Procopie P. ClonŃea Alina A.

Miu

A Theoretical and Practical Guide

to
English Morphology (Nomina)

Editura UniversităŃii din Piteşti

2004
 Editura UniversităŃii din Piteşti
Str. Târgu din Vale, nr.1
110040, Piteşti, jud. Argeş

Tel./Fax: 40 248 216448

Copyright © 2004 – Editura UniversităŃii din Piteşti

Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediŃii sunt rezervate
Editurii UniversităŃii din Piteşti. Nici o parte din această
carte nu poate fi reprodusă prin foto-copiere sau prin orice
alte mijloace, fără permisiunea scrisă a autorilor.

Director Editură: Lect. univ. dr. Sorin Fianu

Redactor şef: Prof. univ. dr. Constantin łibrian
Tehnoredactare computerizată: Alina A. Miu
Coperta: Mădălina Ristoiu
Revizie finală: conf. dr. Procopie P. ClonŃea
ReferenŃi de specialitate: Conf. dr. Ioan Aurel Popa
Lect. dr. Dan Sava
Bun de tipar: 10. 10. 2004
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii NaŃionale a României
CLONłEA, PROCOPIE
A Theoretical and Practical Guide to English
Morphology (Nomina)/Procopie P. ClonŃea, Alina
Miu – Piteşti: Editura UniversităŃii din Piteşti, 2004.
Bibliogr.
Index
ISBN 973-690-276-5

I. Miu, Alina A.
811.111'366
 Procopie P. ClonŃea Alina A. Miu

A Theoretical and Practical Guide

to
English Morphology (Nomina)
 Editura UniversităŃii din Piteşti

Tehnoredactare computerizată: Alina A. Miu

Coperta: Mădălina Ristoiu
Revizie finală: conf. dr. Procopie P. ClonŃea
ReferenŃi de specialitate: Conf. dr. Ioan Aurel Popa
Lect. dr. Dan Sava
Bun de tipar: octombrie 2004
 CONTENTS

• PART ONE – A Theoretical Guide to English 7

Nomina
A General Survey of the Modern Parts of Speech 7
THE NOUN 9
Form of Nouns 10
Conversion of Nouns 11
The Grammatical Form of Nouns 12
Noun Determiners 12
Noun Modifiers 13
The Syntactical Functions of Nouns 13
Classification of Nouns 14
• Individual Nouns 15
• Unique Nouns 16
• Collective Nouns 17
The Plural of Simple Nouns 18
The Plural of Compound Nouns 23
Gender of Nouns 25
• Differences in Form between Feminine and 27
Masculine Nouns
Declension of Nouns 28
The Nominative 28
The Genitive 29
• Genitive Meanings 30
• The Pronunciation of the Genitive 31
• Use of the Synthetic Genitive 32
• The Omission of the Noun Accompanied by a 33
Synthetic Genitive (The Elliptical Genitive)
• The Analytical Genitive (The Prepositional 34
Genitive)
• Uses of the Analytical Genitive instead of the 34
Synthetic Genitive
The Dative 35
The Accusative 36
• The Accusative of Content 37
• The Double Accusative 37
THE ARTICLE 39
The Definite Article 39
• Functions of the Definite Article 40
• Categories of Proper Nouns Preceded by the 41
Definite Article
• The Definite Article in Phrases 44
• The Definite Article as a Substantivizer 44
The Indefinite Article 45
• Functions of the Indefinite Article 45
• Special Uses of the Indefinite Article 47
The Zero Article 48
• Functions of the Zero Article 48
• The Zero Article before the Nominative of Address 49
• The Zero Article Determining Certain Nouns 49
Associated with Numerals
• The Zero Article after Prepositions 50
• The Omission of the Article versus the Zero Article 53
THE ADJECTIVE 54
Form of Adjectives 55
Classification of Adjectives 57
a. Classification of Adjectives According to Form 57
• Simple Adjectives 57
• Compound Adjectives 58
b. Classification of Adjectives According to Content 58
and Grammatical Regimen (Government)
A. Modifying Adjectives 58
• Qualifying Adjectives 59
• Relative Adjectives 59
B. Determinative Adjectives 59
• Demonstrative Adjectives 60
• Possessive Adjectives 60
• Interrogative Pronominal Adjectives 60
• Exclamatory Adjectives 61
• Pronominal Relative Adjectives 61
• Adverbial Adjectives 61
• Numeral Adjectives 61
• Indefinite Adjectives 62
Comparison of Adjectives 62
• Formation of the Degrees of Comparison of 63
Adjectives
• The Irregular Comparison in English 70
• Comparison of Compound Adjectives 72
• Other Expressions of Comparison 72
• Premodification and Intensification of the Degrees 73
of Comparison
• Premodification and Intensification of Superlatives 76
• Article Usage with Comparatives and Superlatives 76
• Comparison with like 77
• Doubly Marked Comparatives and Superlatives 79
THE PRONOUN 80
The Agreement of the Pronoun 80
Form of Pronouns 80
Syntactical Functions of Pronouns 80
Classification of Pronouns According to Content and 81
Functions
Personal Pronouns 81
• Declension of Personal Pronouns 82
• The Functions of the Pronoun It 83
Reflexive Pronouns 84
Emphatic Pronouns 85
Demonstrative Pronouns 86
Interrogative Pronouns 86
Possessive Pronouns 87
Relative Pronouns 88
Conjunctive-Relative Pronouns 89
Reciprocal Pronouns 89
Numeral Pronouns 90
Indefinite Pronouns 90
Negative Pronouns 91
THE NUMERAL 92
Classification of Numerals 92
The Cardinal Numeral 93
• Morphological Functions 97
• List of Cardinal Numerals and Their 98
Pronunciation
The Ordinal Numeral 100
• Morphological Functions 102
• The Use of the Article with the Ordinal Numeral 102
• List of Ordinal Numerals and Their Pronunciation 103
The Fractional Numeral 106
• Agreement in Number 106
• Morphological Functions 107
The Collective Numeral 107
• Morphological Functions (and Number) 108
The Multiplicative Numeral (The Multiplier) 109
• Morphological Functions 109
The Distributive Numeral 110
The Indefinite Numeral 110
The Adverbial Numeral 111
• PART TWO – A Practical Guide to English Nomina 112
The Noun 112
The Article 161
The Adjective 207
The Pronoun 247
The Numeral 272
• PART THREE – Theoretical Topics for Discussion 278
The Noun 278
The Article 279
The Adjective 280
The Pronoun 283
The Numeral 284
Appendices 286
• Appendix 1: The Plural of Foreign Origin Nouns 286
• Appendix 2: Nouns Which Change Their Sense 288
When Used in the Plural
• Appendix 3: Adjectives Whose Change of Position 290
Causes Change of Meaning or Grammatical
Regimen
• Appendix 4: Compounds with any, every, no, some 292
and their Meanings in Various Types of Sentences
• Appendix 5: Indefinite and Generic Pronouns and 295
their Agreement
• Appendix 6: Metric and English Weights and 297
Measures
• Appendix 7: List of Phonetic Symbols 300
General Bibliography 303
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