Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic

references to support the research:

1. Explicar la aplicación práctica de la tangente de pérdida con un ejemplo.

The relationship between driving current and speed in a specific medium

𝜎
constant whose value depends on the parameters of the medium and the
𝜔𝜖

frequency of the signal Applied The total current flowing through the medium is the

vector sum of the two components, as shown in figure 80. Additionally, between the

displacement current and the conduction current there is an angle of 90° phase shift, as

shown in figure 80.

This relationship is called loss tangent and is a characteristic of the environment, in

the conductive materials tends to be very high tan(𝛿) → ∞ since the driving current it is

much more important than displacement; while in dielectric media the behavior is

opposite, so the tangent of losses tends to be small tan(𝛿) → 0.

Table 1 shows the reference values for the calculation of the loss tangent of different

physical media. Reference values for the calculation of the tangent of losses for

different physical media

Materiales 𝜎(𝛿/𝑚) 𝜀𝑟
 Cobre 5,80𝐸 + 07 1

Aluminio 3,82𝐸 + 07 1

Agua de mar 4 80

Suelo Vegetal 1,00𝐸 − 02 14

Example 1. Calculation of the tangent of losses of a medium. Calculate the loss

tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10kHz. Calculate again at 100MHz.

Solution:

The dry soil parameters are:

𝛿𝑚
𝜎 = 10−4
𝑚

𝜀𝑟 = 3

The tangent of losses at 10 kHz:

𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 60
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋𝑥104 𝑥3𝑥 1 𝑥10−9
36𝜋

Which gives an angle of losses of:

𝛿 = tan−1 60 = 89°

When you change the frequency to 100 MHz, you get:

𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 0.006
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋𝑥108 𝑥3𝑥 1 𝑥10−9
36𝜋

Which gives an angle of losses of:

𝛿 = tan−1 0.006 = 0.3°

2. ¿Qué tipo de información nos da la velocidad de propagación en

propagación de ondas electromagnéticas?

 They are those waves that do not need a material means to spread. They include,

among others, visible light and radio waves, television and telephony.

All propagate in vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300 0000 km / s) but not

infinite. Thanks to this we can observe the light emitted by a distant star so long ago

that perhaps that star has already disappeared. Or to find out about an event that occurs

thousands of kilometers practically at the moment of occurrence.

Electromagnetic waves are propagated by an oscillation of electric and magnetic

fields. The electromagnetic fields to "excite" the electrons of our retina, communicate

with the outside and allow our brain to "build" the scenario of the world in which we

are.

The O.E.M. they are also support for telecommunications and the complex

functioning of the current world.

3. Explica cómo se comporta una onda electromagnética en el espacio libre,

dieléctricos perfectos y buenos conductores.

Propagation in dielectrics without losses:

{𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 }

{𝜎 = 0}

𝛼 = 𝐾 √𝜀𝑟

𝛽=0→ 𝛿=∞

Therefore, the penetration depth in dielectrics without losses is infinite.

It could be demonstrated (by expressing the average energy density) that the same as

occurs in a vacuum, the stored energy is distributed equally between the electric field

and the magnetic field.

Propagation in good drivers:

𝜺 = 𝜺𝒐
 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜

𝜎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙

In a good conductor the conduction current is much greater than the current of

displacement.

4. Usando el espectro electromagnético, explica la práctica aplicación de todo

tipo de radiación

Looking at the sky on a starry night, we are struck by the immensity of the number of

stars we can observe and the question arises about its nature and location in the

Universe. When analyzing we arrived at the conclusion that we are observing the light

that originated in that star, that of somehow it occurred, it traveled through space for a

long time and finally It came to our eyes. So we are receiving energy and information

from the past, and only in a small region where our eyes are sensitive, from a very broad

spectrum that spreads throughout the Universe. We associate that light stellar with very

massive spheres of matter that produce visible light, plus other radiation through nuclear

processes and whose number is in the billions of billions, associated in galaxies and

very diverse star clusters. Light and others radiations are manifestations of energy,

travel through space to the maximum allowed speed: the speed of light. The mass of the

stars associates them with other stars and sidereal matter through the force of gravity.

The suspicion is presence of a different form of matter, much more abundant than

matter ordinary, called "black matter" that also responds to gravity, but it has no

interaction with light or radiation, which is why we can not observe. We are a living

species that inhabit the third planet, the Earth, of the planetary system of a medium star,

the Sun, which is in the peripheral part of a spiral galaxy, the Milky Way. The Sun

provides us direct or indirectly from most of the energy that living beings require in the

planet Earth. The direct way comes to us in the form of light or radiation: used by
example in the photosynthetic processes of the food chains and the way indirectly

through processes that occurred with light and radiation a long time ago time: in the

formation of chemical bonds of materials that became current fossil fuels, or what is

currently happening: for example in climatic phenomena or alternative sources of

energy (eg wind, solar, hydroelectric). Our objective is to better understand the

phenomena related to light and radiation, as we receive it from the Sun and the other

sidereal and just as we can produce it here on Earth.