch both arms up with the fingers interlocking with one
another. With that position, bend to the right without
bending the knees for eight seconds. Do it again to the left
side. Do not over stretch! Stretch on your flexibility level.
2. Push up –Perform regular push up with 5 repetitions
3. Jog around - jog around the gym/area for 60 seconds.
37
4. Burpees – Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Go
to squat position with the hands on the floor in front of you.
Kick your feet back moving in a push-up position. With that
position, open your legs in a straddle position then close.
Kick your feet forward back to the original position. Stand
up and jump in the air. Repeat five times
5. FBS Jump - stand with your feet shoulder width apart.
Slightly bend your knees with both hands at the back of
your neck. Jump forward, backward, sideward Right and left
as fast as u can keeping your weight on the balls of your
feet. One count for every cycle (forward, backward,
sideward R and Left). Make 8 cycles.
38
6. Trunk twist – Standing with feet open in shoulder width,
raise arms sides at shoulder level with palms up. Gradually
twist your trunk to the right for eight counts. Do it again to
the left.
7. Front Plank – In a push-up position, make your forearm
as the base of support together with your toes. Keep a
steady position and work on your abdominals and arms. Do
this in eight seconds.
39
8. Split squats–Stand with your feet shoulder width apart.
Step your right foot forward and lift the heel of your left foot
off the ground. Keeping your hands on your waist, bend the
left leg slowly and lower it almost touching the floor. The
front knee should not go beyond your toes. Repeat 10 times
alternating the right and left foot.
9. Side Plank – Lie on your right side making sure that your
body is in a straight line. Rest on your forearm and bring
your elbow underneath your shoulders. Contract your
abdominals. Then slowly lift your hips off the floor making a
diagonal straight line from your base of support to the head.
Look straight ahead keeping your neck in line with your
spine. Hold for 10 seconds and repeat on the other side.
10. Chair dips – stand with your back in front of the chair.
Sit on the edge of the chair and place your hands behind
your hips along the sides of the chair.
40
11. Jumping Jacks – stand with feet together, hands at
sides. Jump and land onboth feet open shoulder width apart
with arms moving sideward upward finishing above the
head. Then go back to the original position. Do this for 10
times.
41
After the game, have a sharing on the following
questions:
MUSIC 4TH GRADING PERIOD NOTES CLARK KENT MANZANO GRADE 9-BORON

a. Which among the exercises develop flexibility?

Strength? Endurance? Power? Coordination?
b. How did you perform the different activities? Did you
find it easy?
c. Ask the overweight/obese learners about their
experience. Did their weight affect their performance?
d. Ask the underweight and normal learners the same
question
e. Relate the effect of weight to physical exercise.

Perform a cool down activity after the exercises.

Give them appreciation on their efforts…