conditions on large interconnected systems frequently require preliminary simplification and reduction of the fashion, the actual line network is replaced by an equivalent network of transfer impedances between the retained tie- line terminals. network because of the limited number of analyzer circuits Some of the assumptions, limitations, and additional fea- and sources available. Even in smaller systems which do tures of the equivalent circuit method are summarized not exceed the capacity of the analyzer being used, it is briefly in the following. sometimes desirable to represent in detail only a portion of 1. In most power-flow studies the bus voltages and the system, simplifying the remainder by use of equivalent angles in sections of the system which might be replaced by circuits for the purpose of speeding up studies on the portion equivalent circuits do not vary widely. An initial, normal of primary interest. Simple equivalent circuits can be set of voltages and angles can be taken into account ac- devised for extensive power networks by adopting the view- curately and the assumption made that subsequent varia- point that in power-flow studies the system generation and tions in these can be neglected. loads approach, as an approximation, constant-current 2. Synchronous condensers, static capacitors, and lint- quantities. The network being simplified may contain charging capacitance may be treated as separate sources of numerous loads and generators, but the equivalent circuit reactive power or combined with nearby loads or genera- derived by this method retains the identity of only the tie- tion. line terminals or points of interconnection with the detailed 3. It is assumed that loads and generation in the reduced setup. The line network of the reduced system is replaced system operate at a fixed schedule of real and reactive power by an equivalent mesh network between retained tie-line loading. The reactive power output of generators and terminals. If m is the number of such terminals, this mesh synchronous condensers may be subject, in actual system network in general will consist of m (m — 1) /2 branches. The operation, to wide variations, thus introducing a serious effects of the suppressed generators and loads are repro- departure from the constant-current assumption. The duced by an equivalent generator or load at each tie-line representation of variable reactive power generation is terminal. An equivalent circuit of this type can be derived simplified if busses of known, fixed voltage are chosen as the for a given system either by analytical methods or by simple retained terminals. Then, only the real-power component tests on an analyzer setup of the complete network which is of the equivalent sources need be determined. to be reduced. The equivalent circuit is flexible in that 4. Effects of off-nominal transformer tap settings in the· any schedule of internal generation and loads can be repro- reduced system can be reproduced approximately in the duced readily without the necessity of repeating the reduc- equivalent circuit. tion or of making additional tests. 5. A d-c board can be used to determine the equivalent The equivalent loads and generators are determined by line network and distribution factors if it is assumed that application of the principle of superposition. Each genera- transformer taps are on nominal ratio and impedance angles tor and load in the reduced network contributes to the are uniform. equivalent net source or load at each tie-line terminal. In 6. The net equivalent sources can be determined by an treating loads and generation alike as current sources, the alternative method involving network analyzer measure- distinction between them is merely a matter of relative ments on a setup of the complete network. To obtain the phase position of the currents. The contribution of one net equivalent sources, normal-flow loadings on tie lines are suppressed source at the retained terminals can be deter- combined with the circulating flow appearing in the equiva- mined by impressing unit current at that bus with all other lent mesh network as a result of the same normal-flow ter- sources open (loads, generators, and capacitors) and with minal voltage and angle differences. the tie-line terminals short-circuited to neutral. The frac- 7. If the equivalent circuit calls for several analyzer tions of unit current input which leave by way of the generator units and they are not available, further reduction several short-circuited tie-line terminals are treated as dis- can be made, at the expense of additional line units, to tribution factors to apportion at the retained terminals a evolve an equivalent circuit requiring only one analyzer scheduled loading of the bus which is energized. Similar power source. distribution factors are determined for each load and 8. In applications to power-flow studies, the methods generator bus in the reduced network. When all genera- are not exact. The degree of approximation involved de- tion and load is reflected to the tie-line terminals in this pends on the special conditions and characteristics associated Digest of paper 4 9 - 9 6 , "Equivalent Circuits for Power-Flow Studies," recommended with individual systems. by the AIEE Systems Engineering Committee and approved by the AIEE Technical Program Committee for presentation at the AIEE Winter General Meeting, N e w Practical experience with this type of equivalent circuit York, N. Y., January 31-February 4, 1949. Scheduled for publication in AIEE Trans- in system studies has yielded good results. The methods actions, volume 68, 1949. used seem to be well suited for representing intercompany J. B. Ward is on the staff of the School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. ties.
794 Ward—Equivalent Circuits for Power-Flow Studies ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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