National Transmission and Despatch Company

ENERGY METERING
(P&I Training)
Group-60

Presented by:
SM Rehan Sadiq
Assistant Manager (P&I) Metering
O/o Manager Metering Division TSG
NTDCL New Kot Lakhpat Lahore
INDEX
• Types of Energy Meters
• A Brief Comparison
• Electromechanical Energy Meters
• Digital Energy Meters
• Parts of Energy Meter
• Accuracy Class
• Difference between 0,5 and 0,5 S?
• Four Quadrant Energy Metering
• Meter Constant
• Energy Meter Connections
• Energy Meter Testing
• SMS Project
• ISKRA MT-860S (Slovenia)
• Modules
• Display and Indicators
• Maximum Demand Indicator (MDI)
• Meter Checking: Some thumb rules

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Types of Energy Meters
There are two types of Energy Meters on the basis of their working
mechanism:
1. Electromechanical Energy Meters
• AEG - Germany
• ABB - Switzerland
• ISKRA - Slovenia
2. Digital Energy Meters
• ISKRA - Slovenia
• AEM - Romania
• CEWE - Sweden
• APEX PRI

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A Brief Comparison

Electromechanical Energy Meters Digital Energy Meters

• Separate Energy Meter for each type of Energy i.e. • Only One meter measures both Active and
P&Q Reactive Power
• One Directional Energy Measurement • Bi-directional Energy Measurement
• Multiplying Factor (M.F) required • No need of MF as meter can be programmed to its
actual CT PT ratios
• Loses accuracy over a period of time: needs
calibration • Remains accurate over long periods: Calibration
not required (in most cases)
• No record of MDI
• Keeps a record of MDI accurately
• No reference with time
• Readings are recorded with reference to real time
• No additional Functions / features except energy
recording • Keeps record of Power Factor, Loss of PT,
Harmonics, Voltage variations, tempering etc
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Electromechanical Energy Meters
• Rotating Aluminium disc
• Electromagnets: Series and Shunt
magnets
• Braking Magnet
• Speed of Rotation of disc Power
(MW)
• Power is integrated by the use of
counter mechanism and gear trains

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Digital Energy Meters

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Digital Energy Meter Measurement System

The measuring system of transforms the phase currents and the

phase voltages applied to the input terminals to digital values of
active, reactive and apparent energy.

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Digital Energy Meter Measurement System (2)
• Input Signals:
• The analogue current values I1, I2, I3 and the analogue voltage values U1, U2, U3
are the input signals to the measuring system of the meter.

• Input Circuits:
• Voltage dividers and current sensors reduce the voltages and currents to signals
that can be processed in the measuring system.

• Signal Converter:
• From the analogue input signals of voltage and current, the signal converter
generates instantaneous digital values of voltage and current for each phase. The
signal converter is part of the measurement processor. It contains multiplexers,
analogue-digital converters and digital filters.

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Digital Energy Meter Measurement System (3)
Signal Processor:
From the instantaneous values of voltage and current in each phase, the signal
processor calculates the digital output values. They include the single-phase values
of active energy, reactive energy, apparent energy, voltage and current as well as
diagnostic values such as the network frequency and phase angles.
Microprocessor:
Based on the digital output values provided by the signal processor, the
microprocessor calculates the measured quantities. A complete list of the
measured quantities is provided in section 2.5.1 "Data Provided by the
Microprocessor".
Measured Quantities:
The output of the measuring system is the measured quantities. They are the
"containers" for the measured values. The measured values will finally be displayed
on the meter’s display.

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Calculation of Energy
• The calculation of the energy per phase is a two-step procedure:
1. The instantaneous, single-phase values of power are produced by
multiplying the instantaneous, single phase values of voltage u and
current i.
2. The single-phase values of power are then integrated over the
integration interval of 1 second. The resulting energy values are
energy portions with a fixed period (one second) and varying energy
(e.g. Wh).

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Calculation of Energy (2)
Active Energy:
The active power is the product of the voltage U multiplied by the
current component in phase with the voltage IP.
The instantaneous value of active power P is then integrated over the
integration interval of 1 second to form a digital value of active energy.

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Calculation of Energy (3)
Reactive Energy:
For the instantaneous value of reactive power Q, the instantaneous
value of voltage u must be rotated by 90° before multiplication (the
reactive component is the product of the voltage component with the
current
component vertical to the voltage). Thereby, no harmonics are
measured since only the fundamental wave is rotated through 90°.

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Calculation of Energy (4)
The output of the measuring system is the measured quantities. The
measured quantities are stored in “Memory Registers” for the
measured values which will finally be displayed on the meter’s display.

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Accuracy Class
• It represents the percentage to which the maximum percentage error the
energy meter can accommodate.
E.g. Accuracy class 0.5 means that ±0.5% error is permissible in
the reading of that energy meter.
• Accuracy Class depends upon Design and Build Quality of Energy Meter
• Accuracy varies with Power Factor and Loading of Energy Meter
• Each individual energy meter has its own behaviour at different power
factors and loading conditions :Determined by Phantom Load Testing
• Normally Different Accuracy Class for Active and Reactive Energy:
Represented by two different LEDs or single LED with two modes
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Difference between 0,5 and 0,5 S?

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Four Quadrant Energy Metering

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Meter Constant
• Meter constant defines the relationship between the number of
pulses of calibration LED and the running load

No. of Pulses (impulses) Energy (kWh)

No. of Pulses (impulses) = k x Energy (kWh)
k = No. of Impulses (impulses) / Energy (kWh)
Where k is the Meter Constant expressed in “impulses / kWh”

• An Energy Meter with Meter Constant = 5000imp/kWh, then in one hour it will
give 5000 pulses when one kWh load is applied.
• Different notations for Meter Constant: imp/MWh, MWH/imp, kWh/imp
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Energy Meter Testing
• Accuracy of the Energy Meter at Running load and other different loading
conditions are tested with this method.
1. ON-LOAD Testing
• Energy Meter not isolated from the system
• Accuracy is tested with Energy Meter Test Set on Running Load
• Energy Recording is not affected
2. Phantom Load / OFF-LOAD Testing
• Initial Reading of the Meter under test and Substitute Energy Meter noted
• Energy Meter (under test) isolated from the Metering System
• From the “Source” element of test set, Voltage and current Injection applied
• Accuracy is monitored with “Reference” element of Test set
• Energy Recording affected due to isolation from the system and injection, therefore, addition
and subtractions in the final reading of energy meter is applied

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SMS Project
To provide the fully secured metering system at delivery points as the
existing metering system was not properly secured for accounting the energy
delivered to distribution entities.
• To eliminate the possibility of any disputes among DISCOs and NTDC.
• NTDC is responsible to purchase power from Generation Companies on
behalf of DISCOs, hence it was dire requirement to install accurate
metering system at delivery points.
• In existing metering system, the CTs/PTs used are of accuracy class 0.5,
whereas in the SMS Project the CTs/PTs of 0.2 accuracy class are used.
• To provide the facility for accurate accounting of transmission losses.

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SMS Project (Contd.)
• The Secured Metering System Project was planned and launched by NTDC/WAPDA to
download the data from Company to Company’s Common Delivery Point of remote
end meters to Control Room at WAPDA House
• The Project was launched in 2004-2005 with total cost of one Billion rupees.
• As per PC-I, the Project was to be completed in 24-months
• KICS (Alkhwarzimi) Institute of Computer Science UET Lahore has developed an
“Invoice Processing Automation System (IPAS)” software for AMR

• Data of Current Power @ 5 minutes alongwith data of Incremental Energy @ 30

minutes for more than 500 CDPs throughout Pakistan is transmitted via GPRS /
Ethernet (EVO) and Satellite communication system.

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Display and Indicators
• L123 Phase voltage detection. Blinking in case
of incorrect phase sequence A+, A- Total active
energy direction Blinking if at least one phase
energy direction is opposite.
• R+, R- Reactive energy direction . Blinking if
reactive measurement is blocked
• Tx Valid tariff for energy
• M Meter cover opened
• T Terminal cover opened
• C Communication
• P Parameterisation mode
• E External supply

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Maximum Demand Indicator (MDI)
The maximum demand is the largest demand in a billing
period. A maximum demand can be calculated for all
energies that are measured or calculated:
• demand of imported and exported active energy +P and -P
• demand of reactive energy in four quadrants Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4
• Date and time of the end of maximum demand are stated by
each maximum demand
• A demand period type is set by defining length of a demand
expressed in a range from 1 to 60 minutes, with step of 1 minute
Types of MDI: Demand Period Illustration
1. Non-Coincidental
2. Co-incidental

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Meter Checking: Some thumb rules
• To check the healthiness of a metering system following tips are
useful
• Comparison of Running Megawatts of Primary and Backup
• Per phase Power factor to verify the CT connections
• PT indications at the Energy Meter display
• Date and Time / CT & PT ratios of Energy Meter

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