SENARAI RUMUS BIOLOGI

𝑗𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑘ℎ𝑖𝑟−𝑗𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑙

1. Peratus berbezaan jisim = × 100%
𝑗𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑙

1
2. Kadar tindak balas enzim = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑦𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑡𝑘 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑝𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑘 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑖𝑚

4.2 ×𝑗𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ×𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑢ℎ𝑢

3. Nilai tenaga sampel makanan = 𝑗𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛 × 1000

𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑘 0.1%

4. Peratus vitamin C = 𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑗𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑎ℎ
× 0.1%

𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑘 0.1%

5. Kepekatan vitamin C = 𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑗𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑎ℎ 𝑦𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑛
× 1.0

6. Peratus oksigen di dlm udara sedutan =

𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑂𝐻 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡
× 100%
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑂𝐻

7. Peratus karbon dioksida dlm udara sedutan=

𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑂𝐻

× 100%
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛

8. Peratus oksigen di dlm udara hembusan =

𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑂𝐻 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡
× 100%
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡

9. Peratus karbon dioksida dlm udara hembusan=

𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑔𝑛 𝐾𝑂𝐻

× 100%
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛

𝐽𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑙𝑚 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡

10. Peratus litupan= 𝐽𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡
× 100%

𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑦𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑢 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑠

11. Kekerapan/ Frekuensi = × 100%
𝐽𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑦𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑛

𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑎 ×𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑎

12. Saiz populasi =
𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑦𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎

𝐽𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖 𝑥 𝑘𝑒 𝑦

13. Kadar transpirasi = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎

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