SCIENTISTS JOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN

272. S Peter Singh , Subject Matter Specialist (Social Science) KVK Anjaw, ICAR-RC for NEH Region,
Arunachal Pradesh Centre Basar, P.O - Hayuliang, District Anjaw (Arunachal Pradesh).

273. Milind D Joshi, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malegaon
Khurd, Baramati, District Pune - 413 115 (Maharashtra).

274. Rupesh Jain, Scientist, Veterinary Science (LPM) , Krishi Vigyan Kendra, BM College of
Agriculture, Khandwa (Madhya Pradesh).

275. Ms. Chaudhari Vrunda Maheshbahi ,Agriculture officer, College of Agriculture, Junagadh
Agriculture University, Mota Bhandariya (Gujarat).

276. S K Kaushik , Scientists ( Plant Breeding and Genetics), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ujjain. Opposite
Vikram Nagar Railway Station Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh).

277. Kamlesh Kumar Singh, Subject Matter Specialist ( Soil Science) , Krishi Vigyan Kendra,,Saraiya,
Muzaffarpur (Bihar).

278. Ranjan Kumar, Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,,Saraiya,
Muzaffarpur (Bihar).

279. Ratan Kumar, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rohtas (Bihar).

280. Rajeev Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Aurangabad (Bihar).

281. Abhaydeep Gautam, Subject Matter Specialist ( Plant Breeding and Genetics), Krishi Vigyan
Kendra,Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh).

282. Mrs. Dighe Sumati Sanjay, Assistant Professor (Horticulture), Post Harvest Technology Centre,
Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri 413 722, Ahemednagar
(Maharashtra).

283. M V Mahajan, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pal District-
Jalgaon (Maharashtra).

284. R T Bhowate, JRA ,Cotton Research Unit , Dr P.D.K.V. Akola 444 104 (Maharashtra)

285. Anil Kumar , Asstt. Professor (Soils) Farm Science Centre (KVK) Booh, Tarn Taran (Punjab).

286. Sagarika Borah, Technical officer,T-5 Animal Science, ICAR-KVK, Tura West Garo Hills -794005
(Meghalaya).

287. N B Jadav, Programme coordinator ,Krishi vigyan kendra -Rajkot-2 Junagadh Agricultural
University, TCD farm, Taluka:Dhoraji,Dist:Rajkot 360410 (Gujarat).

265
288. Rajiv Kumar, Scientist (Plant Protection), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Balumath, Latehar- 829 202
(Jharkhand).

289. Gohar Ahmad Dar, Scientist ( Horticulture), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kashmir (J&K).

290. Aditya Kumar Singh, Ph.D Scholar, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ganiwan, Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh).

291. Partha Sarathi patra, Assistant Professor, Agronomy, RRS, Terai Zone Uttar Banga Krishi
Viswavidyalaya,Pundibari, Cooch Behar 736165 (West Bengal).

292. K S Bhargav, Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra ,Balgarh Farm, Dewas (Madhya
Pradesh).

293. J Raghuraja, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension) ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra LIC
Colony Layout, BIET Road,Davanagere-577 004 ( Karnataka).

294. S Sasmal, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raipur under IGKV,
Raipur ( Chhattisgarh).

295. Pawan Kumar Sharma ,Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Kathua,SKUAST-
Jammu (J&K).

296. Kiran Chandravadia, Assistant Professor,College of Agriculture,Assam Agricultural

Universityu,Jabugam (Assam).

297. Popiha Bordoloi, Subject Matter Specialist (Soil Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ri-Bhoi
(Meghalaya).

298. Kuldeep Singh, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Hanumangarh-1 Bhagatpura Road,Sangaria-335 063

(Rajasthan).

299. Shaon Kumar Das, ARS, Scientist (Agril. Chemistry/Soil Science) ICAR-National Organic
Farming Research Institute (formerly ICAR RC for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre) Tadong, Gangtok
-737102 (Sikkim).

300. Banarsi Lal, Subject Matter Specialist ( Agricultural Extension), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reasi (
J&K).

301. Vijay Kumar Sharma Subject Matter Specialist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kathua (J&K).

302. Sunita Kumari Kamal, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science) Krishi Vigyan, Chianki, Palamu
(Jharkhand).

303. Sushma Lalita Baxla, Scientist ( Animal Husbandry) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Garhwa 822114
(Jharkhand).

266
304. Nisha Tiwari, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gumla (Jharkhand).

305. Anjali Sharma, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science) Krishi Vigyan Krishi Vigyan, Uttar
Dinajpur KVK Chopra (West Bengal).

306. Jayanta Layek, Scientist (Agronomy) ICAR RC for NEH Region Umiam, (Meghalaya).

307. Yumnam Bedajit Singh, Deputy Director of Instruction, CAU, Imphal 795004 ( Manipur).

308. Sandeep Sharma,Senior Scientist & Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Korea Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh).

309. Maya Kumari, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sahibganj (
Bihar).

311. Kunti Banjare Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,, Bemetara
(Chhattisgarh).

312. Sachin Kumar , Subject Matter Specialist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,, Ambikapur 497 001
(Chhattisgarh).

313 Pradeep Kumar Singh, Subject Matter Specialist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh).

314. Shilpi Kerketta, Scientist (Veterinary Science & A.H, LPM),Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Neemuch,
(Madhya Pradesh).

315. Mrs. Saurabh, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra II, Village
Katia,Post Ulra Maanpur,Block Biswan ,District Sitapur (Uttar Pradesh).

316. Sanjeev Kumar, I/c. Head cum Sr. Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jamtara, ( Jharkhand).

317. Amrit Kumar Jha, I/c. Head cum Sr. Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sahebganj (Bihar).

318. Birendra Kumar Mehta, Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sahebganj (Bihar).

319. Vishal Mahajan Subject Matter Specialist (Agro Forestry), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kathua ( J&K).

320. Ravindra Tigga,Senior Scientist & Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Surguja 497 001(Chhattisgarh).

321. K S Yadav, Senior Scientist & Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sagar ( Madhya Pradesh).

322. Mrigendra Singh,Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,, Shahdol (Madhya Pradesh).

323. Pankaj Seth, Scientist (Veterinary Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,, Saraikela-Kharsawan, Birsa
Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand).

267
324 S Saravanakumar,Scientist (Agronomy),ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra (MYRADA) , Perumal
Nagar, Pudhuvalliyampalayam, Kalingiyam post, Gobichettipalayam Taluk Erode District - 638
453 (TamilNadu) .

325. P Bala Hussain Reddy, Scientist (TOT) District Agrl. Advisory and Technology Transfer Centre
O/o Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalikiri, Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh).

326. Simanta Kumar Kalita, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirap
( Arunachal Pradesh).

327. Prof. Arun Pandurang Patil, Head and Associate Professor of Agril. Engineering, Department of
Agricultural Engineering,College of Agriculture, Kolhapur- 416 004, Dist. Kolhapur (Maharashtra).

328. Pradeep Pagaria, Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Village Danta, Post - Marudi,
District Barmer 1 - 344 001 (Rajasthan).

329. Shayam Das, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Village Danta, Post -
Marudi, District Barmer 1 - 344 001 (Rajasthan).

330. Kiran Kumari Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension), Krishi Vigyan
Kendra,Saraikela Kharsawan ( Jharkhand).

331. P D Verma, Subject Matter Specialist (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering), Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Bhatapara (Chhattisgarh).

332. Munish Sharma, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Mohali (Punjab).

268
 CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page No.
Agronomy
1. Assessment of Soybean (Glycine max Merill L.) Based Cropping Systems 7-12
through Organic and Inorganic inputs in Bundelkhand Region.
Aditya Kumar Singh and H S Kushwaha

2. Effect of Different Fertilizers on Yield of Groundnut. 40-42

Jatinder Manan and Manoj Sharma

3. Effect of Different Levels of Bio-fertilizers and Plant Growth Regulators on 56-60

Growth attribute and Protein content of Mungbean under Custard Apple
Based Agri-Horti System.
Rajiv Singh, Prabhat Tiwari, Mandhata Singh,
Rakesh Kumar, Deokaran and R P Singh

4. Effect of Different Sources of Nitrogen and Bio-Fertilizers on Growth and 105-108

Yield of Isabgol (Plantago ovate).
Megha Upadhyay, I S Naruka, R P S Shaktawat and R S Chundawat

5. Evaluation of Sowing Methods of Soybean in Bhatapara District of Chhattisgarh. 109-112

P D Verma, Parmanand, V Jain and A S Rajput

6. Effect of Sowing Time and Plant Spacing on Seed Production in Okra 78-80
(Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Madhya Pradesh .
H M Singh, U S Mishra and T S Mishra

7. Performance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Sown on different Seed 172-175
Bed Configurations in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh.
K S Bhargav, Nishith Gupta, Neerja Patel and Ankita Pandey

8. Effect of Weed Management Techniques in kharif Onion (Allium cepa L.). 50-52
R P S Shaktawat, Durga Singh, S P S Somvanshi, G S Kulmi and H P Singh

Agricultural Extension
9. Assessment of Mobile Advisory Services for Improving Agricultural Livelihood 1-6
of Farmers in Tribal Dominated District of Madhya Pradesh.
A K Badaya, G S Gathiye, K S Kirad, S S Chauhan, J S Rajpoot and Swati Barche

10. Constraints Experienced by Agricultural Scientists and Extension Personnel in 22-26

Rice Knowledge Management and its Delivery.
Sunil Kumar, V Sangeetha, Premlata Singh, R Roy Burman and Arpan Bhowmik

11. Constraints and Shifting of Area of Chickpea Cultivation in 17-21

Tal Area of Patna District in Bihar.
B D Singh
269
12. Constraints in Sugarcane Trash Utilization in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamilnadu. 31-34
V Dhanushkodi and K Padmadevi

13. Time Spent in Various Activities and Cognitive Abilities of School Going and 234-237
Non School Going Children in Migrant Labour Families.
P S Sharma , J K Gulati , N B Jadav , V S Prajapati and S V Undhad

14. Extent of Dependency of Mushroom Grower on Multi-Agencies Efforts for 119-122
Enterprise Promotion.
Laxmipriya Pradhan, Pranati Das and Bibudha Parasar

15. Marketing Behaviour of Vegetable Growers in East Sikkim. 157-162

Pallabi Phukan, Ravikant Avasthe, Boniface Lepcha, Raghavendra Singh

16. Monsoon and Farm Income: Different Aspects and Their Impacts. 163-167
Anannya Chakraborty and S K Acharya

17. Participatory Knowledge Sharing among Agricultural Extension Professional 168-171

on Organic Farming Practices.
C Vara Prasad and K Pradhan

18. Purpose and Preference of Using Social Networking Sites by Adolescents. 193-196
G AmrutaMalatesh and K Dhanasree

19. Socio-economic Characteristics of Fishermen and Constraints in Adoption 214-217

of Information and Communication Technology in Coastal Regions of Andhra Pradesh.
Balaji Guguloth, Ravi Gugulothu, and B S Viswanatha

20. Training Strategies Preferred by the Horticulture Extension Personnel in 238-243

Jammu Region of Jammu and Kashmir State.
Arvinder Kumar, S K Kher, Banarsi lal, Rakesh Nanda,
Akash Sharma and Rakesh Kumar

21. Use of Information and Communication Technologies by the Farmers of 244-246

Hilly Areas of Jammu and Kashmir.
Jagdish Kumar and Banarsi Lal

Animal Science
22. Buffalo Breeding Management Practices Followed by Farmers of Western Haryana. 13-16
Vikas Godara, Harish Kr Gulati , Narender Singh and Robin

23. Effect of Flumethrin for Tick Control in Indigenous Bullocks. 68-70

Jaishankar N, Yusufali N and Vikram Simha H V

270
24. Factors Affecting Choice of Milk Marketing Channels by Dairy Farmers in Punjab. 123-129
Ravneet Singh Brar , Inderpreet Kaur, Varinder Pal Singh and Navjot Kaur

Horticulture
25. Effect of Application of Zinc Sulphate in Onion. 43-45
Munish Sharma and Yashwant Singh

26. Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties in Surguja 53-55

District of Chhattisgarh
Sachin Kumar, Rajesh Chouksey,Rajni Agashe,
Dharmpal Kerketta and Sandeep Sharma*

27. Knowledge and Adoption Level in Mushroom Cultivation among 150-152

Rural Women in Gumla district of Jharkhand
Nisha Tiwari , Sanjay Kumar and Atal Bihari Tiwari

28. Mango cv. Phule Abhiruchi, New Cultivar for Pickle Industry. 153-156
S P Gaikwad, S U Chalak and G M Idate

29. Physico-chemical Attributes of Brown Turkey Fig. 187-192

Shivani Kaul, Jagbir Rehal, H S Rattanpal and Poonam A Sachdev

Home Science
30. Construction of Scale for Measuring the Managerial Abilities in 27-30
Small enterprises of the Rural Women.
K Bhagya Lakshmi

31. Study on the Consumer Preference for Detergent Powder in 229-233

Kapurthala District of Punjab.
Avneet Kaur Ahuja and Manoj Sharma

32. Role of Women in Decision Making Regarding Agricultural Activities in 197-200

Sahibganj District of Jharkhand.
Maya Kumari, Ashok Kumar and Adarsh Kumar Srivastava

33. Study on the Socioeconomic Profile and Knowledge Level of Farm Women in 201-204
Soybean Processing Techniques.
Manisha Arya, V K Sachan, Pankaj Nautiyal and Gaurav Papnai

Agricultural Economics
34. Economic Feasibility of Cultivation of Gobhi Sarson (Brassica napus) 35-39
alongwith Bee Keeping
Manoj Sharma, Gurmeet Singh and Jatinder Manan

271
35. Empowerment of Rural Women through Self Help Groups: 84-87
A Socio-Economic Analysis.
Santosh Kumar Samantaray and P N Ananth

Agricultural Engineering
38. Effect of Drip Irrigation, Fertigation and Mulching on Growth and 61-67
Dry Matter Accumulation in Bitter Gourd .
Rincy K Abraham, Munsi Partha Sarathi and Dulal Chandra Manna

40. Ergonomic Study on Drudgery Reduction Using Three Tyne 95-100

Wheel Hoe for Weeding in Tomato.
P Swarna, R Prasanna Lakshmi, P Bala Hussain Reddy and P Ganesh Kumar

36. Performance of Power Operated Sweep Hoe on Moisture Conservation, Weed 179-183
Suppression and Yield of Finger Millet (Eleusina indica).
Murukannappa

37. Study on the Comparative Evaluation of Cashew Nut Shellers. 226-228

S M Nalawade and V P Kad

39. Standardization of Technology for Preparing Ready to Serve Beverage 218-225

from Pomegranate fruit.
R S Gaikwad S S Thorat and J K Dhemre

Soil Science
41. Effect of Different Fertilizer Doses on Yield and its Attributes in Potato. 46-49
M R Deshmukh and C D Badgujar

42. Effect of Nutrient Sources Particularly of Phosphorus on Growth and 71-74

Productivity of Summer Blackgram under Lateritic Soil.
Subrata Mandal and Sourav Mondal

43. Effect of Silicon on Soil Physico-chemical Properties in Laterite 75-77

derived Paddy Soils of Kerala.
Guntamukkala Babu Rao , Poornima Yadav P I and Elizabeth K Syriac

44. Effect of Sulphur Fertilization on Yield, Sulphur Uptake and Oil Content in 81-83
Indian Mustard under Sandy Loam Soil of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Somendra Nath, S K Kannaujiya, Sandeep Kumar, S P Sonkar,
A D Gautam and Ashwani Singh

45. Estimation of Soil Fertility Status under Sugar Cane – Wheat Farming System in 101-104
Different Blocks of Rampur District of Uttar Pradesh.
Ravindra Kumar, Manoj Singh, Satendra Kumar,
N C Tripathi, Mohan Singh and Pramod Kumar
272
Plant Protection
46. Epidemiology and Management of Foot Rot in Basmati Rice. 87-94
R S Bal and Barun Biswas

47. Forecast and Need Based Fungicide Application for Effective Management of 130-133
Late Blight of Potato.
Usha Sharma and Sanjeev Sharma

48. Use of Pesticides in Agriculture by Different Categories of Farmer in Punjab 247-252

Arjinder Kaur, Manoj Sharma and Gurmeet Singh

Plant Breeding
49. Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Rice Varieties under Various Methods of 113-118
Crop Establishment under Rainfed Condition of Bihar.
Rajeev Singh

50. Performance of Salt Tolerant Wheat Varieties in Salt Affected Soils. 184-186
D S Jakhar, Nirmal Kumar and Sunil Kumar

51. Simultaneous Selection for Yield and Stability in Sugarcane Using AMMI Model. 206-213
Gulzar S Sanghera, Arvind Kumar and Rajesh Kumar

52. Yield Performance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Madhya Pradesh. 253-256
Jagannath Pathak

Impact Assessment
53. Impact Assessment of Okra Crop Production Practices for Coastal Karnataka. 134-136
Chaitanya H S, Naveen N E and Jayalaxmi Narayan Hegde

54. Impact of Friends of Coconut Tree Trainings Conducted by 137-140

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Davanagere.
J Raghuraja, T N, Devaraja, M G Basavanagowda,
N Prasanna Kumara and H M Sannagoudra

55. Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Agricultural Education. 141-145

T Srinivas, P Punna Rao, T Venkata Sridhar, T Ramesh Babu and N Sundera Rao

56. Impact of Training Programmes on the Profitability of Mushroom Growers 146-149

in Angul District of Odisha.
Sumita Acharya, Bineeta Satpathy and Ipsita Mishra

273
57. Performance of Frontline Demonstration on Yield Enhancement of Cumin in 176-178
Barmer District of Rajasthan.
B R Morwal, Pradeep Pagaria, S L Kantwa and Shayam Das

Short Communication
58. Use of Organic Inputs on the Economics of Scented Rice in Chhattisgarh. 257-258
Lalita Ramteke, Ashish Banjare, Arvind Nandanwar, Arti verma and Vijay Jain

59. Management of Premature Leaf Fall in Apple by using Different 259-261

Combination of Fungicides.
Usha Sharma, NS Kaith and Bhupesh Gupta

60. Rice-Fish Rotation in Valley District’s of Manipur. 262-263

Yumnam Bedajit, Sagolsem Sumangal and Thokchom Robindro

274
 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00010.7

Assessment of Mobile Advisory Services for Improving

Agricultural Livelihood of Farmers in
Tribal Dominated District of Madhya Pradesh
A K Badaya, G S Gathiye, K S Kirad, S S Chauhan, J S Rajpoot and Swati Barche*
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (RVSKVV, Gwalior), Dhar 454 001 (Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Mobile phone based information and communication technologies help to reduce the risks and uncertainties,
emerging challenges in agriculture and provides instant solutions, timely market information and improve
livelihood and also helps to overcome information asymmetry existing among the group of farmers. In
this context, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhar started timely and need based systematic bulk text message
as Kisan Mobile Advisory (KMA) during the year 2011-12 to 2015-16 and registered 26500 mobile
holder farmers for sending information in hindi language through short messages (SMS) twice a week on
agriculture and allied fields. The study revealed that messages delivered in hindi language were highly
understandable to majority of users (83.6%), the expectations of the respondents towards frequencies of
messages delivered suggested daily to twice a week (72%) and majority of farmers (97.1%) conveyed
the text message to other farmers in their social system. It was also observed that socio-economic profile
of the farmers also play an important role in adoption and usefulness of technology dissemination. The
analysis showed that majority of medium category farmers (70.67%) having higher level of education
found the need based information most useful followed by large farmers (60.32%). The farming
community engaged in enterprise such as agriculture + horticulture + dairy found usefulness of information
(88.43) followed by agriculture + dairy and horticulture + dairy. In the same way the knowledge level
of information of KMA registered farmers was higher than the non-registered. The overall high
impact of of messages through KMA services was reported by 71.7 per cent farmers during the study.
Key Words: Enterprise, Farming community, ICT, Kisan mobile advisory, Livelihood

INTRODUCTION utilizing mobile phones to bridge information and

The agriculture information is vast,
interdisciplinary and specific to different agro
climatic zones and needs a proper dissemination
system for its effective use. The estimates indicate
that 60 per cent of farmers do not access any
source of information for advanced agricultural
technologies resulting in huge adoption gap. The
requirement of field level extension personnel is
estimated to be about 1.3 -1.5 M against the present
availability of about 0.1 m personnel (Saravanan
and Bhattacharjee, 2014). Therefore, cost effective
and efficient communication technologies are
required to take lead in changing agricultural
scenario (Sandhu et al, 2012). The concept of
*Associate Professor (Horticulture), RVSKVV, College of Agriculture, Indore
Corresponding Author’s Email: badaya_ashok@rediffmail.com
knowledge gaps among farmers and rural service
providers is based on two assumptions. The first is
the near ubiquity of access and use of mobile phones
and second is farmers have specific information and
knowledge needs, those are currently met partially.
According to Islam and Gronlund (2011), digital
information and communication technologies (ICT)
are playing a major role in sustainable agricultural
development by bridging the gap between farmers
and experts in agricultural innovation systems, since
early decades and now the modern ICTs such as smart
phones and computers have created a revolution in
the developing countries. The traditional extension
workers and the diverse challenges of agricultural

1 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6

 Badaya et al

production, force government to look favourably 1000 users were selected from the beneficiaries.
at communication channels, such as mobile Responses were gathered through questionnaire
phone technology, to provide advisory services to and the data were collected by personnel interview
farm communities and other factors involved in from all the respondents regarding the impact
agriculture (Jayade and Khot, 2014). of advisory service and their satisfaction. The
Sharma et al (2012) reported that the mobile stratified statistical tools such as frequency, mean
phone ownership among farmers in Punjab was and percentage were employed to analyse the data.
more than 98 per cent which were mostly used by To assess the overall impact of technology a device
them as a social communication tool, whereas,78 developed and suggested by Parganiha et al (2012)
per cent of farmers used their mobile phone for recording the responses of the respondents on
for agriculture advisory like calling agriculture a four point continuum scale for each aspects and
departments or relatives or commission agents to assigned a scores like;
enquire about the rate of produce. They observed that a) Need and time based information (Needful &
the mobile phones were the most powerful means timely-3, Needful & not timely-2, Not needful
of communication among farmers for exchanging & timely-1, Not needful & not timely-0)
agriculture information which was probably due to b) Understanding of the message (Highly-3,
cost affordability, better network, easy availability Medium-2, Low-1, No understanding-0)
and cheap tariff rates Sharma et al (2012).
c) Applicability of message (Fully-3, Medium-2,
Keeping the importance of kisan mobile advisory partially -1, Not-0).
(KMA), an attempt has been made to analyze the
reaction of the farmers towards KMA service as Finally an index was worked out to assess
a source of reliable and timely information about the overall impact of technology with the help of
best production practices, input utilization and risk- following equations: TI = O/S × 100. Where, TI
covering information. = Technology impact index of a respondents, O
= Total scores obtained by respondents, S = Total
MATERIALS AND METHODS obtainable score. The gathered data were processed,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhar started systematic tabulated, classified and analysed. The adoption of
bulk text message service for sending information the users was measured in terms of mean percent
through short message service (SMS) for advisory to scores (MPS) and their ranking.
input dealers, extension workers by 1000 registered
farmers since 2011-12 and 26 thousand farmers RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of the district were added by April, 2013 to solve Realization on content of text message
the problems related to agriculture and horticulture The results revealed that the text messages
crops, livestock management, weather, marketing, delivered for advisory were highly understandable
awareness and other enterprise on their registered to majority (83.6%) of the farmers while it was
cell phone. Two short messages per week were medium understandable for 13.7 per cent farmers
delivered in hindi language as per need, season and and less than one per cent farmers reported that
cropping system of the district. In this way, during message was not understandable to them (Table1).
2012-13 one hundred three, 2013-14 one hundred
Expectations of users about frequency of the
eight, 2014-15 one hundred five and during 2015-
advisories
16 one hundred thirteen messages delivered to the
The expected frequency of the messages
farmers. The feedback of four year’s study from
delivered was also measured and found that majority
2012-13 to 2015-16 were studied during April
of farmers (72%) expected to deliver the advisory
to May, 2016. For this purpose, enterprise wise
2 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6
 Assessment of Mobile Advisory Services

daily and twice in a week, followed by 14.8 per cent middle age category found mobile phone advisory
send message whenever needed, while only 8.2 per useful as compared to old age category (91.98%)
cent farmers required once in a week and 3.6 per and other young (82.0%) users. This may be due
cent suggested once in a fortnight. Thus, it can to the lack of interest of some young farmers in
be said that favourable expectation was observed agriculture. Sandhu et al (2012) also reported that
among the farmers to get technical advisory. more than 60 per cent respondents of south western
Punjab informed text messages were very useful
Advisories conveyed to other farmers but its impact was dependent on socio-economic
The study revealed that majority of user farmers profile of the community.
(66.70%) conveyed the text message minimum to
one another farmer in their social system, while In the same way, more than 42 per cent
23.60 per cent conveyed to more than 5 farmers users engaged in enterprise such as agriculture
and only about 3 per cent would not convey + horticulture + dairy reported usefulness of
the information to others (Table 1). It could be information and found higher percentage (88.43)
concluded that advisory user farmers disseminate followed by agriculture + dairy (85.68%) and
the technological information to other farmers and horticulture + dairy (75.36%). Thus, it was clear that
try to solve their problems verbally. the resource poor and socio-economic condition of
the household play an important role in adoption of
Table 1. Frequencies of KMA users as per technologies.
message conveyed to other farmers (N=1000)
Use of various kind of information
Sr. No Category of conveyed farmer Per cent
The data (Table 3) indicated that the farmers
1 0 2.9
used maximum information related to plant
2 1-5 66.7
protection measures with MPS 97.67 followed
3 6-10 23.6 by seed and its availability, government schemes,
4 10 and above 6.8 weather forecasts, farm mechanization with MPS
91.02, 86.92, 86.50 and 84.65, respectively. The
Usefulness of Information
study further indicated that other information
Thirty seven per cent of the farmers registered
delivered on fertilizer management, tillage and
for mobile phone advisory service were from
soil conservation operations, market management,
medium category and majority (70.67%) of them
vegetables, fruit and flower cultivation & livestock
reported the information as useful followed by large
management also shows high level of adoption by
farmers (60.32%) and about 48 per cent small and
the user farmers and the MPS ranged from 73.60
marginal farmers also found the information as
to 83.73. The findings corroborated with those of
useful (Table 2) whereas, 22.22 per cent small and
Kanavi and Jahagirdar (2016) who reported that
marginal farmers stated the information was not
KMA services related to plant protection perceived
useful because it was oriented towards main crops
as most useful by the 70.83 per cent farmers of
and information was missing on goatry, backyard
Dharwad district of Karnataka.
poultry adopted by them. Infact, respondents with
high (81.53%) and medium level of education The extent of adoption of the same ten type
(79.76%), reported the information via text message of information by non- user farmers were also
through mobile phone as useful. The user farmers interviewed. Further, the data of Table 5 revealed
having with very low level of education (21.61%), that they had knowledge of information on seed and
medium level of education (7.54%) and low level of its availability to the highest extent with MPS 87.34
education (4.06%) reported the information as not followed by tillage and soil conservation operations
useful. Higher percentage of users (92.02%) in the (MPS 82.03) and farm mechanization (MPS

3 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6

 Badaya et al

Table 2. Relationship between Socio-economic profile with usefulness of Information.

(N = 1000)
Sr. No. Parameter Socio-economic Usefulness
Profile (%)
1 Land holding Useful Not so useful Not useful
a Marginal and small (1-2 ha) 31.5 150 (47.62) 95 (30.16) 70 (22.22)
b Medium (2-10 ha) 37.5 265 (70.67) 62 (16.53) 48 (12.80)
c Large (> 10 ha) 31.0 187 (60.32) 88 (28.39) 35 (11.29)
2 Education  
d High (Graduation or above) 35.2 287 (81.53) 53 (15.06) 12 (3.40)
e Medium ( Higher secondary) 25.2 201 (79.76) 32 (12.70) 19 (7.54)
f Low (Middle) 19.7 177 (89.85) 12 (6.10) 08 (4.06)
g Very low (Primary) 19.9 87 (43.72) 69 (34.67) 43 (21.61)
3 Age  
h Young (<30 yr) 25.0 205 (82) 37 (14.80) 08 (3.20)
I Middle (Between 30-45 yrs ) 42.6 392 (92.02) 21 (4.93) 13 (3.05)
j Old (> 45 yr) 32.4 298 (91.98) 17 (5.24) 9 (2.77)
4 Enterprise  
k Agriculture+Dairy 39.8 341 (85.68) 38 (9.54) 19 (4.77)
Horticulture+Dairy 13.8 104 (75.36) 21 (15.22) 13 (9.42)
l Agriculture+Horticulture+Dairy 42.2 382 (88.43) 32 (7.40) 18 (4.16)
m Dairy 3.2 23 (71.88) 6 (18.75) 3 (9.37)
Figures in parenthesis are percentages
81.63). The study also indicated that the knowledge knowledge level of information of user farmers
of information and their adoption on fertilizer was higher than the non-users. This might be due
management, plant protection, vegetables, fruit the fact that there were number of other extension
and flower cultivation and livestock management education programmes which are conducting on the
were found to be least by non- user farmers with principle of learning by doing and seeing is believing
60.05, 65.93, 67.34 and 69.86 MPS, respectively. organised by different government organisations,
The data also revealed that the difference in the NGOs in the district and communication media
knowledge of information and their adoption level used by farmers for providing knowledge about
between users and non- user farmers ranged from various technology of crop production, awareness
MPS 2.29 to 31.73. The highest and significant and livestock management to them, resulting in
difference between both the categories of farmers increase of knowledge of various information not
was observed in plant protection with MPS 31.73 only to user but non user farmers also. Das et al
followed by fertilizer management and vegetables, (2012) reported that the information provided
fruit and flower cultivation with MPS 23.68 & through voice messages on fertilizer, pesticide and
11.74, respectively. seed were prioritized as first, second and third in
The overall difference in extent of knowledge of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. Similar
information and their adoption level between both findings were also reported by Patra et al (2016) as
the categories of farmers recorded MPS 9.58 which time specific advisory services is more important
was considered as non- significant but the average for kisan mobile service followed by weather
forecasting and market information.
4 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6
 Assessment of Mobile Advisory Services

Table 3. Extent of adoption level of various kind of information delivered to the users. (N=1000)
Sr. Type of information Max. Users Non-users Difference
No. delivered score
MPS Rank MPS Rank
1 Seed and its availability 10 91.02 II 87.34 I 3.68
2 Fertilizer management 15 83.73 VI 60.05 X 23.68*
3 Plant protection 15 97.67 I 65.93 IX 31.73*
4 Farm mechanization 10 84.65 V 81.63 III 3.02
5 Tillage and soil conservation operations 10 83.10 VII 82.03 II 1.07
6 Market management 10 82.45 VIII 80.16 IV 2.29
7 Government Schemes 05 86.92 III 79.92 V 7.00
8 Vegetables, fruit and flower cultivation 05 79.08 IX 67.34 VIII 11.74*
9 Livestock management 10 73.60 X 69.86 VII 3.74
10 Weather forecasts 10 86.50 IV 78.63 VI 7.87
Overall 100 84.87 - 75.29 - 9.58
*Significant at P<0.05 level of significance.

Impact of KMA (89.50%), varieties of crops replaced (81.50%),

It was found (Table 4) that mobile advisory use of seed treatment and bio-fertilizers increased
imposes high impact on 71.70 per cent of farmers, (80.50%), reducing information search costs and
medium impact (24.10%) and lower impact market efficacies (79.0%).
(4.20%) of users. The probable reason might be Veerarghavan et al (2009) indicated that mobile
farmer’s scientific orientation, scientific insight and
phones have significantly reduced the cost of doing
attitude in determining the adoption of improved business by a sugarcane cooperative in the state
technologies. The results of this study were in line of Maharastra, India. Mittal and Mehar (2012)
with Parganiha et al (2012) and Kumar et al (2014). concluded that about 34.63 per cent of farmers
Table 4. Distribution of the respondents who experienced an increased level in yields due
according to overall impact of KMA. to the availability of this information. Of these,
Sr. No. Category Farmers
the highest yield gains were observed by farmers
(N=1000) in Punjab (49.2%) and Haryana (42.9%). In Bihar,
percentage 21.1 per cent of farmers using mobile phones
1. Low (Score up to 1-3) 4.20 reported yield gains, 29.4 % in Uttar Pradesh and
2. Medium (Score up to 3.1-6) 24.10
34.01% of such farmers in West Bengal. Mukherjee
(2015) reported that the use of mobile phones in
3. High (Score up to 6.1-9) 71.70
agriculture improved productivity in West Bengal
Indirect benefits of KMA and Jehan et al (2014) observed high correlation
It was clear (Table 5) that majority (96.50%) between cell phone used and crop productivity in
of KMA users stated that the cost of pest and Pakistan.
disease management was reduced by foreclosing
the indiscriminate use of pesticides, 92.0 per cent CONCLUSION
users belief about the input cost (seed, fertilizer, Mobile-enabled information services help for
pesticide, fuel etc.) reduced, productivity enhanced the speedy dissemination of information to farmers

5 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6

 Badaya et al

Table 5. Distribution of advisory users according to indirect benefits. (N=1000)

Sr. No. Parameter
1 Pest and disease control cost reduced
2 Overall cost of cultivation reduced
3 Input cost reduced
4 Productivity enhanced.
5 Varieties of crops replaced
6 Use of seed treatment & bio-fertilizer increased
7 Reducing information search costs and increasing market efficiencies.
8 It also helped in crop diversification through spices, fruits and vegetables growing.
9 Reduces transaction cost and makes logistics efficient
and bridge the gap between the availability and
delivery of agricultural inputs and agriculture
infrastructure. It also helps to reduce the risks and
uncertainties, emerging challenges in agriculture
and provides timely market information and
improves livelihood of the farmers by increasing
farm earnings through higher price realization and
reduction in cost of cultivation. Eventually, it is
expected that mobile-based information services
will influence the behavior pattern of farmers and
this will facilitate adoption of improved techniques
leading to better yields.
REFERENCES
Das A, Basu D and Goswami R (2012). Accessing agricultural
information through Mobile Phone: Lessons of IKSL
Services in West Bengal. Indian Res J Ext Edu 12(3):102-
107.
Islam S M and Gronlund Åke (2011). Factors influencing
the adoption of mobile phones among the farmers in
Bangladesh: Theories and Practices. Int J Adv in ICT for
Emer Reg 4(01):4-14.
Jayade K G, and Khot P G (2014). Impact of ICT and mobile
technology in agriculture in Maharashtra. Int J Emerging
Tech Computational and Applied Sci 8(5):428-432.
Jehan N, Ahuja K M, Shahzad M , Hussain A, Zahoor M,
Khan M and Ahmed Bilal ( 2014). Use of mobile phones
by farming community and its impact on vegetable
productivity. Pakistan J Agric Res 27(1):58-63.
Kanavi S R and Jahagirdar K A (2016). Usefulness of Kisan
Mobile Advisory Service (KMAS) by the farmers in
Dharwad and Gadag district of Karnataka. Published
in proceedings of 8th GCRA International Conference
on Innovative Digital Applications for Sustainable
Per cent
96.50
95.0
92.0
89.50
81.50
80.50
79.0
77.50
66.50
Development held at University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bengaluru, India from January 5-7, pp 515-524.
Kumar S, Singh S R K and Sharma R C (2014). Impact of
Kisan Mobile Advisory Service on transfer of agricultural
technologies. Int J Ext Edu 10: 70-72.
Mittal S and Mehar M (2012). How mobile phones contribute
to growth of small farmers? Evidence from India.
Quarterly J Int Agri 51(3): 227-244.
Mukherjee K (2015). Socio economic impact of mobile
phone on agriculture at parkuta village, Rampurhat II.
Innovative Res in Sci, Eng and Tech 4(7):5883-5890.
Parganiha O P, Shrivastava S K, Chaubey A K and Nag J L
(2012). Impact of Kisan Mobile Advisory (KMA) on
agricultural technology dissemination. Indian Res J Ext
Edu Special Issue 2: 75-78.
Patra J, Singh D V and Pati J K (2016). Kisan Mobile
Advisory Service- An effective ICT tool for technology
dissemination. Int J Humanities and Social Sci Invention
5(6):68-72.
Saravanan R and Bhattacharjee S (2014). Mobile phone
applications for agricultural extension in India. Mobile
phones for agricultural extension: World wide m-Agri
innovations and promise for future. New Delhi, India:
New India Publishing Agency pp 73.
Sandhu H S, Singh G and Grover J (2012). Analysis of Kisan
Mobile Advisory Service in South Western Punjab. J
Krishi Vigyan 1(1): 1-4.
Sharma M, Kaur G and Gill M S (2012). Use of Information
and Communication Technology in agriculture by farmers
of district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan 1(1):83-89.
Veeraraghavan R, Yasodhar N and Toyama K (2009).
Warana:Replacing PCs with mobile phones in a rural
sugarcane cooperative. Inf Tech and Int Dev 5 (1):81-95
Received on 16/8/2017 Accepted on 14/10/2017

6 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 1-6

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00001.6

Assessment of Soybean (Glycine max Merill L.)

Based Cropping Systems through Organic and Inorganic inputs
in Bundelkhand Region
Aditya Kumar Singh and H S Kushwaha*
Deendayal Research Institute Tulsi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ganiwan,
Chitrakoot 210 206 (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at Tulsi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh during 2012-
13 to 2015-16 to study the effect of organic and inorganic inputs on productivity of soybean (Glycine
max L. Merill) based cropping systems. Two cropping systems viz., soybean-wheat and soybean-
chick pea along with three crop management practices viz., organic, inorganic and integrated were
evaluated in strip plot design with four replications. In kharif season, soybean seed yield in soybean-
wheat system (2718 kg/ha) was at par with soybean-chickpea (2662 kg/ha) cropping system. Amongst
the management practices, organic practice gave significantly higher soybean seed yield (2850 kg/ha)
than inorganic (2592 kg/ha) and integrated (2629 kg/ha) practice of crop management. However in rabi
season, wheat (4017 kg/ha) recorded significantly higher yield than chickpea (1065 kg/ha). Inorganic
management (2829 kg/ha) recorded significantly highest yield followed by integrated (2698 kg/ha) and
organic practice (2097 kg/ha) during season. Soybean equivalent yield (SEY) was significantly higher
in soybean-wheat cropping system (2595 kg/ha) than soybean-chickpea (1304 kg/ha). Inorganic practice
showed significantly higher SEY (2129 kg/ha) than other two management practices. System net returns
were higher in soybean-wheat system (Rs. 86964/-ha) and in inorganic practice (Rs. 97176/-ha) than in
soybean-chickpea cropping system (Rs. 57872/-ha) and rest of the two management practices. Soybean-
wheat cropping system with inorganic practice recorded higher system productivity (5573 kg/ha).
Key Words: Cropping systems, Farm yard manure, Phosphorus solubilising bacteria, Nutrient management
and Soybean Equivalent yield.

INTRODUCTION system reduces dependency on chemical fertilizers

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill] based
cropping systems are important for sustaining
agricultural production and also maintain soil
fertility with an ecological balance. Sustainability
aims at balanced use of all available resources
to achieve maximum production with minimum
exploitation of natural resources. Soybean grown
both as an oil seed and grain legume, fixes
atmospheric nitrogen in soil and makes it available
to partially fulfil the nitrogen requirement of
succeeding crop. Soybean-wheat cropping system
in rotation gives higher yield, greater income and
maintains soil fertility. The soybean-wheat cropping
Corresponding Author’s Email: adityakumarsinghupc@gmail.com
* Associate Professor, MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna (MP)
and helps in monetary saving. Most of the farmers
grow soybean without fertilizer application and
also realize the carry-over effect of the legume crop
on the succeeding wheat crop. Grain legumes play
an important role in improving soil fertility and
increasing the yield of succeeding crops. Inorganic
fertilizers used to increase crop production without
organic supplements cause severe damage to soil
properties and adversely affect the soil environment
by polluting it. Organic manures help to increase
biological activity of soil microbes and improve
soil structure, water holding capacity and other
physico-chemical properties of soil. Dasog et al

7 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12

 Singh & Kushwaha
(2011) reported that the success of any cropping
system depends upon the appropriate management
of resources including balanced use of manures and
fertilizers. Imbalanced application of nutrients to
crops leads to loss of productivity due to exhaustion
of macro and micro nutrients. The present study
mainly aims at finding the impact of soybean based
cropping systems and crop management practices
on seed yield and other yield attributes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted during kharif
and rabi seasons of four consecutive years 2012-
13, 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at the Research
farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chitrakoot, Uttar
Pradesh. Total rainfall during the kharif seasons of
2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 from July to November
(during the crop growth period) was 1468, 817, 537
and 395 mm, respectively. Soil of the experimental
plot belongs to pH-7.9, Ec-0.257 d s/m, Organic
carbon-0.495%, Available P-16.8Kg, Available
K-257Kg, Av. N-198Kg, Av.S-22.5Kg, Av.Zn-
0.985Kg, Av.Fe-8.99Kg, Av.Cu-0.68Kg.
The experiment comprised two cropping
systems viz., soybean-wheat and soybean-chickpea
& three management practices viz., organic,
inorganic and integrated was laid out in the strip
plot design with four replications. The net plot size
was 5.0 m x 3.6 m. same plots were used for the
same cropping system and management practice in
each of the four years. In kharif, soybean was grown
followed by wheat and chickpea in rabi season.
In the organic management practice, well
decomposed farmyard manure (FYM) was applied
before sowing of crop based on nitrogen equivalent
basis @ 10 t/ha and nutrient requirement of each
crop (Laxminarayan and Patiram, 2006). The FYM
consisted 0.59, 0.28 and 0.54 per cent of N, P and K,
respectively. Phosphorus requirement of the crops
were supplemented through rock phosphate. Seed
inoculation with bio-fertilizer cultures of PSB (5g/
kg seed) and phosphate solubilising micro-organism
(5g/kg seed) was done. Seeds were treated with
8 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12
Trichoderma viridae (5g/kg seed) before sowing.
Pest control was achieved through bio-pesticides
viz., neem extract @ 1.2 l/ha and HaNPV [Trade
name: HELIO-KILL, Manufacturer: Mahatma
Phule Agricultural University Rahuri, Maharshtra
(India)] @ 2.5 l/ ha. Weed free condition in the plots
were maintained by hand weeding.
For the inorganic practice, nutrients were
supplied through inorganic fertilizers as per
recommended doses (RDF) for soybean 20:80:20,
wheat 120:60:40 and chickpea 25:50:30 NPK kg/
ha. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50 WP
[Trade name: BAVISTIN, Manufacturer: BASF
Corporation, Missouri (USA)] @ 3 g/ kg of seed
for soybean and gram while, Thiram @ 3 g/kg of
wheat seed was done without inoculation with bio
inoculants. Weeds were controlled by pre emergence
spray of recommended herbicide Pendimethalin
[Trade name: STOMP XTRA, Manufacturer: BASF
Corporation, Missouri (USA)] @ 1.5 l/ha and
pests with the spray of Quinalphos 25 EC [Trade
name: EKALUX 25, Manufacturer: Syngenta
India Limited Pune, Maharastra (India)] @ 1.5l/
ha. For integrated practice, FYM @ 5t/ha and 50
per cent RDF were applied. Seeds were inoculated
with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and phosphate
solubilising micro-organism culture before sowing.
Weeds were controlled through pre emergence spray
of Pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ ha followed by one hand
weeding whereas, plant protection were carried
through integrated pest management practices
whenever the incidence of pest and disease was
noticed.
Soybean crop was sown in the first week of
July during all the kharif seasons. Before sowing,
land was brought to good tilth to facilitate good
germination and favourable conditions for crop
stand. FYM and rock phosphate were mixed
well and applied in soil before sowing as per the
treatment. NPK fertilizers were applied through di-
ammonium phosphate, single super phosphate and
muriate of potash as a basal dose as per treatments.
Seeds of soybean cv. NRC 7 were sown manually in
 Assessment of Soybean based cropping system

rows 30 cm apart with 10 cm between plants within
rows. All cultivation practices were carried out to
raise good crop. Crop was manually harvested at
physiological maturity stage in the second week of
October.
After harvesting the soybean, plots were
harrowed twice to facilitate ease in sowing of the
rabi crops. Wheat (cv. HD 2967) and Chickpea (cv.
Pusa 1103) were manually sown at the rate of 100
and 110 kg/ha, respectively. All sources of nutrients
(organic, inorganic and integrated) as per the
treatments and RDF of respective crop were applied
before sowing, except half the quantity of N was
applied through urea as a top dressing to wheat 21
days after sowing at crown root initiation stage. All
cultivation practices were carried out to raise good
crop. After attaining the physiological maturity, the
crop was harvested manually.
Data on growth, yield contributing characters
and seed yield (kg/ha) were recorded. Economic
yields of the component crops were converted to
soybean-equivalent yield (SEY), by considering
prevailing market prices of the crops. System
productivity was calculated by adding the SEY of
the component crops.
Yield of rabi crop X
Market price of rabi crop
Soybean equivalent = ------------------------------ 2 showed that among cropping systems, wheat
yield Market price of soybean
Pooled analysis of the data for four years was system than soybean-chickpea system (1065kg/ha).
carried out using standard analysis of variance Wheat yielded higher because the residual effect
suggested by Lee, Lee and M. O’Neill (2008).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of cropping system and management
practice on soybean yield
Growth, yield attributes and yield of soybean
were not significantly affected by cropping systems.
However, soybean yield in soybean-wheat (2718kg/
ha) cropping system was numerically higher than
soybean-chickpea (2662 kg/ha) cropping system
(Table 1). Legume followed by cereal crops is
considered to be helpful in soil ameliorating
benefits and attaining the sustainability (Billore et
al , 2013) also reported that soybean yields were
more sustainable when grown before wheat rather
than chickpea in rotation. Management practice
had significantly influenced the growth and yield
attributes viz., number of pods per plant and seed
yield (Table 1). Crop management through organic
inputs produced significantly higher number of pods
per plant and seed yield (2850kg/ha) than inorganic
(2592kg/ha) and integrated (2629kg/ha) practice.
Crop with organic sources showed about 9.95 per
cent increase in yield over inorganically managed
crop. Increase in yield might be due to increased
biological nitrogen fixation and solubilisation of
more amount of P by phosphate solubilising bacteria
and organic manure (FYM) also acts as a substrate
for microorganisms and improved soil condition
favourable for availability of nutrients to crop
throughout the growth period (Prajapat et al, 2014).
Laxminarayan (2006) has reported increase in yield
of soybean due to application of organic sources of
nutrients. Interaction of the cropping system and
management practices had no significant effect on
growth, yield attributes and soybean seed yield.
Effect of cropping system and management
practice on yield of rabi crops
Data for seed yield of rabi crops given in Table
(4017kg/ha) yield was higher in soybean-wheat
of preceding legume crop on succeeding crops
in sequence is evident and easily availability of
nitrogen at critical growth stages.
Inorganic practice (4607kg/ha) yielded
significantly higher wheat yield than integrated
practice (4208kg/ha) and organic practice (3236kg/
ha). Low productivity of wheat under organic
practice may be due to low availability of nitrogen
at various growth stages, which should be more for
cereals and also might be due to slow mineralization
and unavailability of required nutrients, resulted

9 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12

 Singh & Kushwaha

Table 1. Growth, yield contributing characters and yield of kharif soybean as affected by cropping
systems and management practices.
Treatment Plant height Pods/ Branches/ Seed Index Harvest Seed Yield
(cm) Plant Plant (g) index (%) (kg/ha)
Cropping system (C)
Soybean-Wheat 51.20 33.38 2.88 13.54 48.31 2718
Soybean-Chick pea 49.54 33.06 2.91 13.51 48.62 2662
SEm+ 1.09 0.36 0.03 0.04 0.22 36.15
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS
Management practices (M)
Organic 51.11 34.85 3.08 13.56 48.77 2850
Inorganic 48.04 31.74 2.90 13.40 49.14 2592
Integrated 51.96 33.08 2.69 13.60 47.18 2629
SEm+ 1.11 0.60 0.12 0.08 0.63 15.82
CD at 5% NS 1.69 NS NS NS 44.66
Interaction (C x M) 3.02 1.63 0.21 0.44 1.71 88.65
SEm+
CD at 5 % NS NS NS NS NS NS
in setback to crop growth at early stage of system with inorganic practice (2974kg/ ha)
its development and thus influenced the crop recorded significantly the highest SEY followed
productivity. The chickpea yield was significantly by integrated practice (2718kg/ha) (Table 4). This
highest with integrated practice (1188kg/ha) over might be due to the fertilizer responsiveness of
inorganic (1050kg/ha) and organic practice (958kg/ wheat.
ha). Significantly higher chickpea yield with the
application of 50per cent recommended dose of System productivity
fertilizer and 50 per cent FYM was reported by System productivity was considered in terms
Prajapat et al (2014) of total productivity of the system calculated
based on yield of kharif and rabi crops converted
Interaction of cropping system and management into soybean equivalent yield (Table 4). Soybean-
practices (Table 3) showed significantly the highest wheat cropping system with inorganic management
wheat yield in soybean-wheat with inorganic practice (5573kg/ha) recorded the highest total
practice (4607 kg/ha) and it was at par with productivity followed by soybean-wheat cropping
soybean-wheat with integrated practice (4208kg/ system with integrated practice (5345 kg/ha).
ha). Soybean equivalent yield was significantly
influenced by cropping system and management System economics
practices. Soybean-wheat cropping system Soybean-wheat system gave higher gross and
(2595kg/ha) produced significantly higher soybean net monetary returns for the whole cropping system
equivalent yield than soybean-chickpea cropping period. Increased wheat yield under soybean-wheat
system (1304 kg/ ha) (Table 2). As regards to system resulted higher net returns over soybean-
management practice, inorganic practice recorded chickpea system during all years under study.
the highest soybean equivalent yield (2129kg/ha) Inorganically managed wheat crop produced the
followed by integrated practice (2090kg/ha). For highest net returns over soybean-chickpea system
interaction components, soybean-wheat cropping and rest of the two management practices. Use

10 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12

 Assessment of Soybean based cropping system

Table 2. Rabi crop yield, SEY and economics of cropping system as affected by cropping systems
and management practices.
Treatment Wheat yield Chickpea yield SEY System net returns
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs/ ha)
S-W S-C
Cropping systems (C)
Soybean-Wheat 4017 - 2595 86964 -
Soybean- - 1065 1304 - 57872
Chickpea
SEm+ - - 54.28 - -
CD at 5% - - 244 - -
Management practices (M)
Organic 3236 958 1630 74882 56494
Inorganic 4607 1050 2129 97176 55775
Integrated 4208 1188 2090 88834 61347
SEm+ 85.81 24.40 30.27 - -
CD at 5% 245 70.46 85.4 - -
of alone organic and integration of organic and Kumawat PD, Jat NL (2005) Effect of organic manure and
inorganic sources increased the cost of cultivation nitrogen fertilization on productivity of barley (Hordeum
vulgare). Ind J Agron 50: 200-202.
as FYM was costlier than inorganic fertilizers,
therefore reduced the system net returns (Prajapat Billore S D, Joshi O P, Ramesh A and Vyas A K (2013).
Productivity sustainability and stability of soybean
et al, 2014). based cropping systems under different tillage systems.
Soybean Res 11(1):43-57.
CONCLUSION Singh M K, Singh R N, Singh S P, Yadav M K and Singh V K
From the studies, it was seen that the organic (2010). Integrated nutrient management for higher yield,
management practice helps in sustainable and quality and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays). Indian
higher yield in soybean. Soybean crop management J Agron 55 (2): 100-4.
with organic sources was more productive while Deshmukh K K, Khatik S K and Dubey D P (2005). Effect of
wheat cultivation using inorganic sources was more integrated use of inorganic, organic and bio-fertilizers on
productive and remunerative. Residual fertility of production, nutrient availability and economic feasibility
of soybean grown on soil of Kaymore plateau and Satpura
soybean was beneficial for growing wheat after hills. J Soils and Crops 15(1): 21- 5.
harvest of soybean. For getting highest yield and
Prajapat K, Vyas A K and Dhar Shiva (2014). Productivity,
maximum returns from soybean-wheat cropping profitability and land-use efficiency of soybean (Glycine
system, throughout the year organic practice for max) based cropping systems under different nutrient
soybean followed by inorganic practice for wheat management practices. Indian J Agron 59 (2): 229-334.
should be followed. Govindan K and Thirumurugan (2005). Synergistic association
of rhizobium with phosphate solubilizing bacteria under
REFERENCES different sources of nutrient supply on productivity and
Chaturvedi Sumit, Chandel A S, Dhyani V C and Singh A P soil fertility in soybean (Glycine max). Indian J Agron
2009. Productivity, profitability and quality of soybean 50(3): 214-7.
(Glycine max) and residual soil fertility as influenced by Dasog V G S, Babalad H B, Hebsur N S, Gali S K, Patil S
integrated nutrient management. Indian J Agron 55(2): G and Alangawadi A R (2011). Influence of nutrient
133-7. management practices on crop response and economics

11 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12

 Singh & Kushwaha

Table 3. Rabi crop yield (kg/ha) as influenced by interaction between cropping system and
management practices.
Treatment Cropping system (C)
Management practices (M) Soybean - Wheat Soybean - Chick pea Mean
Organic 3236 958 2097
Inorganic 4607 1050 2829
Integrated 4208 1188 2698
Mean 4017 1065
SEm+ 177.50
CD at 5% 500.97

Table 4. Soybean yield, soybean equivalent yield and system productivity as affected by cropping
systems and management practices (Pooled).
Treatment Soybean yield (kg/ha) Soybean Equivalent Yield System
(kg/ha) produc-
tivity
(kg/ha)
Cropping systems 2012 2013 2014 2015 Mean 2012 2013 2014 2015 Mean Mean
and management
practices
Soybean- Organic 3294 2930 2610 2611 2861 2146 2603 2284 1330 2091 4952
Wheat Inorganic 2971 2804 2110 2510 2599 2910 3636 3162 2190 2974 5573
Integrated 3108 2675 2367 2356 2627 2495 3306 3062 2010 2718 5345
Soybean- Organic 3112 3022 2620 2576 2832 1165 1867 669 972 1168 4000
Chick pea Inorganic 2758 2984 2661 2557 2740 1336 1486 851 1464 1284 4024
Integrated 2976 2727 2333 2488 2631 1923 1575 1016 1371 1471 4102
CD at 5 % NS NS NS NS 241.00 361.79 250.52 162.38 374.87

in different cropping systems in vertisol. Karnataka J
Agril Sci 24(4):455-460.
Ramana M and Satyanarayana A (2006). Stability analysis
quality character in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill).
Legume Res 29(4): 274-7.
Lone Bilal Ahmed, Badrul Hasan, Ansar-ulhaq S and Singh
Amarjeet (2009). Effect of seed rate, row spacing and
fertility levels on growth and nutrient uptake of soybean
(Glycine max) under temperate conditions. J Agril and
Biol Sci 4(3): 7-10.
Laxminarayan K and Patiram (2006). Effect of integrated
use of inorganic, biological and organic manures on rice
productivity and soil fertility in ultisols of Mizoram. J Ind
Soc Soil Sci 54 (2): 213-220.
Meena O P, Gour B L and Singh P (2006). Effect of row ratio
and fertility levels on productivity, economic and nutrient
uptake in maize (Zea mays) + soybean (Glycine max)
intercropping system. Indian J Agron 51(3): 178-82.
Pandya N, Chouhan G S and Nepalia V (2005). Effect of
varieties, crop geometry and weed management practices
on growth and development of soybean (Glycine max (L)
Merrill) and associated weeds. J Oilseed Res 22(1): 47-
50 18.
Lee C J, M O’Donnell and M O’Neill (2008). Statistical
Analysis of Field Trials with Changing Treatment
Variance. Agron. J. 100:484–489.
Received on 23/12/17 Accepted on 20/01/18

12 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 7-12

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 13-16 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00024.7

Buffalo Breeding Management Practices Followed by

Farmers of Western Haryana
Vikas Godara1, Harish Kr Gulati2 , Narender Singh3* and Robin4
Department of Livestock Production Management
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar (Haryana)-125004

ABSTRACT
The present investigation was conducted in Western Haryana. Two districts Bhiwani and Sirsa and two
tehsils from each district and two villages from each tehsil were selected randomly. Twenty five buffalo
keepers from each village were selected thus making a sample of 200 farmers. The study revealed that
more than half (54.50 %) respondents got conceived their buffalo by artificial insemination and around
80.00 percent respondents got their animals inseminated at the later stage of heat. About 41 percent
of respondents detect through bellowing. Most (84.00%) of the respondents used panchyat buffalo
bull for service and about 62.50 percent buffalo keepers followed pregnancy diagnosis. Only 40.50
buffaloes were bred after 2 months of calving and 53.00 percent buffaloes calved at the age of 3.5 yr.
Key Words: Western Haryana, Buffalo, Breeding, Management.

INTRODUCTION and the notation prevalent on the subject have

The state of Haryana is situated in the northern
part of India and there are two agro climatic zones in
the state i.e. north-western and south-western. The
buffalo plays an important role in the rural economy
through their contribution to food, draught power,
income and employment generation. The species
are more productive due to higher production
potential, higher percentage of fat in the milk and
more sustainable for rearing because of its better
feed conversion efficiency and disease resistance.
However, the production potential of livestock
depends mostly on the management practices under
which they are reared and these practices vary
significantly across various agro-ecological regions
due to many factors.
Efforts have been made to study systematically
the buffalo management practices in western
Haryana especially where there is scarcity of water
due to low rainfall which is less than 400 mm. The
soil salinity, metrological drought, poor fertility and
nutrient deficiency are bottlenecks in agriculture
and livestock production. The information available
Corresponding Author’s Email:singhnarender32vet@gmail.com
1
M.V.Sc., 2Proffesor & Head, 3Ph.D. Scholar, 4M.V.Sc., Deptt. of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology , LUVAS ,Haryana
been based on assumptions, usual observations,
experience and reports of some specialists and
professional workers. Hence, the findings of this
study will provide feasible and relevant package of
buffalo breeding practices traditionally adopted by
the buffalo keepers of western Haryana.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this field study, desired observations on
various buffalo husbandry practices in western
Haryana were recorded during the period of four
months by using interview schedule, interview guide
and direct observations method by the researcher.
Selection of respondents
The study was conducted in Bhiwani and Sirsa
districts of western Haryana. Two tehsils from
each selected district were identified, which were
Loharu, Dadri, Sirsa and Rania and 25 farmers
from 8 villages of these 4 tehsils were selected for
the study, thus making a total sample of 200 dairy
farmers.

13 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 13-16

 Godara et al

Table 1. Breeding Management Practices Followed in Western Haryana.

Sr. No. Management Practice Frequency Percentage
1. Method of breeding
Natural 20 10.0
Artificial insemination 109 54.5
Both ( Natural and artificial insemination) 71 35.5
2. Method of heat detection
Doka 33 16.5
Mucous discharge 57 28.5
Mounting 19 09.5
Off feed 10 05.0
Bellowing 81 40.5
3. Buffalo for service
Stray bulls 32 16.0
Panchayat bull 168 84.0
4. Stage of heat when buffalo allowed for insemination/service
Early heat 8 04.0
Mid heat 32 16.0
Later heat 160 80.0
5. Pregnancy diagnosis
Yes 125 62.5
No 75 37.5
6. Treatment of anoestrous/repeaters
Yes 200 100
No 0 0
7. Insemination after calving
2-3 m 81 40.5
3-5m 70 35.0
5-6m 27 13.5
More than 6 months 22 11.0
8. Dry period
2m 118 59.0
Less than 2 m 82 41.0
9. Age of first calving
3 yr 6 3.0
3.5 yr 106 53.0
4 yr 55 27.5
More than 4 yr 33 16.5

14 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 13-16

 Buffalo Breeding Management Practices

Development of Interview schedule facility in the study area. The present result of A.I
An interview schedule was prepared with the was in accordance with results observed by Prajapati
help of College of Veterinary Science, Hisar and (2015), Gadhwal et al (2015), Malsawmdawngliana
the data were collected through personal interview and Rahman (2016). however, the present results of
technique from each selected village like personal A.I were in contrast with the findings of Tanwar
particulars of farmers and his family members, et al (2012), Kishore et al (2013), Manohar et al
detailed information about the buffaloes kept by (2014) and Chand (2014).
the respondents and buffalo housing management It was observed that 40.5, 28.5, 16.5, 9.5 and
practices followed by the buffalo owners. 5.0 percent respondent detected heat through
Conducting interview and data collection bellowing, mucous discharge, doka, mounting and
After having selected the respondents, the off feed, respectively as main sign of estrous. Only
researcher made repeated visits to the villages under traditional knowledge plays an important role and
investigation and developed a good rapport with the there is no scientific approach for the heat detection.
selected respondents to gain their confidence. The As regards to the stage of heat at which buffaloes
researcher’s personal professional qualifications and were allowed for inseminate, 80.0 and 16.0 percent
experience greatly facilitated in rapport building. of the respondents followed the practice in later
Before administering the schedule, the objectives of heat and mid heat, respectively, whereas only 4.0
the study were explicitly explained to the farmers. percent was observed to detect heat in early stage.
The questions from the schedule were presented to The results were contrary with Rathore et al (2010),
them in their own dialect, ensuring that they had Manohar et al (2014) and Gadhwal et al (2015). It
perceived the questions correctly so as to avoid any was noted that all the respondents observed their
interpretational variation of the questions put before buffaloes for heat symptoms regularly. It was
the respondents. At occasions, when the respondent also noted that 84.0 and 16.0 percent respondents
found it difficult to respond to a particular question, inseminate their buffalo with panchyat bull and
it was postponed till the end of interview. stray bull, respectively. This was due to high genetic
inheritance of buffalo bull maintained by the local
Further the response of each question in the panchayat.
interview schedule was coded and tabulated
respondent-wise in a master table. The qualitative Regarding pregnancy diagnosis, 62.5 percent
data were quantified accordingly and tabulated to of the respondents practiced pregnancy diagnosis
draw meaningful inferences. of their buffaloes, but remaining 37.5 percent did
not practice pregnancy diagnosis. There are various
Statistical analysis of data misconception regarding Pregnancy diagnosis
To analyze the collected information, basic that buffalo may abort. These results were similar
statistical tools and methods were used like as observed by Sabapara et al (2010b), Manohar
frequency distribution and percentage for the total et al (2014) and contrary to findings of Kishore
numbers of respondents in the survey. (2013), Chand et al (2014), Malsawmdawngliana
et al (2016) but in contradiction to the finding of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rathore et al (2010). The result indicated that all
The results indicated that 54.5 percent of the the respondents treated their buffaloes for anestrous
respondents adopted artificial insemination (A.I), and repeat breeding.
10.0 percent adopted natural service and 35.5 It was observed that 40.5, 35.0, 13.5 and 11.0
percent adopted both (A.I. and natural service). The percent respondents bred their buffalo after 2-3 m,
poor percent of natural service was due to lack of A.I. 3-5 m, 5-6 m and more than 6 months of calving,

15 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 13-16

 Godara et al

respectively. These findings were supported with Kishore K, Mahender M and Harikrishna C (2013). A Study
the results of Sabapara et al (2010). It might be due on buffalo management practices in Khammam district of
Andhra Pradesh. Buffalo Bulletin. 32 (2): 97-107.
to fairly high level of awareness in respondents as
they are under a milk shed of co-operative milk Letha D G (2013). Adoption of dairy farming technologies by
livestock farmers. Indian Res J Ext. Edu 13 (2): 57-61.
producer union.
Malsawmdawngliana R and Rahman S (2016). Management
Thus, it was quite evident from the results practices followed by the dairy farmers of Mizoram,
of various breeding practices followed by the Indian. J Livestock Sci 7: 220-225.
buffalo owners in the study area that majority of Manohar D S, Bais B, Goswami S C, Jhirwal A K and
the respondents were adopting the recommended Choudhary D (2014). Study on breeding management
breeding practices. practices of buffaloes in relationship with selected traits
of respondents in Jaipur District of Rajasthan (India). The
Indian J Field Veterinarians. 9: 82-83.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve the productivity of buffalo Prajapati V S, Singh R R, Kharadi V B and Chaudhary S S
(2015). status of breeding and health care management
in the study area, at least one artificial insemination practices of dairy bovines in the rural and urban areas
centre should be established at village Panchayat of south Gujarat of India. J Anim Sci Adv 5 (11): 1514-
level to provide regular insemination, pure bred 1521.
proven sire should be distributed to interior village Rathore R S, Singh R, Kachawaha R N and Kumar R (2010).
buffalo keepers, conservation of purebred buffalo Existing management practices followed by the cattle
should be taken on priority basis by motivation of keepers in Churu district of Rajasthan. Indian J Anim Sci
80 (8): 798–805.
buffalo keepers through subsidies or remuneration
and wherever the artificial insemination facilities Tanwar P S, Kumar Y and Sankhala G (2012). Study on
breeding and feeding management practices followed by
exist, it should be further strengthened for providing
members and nonmembers of dairy cooperatives in Jaipur
better services. District of Rajasthan. Indian J Dairy Sci 65 (6): 508-513.
Gupta D C, Suresh A and Mann J S (2008).Management
REFERENCES practices and productivity status of cattle and buffaloes in
AHD (2012). Animal husbandry department, India, 19th Rajasthan. Indian J Anim Sci 78 (7): 769–774.
Livestock census- 2012, http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/
WriteReadData/Livestock.pdf Sabapara G P, Desai P M, Kharadi V B , Saiyed L H and Singh
R R (2010). Housing and feeding management practices
Chand P, Sirohi S, Singh S R K, Dwivedi A P and Mishra of dairy animals in the tribal area of South Gujarat. Indian
M (2014). Sustainability of dairy breeding practices in J Anim Sci 80 (10): 1022–27.
Semi-arid eastern zone, Rajasthan. Indian Res J Ext
Edu 14 (3): 43-46 Received on 21/11/17 Accepted on 25/12/17
Gadhwal R S, Goswami S C, Choudhary V K, Kumar S,
Choudhary S, Meel S, Manohar D S and Mitharwal N
(2015). Study on existing breeding management practices
for dairy cattle in North-East arid and semi arid region of
Rajasthan. Vety Practioner 16 (2): 329.

16 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 13-16

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 17-21 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00012.0

Constraints and Shifting of Area of Chickpea Cultivation in Tal

Area of Patna District in Bihar
B D Singh
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Agwanpur, Barh, Patna-803 214 (Bihar)

ABSTRACT
Pulses in India have long been considered as the poor man’s source of protein. India accounts for 33 per cent
of the world’s area and 22 per cent of its pulses’ production. Bihar is one of the leading pulse growing states
in India contributing about 6.5 per cent to the country’s pulses production. The study was conducted in the
Tal area of Patna District where pulses were grown on around 12301 ha area under chickpea, 28266 ha lentil
and 3363 ha under pea and production was 7872.5t of chickpea, 2011.2t of lentil and 3524.8t Pea in the year
2000-01. In the year 2009-10 area under pulses declined and it was 6994 ha under chickpea, 29270 ha under
lentil and 1040 ha under pea and production was 680.5t of chickpea, 3044t of lentil and 156.5t of pea. Based
on findings of the study, it is concluded that the area under chickpea has declined by 16.64 per cent. However,
the area of almost all other pulses like lentil, pea and Lathyrus increased by 15.48 , 6.14 and 3.4 per cent,
respectively. Present study revealed the fact that declining area under chickpea was due to various constraints
like low yield, low market price, time factor, late maturity, high infestation by insect, pest and diseases and
use of local seed. By overcoming these constraints area under chickpea could be increased significantly.
Key Words: Chickpea, Lentil, Lathyrus, Pea, Pulses.

INTRODUCTION by Karnataka (7%) which together share about 77%

Pulses constitute an essential part of the Indian
diet for nutritional security and environmental
sustainability. Pulses are important food crops
due to their high protein content (20 to 25%),
carbohydrates (55 to 60%), rich in calcium and
iron. All pulses play a key role in improving of
soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation
with the help of Rhizobium bacteria found in
their root nodules. Pulses are the second most
important group of crops after cereals. In 2009,
the global pulses production was 61.5 million tons
from an area of 70.6 million ha with an average
yield of 871 kg/ha. Dry beans contributed about
32 per cent to global pulses production followed
by dry pea (17%), chickpea (15.9%), broad bean
(7.5%), lentil (5.7%), cowpea (6%) and pigeon
pea (4.0%) (Basu, 2011). The major producers
of pulses in the country are Madhya Pradesh
(24%), Uttar Pradesh (16%), Maharashtra (14%),
Rajasthan (6%), Andhra Pradesh (10%) followed
of total pulse production while remaining 23 per
cent is contributed by Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Bihar,
Orissa and Jharkhand. Due to stagnant production
and increase in population, the net availability of
pulses has come down from 60g/d/person in 1951
to 31 g/d/ in 2008. India is the largest producer and
consumer of pulses in the world contributing around
25-28 per cent of the total global production (Basu,
2011). The expansion of irrigated agriculture in
northern India has led to displacement of chickpea
with wheat in large area. The present trend revealed
that area under pulses declined from 10.12 million
ha to 8.16 million ha (about 20%) in north India. On
the other hand, area of pulses increased from 11.34
to 15.01 in central and southern India during the
same three decades. Among pulses, chickpea area
decreased more than 50 per cent from north India
during 2006-10 considering the base year 1971-75
(Basu, 2011). This study was undertaken to note
down various constraints faced by the farmers, as a

Corresponding Author’s Email:patnakvk@gmail.com

17 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 17-21

 B D Singh

Table 1. Socio personnel attributes of the respondent.

Sr. No. Age Young (20-30yr) Middle (30-45 yr) Old (>45yr) Total
16 46 38 100
1. Education Low Medium High 100
Below Matric Up to Higher Above
Secondary Graduation
12 48 40
2. Social Structure General Backward SC 100
40 52 08
3. Family Size Small Medium Large 100
Up to 5 member 5 to 10 Member Above 10
members
54 24 22
4. Family Type Nuclear Joint 100
48 52
5. Govt. Beneficiaries Govt. Beneficiary Non Beneficiary 100
10 90
6. Land Holding(ha) Irrigated Un-irrigated 519
144 375
7. Livestock Yes No 100
58 42
8. Farm Implement Yes No 100
54 46

result of which the area under chickpea cultivation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
has been shifted. Socio-economic status of farmers
The study revealed that per cent farmers were
MATERIALS AND METHODS in the age group of young (16%), middle age (46%)
The universe of the study was Tal area of Patna and old (38%) involved in pulse cultivation in the
District. At the first stage of sampling, five potential area whereas 48, 40 and 12 per cent farmers were
blocks of the district was selected, viz., Mokama, with medium , high and low level of education,
Ghoswari, Pandarak, Bakhtiarpur and Khusrupur, respectively. The data about social structure
respectively. Similarly, one village from each block revealed that 52 per cent belonged to other backward
was selected, namely: Maranchi of Mokama Block, classes, 40 per cent to general category and only
Karra of Ghoswari Block, Kazichak of Pandarak 8 per cent were of schedule castes. Fifty four per
Block, Sabani of Bakhtiarpur Block and Tilhar cent of pulse grower were having small family (up
of Khushrupur Block. From each village, on the to 5 members), 24 per cent medium family (5-10
basis of survey, lists of pulse growing farmers were members) and 22 per cent were having large family
prepared. Twenty pulse growers from each village size (>10 members). It was found that about 10 per
were randomly selected and finally data were cent of pulse growers were government beneficiaries
collected with the help of structured schedule. Thus, while 90 per cent were non beneficiaries (Table
the total sample size was of 100 pulse growers. 1). Likewise, 58 per cent of farmers were doing
18 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 17-21
 Constraints and Shifting of Area of Chickpea

Table 2. Area, production and % change in pulse before and after 2012.
Sr. No. Particulars Area before 2012 Area after 2012 % Change

1. Area under Lentil (in ha.) 218.78 258.88 +15.48

2. Area under Chickpea (in ha.) 115.38 96.18 -16.64
3. Production of Lentil (q/ha) 296.16 339.20 +12.68
4. Production of Chickpea (q/ha) 269.20 291.60 +7.68

livestock production along with pulse cultivation The adoption of different technologies in pulse
and 54 per cent farmers were possessing modern cultivation was observed from 100 randomly
implements for agricultural practices. Burman selected pulse growers of different blocks of Patna
et al (2008) also supported that socio-economic district. The data (Table 3) revealed that 18 per
constraints restrict growing of valuable pulse crop cent farmers using recommended seed rate, 30 per
like chickpea. cent adopted seed treatment, 13 per cent used bio-
fertilizer, 18 per cent adopted recommended dose
Area and Production trend of fertilizers, 87 per cent used insecticide-pesticide
In the present study, trend in major pulses was and about 8 per cent adopted line sowing. Overall,
taken into consideration before and after 2012. The pulse growers were poor in technology adoption.
data (Table 2) revealed that the area under lentil
after 2012 was 258.88 ha instead of 218.78 ha The prime source of seed material was own
before 2012 and thus, increased by 15.48 per cent. seed (local varieties or farm produce seed)of
Besides lentil, the area under pea, Lathyrus and farmer instead of government/ private high yielding
dhania also increased marginally about 6.14, 3.4 varieties. Out of 100 farmers 86 farmers used own
and 50 per cent. It was found that due to availability seed where as government/ private sector seed used
of high yielding varieties of lentil and chickpea, the was very low (14) in total pulse growing area and
production was increased by 12.68 and 7.68 per as per crop growing area farmer’s point of view the
cent, respectively after 2012. Although, the area Lentil stand first rank followed by pea, chickpea
under chickpea declined from 115.8 ha to 96.18 ha and Lathyrus. As per observation schedule chickpea
and the percentage change was found to be (-)16.64 was replaced by lentil, pea, Lathyrus and dhania in
per cent. Kumar and Bourai (2012) also supported 63, 17 , 12 and 8 per cent area, respectively.
that chickpea growing farmers were negligible in Constraints
number due to attack of pod borer (insect), wilt The data (Table 4) revealed that 13 constraints
(disease), climatic conditions and other constraints. were identified which affects directly or indirectly
Adoption behavior of different technologies cultivation of chickpea in the study area as

Table 3. Adoption behavior of different technologies in pulses cultivation area.

Sr. No. Technology adopted Adopted Non-adopted
1. Use of Recommended Seed rate 18 82
2. Seed treatment 30 70
3. Use of Bio-fertilizer 13 87
4. Use of Recommended dose of fertilizer 18 82
5. Use of Line Sowing 08 92
6. Use of Insecticide-Pesticide 87 13

19 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 17-21

 B D Singh

1. Low market price: According to respondent, the factor for decline in chickpea area.
low market price was the first factor that stands 7. Crop rotation: Because more than 60 per cent
at 1st rank and majority of farmers willing that of area of chickpea was under rainfed and there
low market price of chickpea was one of the is no irrigation facility. Due to this, there is no
reasons for declining the area of chickpea. chance to rotate cereal crop.
2. Social problem: Most of the farmer informed Kumar and Bourai (2012) also supported that
that human pickup the chickpea before some of the above mention constraints restricts
physiological maturity therefore, yields decline. growing of pulses. The paper also focus on
So the social factor was one of the major causes constraints of non-availability essential inputs i.e.
of decline pulse area in Patna district. quality seed, suitable variety, management of insect-
3. Low yield: Most of the farmers reported that pest and diseases, fertilizers and nutrients, price
low production of chickpea was one of the policy implication and marketing to be reoriented
constraints for declining the area of chickpea at to bring it in tune with the emerging cultivation of
farmer stand second rank. chickpea pulse in Bihar. Narayan and Kumar (2015)
4. Late maturity: The farmers opined that the also supported that above input were essential for
maturity period of chickpea was more than that increasing productivity of pulses.
of lentil, pea and lathyrus therefore, the sowing
of next season crop was affected. CONCLUSION
On the basis of present study, it may be
5. Higher infestation of insect-pest and diseases: concluded that pulses grown in Tal area contributed
According to farmers, attack of insect pest and significantly in state as well as national income.
diseases was the major cause of declined area According to observation of this project, cultivation
and production of chickpea. of chickpea as a field crop in Tal area was declined
6. High cost of cultivation: High cost of seed and and replaced by lentil, pea, Lathyrus and dhania.
pest management was resulting in higher cost of Area under chickpea declined due to various factors
production. Hence , lack of capital was one of such as low market price, socio-economic factor,

Table4. Ranking order of the constraints identified.

Sr. No. Constraints Identified Ranked by Farmers
1. Low market price I
2. Low yield II
3. Time Factor III
4. Late Maturity IV
5. Social Problem V
6. High Infestation by Insect, Pest and Diseases VI
7. High cost of cultivation VII
8. Lack of Suitable Insecticide for Pod borer VIII
9. Lack of Suitable Varieties IX
10. Lack of Capital X
11. Crop Rotation XI
12. Lack of Rhizobium culture in local market XII
13. Wilting Problem XIII

20 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 17-21

 Constraints and Shifting of Area of Chickpea

time factor, late maturity, high infestation by insect, Basu P S (2011).Vision 2030. Indian Institute of Pulses
pest and diseases and use of local seed. Research, Kanpur, Indian Council of Agricultural
Research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kumar S and Bourai V A (2012). Economic Analysis of Pulses

Production Their Benefits and Constraints (A Case Study
The authors acknowledge B.A.U., Sabour, of Sample Villages of Assan Valley of Uttarakhand,
ATARI Kolkata and ICAR, New Delhi for India). J of Humanities and Social Sci 1(4):41-53.
providing financial assistance and technical support Burman R R,Singh S K, Singh L and Singh A K (2008).
for conducting this Project. Extension Strategies for increasing Pulses Production for
Evergreen Revolution. Indian Res J Ext Edu 8(1): 05-08.
REFERENCES Received on 13/7/2017 Accepted on 13/12/17
Narayan P and Kumar S (2015). Constraints of growth in
area production and productivity of pulses in India: An
analytical approach to major pulses. Indian J Agric Res
49 (2): 114-124.

21 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 17-21

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 22-26 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00011.9

Constraints Experienced by Agricultural Scientists and Extension

Personnel in Rice Knowledge Management and its Delivery
Sunil Kumar1, V Sangeetha2, Premlata Singh3, R Roy Burman4 and Arpan Bhowmik5
Division of Agricultural Extension
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (India)

ABSTRACT
Rice being staple crop, cultivated in almost all over India. In order to provide probable solution about
rice cultivation to all the stakeholders, the Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad launched
Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP). The present study was undertaken with an objective to
analyse the constraints experienced by agricultural scientists and extension personnel in rice knowledge
management and its delivery. The results showed that agricultural scientists and extension personnel faced
technological, social, economical and psychological constraints more severely. Under the technological
constraints, lack of updated information and technical and Infrastructure problems while using information
and communication technologies (ICTs), poor maintenance of ICT tools were major constraints. In case
of social constraints, restriction to promote organization information followed by less networking among
extension personnel found to be most limiting factor for using portal information. In case of psychological
factors, benefits given to particular group of people was found most severe and techno-phobia was found
least affecting to respondents for utilizing information. In case of economic constraints, high cost of
internet and cost of computer/smart phones were limiting the use of information provided by RKMP. These
findings will help in restructuring and necessary modifications for reaching the unreach for information
dissemination and making portal more effective for users to ensure timely and relevant information.
Key Words: Constraints, Economical. Friedman test, Psychological, Social, Technological, ICT.

INTRODUCTION right format by any user (Mondal, 2013). The Indian

In the recent era of globalization, knowledge agriculture is a complex enterprise which involves
has been recognized as a valuable organizational millions of small and marginal farmers. Many of
resource from a strategic perspective and an these small and marginal farmers are illiterate
important factor for competitive advantage, and have little or no access to resources to access
effective organizational performance and success modern technology in agriculture (Yadav et al,
(Rai, 2011). Hence, Knowledge management (KM) 2015). Therefore, KM in agriculture has an immense
is considered to be very difficult task in Indian scope and challenge for managing agricultural
agriculture and become one of the foremost agendas knowledge in public, private and non-government
in many research institutions and organizations organizations in India (Venkatasubramanian and
(Tan and Wong, 2015). It constitute of dynamic Mahalakshmi, 2012). The goal of information and
and continuous set of the process which enables communication technology (ICT) is to provide
the organization enhancement and expands their the benefits of information revolution to the rural
innovation processes. In this process, information masses by enhancing farming efficiency, farm
is collected from various sources and dissemined to productivity and farmers’ income (Sangeetha et al,
many, so that it can be acquired at the right time in the 2015). Various ICT tools have been deployed for
Corresponding Author’s Email: sunilkumar05143@gmail.com
1
Ph.D.Scholar, 2Scientist, 3Principal Scientist & Head, 4Principal Scientist, Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi, 5Scientist ICAR - Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute, New Delhi

22 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 22-26

 Kumar et al

agriculture knowledge management which includes and having no scope of further manipulation. The
organizational web portals created for specific data were collected using semi structured interview
commodities, sectors, and enterprise and for schedule and a three point continuum of severity
e-commerce activities (Sulaiman, 2012). A careful was used for getting responses. To find out the most
analysis of these websites and portals indicates that important constraint within each group, a two way
these are mostly used for disseminating generic analysis of variance using Friedman’s test, a non-
information and poor in quality (Yadav et al, 2015). parametric test, was used. The test statistic was
Agricultural portal share specially designed calculated as follows;
single access points to information collected from
diverse sources related to crops and its entities. It
acts as a gateway to information and an aggregator
of knowledge gathered from various sources for
various stakeholders such as farmers, extension The law of probability of this test statistic is
workers and scientists. Agricultural portal may be approximated by the chi-square distribution with k
private or public; but it depends upon the hosting − 1 degrees of freedom.
organization. An effort was made by Indian
institute of rice research (IIRR) Hyderabad along RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
with consortium partners to develop such a portal Constraints faced by the scientists
which can cater all the rice related information The data (Table 1) depict that among
of all the stakeholders of agriculture. The rice technological constraints, lack of updated
knowledge management portal (RKMP) serves as information (6.388), poor maintenance of ICT tools
an information highway for rice sector for farmers, (5.350) was the major problem faced by scientists.
researchers, extension professionals, policy makers, Technical and infrastructural problems while using
students etc. The RKMP provides many queries for ICTs (4.281) was also affecting the use of modern
rice research and cultivation, as queries related to technology to access the information. Too many
variety selection, disease management, pest and steps to get information (3.813), low quality of
site specific frequently asked questions (Das et al, content (3.775), and lack of relevant content in the
2013). Hence, an attempt was made to analyze the portal (3.725) were found to least affect the use of
technological, social, economical and psychological information from the portal. These findings were
constraints that limit the knowledge management similar to the finding of Balakrishnan et al (2012).
and information delivery system.
In case of scientists, economic constraints like
high cost of internet (1.471) and cost of computer/
MATERIALS AND METHODS
smart phones (1.532) were not found to limit the
The investigation was conducted in Nalgonda
use of information provided by RKMP (Table 1).
of Telangana and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh
In case of social constraints, restriction to promote
districts because the RKMP project has been
organization information in which they are working
implemented in these districts since its beginning
(3.731) was the major constraint followed by the
and rice is cultivated through year. From each
lack of coordination from senior people (3.631).
district, fifteen agricultural scientists and fifteen
Apart from these constraints, less networking
extension personnel were selected through simple
among scientists (2.813), lack of institutional
random sampling technique for interview. Thus,
support (2.763) and lack of acceptability in
total sixty respondents were selected. In this study,
internet information (2.063) were the other major
ex-post facto research design was used, as the
constraints. Under the psychological constraints,
manifestation of the variables has already occurred

23 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 22-26

 Constraints experienced by Agricultural Scientists

Table 1. Constraints perceived by the scientists.

Sr. No. Constraint Mean of ranks Groups
A Technological
1. Lack of relevant content in the portal 3.725 A
2. Poor quality of content 3.775 A
3. Too many steps to get information 3.813 A
4. Non availability of computer 3.838 A B
5. Technical and Infrastructure problems while using ICTs 4.281 A B
6. Problems of maintenance/ Poor maintenance of ICT tools 5.350   B C
7. Lack of updated information 6.388     C
Chi –square value 16.681
B Economical
8. High cost of internet connection 1.532 A
9. Cost of computer/mobile 1.471 A
Chi –square value 0.2
C Social
10. Lack of acceptability for internet information 2.063 A
11. Lack of institutional support 2.763 B
12. Less networking among scientist 2.813 B
13. Lack of coordination from senior people 3.631 C
14. Restriction to promote organization information in which they work 3.731 C
Chi –square value 19.623
D Psychological
15 Lack of motivation 1.794 A
16. Techno-phobia 1.988 A B
17. Benefits given to particular group of people 2.219 B
Chi –square value 0.816
benefits given to particular group of people (2.219) low (3.93), lack of relevant content in the portal
had significant influence on the use of RKMP (3.68), too many steps to get information (3.65)
information, whereas techno phobia (1.988) and were the least significant problems limiting the use
lack of motivation (1.794) were the other important of information from the portal.
constraints. The high cost of internet (1.43) and cost of
Constraints faced by extension personnel computer/smart phones (1.57) were not limiting the
Under the technological constraints , technical use of information provided by RKMP whereas
and infrastructure problems while using ICTs in case of social constraints, restriction to promote
(5.20) , lack of updated information (5.0), poor organization information in which they were
maintenance of ICT tools (4.98) were the major working (3.43) was the major constraint found
problem and non availability of computer (4.45) followed by the less networking among extension
was also affecting the use of modern technology to personnel (3.33). Apart from these constraints, lack
access the information. The quality of content was of institutional support (3.23), lack of coordination

24 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 22-26

 Kumar et al

Table 2. Constraints perceived by the extension personnel.

Sr. Constraint Mean of ranks Groups
No.
A Technological
1. Too many steps to get information 3.65 A
2. Lack of relevant content in the portal 3.68 A
3. Poor quality of content 3.93 A B
4. Non availability of computer 4.45 A B
5. Problems of maintenance/ Poor maintenance of ICT tools 4.98 A B C
6. Lack of updated information 5.00   B C
7. Technical and Infrastructure problems while using ICTs 5.20     C
Chi –square value 18.482
B Economical
8. High cost of internet connection 1.43 A
9. Cost of computer/mobile 1.57 A
Chi –square value 1.0
C Social
10. Lack of acceptability for internet information 2.35 A
11. Lack of coordination from senior persons 2.65 B
12. Lack of institutional support 3.23 B
13. Less networking among extension personnel 3.33 C
14. Restriction to promote organization information in which they work 3.43 C
Chi –square value 14.092
D Psychological
15. Benefits given to particular group of people 1.77 A
16 Lack of motivation 1.90 A B
17 Techno-phobia 2.33 B
Chi –square value 2.182
from senior persons (2.65) and lack of acceptability constraints lack of updated information and
for internet information (2.35) were the other poor maintenance of ICT tools and technical and
significant constraints for extension personnel. In Infrastructure problems while using ICTs were
case of psychological constraints, techno phobia considered to be limiting technological factor for
(2.33) was having noteworthy influence on the use utilizing the information. To prevail over these
of RKMP information, whereas lack of motivation constraints RKMP needs to be updated information
(1.90) and benefits given to particular group of regularly and good and regular maintenance of ICT
people (1.77) were the other constraints faced by tools is needed. Similarly scientists and extension
the extension personnel (Table 2). personnel faced social constraints like, restriction
to promote organization information in which they
CONCLUSION work was the most limiting factor. Similarly, the
In the present study it was found that scientists benefits given to particular group of people was also
and extension personnel faced the technological affecting the use of information. To overcome these

25 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 22-26

 Constraints experienced by Agricultural Scientists

constrains a low cost technology in the form of Mondal S ( 2013). Text book of agricultural extension with
RKMP mobile app can be provided through which global innovations. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp-
106.
all information of rice can be accessed. A link should
be with state department to use this information Rai R K (2011). Knowledge management and organizational
culture: a theoretical integrative framework. J knowledge
for better sharing and utilizing portal resources Manage 15(5):779-801.
effectively. RKMP needs to be promoted all over
Sangeetha V, Burman R R, Dubey S K, Sharma J P and
the country more intensively. The finding will Singh I (2015). Attitude of Agricultural Stakeholders
help in restructuring and necessary modifications on Use of Short Message Service (SMS) in Transfer of
needed for reaching to un reach for disseminating Technology. Indian J Ext Edu 51(1and2): 60-65.
information and making portal more effective for Sulaiman R V, Andy Hall, Kalaivani NJ, Kumuda Dorai
farmers for timely and relevant information. and Vamsidhar Reddy T S (2012). Necessary, but
not sufficient: Critiquing the role of information and
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT communication technology in putting knowledge into
use. J Agril Edu and Ext 18(4): 331-346.
The authors would like to acknowledge Indian
Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for Tan L P and Wong K Y (2015). Linkage between knowledge
management and manufacturing performance: a structural
funding this research, Dr. Shaik N Meera (Principal equation modeling approach. J knowledge Manage
Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 19(4):814-835.
Hyderabad, India) for his support and guidance Venkatasubramanian V and Mahalakshmi P (2012). Innovative
during this study. institutional approaches for Agricultural Knowledge
System management in India in OECD, : Improving
REFERENCES Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems: OECD
Balaji V (2009). The fate of agriculture. Available at http:// Conference Proceedings, OECD Publishing.
www.indiaseminar. Yadav K, Rasheed Sulaiman V, Yaduraju N, Balaji V and
Das D R, Pandey P S, Mishra A K and Meera S N (2013). Prabhakar T (2015). ICTs in knowledge management:
Rice Knowledge Management Portal for Technology the case of the Agropedia platform for Indian agriculture.
Dissemination: A Case Study for Haryana, Punjab And Knowledge Manage for Develop J 11(2).
Uttarakhand States. Indian J Ext Edu 49(1and2) : 88-92. Received on 02/09/17 Accepted on 02/11/17

26 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 22-26

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 27-30 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00036.3

Construction of Scale for Measuring the Managerial Abilities in

Small enterprises of the Rural Women
K Bhagya Lakshmi
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amadalavalasa, Srikakulam, ANGRAU ( Andhra Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Women play a crucial role in rural economy and in India large percentage of micro enterprises in rural areas
are run by them. Agro based enterprises such as vegetable production, dairy management and petty trading
activities provide various livelihood opportunities for women in rural areas. Micro enterprises act as vehicles
for creating jobs, raising household income and enhancing the purchasing power of the farm families but in
order to run the microenterprises successfully women need to possess different managerial abilities such as
opportunity scanning, business planning, organizing, directing, controlling, marketing and evaluating. Hence,
it becomes necessary to assess the managerial abilities of rural women for strengthening of micro enterprises.
Therefore, an attitude scale was constructed for measuring the managerial abilities of the rural women in
managing micro enterprises. A total number of 29 statements were selected to measure the managerial
abilities of the rural women and Likert method of summated ratings was used for construction of the scale.
Key Words: Controlling, Business planning, Directing, Evaluating, Micro enterprises, Opportunity
scanning, Organizing, Marketing.

INTRODUCTION Micro enterprises not only enhance

Women play a significant and crucial role in
agriculture and allied sectors such as livestock
production, horticulture, agro-forestry, fisheries etc.
Women not only contribute formidable workforce to
microenterprises but also manage diversified micro
enterprises in rural India. The Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprise Development Act (MSMED)
Act, 2006 defines the micro enterprise as enterprise
engaged in the manufacturing or production of
goods, whose investment in plant and machinery
does not exceed Rs. 25 lakh, and enterprise in
providing or rendering services, whose investment
in equipment does not exceed Rs.10 lakh. Micro-
enterprises are those industrial and business
undertakings where owners, individuals, friends or
relatives supply capital; they operate locally, and
the size of business as well as management is small.
Micro enterprises provide livelihood security to
rural women by providing self employment. Micro
enterprise is an effective instrument of social and
economic development (Sharma et al, 2012).
productivity, generate employment but also help
to develop managerial abilities of rural women.
Women should have various management abilities
such as opportunity scanning, business planning,
organizing, directing, controlling, marketing and
evaluating for successful running of any kind of
enterprises. By keeping this in view, an attempt was
made to construct an attitude scale to measure the
managerial abilities of the rural women in managing
micro enterprises.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The method of summated rating scale suggested
by Likert (1932) was followed in the construction
of attitude scale. The following steps were followed
for the development of the scale.
Collection and selection of the statements:
The statements related to the managerial abilities
of the rural women were framed and selected first
by reviewing literature and consulting experts in the

Corresponding Author’s Email: bhagya.dunga@gmail.com

27 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 27-30

 K Bhagya Lakshmi
fields of extension education and rural and women
development. The screening of the statements was
made on the criteria suggested by Edwards (1957).
The judgment sheet with 60 selected items was
submitted to the panel of judges. Out of 60 items, 35
items whose weighted means were equal or above
the overall mean were selected for item analysis.
Item analysis:
The selected statements were prepared in
the form of summated rating scale with 5 – point
response continuum i.e., ‘Always’, ‘Frequently’,
‘Some times’, ‘Rarely’ and ‘Never’ by assigning
scores of 5, 4, 3, 2 and I, respectively. These
statements were translated into Telugu and
administered to 30 rural women who were selected
randomly outside the sample area. Thirty five
statements were subjected to item analysis. All the
30 respondents were arranged in ascending order
of total scores on the summated rating responses.
Thereafter, 25 per cent respondents from top and
same number from bottom in terms of total score
on the statement were selected and grouped. These
two categories provided the criterion group by
evaluating the individual statement was made. The
critical ratio, that is t-value which is a measure of
the extent to which a given statement differentiates
between the high and low groups of respondents
for each state was calculated by using formula
suggested by Edwards (1957).
Scoring technique
The total score for each individual on the scale
was computed by summing the weightage of the or the ability of the rural woman to identify and
individual item response.
Reliability of the scale
A scale is reliable when it consistently produces
the same results when applied to the same sample.
In this study, two types of reliability tests were used,
namely a) test- retest reliability and b) split-half
reliability. In this method the scale was administered
to 30 rural women from outside sample area, twice
28 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 27-30
with 15 days interval. Thus, two sets of scores were
obtained for the same respondents. The correlation
coefficient was r = 0.88 indicating that the scale was
stable or dependable for measuring the managerial
abilities of the rural women. The scale was further
subjected to split half reliability. In this method,
the scale was administered to 30 respondents. Two
sets of scores were derived on half forms of scale
containing odd and even number of statement for the
same respondents and the scores were correlated.
The reliability was estimated by the Spearman
Brown formula. The coefficient of reliability thus
obtained in this case was 0.809, which was found
significant at 0.01 level of probability indicating the
internal consistency of the scale constructed.
Validity of the scale
The validity of the scale was examined with the
help of content validity by determining how well
the contents of the scale represented the subject
matter under the study. As all the possible items
covering the universe were selected by discussion
with extension experts, reviewing the literature and
strict adherence to the judges. It could confirm that
the instrument satisfied the content validity.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to table 1, a total number of 29
statements having ‘t’ value of 1.75 and more
were selected for final scale. These statements
were later grouped under seven broad dimensions
i.e., opportunity scanning, business planning,
organizing, directing, controlling, marketing and
evaluating.
It was evident (Table 1) that opportunity scanning
understand the environment in which she operates
is the primary thing for initiating and smooth
running of any micro enterprise. After scanning
the business environment, proper planning of
enterprise activities well in advance is the essential
prerequisite for organizing the enterprise work
based on its importance. Directing and controlling
of enterprise through proper decision making and
 Construction of Scale for Measuring the Managerial Abilities
Table. 1. Scale for measuring the managerial abilities of the rural women in managing micro
enterprises.
Sr. No Statement t - Value
i) Opportunity scanning
1. Assessing profitability of the enterprise 3.021
2. Considering the credit facilities. 2.756
3. Considering the location of the enterprise 2.995
ii) Business planning
4. Defining aim before starting enterprise activities. 2.053
5. Taking adequate care in selecting crops/animals/products. 3.012
6. Calculating the total costs before hand 2.341
7. Procuring money before starting enterprise activities. 2.950
8. Forecasting sales and costs of the enterprise. 2.041
9. Considering the past experiences while planning activities. 3.022
10. Considering the sources of the raw material well in advance. 4.554
11. Anticipating the obstacles while running the enterprise 2.987
iii) Organizing
12. Enumerating the enterprise activities before hand 2.987
13. Prioritizing enterprise work according to its importance 4.584
14. Arranging the inputs for their timely use 3.161
iv) Directing
15. Taking major decisions about the enterprise 2.388
16. Collecting new information related to enterprise 4.254
17. Supervising enterprise activities 2.967
18. Motivating the workers to perform enterprise activities effectively 3.161
v) Controlling
19. Taking remedial measures when something goes wrong 3.005
20. Keeping accounts for costs and profits 2.810
21. Ensuring proper utilization of resources available 3.161
vi. Marketing
22. Finding out customers need 4.600
23. Knowing about competitors and their products 3.087
24. Considering the prices customers prepared to pay for the products before 4.112
marketing
25. Involving in sales promotion activities 1.998
26. Getting feedback from the customers 1.956
vii) Evaluation
27. Reviewing the business condition of the enterprise 1.976
28. Visualizing future plans of the enterprise. 2.876
29. Self assessment as an entrepreneur 1.923

29 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 27-30

 K Bhagya Lakshmi
by taking remedial actions, when something goes
wrong are identified as essential managerial abilities
for an entrepreneur in the scale. Financial success
of an enterprise solely depends on marketing ability
of micro entrepreneurs, hence five statements in the
final scale were measuring the marketing abilities
of the rural women. Evaluation is a continuous
process for reviewing the business condition and
visualizing future plans of the enterprise, hence
three statements with significant ‘t’ values were
included in the final scale. Hence, the above attitude
scale measuring the managerial abilities of rural
women in micro enterprise management under
various dimensions.
CONCLUSION
The scale was found to be reliable and valid and
therefore, it can precisely measure the managerial Received on 16/12/17
abilities of the rural women in managing micro
enterprises. By measuring the managerial abilities
of rural women micro-entrepreneurs, extension
functionaries can plan and implement various
development programmes for promotion of micro
– enterprises in rural areas. This scale can also
be effectively used for assessing the managerial
abilities of rural women for organizing capacity
building activities for women in order to strengthen
rural microenterprises.
REFERENCES
Edwards L Allen (1957). Techniques of attitude scale
construction. New York, Appleton Century, Crafts Inc.
Likert R (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes.
Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 1-55.
Sharma Ajay, Sapna, Dua M S and Hatwal Vinod (2012).
Micro enterprise development and rural women
entrepreneurship: way for economic empowerment
APJEM Arth Prabandh: J Econ and Manage 6(1), 114-
127.
Srilatha Vani. Ch and Srilatha P (2015). A Study on
Women Employment through Dairy micro-enterprise
management. Asian J Dairy and Food Res 34(3) : 202-
204.
Shugufta Yasmeen and Gangayya B (2014). Women
Empowerment through micro-enterprises – A study of
Y.S.R District, A.P. J Human and Soc Sci (IOSR-JHSS)
19(2):39-48.
Accepted on 05/01/18

30 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 27-30

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 31-34 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00013.2

Constraints in Sugarcane Trash Utilization in Tiruchirappalli

district of Tamilnadu
V Dhanushkodi1 and K Padmadevi2
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirugamani, Tiruchirappalli 639 115 (Tamil Nadu)

ABSTRACT
Burning of sugarcane trash inside the field in India is a common practice among the farmers due to lack of
labour availability and less time available for sowing of the next crop. This is a hazardous practice which
has affected soil health, air, human health etc. leading to massive as well as monetary losses. The present
study has been based on primary data collected from the sugarcane growers to highlight the constraints
pertaining to this issue. Lack of labour availability, high cost for disposing and lack of knowledge on
in-situ composting emerged as the major reasons for the ongoing practice. The different measures like
creating awareness on in-situ composting and mulching technique were suggested by the farmers to deal
with the issue. In-situ composting and trash mulching in sugarcane field can be a good alternate to mitigate
these problems. Some of the measures to deal with the problem can be creating awareness among the
farmers about eco loss and strict implementation of the law prohibiting the burning of crop residue, custom
hiring of expensive machinery for chopping of straw, off farm utilization were suggested by farmers.
Key Words: Constraints, Environment, In-situ composting, Sugarcane trash.

INTRODUCTION In Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu,

Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops
in India and play pivotal role in both agriculture
and industrial economy of the country. India is one
of the largest producers of sugar and is in close
competition with Brazil for the top position. In India,
sugarcane is cultivated over an area of 4 m ha and
the production is estimated about 325 MT with the
productivity of 70 t/ha. In Tamil Nadu, sugarcane is
cultivated in an area of 3.22 lakh hectares with an
average productivity of 101.8 t/ha. India needs to
produce 320 MT of sugarcane to cater the crushing
requirement of sugar factories operated in the
country. Greater attention is given only in improving
the sugarcane yield and not much in awareness on
sugarcane trash recycling and more labour cost for
disposing the trash (Prasanthrajan and Ponnusamy,
2011). Besides the loss of organic matter and the
plant nutrients, burning of crop residue also causes
atmospheric pollution due to the emission of toxic
gases such as methane, carbon dioxide that poses
threat to humans and the ecosystem.
Corresponding Author’s Email:dhanushselgi@yahoo.com.au
1
Assistant Professor (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry) and 2Assistant Professor (Horticulture)
sugarcane is cultivated in an area of 3000 ha with
an average productivity of 100 t/ha. Though a
ban was imposed on stubble burning by the state
government, the practice is still going. The problem
has been highlighted by the United States National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and Supreme Court of India has also taken a serious
note of it, but of no avail. Impact is manifold i.e. air
as well as soil pollution, health hazards, road safety
etc. According to study conducted by Centre for
Sustainable Agriculture, Hyderabad, the burning a
tonne of straw releases 3 kg particle matter , 60 kg
of CO, 1460 kg of CO2 , 199 kg of ash and 2 kg of
SO2 in the air. Apart from this, the practice causes
massive loss in soil both in term of nutrients and
microorganisms. As per the study conducted by the
Department of Soils, PAU, Ludhiana in 2010, the
nutrient losses by burning of sugarcane trash was
estimated and were around 6-7 kg of N, 1-1.7 kg of
P, 14-25 kg of K and 1.2-1.5 kg of S. This leads to
an additional expenditure of Rs.150 crore per year

31 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 31-34

 Dhanushkodi & Padmadevi
to replenish the soil. Preservation of organic carbon
is must as these boost the water holding capacity in
the soil. About 38 lakh tonne of organic carbon is
lost every year due to burning of soil and 32 kg of
urea, 5.5 kg of DAP and 51kg of potash per acre is
also lost (Kaur, 2017).
In-situ composting and sugarcane trash
mulching can be a good alternate to mitigate the
problems. Though mulching and in-situ composting
is better option for sugarcane trash management,
but the time taken is little high. In recent years
integrated system of composting with bio inoculants
and subsequent incorporation in field to overcome
the problem is receiving worldwide attention of
scientist (Sweta et al, 2010 and Dahiya et al, 2003
). Effective microbes (EM) or biomineralizer are
variety of microorganism grown as consortium that
is capable to make a residue into valuable nutrient
sources. Simple biotechnological process, which
could provide a ‘win-win’ solution to tackle the
problem of safe disposal of waste as well as the most
needed plant nutrients for sustainable productivity
is described. Even though there is wide scope for
utilization of sugarcane trash, but still the farmers
are not adopting those technologies. Keeping
in view the above mentioned facts, the present
study was undertaken to highlight the quantity
of crop residue generated in sugarcane cropping
system as well as constrains to its management in
Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was undertaken in sugarcane
growing areas of Tiruhchirappalli district in Tamil
Nadu. The villages covered under study were
Lalgudi, Mannachanallur and Manikandam Taluk
in Tiruchirappalli district. The taluk and villages
were selected purposively, where random sampling
technique was followed to select the respondents.
It was decided to draw samples from all categories
of farmers i.e. small (upto 2 ha), medium (>2-
4 ha) and large (>4 ha). The criteria of section
based on the considération that the farmers were
32 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 31-34
growing sugarcane continously and marked
them to earn income. In other words, the farmers
growig sugarcane for commercial purpose were
selected. A random technique was followed to
select 25 sugarcane growers from each group in
each village. The constraints diffèr from individual
to individual depending upon their social status,
family, requirement, family obligation, cultural
background and economical conditions. These
constraints were classified into four categories
namely social, organizational, technology transfer
and economical. The responses were scored on 4
points scales fitting to the statements as very much
(4), much (3) not so much (2) and not at all (1)
important.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Social Constraints 
The social problems were location specific
and mostly concerned with individuals residing
in a specific social condition (Table 1). The
score analysis revealed that traditional norms in
the village, lack of awareness, low adoption by
neighbours and were most important constraints,
which do not permit the farmers to accept and adopt
new technologies of utilization of sugarcane trash
(Arya and Shah, 1984 ; Samantrary et al, 2009 ).
Organizational Constraints
As much as five important constraints were
reported in the area under study. Non availability of
production inputs timely, lack of timely advice and
guidance by extensional personnel, irregular visit of
extension workers and lack of effective supervision
were identified as constraints in sugarcane trash
utilization (Table 1). However, most of them were
related to government actions that need to be stream
lined to make sugarcane trash utilization.
Technology Transfer
Transfer of technology is another important
dimension in our farming activities. It is more so in
case of sugarcane cultivation, which are known as
cash crop. The data (Table 1) revealed the inadequate
 Constraints in Sugarcane Tradh

Table 1. Constraints reported by different categories of farmers in utilization of sugarcane trash.

Sr. No. Constraint M.F. S.F. B.F. Total MS
M.S M.S M.S
A Social Constraints
Lack of awareness 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4
Traditional norms 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6
Low adoption by neighbours 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.6
Coordination among farmers 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2
Groupism in village 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4
B Organizational Constraints
Poor coordination and cooperation among grass 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9
root level extension workers
Lack of timely advice and guidance by extensional 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.1
personnel
Non availability of production inputs timely 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4
Irregular visit of extension workers 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4
Lack of effective supervision 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.3
C Technological Constraints
Inadequate training of farmers 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6
Inadequate demonstration of new technology 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.4
Inadequate follow up service 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6
Lack of location specific recommendation 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.4
Deficiency in technical know-how 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0
Unavailability of mass media sources for 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4
information
D Economical Constraints
High cost of technology 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3
Poor economical condition of the farmers 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.3
Labour shortage 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1
Lack of machinery 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.6
Costly machines 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3
M.F.-Marginal farmers , S.F. -Small farmers, B.F- Big farmers, M.S.-Mean score

demonstration of new technology, inadequate The data (Table 1) revealed that high cost and lack
training programme, deficiency in technical know– of machinery, shortage of labour and higher wages
how and inadequate follow up service were the for disposing it off are quoted as the reason for the
major constraints. The other constraints were lack burning practice. In general, farmers were favoring
of location specific recommendation and non– its mixing in the soil. So it was found that all the
exposure to mass media. sampled farmers were against burning of sugarcane
trash in principle. But majority of them could not
Economical Constraints find any solution at an individual level and were
Economic constraints were identified, which seeking government assistance to dispose it off.
stand as barrier in utilization of sugarcane trash.
33 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 31-34
 Dhanushkodi & Padmadevi
CONCLUSION
It was evident from the study that the major
constraints like traditional norms, lack of
awareness on technology, inadequate training and
demonstrations, non availability of production
input, lack of timely advice and guidance by the
extension persons, high cost machinery and high
cost of technology were faced by the farmers.
The study has confirmed that the lack of proper
recommendation, lack of community awareness and
lack of effective supervision are the contributing
factors to the issue. Thus there is a need to organize
training programme, proper demonstration of
improved technologies to encourage the farmers
for utilization of sugarcane trash so that the farmers
become aware of the technology for utilization
of sugarcane trash. Moreover, it will improve the
fertility status of the soil. Based on these training
needs of farmers, public and private organizations
may organize various training cum awareness
programmes. It was evident that farmers were aware
of the hazardous effect of burning of sugarcane trash
to the environment, soil and living beings. It is the
right time to make them aware of the technologies
for utilization of sugarcane trash and produce
compost, which not only helps in protecting the
environment, but also provide economic gain.
34 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 31-34
REFERENCES
Kaur A (2017). Crop residue in Punjab agriculture-status and
constraints. J Krishi Vigyan 5(2): 22-26.
Arya S R S and Shah S L (1984). New technology of rainfed
agriculture and identification of constraints on its
adoption in mid hills of U.P. Agril Situation in India 39
(7): 487-496.
Dahiya R, Malik R S and  Jhorar B S (2003). Effect of
sugarcane trash and enriched sugarcane trash mulches on
ratoon cane yield and soil properties. J Indian Soc Soil Sci
51( 4): 504-508.
Prasanthrajan Mohan and Duraisamy Ponnusamy (2011).
Addressing the challenges of sugarcane trash
decomposting through effective microbes. International
conference on food engineering and biotechnology.
IPCBEE Vol. 9: pp 229-233.
Samantrary S K , Prustry S and Raj R K (2009). Constraints
in vegetable production –experience of trible vegetable
growers. Indian Res J Ext Edu 9(3): 32-34.
Sweta, Rahul Kmar, Singh B L, Verma Deepshikha (2010).
Integrating microbial composting and vermicomposting
for effective utilization of by-product of sugarcane
processing industries. Bioremediation J 14(3): 158-167.
Received on 31/10/17 Accepted on 25/12/17
 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 35-39 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00049.1

Economic Feasibility of Cultivation of Gobhi Sarson

(Brassica napus) alongwith Bee Keeping
Manoj Sharma, Gurmeet Singh and Jatinder Manan
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala 144 620 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
In Punjab about 35 lakh ha area is put under wheat cultivation during Rabi season. This crop gives about
Rs 61908/- net income/ha. In order to increase the farmer’s income as well as profitability, cultivation
of gobhi sarson was advocated to 40 honey bee keepers replacing wheat crop. The study was carried out
at 40 honey bee keepers farm replacing about 16 ha area. It was found that the average yield of gobhi
sarson/ha was 20 q/ha and sold at the rate of Rs. 3700/q which gave a gross income of Rs 74000/ha.
Similarly, honey produced from 10 bee boxes by individual farmer was worth Rs 51952/- whereas from
one hectare wheat, gross income of Rs. 82500/- was obtained. Hence, it was evident that integration of
gobhi sarson with bee keeping proved to be more economical than the cultivation of sole wheat crop.
Therefore, farmers must replace some area from wheat crop and put under gobhi sarson alongwith keeping
of atleast 10 bee boxes. This combination will definitely help the farmer in increasing the farm income.
Keywords : Gobhi sarson, Wheat, Beekeeping, Economic feasibility

INTRODUCTION of bee keeping units established by the farmers at

Beekeeping with Apis mellifera is now popular their farms. Similarly vocational trainings on bee
in several regions in India, including Jammu keeping were imparted to the unemployed youth,
and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, farmers and farm women so that they can also start
Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. their own bee keeping units. Likewise, efforts were
In Punjab, at present there are 3,50,000 lakh made to ascertain the various problems being faced
honey bee colonies working at the farmers’ fields. by the bee keepers in the district so that the required
There are 30,000 bee keepers in Punjab and honey remedial measures could be advocated (Singh and
production is 14,000mt which is about 30 per cent Sharma, 2017). However, in spite of the best efforts
of the country’s total honey production (Singh and done by the scientists as well as farmers, the honey
Sharma, 2017). This has not only improved the production/unit (37.06 kg/colony/year) was not
nutrition of the people but also helped the nation to found to be increased.
earn foreign exchange through the export of honey. The quantity of honey produced per colony
Punjab is the only state having the largest number depends on a number of factors. The most
of bee colonies followed by Haryana (10,500), important factors that affect honey production are
Himachal Pradesh (50,000 colonies) and Jammu availability of bee pasture, the queen’s condition,
and Kashmir (15,000 colonies). Although Punjab hive population, nutrition, swarming, space in the
is a leading state in India in honey production, hive for expansion of the brood nest and storage
but farmers are now facing problem in sustaining of honey, the colony’s freedom from disease, the
3,50,000 honey bee colonies for want of sufficient beekeeper’s experience and weather. Additionally
availability of flora and fauna throughout the year.
the availability of adequate nectar producing plants
During the year 2013-14 a survey was conducted and trees, colonies with vigorous queens and large
in the district in order to assess the performance number of foraging bees, proper hive management
Corresponding author’s Email: drmanojsh1@gmail.com & manojsharma-kpt@pau.edu

35 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 35-39

 Sharma et al

techniques and favourable weather conditions will the cultivation of wheat which was replaced by
ensure greater honey production. The most important incorporating gobhi sarson crop. At the harvest of
crops grown by farmers in Punjab on a large area are both the crops in the months of March and April
wheat, rice and cotton occupying an area of more of gobhi sarson and wheat respectively, the yield
than 8 per cent in Punjab. Therefore, there is a need and selling rate were recorded. Likewise, the cost
to go for gobhi sarson cultivation during the rabi of production of both the crops i.e. gobhi sarson
season by replacing a small area from wheat. Gobhi and wheat alongwith establishment and recurring
sarson (Brassica napus) is a rabi season oilseed cost of 10 bee boxes was calculated. A comparison
sown during 10th October to 30th October under was made for economical viability of both the crops
Punjab condition by using seed @ 3.7kg /ha, 225kg alongwith honey bee keeping.
of urea and 187.5kg of single super phosphate /ha,
after the harvest of paddy crop (Anonymous, 2017). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hence, this practice, if followed will definitely Cost of cultivation of gobhi sarson
encourage the bee keepers to get higher yields of The data (Table 1) show that it requires Rs.
honey and will avoid migration to other areas on 19750/- for cultivating 1 ha area which will yield
one hand and simultaneously increase the gross 20 q of gobhi sarson worth Rs 74,000/ha. The net
return over the wheat crop. In order to encourage income comes out to be Rs. 54250/ha. In order to get
this practice, study was undertaken to evaluate the optimum yield of this crop, proper plant population
economic viability of cultivation of gobhi sarson by is must and for that farmers have to go for thinning
the bee keepers over the wheat crop at the farmer’s operation at about 20 days after sowing otherwise,
field. plant growth will be affected adversely. Likewise,
Mostly the honey production in Punjab comes there are chances of attack of insect pests, specially
from the bee flora of gobhi sarson, berseem, aphids and tobacco caterpillar at pod formation
eucalyptus, sunflower, pear, peach, plum, litchi, stage and Alternaria blight at knee height stage.
cucurbits etc. Among the available bee flora, Gobhi Proper control measures are needed to be taken at
sarson, berseem and eucalyptus are the major crops farmer’s field.
to be grown on the remaining 15% area. Hence, this
study was undertaken to ascertain the feasibility of Cost of cultivation of wheat
Gobhi sarson in place of wheat so that honey bee The data (Table 1) shows that it requires Rs.
keeping could flourish to its maximum extent. 20592/- for cultivating 1 ha area which will yield 50 q
of wheat worth Rs 82500/ha. The net income comes
MATERIALS AND METHODS out to be Rs. 61908/ha. In order to get optimum
A study was conducted in the district Kapurthala yield of this crop, selection of variety, seed rate and
by selecting 40 bee keepers. In order to motivate seed treatment are the most important factors to be
them to increase the yield and income from bee followed by the farmers. The advantage of growing
keeping enterprise, the role of gobhi sarson was wheat over other crops is its assured market support
highlighted through delivering lectures on and off price and therefore farmers hesitate to go for other
the KVK campus. Moreover, the seed of gobhi alternative which may prove risky for them. It is
sarson var. GSC 7 was provided alongwith all worth to mention that in the fields where continuous
other critical inputs like single super phosphate rice-wheat cropping system is followed, there is
and Confidor insecticides for the management problem of Phalaris minor, not being controlled by
of aphids. Hence, 40 demonstrations were laid the recommended weedicides. Hence, under such
out by covering an area of 16 hectare. The area situation, crop rotation is the only viable method
put under gobhi sarson was being used earlier for to keep the weed population under control and

36 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 35-39

 Cultivation of Gobhi Saraon along with Bee keeping

Table 1. Cost of cultivation of gobhi sarson and wheat at farmer’s field during 2016-17.
Sr. No. Particular Expenditure (Rs.)
Gobhi sarson Wheat
1. Ploughing with disc harrow (2 times ) 900 900
2. Ploughing with tillers (2 times) 900 900
3. Planking (1 time) 450 450
4. Bund making 900 -
5. Sowing with seed drill - 900
6. Seed cost (3.7 kg @ Rs 120/Kg) 450
7. Seed cost (100 kg @ Rs 30/Kg) - 3000
8. Transplanting cost 3000 -
9. Seed treatment (consortium , Raxil and chlorpyriphos) - 442.5
10. Fertilizers (225 Kg Urea and 187.5 Kg SSP) 2625 -
11. Fertilizers (225 Kg Urea and 137.5 Kg DAP) 4500
12. Irrigation (Labour of 2 men for 5 irrigations) 1500 1500
13. Earthing up with tractor 900 -
14. Spray of weedicides - 2250
15. Cost of plant protection measures 2625 2750
(2 sprays of fungicide and 1 of insecticide)
16. Harvesting cost 2500 3000
17. Threshing cost 3000 -
18. Yield 20q/ha 50 quintal/ha
19. Selling rate (Rs. 3700 /q) 74000 -
20. Selling rate (Rs. 1650/quintal) - 82500
21. Net income 54250 61908

cultivation of gobhi sarson in such fields would be
more desirable. Further, wheat crop takes about 155
days whereas gobhi sarson takes about 145 days but
if sown in the first week of October, it vacates the
field in the month of March and after that cultivation
of summer moong is the suitable cropping sequence
(paddy-gobhi sarson-summer moong).
Cost of cultivation of honey bee keeping
The data (Table 2) revealed that from 10 honey
bee boxes, a net income of Rs. 51952/- is obtained.
This enterprise requires skilled labours for its
success. Seasonal management and management of
bees from the attack of insect pests particularly wax
moth and mites are the other most important factors
in production of honey. Honey is a nutritious product
and hence there is no problem of its marketing. Bee
wax, pollen, royal jelly and bee venom are the other
bee products besides honey obtained from the honey
bees which are in great demand in the international
market. In addition, income is also enhanced from
selling of honey bee colonies. This enterprise can
be successfully integrated with other enterprises.
Singh and Sekhon (2014) reported that annual yield
of honey from one hive was found to be hightest
(27.6 kg) on large farms and lowest (24.2 kg) for
small farms. Similarly, annual net returns per box
obtained from sealed honey and allied products were
highest for large bee keepers (Rs 1712/-) followed
by medium (Rs. 1063/-) and small bee keepers (Rs.
523/-). The overall B:C ratio was 1 : 1.50 indicating
that bee keeping is profitable enterprise.

37 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 35-39

 Sharme et al

Table 2. Economics of 10 honey bee boxes/ha at farmer’s field during 2016-17

Sr. No. Name of item Cost (Rs.)
1. Fixed cost
Purchase of 10 boxes with honey bees (Rs 40000 per box) 40000/-
10 super chambers (Rs 500 per super) 5000 /-
10 queen excluder 3000/-
100 frames to be put in super chamber (Rs. 40/frame) 4000 /-
Honey bee kit (gloves, hive tool and veil) 190 /-
Rent of Honey extractor 200 /-
Total fixed cost 55000/-
2. Variable cost
Interest @11% 5548/annum
Depreciation @ 10% 5500/annum
Management of honey bees, extraction, packing etc 1500/-
(5 labour days)
Bottle cost @ Rs 25 per bottle 7500/-
Total variable cost 20048/-
3. Gross cost 75048/-
4. Honey produced (30 Kg/box) 120 Kg sold @ Rs 240/kg 72000/-
5. Return over variable cost/10 bee boxes 51952 /-

Table 3. Economic viability of gobhi sarson with bee keeping over wheat crop.
Sr. Crop variety No. of area Av yield Selling Total Expenditure Return
No. demon- (ha) (q/ha) rate/q income (Rs.) over
strations (Rs.) variable
cost
1. Gobhi GSC 7 40 16 20.0 3700 74000 19750 54250
Sarson
2. Wheat HD 40 16 50 1650 82500 20592 61908
2967
3. Honey bee NA - 160 30 kg 240/kg 72000 20048 51952
keeping Boxes honey/box
4. Bee keeping - - - - 5565 146000 39,798 106202
along with
gobhi sarson

Comparison between wheat versus gobhi sarson
and bee keeping
It has been observed that cultivation of gobhi
sarson proved to be more economical if followed
with rearing of honey bee boxes over the wheat
crop (Table 3). The data show that an amount of
Rs. 106202/- was realized by selling gobhi sarson
and honey obtained from 1 ha area compared to
Rs. 61908/- from wheat crop. This practice will not
only increase the honey production but also enhance
the farmer’s income. Moreover, not all area being
cultivated under wheat crop area is to be replaced

38 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 35-39

 Cultivation of Gobhi Saraon along with Bee keeping

with gobhi sarson but even if a small area (1 ha/ help bee keepers to avoid migration to other areas
farmer family) from wheat crop is shifted towards in search of bee flora.
cultivation of gobhi sarson, this will definitely help The honey production also increased due to
in increasing the farmer’s income. availability of sufficient flora during the rabi season
in the district. Therefore, efforts need to be made
CONCLUSION to educate the farmers regarding adoption of this
The study showed that it was more economical cropping sequence i.e. cultivating of paddy-gobhi
to cultivate gobhi sarson alongwith 10 bee boxes sarson-summer moong in the district followed by
on 1 ha area compared to cultivation of wheat crop. rearing of honey bees.
As one can earn Rs 106202/ha by interesting honey
bee keeping with cultivation of gobhi sarson over REFERENCES
cultivation of sole wheat crop which yielded a total Anonymous (2017). Package of practices for cultivation of
income of Rs 61905/ha only. Besides, the seeds of rabi crops. Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana. pp:
gobhi sarson variety GSC 7 can be used for its oil 52.
extraction as its oil has less than 2 per cent erusic Singh B and Sekhon MK (2014) Economics of honey
acid and is very good for heart patient. Further, GSC production in Punjab. J. Agril Dev & Policy. 24(1) : 85-97
7 matures in 145d and vacates the field in the month Singh Gurmeet and Sharma Manoj (2017). Diagnosis and
of March. Therefore, sowing of summer moong remedial measures of common technological problems in
bee keeping. J Krishi Vigyan 5(2): 27-31.
crop can be performed. It is worth to mention here
that as the crop of gobhi sarson provides sufficient Received on 08/02/18 Accepted on 15/02/18
flora during the rabi season, hence this practice will

39 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 35-39

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 40-42 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00079.X

Effect of Different Fertilizers on Yield of Groundnut

Jatinder Manan and Manoj Sharma
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala 144620 ( Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The experiment was laid out at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala farm with five treatments in
randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments include: T1: application of SSP@
125kg/ha, T2: application of gypsum@ 125kg/ha, T3: application of SSP@ 125 kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/
ha, T4: application of DAP@ 45kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/ha and T5: Farmer’s practice (DAP application@
45kg/ha). The yield data of groundnut revealed that maximum pod yield was obtained with application of
SSP@ 125 kg/ha and gypsum@ 125kg/ha followed by SSP@ 125kg/ha alone or DAP@ 45kg/ha + gypsum@
125kg/ha, which were statistically at par with each other. Similar results were observed with number of pods/
plant. It could be inferred that application of both SSP and gypsum was must to get optimum yield of groundnut.
Keywords: Di-mmonium phosphate, Groundnut, Gypsum, Single super phosphate.

INTRODUCTION higher to single superphosphate (SSP) application

India is second largest producer of groundnut
and its oil after china. Groundnut is major oilseed
in India, it accounts for 25 per cent of total oilseed
production in country. In India, groundnut was
grown both during rabi (25%) and kharif (75%)
seasons. Annual production of groundnut in India
was 9,690 thousand tonnes (Anonymous, 2016).
As it is grown in rainfed regions of the country,
so, its production is highly vulnerable to rainfall
deviations and display huge fluctuations during
different years. Being an oilseed crop, it is most
vulnerable to phosphorus deficiency, which in turn
result in nitrogen as well as potassium deficiency;
so fertilizer requirement of groundnut includes SSP
and gypsum mainly.
The total amount of phosphorus taken by the
groundnut plant is relatively small as only 0.4-
0.5 kg of available phosphorus is required to
produce one quintal of pods. Though the amount
of phosphorus required is small but a large quantity
of fertilizer had to be applied, as the efficiency of
uptake of phosphorus from fertilizer is low. It has
been postulated that the response of groundnut is
than to diammonium phosphate (DAP) because of
presence of Ca, S and trace elements in SSP. The
single super phosphate fertilizer contains 12.5 per
cent sulphur, 16 per cent P2O5 and 19 per cent
calcium and need be used as a basal-dressing only
by placement method. It is not suitable for foliar
spray as it contains some amount of gypsum and
diphosphate which are not easily soluble in water.
Mishra et al (1999) also reported positive response
of sulphur application on groundnut yield.
Gypsum application, on the other hand, is
generally recommended because it contains 18.6
per cent sulphur and 23 per cent calcium; it has
impurities that also provide magnesium. Since there
is little residual effect of gypsum and therefore,
it is necessary to repeat application every season.
Groundnut had the unique characteristic of uptake
of calcium and sulphur by the developing pegs and
pods. As calcium was relatively immobile in plant
tissues and is not translocated in sufficient quantities
from the roots to developing pods, calcium and
sulphur have to be made available in adequate
quantities in pod zone. Application of gypsum @

Corresponding Author’s Email:jatinderkm@rediffmail.com

40 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 40-42

 Jatinder Manan & Manoj Sharma
200 kg/ha as basal (at the time of sowing) was
recommended to obtain higher yield in groundnut.
So, the present study was undertaken to see the
effect of different fertilizers application on yield of
groundnut.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was laid out at Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Kapurthala farm with five treatments in
randomized completer block design (RBD) and three
replications. The groundnut crop was sown in rows
of 30cm apart with plant to plant distance maintained
at 10cm by dibbling method. The crop was sown on
7th June, 2017 and all the fertilizer treatments were
done as basal application, near the root zone with
the help of manual plough. Urea was applied to all
the treatments @ 33kg/ha. The treatments include:
T1: application of SSP@ 125kg/ha, T2: application
of gypsum@ 125kg/ha, T3: application of SSP@
125 kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/ha, T4: application
of DAP@ 45kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/ha and T5:
Farmer’s practice (DAP application@ 45kg/ha).
The crop was harvested on 10th October, 2017 and
the data on number of pods/plant and pod yield
was taken after proper drying of pods and analyzed
using OPSTAT (Sheoran et al 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data presented in table 1 revealed that
significantly highest number of pods/plant (29.0)
were obtained with application of SSP@ 125 kg/ha
and gypsum@ 125kg/ha followed by use of SSP@
125kg/ha (25.4), DAP@ 45kg/ha + gypsum@
Table 1: Effect of different fertilizers on pods/plant and yield of groundnut
Sr. No. Treatment
1 SSP@ 125kg/ha
2 Gypsum@ 125kg/ha
3 SSP@ 125kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/ha
4 DAP@ 45kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/ha
5 DAP@ 45kg/ha
CD (P=0.05)
41 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 40-42
125kg/ha (24.8) and Gypsum@ 125kg/ha (22.3),
which were statistically at par with each other.
Sisodiya et al (2017) revealed that application
of sulphur had significant effect on uptake of
micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu). This increase
in uptake of nutrients by the crop was attributed
to improved physical and chemical properties
of the rhizosphere of the crop, due to application
of sulphur. Pancholi et al (2017) reported that
supply of sulphur in adequate amount helps in the
development of floral primordial i.e. reproductive
parts, which results in the development of pods and
kernels in plants.
The yield data revealed that significantly higher
pod yield was obtained with application of SSP@
125 kg/ha and gypsum@ 125kg/ha (19.81 q/ha)
followed by use of SSP@ 125kg/ha (18.62 q/ha) and
DAP@ 45kg/ha + gypsum@ 125kg/ha (17.94 q/ha),
which were statistically at par with each other. Nabi
et al (1999) also reported that the SSP application
produced highest seed yield. Greater partitioning
of assimilation as well as adequate supply and
translocation of metabolites and nutrients towards
reproductive structures matching to their demand
for growth and development might be the possible
reason of improvement in yield of groundnut. The
improved growth due to S fertilization coupled
with increased photosynthesis on one hand and
greater mobilization of photosynthates towards
reproductive structures, on the other, might have
been responsible for significant increase in yield of
groundnut. On contrary to the findings, Yadav et
al (2017) reported significantly higher yield with
Number of pods/plant Pod yield (q/ha)
25.4 18.62
22.3 17.35
29.0 19.81
24.8 17.94
20.8 16.33
3.8 1.07
 Effect of Different Fertilizers on Yield of Groundnut

application of gypsum followed by SSP. Pancholi Pinki, Yadav S S and Gupta Anshul (2017). The
influence of weed control and sulphur fertilization on oil
content and production of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea
CONCLUSION L.) in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. J Pharmaco and
It can be concluded that farmers need to apply Phytochem 6(4): 677-679.
SSP and gypsum simultaneously, without mixing Sisodiya R R, Babaria N B, Parmar T N and Parmar K B
for getting more number of pods/plant and optimum (2017). Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on yield
yield of groundnut. and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) absorption by
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Int J Agric Sci 9(32):
REFERENCES 4465-4467.
Anonymous (2016). https://community.data.gov.in/ Yadav N, Yadav S S, Yadav N, Yadav M R, Kumar R, Yadav
groundnut-production-of-various-states-in-2015-16/ L R, Yadav L C and Sharma O P (2017). Growth and
Mishra U K, Sahu S K, Das R and Mitra G N (1999). Effect productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under
of sulphur and lime on yield and oil content of kharif varying levels and sources of sulphur in semi-arid
groundnut grown in sandy loam soil. J Indian Soc Soil conditions of Rajasthan. Legume Res 3853: 1-7.
Sci 38(1): 772-774. Received on 16/01/18 Accepted on 30/01/18
Nabi G M, Salim and Rahmatullah (1999). Yield responses of
rainfed groundnut to sulphur and phosphorus application.
Pakistan J of Biological Sci 2(3): 911-913.
Sheoran O P, Tonk D S, Kaushik L S, Hasija R C and Pannu
R S (1998). Statistical Software Package for Agricultural
Research Workers. Recent Advances in information
theory, Statistics & Computer Applications by D.S.
Hooda & R.C. Hasija Department of Mathematics
Statistics, CCS HAU, Hisar: 139-143.

42 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 40-42

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 43-45 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00028.4

Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc Sulphate on Onion

Munish Sharma and Yashwant Singh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, S.A.S. Nagar,Mohali (Punjab)
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana

ABSTRACT
A preliminary survey was conducted in the district and to gather information on problems faced by farmers
in the cultivation of onion crop. The results revealed that farmers were facing problem of low productivity of
onion. It was found that soils of district are deficit in zinc and due to this, the productivity of the crop was not
up to the mark. To overcome this problem, an On Farm Trial (OFT) was conducted by KVK at 10 farmer’s
field during 2014-15 and 2015-16 to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc sulphate on bulb yield of
onion in addition to recommended doses of NPK. Foliar application of zinc sulphate @0.5 per cent at 45 and
60d after transplanting was given along with NPK@100:50:50 kg/ha, respectively. For raising of the crop,
recommended package of practices were followed. The data of the trial revealed that foliar application of zinc
sulphate along with recommended dose of NPK (T1) gave maximum yield of onion (275 q/ha) along with
the maximum B: C ratio (2.63:1) compared to the recommended practice (T2) which gave 231.25 q/ha yield
along with B:C ratio of 2.19:1 and Farmers’ practice (T3) where yield of 187.5 q/ha was recorded along with
B:C ratio of 2.16:1 pooled over the two years. Foliar application of zinc sulphate in addition to recommended
doses of NPK can be effective practice to deal with low productivity of the crop due to zinc deficiency.
Key Words: Bulb Yield, Fertilizer Onion, On Farm Trial, Zinc Sulphate.

INTRODUCTION on plant growth, yield and quality (El Tohamy et al,

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most
important commercial vegetable crops and is
widely grown in almost all over the world. The
intensive cropping, imbalanced fertilization and
minimal usage of micronutrients and limited
application of organic manures have resulted in the
depletion of soil fertility. Zinc is one of the most
important micro-nutrients and essential for cell
division, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism
and water relation in plant growth (Brady, 1990).
Response of onion to zinc application has been
reported (Lal and Maurya, 1981) in the literature.
However, information on the use of micronutrient
in combination with inorganic fertilizers for onion is
scanty in India. Foliar application of micronutrients
during crop growth was successfully used for
correcting their deficits and improving the mineral
status of plants as well as increasing the crop yield
and quality (Kolota and Osinska, 2001). The foliar
application of micronutrients had a significant effect
*Corresponding author: munish_uhf@yahoo.co.in
2009 and Alam et al, 2010). Therefore, an attempt
was made to study the response of onion to zinc
sulphate application in presence of nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P), potash (K), in the Mohali district
of Punjab.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
District Mohali of Punjab falls under sub-
mountainous zone (30.69°N latitude, 76.72°E
longitude having an average altitude of 316 m
from the sea level). The present study was carried
out in 10 farmer’s field during 2014-15 and 2015-
16 to evaluate the effect of foliar application of
zinc sulphate on bulb yield of onion in addition
to recommended doses of NPK. The area under
each trial was 0.4ha. The trial was conducted
in randomized block design (RBD) with three
replications. For raising of a crop, recommended
package of practices were followed. The seedlings
were sown during mid October to mid November

43 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 43-45

 Sharma & Singh

and transplanting was done during mid November to and Singh (1998) in their investigation reported that
mid December during both the years. The seedlings zinc significantly increased dry weight of bulb. The
were planted at a spacing of 15 cm × 7.5 cm. favourable effect of micronutrients on plant growth
Before fertilizer application, random soil samples might be due to their role in many physiological
were taken from the experimental site and were processes and cellular functions within the plants.
analyzed. The treatments included: T1: Farmers’ In addition, they play an essential role in improving
Practice (No application), T2: NPK@100:50:50kg/ plant growth, through biosynthesis of endogenous
ha (Recommended Practice or RP) and T3: foliar hormones which are responsible for promoting of
application of zinc sulphate @0.5% at 45 and 60 plant growth (Battal, 2004). The yield improvement
days after transplanting was given along with was due to better growth and development. Higher
NPK@100:50:50 kg/ha, respectively (KVK photosynthates accumulation in the bulbs would
Intervention). Based on the net plot yield, yield ensure higher individual bulb weight, large bulb
per hectare was calculated and expressed in quintal diameter and neck thickness.
(q) per hectare. Statistical analysis was done using
standard procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme Increase in yield over farmers’ and
(1978). recommended practices
Results of the present investigation (Table 1)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION revealed that T3 gave 46.67 per cent increase over
farmers’ practice i.e. T1 whereas T3 gave 18.92 per
Bulb yield cent increase over recommended practice i.e. T2
The data (Table 1) revealed that T1 gave pooled over the years. Thus, it can be concluded
187.50 q/ha yield whereas T2 gave 231.25 q/ha that, the foliar application of zinc sulphate@ 0.5%
and T3 gave 275 q/ha pooled over the years. Foliar along with recommended dose of NPK significantly
application of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) significantly enhanced the yield and quality of onion in the
improved yield of onion and along with NPK gave district Mohali.
maximum yield of onion (275 q/ha) along with
the maximum B: C ratio (2.63) compared to the Economics
farmers’ practice (187.50 q/ha) with B: C ratio of The inputs and outputs prices of commodities
2.16. These results were in conformity with those prevailed during both the year of demonstrations
of Mishra et al (1990), Sliman et al (1999) and were taken for calculating cost of cultivation, net
Acharya et al (2015) where application of zinc had returns and benefit cost ratio. The results revealed
significant effect on yield and yield contributing (Table 1) that T1 gave net return of Rs. 44200/-
characters. The highest values of marketable (31.5 with B: C ratio of 2.16:1 whereas T2 gave net
t/ha) and total yield (33.3 t/ ha) were recorded with return of Rs. 54780/- with B: C ratio of 2.19:1 and
0.5% ZnSo4 while the lowest with control. Meena T3 gave net return of Rs. 68750/- with B: C ratio
Table 1. Yield performance and economic indicators of onion. (Average of 2 yr)
Treatments Yield (q/ % increase % increase Gross Gross Net B:C
ha) over FP over RP expenditure return return ratio
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
T1: 187.50 46.67 18.92 20500 64700 44200 2.16
T2: 231.25 25000 79780 54780 2.19
T3: 275.00 26112 94862 68750 2.63
CD (P<0.05%) 28.78

44 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 43-45

 Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc Sulphate on Onion
of 2.63:1 pooled over the years. These results were
in proximity with those of Shah (1999) who made
an economic evaluation of onion production and
its marketing in Maharastra. Gaydhani (2005) who
made an investigation on resource use efficiency in
production of onion in Akola district of Maharastra
and Shrichand and Jain (2008) who conducted
the study on onion production and its marketing
in Madhya Pradesh. Favourable benefit cost ratio
(BCR) was self explanatory of economic viability
of the trial which further convinced the farmer
about balanced fertilizer use in onion production.
CONCLUSION
The foliar application of zinc sulphate in
addition to recommended doses of NPK can be
effective practice to deal with low productivity of
the crop due to zinc deficiency. Farmers of different
villages showed positive response for the planning
and execution of this technology however more
awareness about judicious use of fertilizers is
needed which can be done by proper soil testing and
right interpretation of results. It was noticed that
potential yield of crop can be achieved by giving
scientific knowledge to the farmers, providing
the good quality need based inputs and proper
application of these inputs. However horizontal
spread of recommended and improved technologies
may be achieved by the successful implementation
of results of on farm trials (OFT) and various
extensions activities like training programmes,
Kisan gosthi, Khet Diwas, farmer field school,
exposure visit to universities/institutes etc.
REFERENCES
Acharya Umesh, Sharma Narayan, K Rimal, T Venkatesan,
Saraswathi K & Subramanian S (2015). Response on
growth, yield and quality parameters of Multiplier Onion
(Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.) var. CO(On)5
with different doses and method of Zinc and Boron
application. Int J Agron and Agril Res 6(4): 59-67.
45 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 43-45
Alam M N, Abedin M J, Azad M A K(2010). Effect of
micronutrients on growth and yield of onion under
calcareous soil environment. Int Res J Plant Sci 1, 56-61.
Battal P (2004). Effects of some mineral nutrients on gibbrellic
acid levels in maize plants. Eco Botany 58(2): 195-203.
Brady N C (1990). The Nature and Properties of Soils. 10th
edition, A.K. Ghosh. Printing Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. p. 383.
El-Tohamy W A, El-Abagy H M, Abou-Hussein S D (2009).
Essential oil, growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.)
in response to application of some micronutrients. Aus J
Basic App Sci 3, 201-205.
Gaydhani R G (2005). Resource use efficiency in production of
onion in Akola district. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Dr. Panjabrao
Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, AKOLA, M.S. (India).
Kolota E, Osinska M (2001) Efficiency of foliar nutrition of
field vegetables grown at different nitrogen rates. Acta
Hort 563, 87-91.
Lal S and Maurya A N (1981). Effect of zinc on onion.
Haryana J Hort Sci 10: 231-235.
Meena O S and Singh D (1998). Effect of sulphur and zinc
application on onion yield and sulfur and zinc uptake in
three Soil Orders. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 46(4): 636-640.
Mishra H P, Singh K P and Yadav J P (1990). Influence of
Zn, Fe, B and Mn and their uptake on onion grown in
calcareous soil. Haryana J of Hort Sci 19(1&2): 153-159.
Panse V G and Sukhatme P U (1978). Statistical Methods
for Agricultural Workers. Indian Council of Agriculture
Research, New Delhi.
Shah D (1999). An economic evaluation of onion production
and its marketing in Maharashtra. Indian J Agric Mktg
13(3):11-20.
Shrichand J and Jain S K. (2008). A study of onion production
and its marketing in Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh.
Agric Update 3(3/4): 323-327.
Sliman Z T, Abdelhakim M A and Omran A A (1999). Response
of onion to foliar application of some micronutrients.
Egyptian J of Agr Res 77(3): 983-993.
Received on 31/12/17 Accepted on 20/01/18
 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 46-49 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00062.4

Effect of Different Fertilizer Doses on Yield and its

Attributes in Potato
M R Deshmukh1 and C D Badgujar2
All India Coordinated Research Project on Potato
National Agriculture Research Project, Pune-07 (Maharashtra)

ABSTRACT
The potato is one of the most important food crops after rice, wheat and maize. More than one billion people
consume potatoes worldwide and it is the part of the diet of half a billion people in developing countries. In
terms of area, India ranks third in the world after China and Russia and second in production after China. A
field experiment on potato was conducted during rabi season for three consecutive years with an objective to
prevent the indiscriminate use of fertilizers by the potato growers. The experiment was laid out in randomized
block design with seven treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the potato crop applied 100
per cent recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 150kg N, 60kg P2O5 and 120kg K2O recorded a yield
of 15.33 t/ha which was at par with that of 150 per cent of RDF (13.74 t/ha). Therefore, the recommended
dose of fertilizers was found to be beneficial for improving yield, quality and storage of potato tubers.
Key Words: Nutritional analysis, Potato, Tuber, Inorganic fertilizers, Economics.

INTRODUCTION dose. In general, farmers normally use more

Potato is grown in India in almost all the
states under very diverse conditions. Nearly 80
per cent potatoes are grown in vast Indo- Gangetic
plains of North India during short winter days from
October to March. Plateau regions of South- eastern,
Central and peninsular India, constitute about 6 per
cent area where potatoes are grown as a rain fed
kharif crop during rainy season (July to October)
or as irrigated rabi crop during winter (October to
March) (Kadian et al, 2013). In most of the potato
growing areas, farmers are not applying fertilizers on
the soil test basis whereas the fertilizers requirement
varies with the type of soil and the residual effect
of the previous crop. However, inorganic fertilizers
are being used as a readily available mixture by the
farmers and not aware of the benefits of applying
straight fertilizers. The farmers feel more convenient
to apply readymade mixture as there is no need to
mix individual fertilizers as per the recommended
quantity of fertilizers than the recommendations
made by the research institutes. Likewise, they
use most of the nitrogenous fertilizers at the time
of planting which leads to rotting of tubers, loss
of nutrients and ultimately yield loss. Hence, the
present investigation was undertaken to study the
effects of different fertilizer doses on yield and its
attributes in Potato.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted at
Ganeshkhind, Pune on Potato cultivar Surya during
rabi seasons of 2012-13 to 2014-15 in randomized
block design with three replications. The treatments
consisted of
T1 = 50% RDF of NPK T2 = 100% RDF of NPK
T3 = 150% RDF of NPK T4 = Without N fertilizer
(PK)

Corresponding Author’s Email : mrdesh101@yahoo.co.in

1
Jr Scientist, Horticulture, All India Coordinated Research Project on Potato
2
Assistant Professor, Horticulture

46 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 46-49

 Deshmukh and Badgujar

T5 = Without P fertilizer T6 = Without K (NP)
(NK)
T7 = Without NPK RDF = 150kg N: 60 kg P2
(absolute control) O5: 120K2O
The basal application of 50% N and 100% P2O5
and K2O was used in all treatments. The soil of the
experimental plot consisted of coarse sand (2.20%),
fine sand (44.4%), silt (26.3%), clay (22.5%) with
loam texture in class bulk density 1.10mg/m3. The
pH was 7.5, electrical conductivity (0.25ds/m),
organic carbon (0.77%), available nitrogen (185kg/
ha), available phosphorus (32 kg/ha) and available
potassium (360 kg/ha). Nitrogen, phosphorus and
potash were applied through urea, single super
phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively.
All the recommended agronomic practices were
adopted to raise a good and healthy crop. The crop
was harvested after a period of 90 days and the
representative soil, plant and tuber samples were
collected for nutritional analysis. The observations
on growth and yield characters were recorded and
statistically analyzed (Panse and Sukhatame,1985).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The growth and biomass production were
strongly affected by the nutrient supply. The
reduction in tuber yield was strongly related to
the nitrogen supply, omission of which resulted
in 31 per cent reduction in tuber yield and it was
23.35 and 26.41 per cent due to P and K omission,
respectively. The N is the most limiting nutrient
and P is becoming progressively limiting in potato.
The reduction in tuber due to P omission was higher
than k omission plots.
The data (Table 1) revealed that higher total
tuber yield (15.33t/ha) was observed in treatment
T2 (100% RDF of NPK) which was significantly
superior over the remaining treatment except T3
(150% RDF of NPK). Treatment T2 recorded higher
monetary returns of Rs. 9840/- and B: C ratio 2.60.

Table 1. Effect of different fertilizers doses on growth and yield parameters of Potato (Pooled
data 2012-2015))
Sr. Treatment Emergence 0-25 g 25-50g 50-75g >75 g Total
No. % tuber yield tuber tuber tuber tuber
(t/ha) yield (t/ yield (t/ yield (t/ yield (t/
ha) ha) ha) ha)
1 T1-50% RDF of NPK 90.28 0.28 1.23 7.66 1.66 10.80

2 T2-100% RDF of NPK 92.13 0.43 1.68 9.45 3.85 15.33

3 T3-150% RDF of NPK 89.66 0.33 1.83 9.47 2.11 13.74

4. T4-Without N fertilizer 88.43 0.21 0.88 7.96 1.54 10.58

(PK)
5 T5-Without P (NK) 90.43 0.20 1.70 8.22 1.62 11.75

6 T6-Without K (NP) 88.04 0.27 1.67 7.97 1.37 11.28

7 T7-Without NPK 89.27 0.16 0.43 7.21 1.92 9.73

(Absolute control)
SE+ 0.93 0.02 0.10 0.26 0.34 0.58
CD at 5% 2.86 0.07 0.30 0.79 1.04 1.79
CV 1.79 15.65 13.47 5.87 29.98 8.48

47 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 46-49

 Effect of Different Fertilizer on Yield in Potato

Table 2. Available nutrient status of soil, tuber and plant after harvesting.
Sr. Treatment Av.soil Av.soil Av.soil Av. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av.
No. N (kg/ P2O5 K2O tuber tuber tuber Plant Plant Plant
ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ N% P2O5 K2O N% P2O5 K2O
ha) % % % %
1 T1-50% RDF of 159 21 302 2.83 1.76 1.97 2.86 1.78 2.36
NPK
2 T2-100% RDF of 164 26 315 3.23 1.90 1.64 2.78 1.82 2.79
NPK
3 T3-150% RDF of 159 32 345 2.90 2.06 1.78 2.79 2.02 3.03
NPK
4. T4-Without N 153 30 327 2.96 1.98 2.06 2.62 1.83 2.58
fertilizer (PK)
5 T5-Without P (NK) 159 20 327 2.82 1.73 1.86 3.48 1.07 2.07

6 T6-Without K (NP) 157 24 302 2.92 1.73 2.01 3.50 1.64 1.94

7 T7-Without NPK 125 23 292 2.43 1.28 1.68 2.08 0.82 1.39
(Absolute control)
SE+ 3.16 0.64 4.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01
CD at 5% 9.65 1.97 12.36 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02
CV 4.94 4.40 2.20 0.86 2.83 1.19 0.91 1.87 0.53

Table 3. Nutrient uptake in Tuber, Plant and total uptake.

Sr. Treatment Tuber NPK (kg/ha) Plant NPK (kg/ha) Total uptake (kg/ha)
No.
N P K N P K N P K
1 T1-50% RDF of NPK 50.62 31.50 35.32 30.10 18.68 24.84 80.72 50.18 60.17
2 T2-100% RDF of NPK 63.25 37.20 32.10 28.22 18.47 28.32 91.47 55.67 60.42
3 T3-150% RDF of NPK 56.35 40.02 34.58 31.52 22.83 34.32 87.87 62.85 68.90
4. T4-Without N fertilizer 52.31 35.04 36.43 24.92 17.41 24.63 77.24 52.45 61.06
(PK)
5 T5-Without P (NK) 49.41 30.26 32.59 32.02 9.81 19.03 81.43 40.07 51.62
6 T6-Without K (NP) 50.02 29.73 34.44 30.30 14.16 16.77 80.32 43.89 51.21
7 T7-Without NPK 37.04 19.54 25.61 16.20 6.38 10.83 53.24 25.91 36.44
(Absolute control)
SEM 0.79 0.75 0.47 1.68 1.14 1.64 1.86 1.52 1.69
CD 2.44 2.32 1.44 5.18 3.52 5.04 5.73 4.68 5.19
CV 2.67 4.09 2.45 10.54 12.84 12.50 4.08 5.56 5.24

48 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 46-49

 Deshmukh and Badgujar

Table 4. Yield and economics of potato.

Sr. Treatment Yield Gross returns Cost of Net returns B:C
No (q/ha) (Rs/ha ) cultivation (Rs/ha ) ratio
(Rs/ha )
1. T1-50% RDF of NPK 10.80 129152 83466 45686 1.80
2. T2-100% RDF of NPK 15.33 183397 84996 98401 2.60
3. T3-150% RDF of NPK 13.74 164344 86474 77870 2.15
4. T4-Without N fertilizer (PK) 10.58 126589 82318 44271 1.85
5. T5-Without P (NK) 11.75 140506 83748 56758 1.91
6. T6-Without K (NP) 11.28 134902 83511 51391 1.89
7. T7-Without NPK (Absolute control) 9.73 116360 81264 35096 1.64
SE+ 0.58 6963 6963
CD at 5% 1.79 21455 21455
CV 8.48 8.48 20.62

These results were in agreement with those reported to quantify soil nutrient supply and parameterization
by Olanya et al (2009). The nitrogen update in of nutrients requirement of potato would help to
tuber and haulm as well as the total N update were recommended different NPK combination for
significantly affected by N omission treatment different soils with different values of soil nutrients
(Table 3). Total N uptake ranged from 53.24kg/ha supply for targeted potato yields instead of applying
in the control plots, 77.24kg/ha in the N omission blanket fertilizers recommendation.
plot to 91.47kg/ ha in optimally fertilized plots.
Lowest N uptake was recorded in absolute control ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
plots. Total P uptake was significantly reduced due The authors are grateful to the AICRP, Potato
to P omission. However the lowest P uptake (25.91 and Associate Director of Research, NARP,
kg/ha) was noticed in control plots. Similarly, Ganeshkhind for providing the necessary facilities.
Potassium uptake was significantly reduced due to
K omission. However the lowest K uptake (36.44 REFERENCES
kg/ha) was noticed in absolute control. Kadian M S, Carlocarli and Ali Shahid ( 2013). Status of
potato seed system in Asia. Souvenior on problems and
prospects of seed potato prod. System in Ind., 3(2): 36-39.
CONCLUSION
In potato, compared to the full application of Panse V G and Sukhatame P V (1985). Statistical Methods
for Agricultural Workers. Indian Council of Agricultural
all macro elements, the omission of N significantly Research Publication.
decreased the tuber yields, whereas the omission
Olanya G M, Moneycutt C W, Larkin R P , Grittin T S, Zhongqi
of P and K had relatively lesser effect. The results H E and Halloram J N (2009). The effect of cropping
showed that different rates of fertilize application systems and irrigation management on development of
were required for different soils with different soil potato early blight. J General Plant Patho 75:267-275.
nutrient supplying capacities. The co-efficient used Received on 10/10/17 Accepted on 25/12/17

49 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 46-49

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 50-52 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00009.0

Effect of Weed Management Techniques in

kharif Onion (Allium cepa L.)
R P S Shaktawat, Durga Singh, S P S Somvanshi, G S Kulmi and H P Singh
RVSKVV – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandsaur-458 001 (Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted under On Farm Testing (OFT) at the farmer’s field of adopted village Lachchhakheri
of District Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) in kharif season of 2014, 2015 and 2016 to assess the effect of weed
management treatments on yield of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) and its weeds. The weed management treatment
Oxyfluorfen @ 150 g ai/ha as pre emergence gave 46.31 percent higher bulb yield as compared to farmer’s
practice. Further, application of Oxyfluorfen @ 150 g ai/ha as pre emergence treatment gave significantly
higher plant height, net return and B:C ratio as compared to all other treatments tested and significantly
reduced the weed count and weed dry matter recorded at 75 DAS as compared to all other treatments tested.
Key Words: Herbicide, kharif season, Onion, Weed management.

INTRODUCTION and to keep the weed population below economic

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most important
species of Allium group. Madhya Pradesh is the
leading onion growing state (Anon, 2016). Among
many causes of low productivity, onion exhibited
greater susceptibility to weed competition as
compared to other crops due to its inherent
characteristics such as slow germination, extremely
slow growth in the initial stages, non-branching
habit, sparse foliage and shallow root system. If
weeds were present throughout the crop growth
period, there might be complete loss of marketable
yield. The reduction in bulb yield varied to the extent
of 4 to 48 per cent depending upon the duration,
intensity of weed growth and weed competition
(Urraiya and Jha, 2017).
The hand weeding in onion was a common
practice in India, but non-availability of labour
during critical period of crop made hand weeding
difficult leading to heavy yield losses. The critical
period of crop-weed competition in onion lies
between 15-60d after transplanting. Spraying of
pre-emergence herbicides keep the crop in weed free
conditions during early stages. Then, at later stages,
hand weeding helped to reduce the cost of weeding
Corresponding Author’s Email: rpssbkn@gmail.com
threshold level throughout the crop growth period.
Therefore, an on farm trial was conducted to assess
the possibility of pre-emergence herbicides with
management practices for effective weed control in
kharif onion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An On Farm Trial was conducted in kharif
seasons of 2014, 2015 and 2016 in the adopted
village Lachchhakheri by Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Mandsaur. This OFT was conducted at 10 farmer’s
fields with AFDR variety of kharif onion during all
the years. The treatments were farmers’ practice
(hand weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAS), Pendimethalin
@ 1000 g ai/ha as pre-emergence and Oxyfluorfen
@150g ai/ha as pre-emergence. All the herbicides
were applied manually by knapsack sprayer fitted
with flat fan nozzle using spray volume of 500l/
ha. The recommended package of practices were
followed to raise the crop. The observation on weed
dry matter and weed count were recorded at 75
DAS using quadrate (0.5 m X 0.5 m). Quadrate was
randomly placed at two places in each plot.

50 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 50-52

 Shaktawat et al

Table 1. Effect of weed management treatments on weeds in kharif onion.

Treatment Weed dry matter (g/m2) at 75 DAS Weed density (No/m2) at 75 DAS
2014 2015 2016 Pooled 2014 2015 2016 Pooled
Farmer’s Practice 9.20 17.70 15.41 14.10 13.00 25.50 22.00 20.17
Pendimethalin @ 1000 g 2.04 1.90 3.78 2.57 4.00 3.60 7.20 4.93
ai/ha as pre emergence
Oxyfluorfen @ 150 g ai/ha 1.57 1.32 2.91 1.93 3.00 2.50 5.00 3.50
as pre emergence
S. Em. + 0.12 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.22 0.19 0.29 0.13
CD 5% 0.37 0.64 0.44 0.25 0.66 0.58 0.89 0.37

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION as pre-emergence treatment found significantly

Effect on weeds superior over Pendimethalin@ 1000g ai/ha as pre-
The predominant weeds noticed in kharif onion emergence treatment followed by farmers’ practice.
were Echinochloa colonum, Echinochloa crus-galli It can be revealed (Table 2) that significantly
L., Beauv., Cyperus rotundus L., Cynodon dactylon highest bulb yield of kharif onion were observed
pers., Saccharum spontaneum, Phyllanthus niruri, under Oxyfluorfen@ 150g ai/ha as pre-emergence
Euphorbia hirta and Parthenium hysterophorus. treatment (224.30q/ha) and Pendimethalin@ 1000g
Application of Oxyfluorfen@ 150g ai/ha as pre- ai/ha as pre-emergence treatment as compared to
emergence treatment found significantly superior farmer practice. Application of Oxyfluorfen @150
with respect to lowest weed count and dry matter g ai/ha as pre-emergence treatment recorded 46.31
(Table 1). Further, Pendimethalin@ 1000g ai/ha as per cent higher bulb yield of kharif onion than
pre-emergence treatment also significantly reduced farmers practice. Similar results were reported by
the weed count and weed dry matter as compared Kalhapure et al (2013) and Prasad et al (2017).
to farmers practice. These results were in close Economics of onion crop
conformity with Kalhapure et al (2013) and Urraiya On the basis of pooled data (Table 3),
and Jha (2017). Oxyfluorfen@ 150g ai/ha as pre-emergence
Effect on yield of kharif onion treatment fetches the significantly highest net return
Application of Oxyfluorfen @150g ai/ha and B:C ratio (Rs.2.95lakh/ha and 8.27) followed
by Pendimethalin@ 1000g ai/ha as pre-emergence
Table 2. Effect of weed management treatments on plant height and bulb yield of kharif onion
Treatment Plant Height (cm) Bulb Yield (q/ha)
2014 2015 2016 Pooled 2014 2015 2016 Pooled
Farmer’s Practice 55.0 35.0 40.0 43.3 165.0 145.0 150.0 153.3
Pendimethalin @ 1000 g ai/ha 62.0 41.0 47.0 50.0 207.5 186.0 182.0 191.8
as pre emergence
Oxyfluorfen @ 150 g ai/ha as 65.0 48.0 50.0 54.3 255.0 208.0 210.0 224.3
pre emergence
S. Em. + 2.44 2.92 2.51 1.41 2.44 2.92 2.51 1.41
CD 5% 7.24 8.68 7.46 4.97 7.24 8.68 7.46 3.97

51 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 50-52

 Effect of Weed Management

Table 3. Effect of weed management on economics of kharif onion crop.

Treatment Net return (Rs in Lakhs/ha) B:C Ratio
2014 2015 2016 Pooled 2014 2015 2016 Pool
T-1 Farmer’s Practice 2.13 1.83 1.85 1.94 7.17 6.31 5.56 6.35
(Hand weeding at 15, 30
and 45 DAS)
T-2 Pendimethalin @ 2.77 2.45 2.30 2.50 9.02 8.09 6.28 7.80
1000 g ai/ha as pre
emergence
T-3 Oxyfluorfen @ 150 g 3.44 2.73 2.70 2.96 9.81 8.00 7.00 8.27
ai/ha as pre emergence
S. Em. + 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.104 0.123 0.088 0.057
CD 5% 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.06 0.309 0.366 0.262 0.160
treatment. The lowest B:C ratio was observed Kalhapure A H, Shete B T and Bodake P S (2013). Integrated
under farmers practice. Similar findings were also Weed Management in Onion (Allium cepa). Indian J
Agron 58(3): 408-411.
reported by Khang et al (2011).
Khang V T, Patil H M and Gudadhe N N (2011). Effect of
integrated nutrient management on onion yield and soil
CONCLUSION properties in soybean + onion cropping sequence. Omon
On the basis of three years data, it may conclude rice 18: 112-120.
that application of Oxyfluorfen @ 150 g ai/ha as pre Prasad M, Meena M L and Kishor S (2017). Effect of
emergence gave significantly higher plant height, Integrated Weed Management Practices on Vegetative
bulb yield, net return and B:C ratio as compared to all Growth Characters in Onion (Allium cepa L.). Int J Pure
other treatments tested and significantly reduced the and Applied Bio Sci 5(4): 607-611.
weed count and weed dry matter in kharif onion crop. Urraiya P and Jha M K (2017). Weed management studies
in kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) on yield attributes. J
Pharmaco and Phytochem 6(6): 14-16.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2016). Indian Horticulture Database, 2015-16. Received on 11/12/17 Accepted on 31/12/17
NHDRF, Nasik (M H)

52 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 50-52

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 53-55 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00034.X

Evaluation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties in

Surguja District of Chhattisgarh
Sachin Kumar, Rajesh Chouksey, Rajni Agashe, Dharmpal Kerketta and Sandeep Sharma*
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ambikapur, District Surguja 497 001
Inidra Gandhi Agricultural university, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

ABSTRACT
Potato is one of the basic vegetable of mass consumption in world and become 4th important staple
food crop after rice, wheat and maize. Potato is one of the important crops for tribal farmers of Surguja
district but farmers use uncertified seed of potato for cultivation resulting in lower yields. An on farm
trial was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at five farmers’ field. The trial was laid
out with three treatments i.e., T1-Farmers’ practice (uncertified potato seed) and T2-Recommonded
practice (certified seed of potato- Kufri khayati) and T3-Recommonded practice (certified seed of
potato- Kufri pukhraj). Yield attributes, yield, gross return and B:C ratio were recorded and found that
significantly higher yields were obtained under T3 during both the years as compared to farmers’ practice.
Key Words: Economics, Kufri khayati, Kufri Pukhraj, Potato, Yield.

INTRODUCTION- terms of yield. Therefore, the present investigation

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth was undertaken for the varietal evaluation of Potato
most important food crop in the world (Razdan and (Solanum tuberosum L.) through on farm trial in
Mattoo, 2005). It can be compared with rice, wheat Northern hill region of Surguja dist.
and maize for its contribution towards securing the
food and nutrition, and eradicating malnutrition MATERIALS AND METHODS
and hunger, especially in developing world. India An experiment was conducted during rabi
is likely to have the highest growth rates in potato season 2015-16 and 2016-17 in different villages.
production and productivity worldwide (Naik and The soil of experimental field was sandy to sandy
Thakur, 2007). Further, there is scope to substantially loam in texture, low in available N, P2O5 and high
improve the production and productivity of potato in K2O with acidic in reaction. The treatments
in Chhattisgarh, especially in Surguja district. included farmers’ practice (T1) i.e. use of uncertified
Potato having high productivity per unit area and potato seed purchased from local market, (T2)-
it can substitute the cereals for human consumption recommended practice i.e. improved variety of
to a greater extent. In Chhattisgarh state, it is potato Kufri khayati and recommended practice
mainly cultivated in Surguja, Korea Raigarh and (T3) i.e. improved variety of potato Kufri pukhraj.
Jashpur districts. In surguja district, farmers used The recommended package of practices given
uncertified potato seed for sowing purchased by the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
from local market having low productivity and Raipur was followed in conducting the trial. The
sometimes lead to severe infestation of early and data regarding average number of tubers/plant,
late blight disease resulting poor yield. The losses Average weight of tubers/plant and yield (t/ha)
caused by late blight have been reported (Kumar et were recorded under both the treatments. The cost
al, 2003) in the range between 77 to 125 percent in of cultivation and gross returns were worked out by
Corresponding Author’s Email- sachin.verma.k@gmail.com
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Koria*

53 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 53-55

 Kumar et al

Table 1. Effect on yield attributes and yield of Potato.

Treatment Average number of Average weight of Yield
  Tuber/plant Tuber/plant (g) (t/ha)
2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17
T1 – Farmers Practice 4.97 5.10 222.10 243.24 15.26 15.86
T2 – Kufri Khyati 7.34 7.82 340.03 365.17 20.76 21.19
T3 – Kufri Pukhraj 8.20 8.49 438.21 489.64 22.00 23.26
 
cd 0.64 0.63 93.40 103.64 1.20 2.58
sem 0.22 0.21 31.84 35.34 0.41 0.88
cv 5.29 5.32 16.48 16.72 3.53 7.97
using prevailing market prices of inputs during the Yield
period of investigation. Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) At the different locations, the potato yield
was worked out by using the following formula- recorded was significantly higher in T3 (Kufri
Benefit: Cost ratio (BCR) = Gross return (Rs/ha)/ pukhraj) over T2 (Kufri khayati) and T1 (farmers’
Total cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) practice). These results were in conformity with
the findings of Tomar et al (2003) of front line
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION demonstrations on potato. The higher yields of
kufri pukhraj was primarily due to variety having
Number of tubers/plant more vigorous growth, produced more number of
The perusal of data (Table1) revealed that tubers with heavier weight/plant.
number of tubers/plant were recorded significantly
higher under T3 during both the years than rest of the ECONOMICS
treatments which might be due to the morphological The economic analysis (Table2) revealed that
characteristics of Kufri pukhraj having tall plant and the higher economic benefits were recorded under
more vigorous growth than local seed. Likewise, T3 which registered highest gross return Rs.176000/
the average weight of tuber/plant was also found ha- and Rs.186080/ha-, highest B:C ratio 3.06 and
significantly higher in T3 as compared to other 3.16 during 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively
two treatments during 2015 and 2016 and recorded compared to rest of the treatments.
438.21g and 489.64g, respectively. This was
probably due to peculiar characteristics of Kufri CONCLUSION
pukhraj i.e. vigorous growth, large tuber size and The results of present investigation revealed
resistant to certain diseases. (Tabatabaeefar, 2002) that use of potato variety Kufri pukhraj is most

Table 2. Economic returns from different varieties of Potato.

Treatment Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha.) Gross Return (Rs/ha) B:C
  ratio
2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17
T1 – Farmers’ 48500 49300 122080 126880 2.52 2.57
Practice
T2 – Kufri khyati 57600 58900 166080 169520 2.88 2.89
T3 – Kufri pukhraj 57600 58900 176000 186080 3.06 3.16

54 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 53-55

 Evaluation of Potato Varieties

suitable for cultivation in the Surguja district of Razdan M K, Mattoo A K (2005). Genetic Improvement of
Chhattisgarh as it gave highest returns per unit area Solanaceous Crops, Potato, Science Publishers, Inc.
Enfield (NH), USA, 2005, I.
as compared to the local varieties being grown by
the farmers in the district. Tabatabaeefar A,( 2002). Size and shape of potato tubers. Int.
Agro Physics 10: 301-305.

REFERENCES Tomer L S, Sharma P B and Joshi K (2003). Impact of Front

Kumar S, Singh P H, Garg I D and Paul Khurana S M (2003). Line Demonstrations of soyabean in transfer of improved
Integrated management of potato diseases. Indian technology. Maharashtra Ext Edu 22 (1): 139.
Horticulture 48 (2): 25-27 Received on 13/12/17 Accepted on 31/12/17
Naik P S, and Thakur K C (2007). Potato in India: An
Overview. In: Souvenir: Potato Production and Utilization
in India. XXVI Biennial Group Meeting of AICRP on
Potato held at RAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar on 7-9
September 2007. p.10.

55 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 53-55

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 56-60 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00002.8

Effect of Different Levels of Bio-fertilizers and Plant Growth

Regulators on Growth attribute and Protein content of
Mungbean under Custard Apple Based Agri-Horti System
Rajiv Singh1, Prabhat Tiwari2, Mandhata Singh3, Rakesh Kumar4, Deokaran5 and RP Singh6
Department of Agroforestry, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Brakachha, Mirzapur,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005 (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of bio-fertilizers and plant growth
regulators (PGR’s) on mungbean under custard apple based agri-horti system in a complete randomized
block design with different treatment combinations viz., Harit Vardan (bio-fertilizer), Bioplantomin
(liquid bio-manure), Biovita (organic product), Farm Bahar (polymorphic growth hormones) and
Plantgro (multi-micronutrients) which were replicated thrice. These treatments were applied in different
doses and method of application was either through soil treatment or foliar spray. The biometric
observations on growth attributes were recorded at an interval of 15 d i.e.15th , 30th and 45th days after
sowing and at maturity. Use of Bioplantomin (liquid bio-manure) at 3.5 l/ha as foliar spray resulted in
highest plant height (55.0 cm), number of branches/ plant (4.32), number of trifoliate leaf/plant (9.4)
and total dry matter accumulation/plant (11.66g). Protein content (25.70%) as compared to control.
Key Words: Agri-horti System, Custard Apple, Growth, Mungbean, Protein.

INTRODUCTION Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is a pulse

Agro forestry system with judicious mixing
of crop, tree and grasses meet all basic requirements
of mankind and his livestock (Dhewa et al, 2015).
Tree based cropping system have proved to be
very successful in areas receiving less than 1000
mm rainfall with nine months of dry season. The
relatively short juvenile phase of fruit trees, high
market value of products and the contribution
of fruits to household dietary needs, fruit-tree-
based agro forestry enjoy high popularity among
producers worldwide. Farmers realize the problem
of no economic returns in the initial stage of fruit
tree orchards till the tree starts bearing fruits. There
is ample scope to utilize the introduction of the fruit
tree during the initial 5 to 6 yr by growing arable
crops.
Corresponding Author’s E-mail: mandhataagro@gmail.com
1
SMS (Horticulture), KVK, Ballia, NDUAT, Faizabad Email: rajivks01@gmail.com
2
MSc (Ag) Student, Agroforestry, RGSC, BUH, Varanasi
4
Research Scholar, Deptt of Agronomy, BHU, Varanasi
6
Ex Director, IAS, BHU, Varanasi
or food legume crop used primarily as dried seed
and occasionally as forage of green pods and seeds
for vegetables. It is becoming an important crop,
as it is the best alternative to meet the food needs
of the large population of developing countries due
to its nutritional superiority and nitrogen fixing
characters (Raza et al, 2012). Potential yield of
mungbean can be achieved through optimum use
of inputs and agronomic practices. It is drought
tolerant that can withstand adverse environmental
conditions and hence successfully be grown in rain
fed areas (Anjum et al, 2006). It is widely grown in
Indian subcontinent as a short duration catch crop
between two principal crops. Mungbean, compared
with other crops has a better chance of surviving
under adverse condition such as poor soil fertility
and moisture stress.
3
SMS (Agronomy), KVK, Buxar, Bihar
5
SMS (Soil Science), KVK, Buxar, Bihar

56 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 56-60

 Singh et al

Bio-fertilizers and Plant growth regulators MATERIALS AND METHODS

(PGR’s) are known to improve physiological
efficiency including photosynthetic ability of plants
and offer a significant role in realizing higher
crop yields. Fertilizer is one of the most important
factors that affect crop production. Fertilizer
recommendation for soils and crops is a dynamic
process and the management of fertilizers is one of
the important factors that greatly affect the growth,
development and yield of mungbean. Organic
nutrients also provide balanced nutrition in addition
to enhancing water holding capacity and improving
physical, chemical and biological properties (micro-
organisms) of soils which assist in better uptake
of nutrients. Multi-micronutrients are important
supplement for the plant food. It is feasible in open
field agriculture and also contain iron and zinc that
are often immobilized in the conducting system,
enter into the plant system through leaves. Besides,
PGR’S also enhance protein and nutrient content
(nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium). Hence,
there is a need to study the effect of different levels
of bio-fertilizers and PGR’s on growth attribute and
protein content of mung bean under custard apple
based agri-horti system to boost up the productivity
and protein contents.
The experiment was carried out in the year
kharif season of 2012, at the Agronomy farm of
Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Brakachha (BHU)
Mirzapur which is situated in Vindhyan region of
district Mirzapur (25º 10’ latitude, 82º 37’ longitude
and altitude of 427 m above mean sea level)
occupying over an area of more than 1000 ha where
variety of crops like agricultural, horticultural,
medicinal and aromatic plants are grown.
The soil of the experimental farm was sandy
loam in texture with pH 5.4 and 0.28% organic
carbon. The N, P2O5 and K2O content were 180.8,
12.9 and 145.3 kg/ha, respectively. The total rainfall
during the crop season 2012-13 was 1207.4 mm;
maximum and minimum temperature were 38.7ºC
and 16ºC, and relative humidity are 90 and 33 per
cent, respectively. The experiment was conducted
in randomized block design with 13 (thirteen)
treatments which were replicated thrice (Table 1).
Recommended intercultural operations were
practiced. The biometric observations on growth
attributes were recorded at an interval of 15 d, that
is, 15th ,30th and 45th days after sowing and at
maturity. Growth attributes like plant height, number

Table 1. Detail of Treatments.

Treatment Particular Quantity/ Application
ha
T1 Harit Vardan (bio-fertilizer) 3.5kg Soil treatment
T2 Harit Vardan (bio-fertilizer) 5.5kg Soil treatment
T3 Harit Vardan (bio-fertilizer) 7.5kg Soil treatment
T4 Bioplantomin (liquid bio- manure ) 1.5 l Foliar spray
T5 Bioplantomin (liquid bio-manure) 2.5 l Foliar spray
T6 Bioplantomin (liquid bio-manure) 3.5 l Foliar spray
T7 Biovita (organic product) 0.4 l Foliar spray
T8 Biovita (organic product) 0.6 l Foliar spray
T9 Biovita (organic product) 0.8 l Foliar spray
T10 Farm Bahar (polymorphic growth Hormones) 2.0ml Seed Treatment
T11 Farm Bahar (polymorphic growth hormones) 2.0ml Seed Treatment + Foliar Spray
T12 Plantgro (multi-micronutrients) 4.0 g Foliar spray
T13 Control - -

57 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 56-60

 Effect of Bio-fertilizers on Mungbean

of trifoliate leaf/plant, number of branches/ plant, leaf dry weight by 52.7 per cent over control in
total dry matter accumulation/plant were measured. green gram. Similar result were also been observed
For protein content, seed sample from each plot by Balchandar et al, (2003) in black gram through
was taken randomly and subjected to chemical the foliar application of molybdenum and boron.
analysis by Kjeldahl’s method (Jackson, 1962).
Available nitrogen percentage was determined Number of trifoliate leaf
through standard wet digestion method. Nitrogen In general, leaf is considered as an important
percentage was converted to protein content by functional unit of plant which is factory of
multiplying with constant factor (6.25) (Hiller et al, photosynthesis and ultimately contributes to the
1948). enhancement of yield. The number of leaves was
maximum at 40 DAS and declined later due to
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION shedding. In general, the application of various
treatments increased the number of leaves over the
Effect on Plant height control. Bioplantomin 3.5 l /ha (T6) as foliar spray
Plant height is a genetically controlled character was found to be more effective (9.4) among all the
but several studies indicated that the plant height treatments, while lowest number of trifoliate leaf
can either be increased or decreased by the per plant (4.66) obtained with control treatments
application of synthetic plant growth regulators and (T13) (Table 2). The increase in leaves number
biofertilizers. However, in the present investigation due to the application of organic components
significant differences were observed in plant influences stimulatory effects on cell division and
height of mung bean due to application of different enlargement, protein and nucleic acid synthesis in
treatment combinations (Table 2). Plant height potato (El-Banna et al, 2006). Similarly, penetration
(55.0 cm) was highest when (T6) Bioplantomin of roots to deeper depths, resulting more absorption
(liquid bio-manure) was applied at 3.5 l/ha as foliar of water and nutrients influences the leaf number is
spray which was at par with Plantgro 4.0 gm /l the function of biofertilizers and PGR’s. Finding of
(T12), Bioplantomin 2.5 l /ha (T5) and Farm Bahar Prakash et al, (2003) suggested that the application
2ml/ l (T11). Lowest plant height (38.56 cm) was of Chamatkar at 120 ppm increased the number of
obtained in control treatments (T13). The increased leaves in black gram.
growth parameters may be attributed to increased
cell division due to sufficient supply of nitrogen and Number of Branches
phosphorus by PGR’s and biofertilizers. The application of various treatments increased
the number of branches significantly and the increase
Total dry matter accumulation was more pronounced at higher concentration of
Bioplantomin (T6) was applied at 3.5 l/ha as the treatments. Bioplantomin 3.5 l/ha (T6) recorded
foliar spray observed highest dry matter (11.66g) higher number of branches per plant (4.32) at all
accumulation which was at par with Plantgro 4g/l the stages and it was found at par with Plantgro 4g/l
(T12), Bioplantomin 2.5 l/ ha (T5) and Farm Bahar (T12 ) against minimum (2.52) in control (Table
2ml/ l (T11) due to the beneficial effect of these 2). The increase in the number of branches could
treatments on leaf development. Control treatment be due to the suppression of apical dominance as
(T13) recorded (6.15g) significantly lowest total a result of increase in the auxin activity due to the
dry matter accumulation (Table 2). This could be application of growth retardants, thereby diverting
due to the translocation of stored photo-assimilates the polar transport of auxin towards the basal buds
towards the development of reproductive organs leading to increased branching. Similarly, Dhaka
and senescence. Shah and Prathapsenan (1991) and Anamika (2003) reported that application of
reported that application of Cycocel lead to increase Cycocel, Mepiquat Chloride (DPC), phosphatic

58 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 56-60

 Singh et al

Table 2. Effect of different levels of bio-fertilizers and PGR’s on plant height, dry matter accumulation,
trifoliate leaves/plant and branches/ plant at harvesting.
Treatment Plant height Dry matter Number of trifoliate leaf/ Number of
(cm) accumulation (g) plant (No.) branches/plant
(No.)
T1 45.24 6.56 5.7 2.65
T2 47.85 7.37 6.16 3.08
T3 48.91 8.12 6.83 3.26
T4 49.32 8.52 7.03 3.34
T5 54.51 10.23 8.8 4.00
T6 55.00 11.66 9.4 4.32
T7 46.22 7.11 5.96 2.90
T8 48.74 8.01 6.4 3.14
T9 49.41 8.66 7.4 3.57
T10 50.02 8.84 7.9 3.77
T11 50.95 9.99 8.53 3.98
T12 54.62 11.11 9.03 4.26
T13 38.56 6.15 4.66 2.52
SEm± 0.80 0.22 0.08 0.07
CD (P=0.05) 2.35 0.64 0.24 0.21
fertilizers and micronutrients increased the number Selvakumar et al (2012) in black gram.
of branches in green gram.
Effect on custard apple
Protein content Statistically non-significant differences
The influence to protein content in plant is observed in the mentioned growth parameters
result of stimulation of bio-chemical interaction of custard apple might be due to shorter growth
of biofertilizers and PGR’s with plant biological phase of mungbean which could not realized the
activity. The protein content was showed significant noticeable changes in the limited observation
differences between treatments. Maximum protein period (Table3).
content (25.7%) was recorded with Bioplantomin
(T6) which was significantly superior over CONCLUSION
remaining treatments and control (18.97%). In Among the various treatments applied in
the present investigation, it may be ascribed to the experiment, the Bioplantomin 3.5 l/ha (T6)
increased nitrogen uptake of leaves due to the recorded the highest growth attribute and protein
application of treatments because biofertilizers content which showed comparable results with
and PGR’s supports phytohormones production Plantgro 4g/l(T12), Bioplantomin 2.5 l/ ha (T5) and
which stimulate nutrients absorption as well as the control (T13) showed the lowest performance.
photosynthesis process as a result of this protein Hence, it may be concluded that Bioplantomin
content increases (Cakmakci et al, 2007). A 3.5 l/ha should be applied through foliar spray to
significant effect of inorganic P fertilizers and N and obtained maximum growth attribute and protein
P biofertilizers application on seeds/grains protein content in mungbean under custard-apple based
content has been reported by various workers in agri-horticulture system.
different crops Aslam et al (2010) in chick pea and

59 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 56-60

 Effect of Bio-fertilizers on Mungbean
Table 3. Effect of different levels of bio-fertilizers and PGR’s on growth parameters of custard apple
based agri-horti system.
Tree height (m) Canopy diameter (m)
At sowing At crop At sowing At crop
maturity maturity
2.88 3.62 8.10 8.73
REFERENCES
Anjum M S, Ahmed Z I and Rauf C A (2006). Effect of
rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and
yield components of mungbean. Int J Agric Biol 8: 238-
40.
Aslam M, Ahmad H K, Himayatullah A M, Ahmad E, Sagoo
A G, Hussain I U A and Manzoor M (2010). Nodulation,
grain yield and grain protein contents as affected by
rhizobium inoculation and fertilizer placement in
chickpea cultivar. Sarhad J Agric 26: 467-74.
Balachandar D, Nagarajan P and Gunasekaran S (2003).
Effect of organic amendments and micronutrients on
nodulation and yield of blackgram in acid soil. Legume
Res 26: 192-95.
Cakmakci R, Erat M, Erdogan U and Donmez M F (2007).
The influence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
on growth and enzyme activities in wheat and spinach
plants. J Plant Nut and Soil Sci 170: 288-95.
Dhaka T V S and Anamika (2003). Effect of mepiquat chloride
(DPC) and urea on growth and yield attributes of broad
bean (Vicia faba L.). Plant Arc 3: 291-93.
Dhewa J S, Singh Y, Sulochana and Bajia R (2015). Effect of
phosphorus levels and PSB on growth indices and yield
of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under custard
apple (Annona squamosa) based on agri-horti system.
The Biosc 10: 1317-20.
60 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 56-60
Stem girth (cm) Shading (m)
At sowing At crop At sowing At crop
maturity maturity
32.78 33.54 2.88 4.72
El-Banna E N, Ashour S A and Abd El-Salam, H Z (2006).
Effect of foliar application with organic compounds
on growth, yield and tubers quality of potato (Solanum
tuberosum L.). J Agric Sci 31: 1165-75.
Hiller A, Plazin J and Vanslyke D D (1948). A study of
conditions of Kjeldhal determination of nitrogen in
proteins. J Bio Chem 176: 1401-20.
Jackson M L (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited, New Delhi. p. 498.
Prakash M, Kumar J S, Kannan K, Kumar M S and Ganesan
J (2003). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth,
physiology and yield of black gram. Legume Res 26: 183-
87.
Raza M H, Sadozai G U, Baloch M S, Khan E A, Din I and
Wasim K (2012). Effect of irrigation levels on growth
and yield of mungbean. Pakistan J Nutr 11: 876-79.
Selvakumar G, Reetha S and Thamizhiniyan P (2012).
Response of Biofertilizers on growth, yield attributes
and associated protein profiling changes of black gram
(Vigna mungo L.). World App Sci J 16: 1368-74.
Shah T and Prathapasenan O (1999). Effect of cycocel on the
growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). J Agro
166: 40-47.
Received on 10/12/17 Accepted on 31/12/17
 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00058.2

Effect of Drip Irrigation, Fertigation and Mulching on Growth

and Dry Matter Accumulation in Bitter Gourd
Rincy K Abraham1, Munsi Partha Sarathi2 and Dulal Chandra Manna3
ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, CARD, Kolabhagom P.O, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta (Kerala)

ABSTRACT
The field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of irrigation, fertigation and plastic mulching
in bitter gourd variety Preethi in randomised block design with factorial combination of treatments
having 18 treatments and 3 replications. Effect of three levels of irrigation (60%, 80% and100% ET)
applied through drip, two levels of mulching (no mulch and mulching with silver- black plastic mulch)
and three levels of fertiliser (75%, 100% and 125% of NPK dose 210: 74: 225 kg/ ha) applied as
fertigation using water soluble fertilisers were studied. The results indicated that the highest irrigation
and fertigation levels (100%Ep and 125%NPK dose) along with plastic mulching significantly enhanced
the length of main vine, number of primary branches, dry matter content of leaves and vine, fruit dry
mater content, harvest index and N,P,K and iron content of fruits. However, higher doses of irrigation,
fertigation and mulching lead to decrease in the ascorbic acid content of fruits. Plastic mulching
resulted in early opening of male and female flowers on lower nodes and facilitated 8.64 days early
harvest. While increasing the fertigation dose, from 75 to 100 per cent, increased dry matter content of
fruits by 37.29 per cent, further increase from 100 to 125 per cent resulted in an increase of only 6.26
per cent. Drip fertigation using water soluble fertilisers along with silver-black plastic mulching can be
effectively used for attaining higher production and early harvest in bitter gourd variety Preethi in Kerala.
Key Words: Bitter gourd, Drip irrigation, Dry matter, Fertigation, Plastic mulching.

INTRODUCTION practices adopted (Meenakshi et al, 2008). The

Bitter gourd is one of the leading cucurbitaceous
vegetables grown in India. The crop is mainly
cultivated for its fruits that are rich in vitamin C,
beta carotene, iron, phosphorus and potassium
(Trivedi et al, 2011). Bitter gourd is also known
for its medicinal properties and presence of good
amount of hypoglycemic chemicals such as
steroidal saponins called charantins, insulin like
peptides and alkaloids in the fruit (Anilakumar et
al, 2015). It is widely cultivated during post south-
west monsoon period (September-December)
and summer in Kerala. The production and
accumulation of dry matter and nutrients in a plant
is influenced by the physico-chemical properties of
soil, climatic conditions prevailing at various stages
of growth, the variety used and the management
role of irrigation at appropriate level and according
to the crop growth stage has great significance in
improving yield (Singh et al, 1990). Fertigation,
the judicious application of fertilisers along with
irrigation, proved to be the principal factor that
enhance yield in many crops (Ningaraju and Joseph,
2014; Sathish et al, 2014).
Drip fertigation coupled with plastic mulching
is gaining popularity in Kerala as tools for
improving production, productivity and profitability
of vegetable cultivation. Fertigation and plastic
mulching proved to improve growth by providing
optimum nutrient availability conditions for nutrient
absorption. However, the effectiveness of any new
irrigation fertiliser application strategy need to
be evaluated and fine tuned in the prevailing agro

Corresponding Author’s Email: rinrock23@gmail.com

2, 3 Department of Horticulture, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal, India

61 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 Abraham et al

climatic situation. Hence the present investigation 1.15, Kc end – 0.75) (Allen, et al.,
was carried out to understand the influence of these 1998)
practices on growth, accumulation of dry matter and Wp – Percent wetted area (0.7)
the quality of produce in bitter gourd under open
field cultivation, in the humid tropical condition of Sp- Plant area in m2 (1.2)
Kerala. 2. IWd = (Vd- ERd) / IE where;
(Kumari, et al., 2014)
MATERIALS AND METHODS IWd – Net irrigation water requirement in L/
Field experiments with Bitter gourd (Momordica day /plant
charantia L.) cv. Preethi were carried out in the
ERd – Daily effective rainfall (70% in no-mulch
instructional farm of ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
treatments, Zero in mulched treatments)
CARD, Kolabhagom located at 90 22’44’’ N latitude
and 760 41’13’’E longitude and at an average IE- Application efficiency of drip irrigation
elevation of 17m above MSL in agro climatic zone system in decimal (0.90)
humid forest loam, during the period September to 3. t = (Vd x 60) / D where;
December in 2014 and 2015. The soil texture was (Pawar, 2001)
clay loam with pH (5.1) , electrical conductivity
t - Operation time of the drip system in minutes
(0.05 dSm-1), available N (172.48 kg/ha), available
P (90.94 kg/ha) and available K (236.54 kg/ha). The IWd - Net irrigation water requirement in L/
experiments were laid out in factorial randomised day /plant
block design having 18 treatment combinations D - Discharge capacity of dripper (2.4lph)
and 3 replications. The treatment factors were
Fifty per cent of P of each treatment combination
three levels of irrigation applied through drip viz.,
was applied as basal dose using rock phosphate and
60%, 80% and100% ET; two mulching levels viz.,
the rest 50 per cent P along with 100 per cent N
without mulch and mulching with silver- black
and K were applied as fertigation; split in to 40
plastic mulch of 30µ thickness; and three fertiliser
doses, applied once in 3 days starting from third
levels viz., 75% , 100% and 125% of NPK dose
day after sowing as per the schedule recommended
210: 74: 225 kg/ha.
by Kerala Agricultural University for fertigation.
The operation time of drip irrigation system 19:19:19, Urea, Potassium Nitrate (13:0:45) and
for supply of required quantity of water for each Mono Ammonium Phosphate (12:61:0) were used
treatment combinations were computed using the as fertiliser sources for supplying the nutrients.
following equations.
The sprouted seeds of bitter gourd variety
1. Vd = (Ep x Kp x Kc x Wp x Sp ) where; Preethi were sown at a spacing of 2 x 0.6 m on raised
(Vermeiren and Jobling, 1980) beds of size 3x1x0.45m (lxbxh) mulched as per
Vd – Daily water requirement of plants in L/ treatment. The data on parameters, length of vine
day/plant and number of primary branches, were collected on
the day of last harvest. Plant leaf and vine dry matter
Ep – Maximum pan evaporation for the season
content was determined using the five observation
(4.5mm/day)
plants from each plot, sampled on the day of last
Kp- Pan coefficient for USWB Class-A pan harvest. Per plant dry weights obtained were used
evaporimeter (0.7) for calculating the per hectare plant dry weight
Kc- Stage wise crop coefficient values for expressed in kg /ha. Fruit dry matter production in
cucurbitaceous crops (Kc ini - 0.6, Kc mid – kg/ha was calculated using data on average number

62 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 Effect of Drip Irrigation in Bitter Gourd

Table 1. Total quantity of water soluble fertilisers used and quantity of nutrients supplied through
fertigation during each crop growth stage in kg/ha.
Sr. Crop growth No of Total fertilisers applied Total nutrients supplied
No. stage splits 19:19:19 13:0:45 Urea 12:61:0 N P K
1. Stage I 6 29.2 62.7 38.6 0 31.5 5.5 33.7
(1-20 d)
2. Stage II 12 29.2 137.7 83.5 9.1 63.0 11.1 67.5
(21-54 d)
3. Stage III 22 53.6 252.4 153.3 16.7 115.5 20.4 123.8
(55-120 d)
of fruits/plant and average dry weight of single fruit. was found to be very useful in controlling weeds
Harvest index was determined using the equation and conserving soil moisture and this might have
HI= (FDM x100) ÷ TDM where; helped in increasing plant growth. NPK Fertigation
at higher doses significantly increased the length
HI- Harvest Index; FDM – Fruit Dry Matter in of vines and lead to production of more number of
kg/ha and TDM- Total Dry Matter in kg/ha primary branches. It also resulted in early male and
Methodologies suggested by Jackson (1973) female flower anthesis on lower nodes and early
(total N, P & K content), Sadasivam and Manikam harvest.
(1996) (ascorbic acid content) and Lindsay and Canopy of the plants is greatly influenced by
Norvel (1978) (iron content) was employed to the length of vines and number of branches which
assess the quality of fruits. Data from the two in turn contributes to the production of dry matter
experimental years were pooled and analyzed using through photosynthesis. Maintenance of moisture
statistical software SPSS ver.16. at field capacity, higher availability of nutrients
due to higher rates of supply and improvement in
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION soil properties due to plastic mulching must have
Growth, flower anthesis, node number of resulted in higher vine length, more number of
flowers and first fruit harvest branches in I3, M2 and F3 treatments and lead
Increasing irrigation levels form 60 % Ep to to early development and opening of flowers and
100% Ep enhanced the length of main vine and facilitated early harvest in these treatments.
number of primary branches and resulted in early
opening of male and female flowers on lower nodes. Dry matter content and harvest index
Irrigation at 80% Ep and 100% Ep resulted in at par Dry matter content of leaves and vine, fruit dry
values in days taken for anthesis of female flowers mater content and harvest index showed significant
and the node position of first female flower (Table variation among the different irrigation, mulching
2). and fertigation levels. While dry matter content
of plants leaves and vines showed an increase of
Mulching with silver–black plastic mulching only 5.8%, the fruit dry matter increased by 37.57%
sheet resulted in 6.85, 8.72 and 8.64 days of when irrigation was increased from 60% Ep (I1)
reduction respectively in the anthesis of first male to100% Ep (I3). Similarly, mulching with silver-
flower, first female flower and number of days black polythene mulch resulted in only 6.76%
taken for first harvest when compared to non- increase of dry matter content of plant vines and
mulched plots (Table 2). Bed mulching practice leaves against 49.23% increase in the dry matter

63 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 Abraham et al

Table 2. Effect of drip irrigation, mulching and fertigation levels on growth, flower anthesis, node
number of flowers and first harvest in bitter gourd.
Sr. Treatment Vine Number of Days to first Days to first Node Node Days
No length primary male flower female flower number of number of to first
(cm) branches anthesis anthesis first male first female harvest
flower flower
1. I1 434.68 19.20 31.91 35.85 14.45 20.46 51.43
2. I2 480.15 21.70 31.67 35.35 13.02 18.87 51.26
3. I3 498.11 22.06 31.85 35.20 12.72 18.56 51.20
CD (0.05) 13.01 0.18 NS 0.3 0.14 0.51 NS
4. M1 455.8 19.22 35.23 39.83 14.11 20.22 55.62
5. M2 486.17 22.75 28.38 31.11 12.68 18.37 46.98
CD (0.05) 10.62 0.15 0.26 0.25 0.11 0.42 0.29
6. F1 434.05 19.28 34.33 38.15 14.78 20.41 53.91
7. F2 479.49 21.67 31.19 34.94 12.85 18.91 50.58
8. F3 499.40 22.02 29.91 33.32 12.59 18.58 49.41
CD (0.05) 13.01 0.18 0.32 0.3 0.14 0.51 0.35
I1- irrigation at 60% Ep, I2- irrigation at 80% Ep and I3- irrigation at 100% Ep
content of fruits. While increasing the fertigation Growth and accumulation of dry matter is
dose from 75% (F1) to 100% (F2) resulted in an positively correlated with the availability of
increase of fruit dry matter content by 37.29 %, moisture and nutrients. Hebbar et al(2004) reported
further increase from 100% (F2) to 125% (F3) that fertigation using water soluble fertilisers
resulted in an increase of only 6.26 % (Table 3). contribute to the increased availability of N, P, and
The interaction M2F3 resulted in maximum fruit K in the 0-30 cm soil depth and reduce leaching of
dry matter content (3110 kg/ha) and harvest index NO3– N and K. Plastic mulching aids in better weed
(41.43) (Table 6) followed by I3M2 interaction control and reduce completion for moisture and
(3054 kg/ha) and (41.39) respectively (Table 4). nutrients. All these might have lead to the increased
availability of nutrients in the soil solution ensuing
N, P, K, iron and ascorbic acid content in the increased uptake of these nutrients by plants
Increasing levels of irrigation and mulching and better translocation of assimilates from source
resulted in significant increase in the N, P, K and to sink, resulting in higher dry matter accumulation
Iron content of fruits. However, raising fertigation by fruits. The decrease in the ascorbic acid content
level from 75 to 125 per cent resulted in less marked may be due to a relative dilution effect occurred in
increase in the N, P, K content of fruits compared the plant tissues due to enhanced growth. The higher
to the increase in iron content which showed an vine growth and branch number in the treatments
increase of 24.3 per cent. In all treatments higher supplied with higher doses of irrigation, fertiliser
levels of application lead to a significant reduction and mulching also must have resulted in reduced
in the ascorbic acid content (Table 3) and Interaction light intensity and shading of fruits in the pandal
of the highest levels of irrigation and fertigation and might have lead to lesser synthesis of ascorbic
(I3F2) resulted in the lowest ascorbic acid content acid by these fruits.
in fruits (Table 5).

64 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 Effect of Drip Irrigation in Bitter Gourd

Table 3. Effect of drip irrigation, mulching and fertigation levels on dry matter, harvest index, total
N, P ,K, iron and ascorbic acid content of fruits in bitter gourd.
Sr. Treatment PDM FDM Harvest N (%) P (%) K (%) Vit. C in Fe
No. (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Index (mg/100g) (mg/100g)

1. I1 3891 1834 31.63 1.69 0.70 4.33 109.28 3.21

2. I2 4065 2424 36.61 1.74 0.71 4.39 106.06 3.28
3. I3 4118 2523 37.23 1.75 0.72 4.46 102.78 3.35
CD (0.05) 14.95 88.17 0.67 0.03 0.003 0.004 0.44 0.009
4. M1 3893 1814 31.47 1.68 0.68 4.26 107.56 3.15
5. M2 4156 2707 38.85 1.77 0.74 4.53 104.52 3.41
CD (0.05) 12.21 71.99 0.52 0.025 0.002 0.003 0.36 0.008
6. F1 3765 1770 31.55 1.63 0.66 4.11 112.04 2.92
7. F2 4103 2430 36.54 1.73 0.72 4.41 105.67 3.29
8. F3 4205 2582 37.39 1.82 0.75 4.67 100.41 3.63
CD (0.05) 14.95 88.17 0.67 0.03 0.003 0.004 0.44 0.009
I1- irrigation at 60% Ep, I2- irrigation at 80% Ep and I3- irrigation at 100% Ep, M1- without mulch, M2 – Mulching
with Silver- Black plastic mulch of 30µ thickness, F1 – 75% NPK dose, F2 – 100% NPK dose and F3 – 125% NPK
dose.
Table 4. Interaction effect of Irrigation and mulching levels on dry matter, harvest index, total N, P,
K, iron and ascorbic acid content in bitter gourd.
Sr. No. Treatment PDM FDM Harvest N (%) P (%) K (%) Vit. C in Fe
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) Index (mg/100g) (mg/100g)

1. I1M1 3766 1539 28.89 1.63 0.67 4.20 110.56 3.05

2. I1 M2 4016 2129 34.38 1.74 0.72 4.46 108.00 3.37
3. I2 M1 3930 1911 32.45 1.7 0.68 4.26 108.04 3.15
4. I2 M2 4199 2938 40.78 1.78 0.73 4.53 104.07 3.41
5. I3 M1 3984 1992 33.08 1.71 0.70 4.32 104.07 3.24
6. I3 M2 4252 3054 41.39 1.79 0.75 4.60 101.48 3.46
CD (0.05) NS 124.69 0.9 NS 0.004 0.006 0.62 0.014

CONCLUSION form 100 per cent NPK recommendation to125 per

Irrigation at 100 per cent Ep and fertigation at cent level lead to less pronounced increase in dry
125 per cent NPK dose along with application of matter content than increasing the level from 75 to
silver-black plastic mulching significantly enhanced 100 per cent and the lowest ascorbic acid content
the dry matter content and facilitated early harvest of of fruits.
fruits in bitter gourd variety preethi, cultivated under
open field conditions in the humid tropical region of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Kerala. It also improved the N, P, K and iron content The authors acknowledge the support
of fruits. However, increasing the fertigation level given by ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, CARD,

65 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 Abraham et al

Table 5. Interaction effect of Irrigation and fertigation levels on dry matter, harvest index, total N,
P, K, iron and ascorbic acid content in bitter gourd.
Sr. Treatment PDM FDM Harvest N (%) P (%) K (%) Vit. C in Fe
No. (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Index (mg/100g) (mg/100g)

1. I1 F1 3639 1496 28.97 1.57 0.64 4.04 114.72 2.86

2. I1 F2 3911 1959 33.05 1.70 0.71 4.34 109.45 3.21
3. I1 F3 4122 2048 32.88 1.80 0.74 4.62 103.67 3.56
4. I2 F1 3812 1877 32.57 1.67 0.66 4.10 112.17 2.91
5. I2 F2 4168 2620 38.04 1.73 0.72 4.41 105.72 3.29
6. I2 F3 4214 2777 39.24 1.82 0.75 4.67 100.28 3.64
7. I3 F1 3844 1937 33.11 1.65 0.68 4.18 109.22 2.98
8. I3 F2 4231 2711 38.55 1.76 0.73 4.48 101.83 3.37
9. I3 F3 4279 2922 40.04 1.85 0.76 4.73 97.28 3.70
CD (0.05) 25.9 152.71 1.1 NS 0.005 0.007 0.76 0.017

Table 6. Interaction effect of mulching and fertigation levels on dry matter, harvest index, total N,
P, K, iron and ascorbic acid content in bitter gourd.
Sr. No. Treatment PDM FDM Harvest N (%) P (%) K (%) Vit. C in Fe
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) Index (mg/100g) (mg/100g)

1. M1F1 3637 1447 28.39 1.6 0.63 3.98 113.78 2.79

2. M1F2 3969 1941 32.68 1.68 0.69 4.27 107.26 3.16
3. M1F3 4075 2054 33.35 1.77 0.73 4.53 101.63 3.50
4. M2F1 3894 2093 34.71 1.66 0.69 4.24 110.30 3.05
5. M2F2 4238 2918 40.41 1.78 0.75 4.54 104.08 3.42
6. M2F3 4335 3110 41.43 1.88 0.77 4.81 99.18 3.77
CD (0.05) NS 124.69 0.9 NS 0.004 0.006 NS NS

Pathanamthitta by providing the land and drip- Hebbar S S, Ramachandrappa B K, Nanjappa H V and
fertigation facilities essential for the conduct of the Prabhakar M (2004). Studies on NPK drip fertigation
in field grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).
experiment. Europ J Agro 21: 117-127.
Jackson M L (1973). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of
REFERENCES India Private Limited New Delhi, India.
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, Smith M (1998). ETc –
single crop coefficient (Kc) In: Crop evapotranspiration. Kumari, R., Kaushal, A. and Singh , K. G. 2014. Water use
Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO efficiency of drip fertigated sweet pepper under the
Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, Rome. influence of different kinds and levels of fertilisers.
Indian J Sci Tech 7(10) :1538-1543
Anilakumar K R, Kumar G P and Ilaiyaraja N (2015).
Nutritional, Pharmacological and Medicinal Properties of Lindsay W L, and W A Norvell (1978). Development of a
Momordica Charantia. Int J Nutr and Food Sci 4 (1):75- DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil
83. Sci Soc Am J 42:421-428.

66 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 Effect of Drip Irrigation in Bitter Gourd

Meenakshi N, Vadivel E, Veeraraghavathatham D and Kavitha
M (2008). Dry matter accumulation and leaf chlorophyll
content of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as
influenced by fertigation. The Asian J Hort 3(2):307-309.
Ningaraju G.K. and Joseph P.A. (2014). Effect of drip
fertigation on growth and yield of oriental pickling melon
(Cucumis melo var. conomon (L.) Makino) under high
density planting. Int J Sci. Res Pub 4(6):1-5.
Pawar, S. J. 2001. Effect of irrigation levels and micro
irrigation methods on quality and yield of cabbage. MSc.
Ag Thesis submitted to M.P.V.V., Rahuri, 31p
Sadasivam S and Manickam A (1996). Biochemical Methods
for Agricultural Sciences. New Age International (P)
Ltd., New Delhi.
Sathish G, Ponnuswami V and Geethalakshmi I (2014).
Studies on different sources and levels of potassium on
post harvest characters of paprika (Capsicum annuum
var.longam) cv. KtPl-19 under drip fertigation system. Int
J Proc & Post Harvest Technol 5(2): 151-155.
Singh J, Pandey U C and Kohli V P (1990). Response of
vegetable pea to irrigation. J Veg Sci 17: 11–15.
Trivedi R V, Wadher K J, Taksande Jayashri B and Umekar
M J (2011). Bitter melon: a bitter body with a sweet soul.
Inter J Res in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 2(2):443-447.
Vermeiren, I and Jobling, G. A. 1980. Localized irrigation
design, installation, operation and evaluation. Irrigation
and Drainage Paper. FAO.36:10-12.
Received on 30/7/2017 Accepted on 15/12/17

67 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 61-67

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 68-70 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00025.9

Effect of Flumethrin for Tick Control in Indigenous Bullocks

Jaishankar N1*, Yusufali N2 and Vikram Simha H V3
ICAR-KVK, Raddewadgi, Jewargi, Kalburgi-2, UASR ( Karnataka)

ABSTRACT
Ticks infestation is commonly observed in livestock of tropical and subtropical countries. Tick infestation
affect the performance and health of animals by spreading tick borne diseases like Babesiosis, Anaplosmosis,
Theileriosis etc. Therefore, to control ticks various acaricides are used as spray, injection, topical application
and tank dips. Topical application is effortless and economical for farmers to pour on top back line of
the animal from poll to tail. In this regard animal health cum vaccination camps were organized in three
villages. Heavily tick infested bullocks were screened and selected. Fifteen tick infested bullocks (Killari
or Deoni) from each village were observed for number of ticks per square inch at heavily infested areas of
the animal such as neck region, below tail and groin region. Flumethrin 1 per cent (50 ml/animal) was used
for topical application from poll to tail on back of the animal. The observations were made after 30 days
of application. Results revealed that the mean tick number significantly reduced from 14.44 to 1.31 per
square inch respectively, before and after topical application. It can be concluded that, topical application
of flumethrin is effortless and economically feasible to control ticks. Hence, flumethrin 1 per cent can be
used effectively to control tick population in Killari or Deoni bullocks for a period of twenty to thirty days.
Key Words: Ticks, Killari bullocks, Flumethrin, Ectoparasite.

INTRODUCTION Some particular tick species are also responsible

Infestation of animals with ectoparasites
especially ticks and lice are common problem
noticed in rural area. Ticks have an adverse impact
on growth of animal’s and are potential transmitter
of tick borne diseases. Tick bite causes irritation,
inflammation hypersensitivity and reduce feed
intake and affect the performance of animals. The
major tick borne diseases, which have particularly
severe effect on cattle, according to the tick
vector species: Boophilus species are vectors of
Babesia and Anaplasma species cause Babesiosis
and Anaplasmosis in livestock. Hyalomma species
are responsible for the transmission of the
protozoan  Theileria annulata which causes
Theileriosis (McCosker, 1979). Therefore, ticks
are responsible for indirect losses due to reduction
in growth and production, high mortality and also
direct losses caused by their attachment to animal
hides, blood sucking activity, leading to wound,
udder damage, weakness, and death of calves.
for paralysis or sweating sickness in livestock due
to the injection of potent toxins by ticks that affect
nervous system (De Castro, 1997). The acaricides
are most convenient and effective ways to reduce
production losses from tick parasitosis and tick-
borne pathogens (Walker, 2014). There are different
classes of acaricides, among which the most
commonly available and recommended (George et
al, 2004) are organophosphates (Chlorphenvinphos,
Coumaphos, Diazinon, Dioxathion) and Carbamates
(Carbaryl): these compounds are generally
effective at low concentrations and are stable in dip
tanks. Pyrethroids, mainly synthetic Pyrethroids:
highly effective group of acaricides (Permethrin,
Decamethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyhalothrin,
Cyfluthrin and Flumethrin). Pyrethroids typically
show prolonged residual activity (atleast 7–10 d)
but Amidines (Amitraz) showing less prolonged
residual activity (4–5 d).

*Corresponding author: drjaishankarn@gmail.com

1
Scientist (Animal Science), 2Scientist (Agronomy), 3Scientist (Food Processing and Engineering),

68 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 68-70

 Jaishankar et al
Conventional organophosphate, carbamate, and
pyrethroid insecticides generally are inexpensive
and delivery of chemical pesticides can be effective
in reducing tick numbers within localized areas.
Less toxic alternatives, including the synthetic
pyrethroids can be effective at lower doses than
organophosphate and carbamate compounds, at
least over the short term. To control ectoparasites,
hand picking of large insects like ticks was common
practice done by farmers in rural area, whereas, with
assistance of professionals spraying of pesticides
like Cypermethrin which was recommended
for animal use and also use of subcutaneous
injections like Ivermectin to control both ecto and
endoparasites was practiced in rural area. Demerits
are chances of poisoning of animals when sprayed
with pesticides, higher cost of ivermectin injection
and veterinary aid, which is not affordable for
the livestock farmers. Failure to control ticks and
tick borne diseases effectively was a major factor
limiting livestock growth and production. Hence,
an attempt was made to use topical application
(Flumethrin 1% w/v) of ectoparasiticide to control
of ticks in indigenous bullocks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three villages (Narbola, Tengli and Gauwara)
of Kalburgi district, Karnataka were selected
for screening of ticks in bullocks. Since, lack
of awareness among farmers to control ticks in
livestock, vaccination cum health checkup camps
was organized in each village. Vaccination against
food and mouth disease (FMD)/ Hemorrhagic
septicemia (HS)/Black quarter (BQ) was organized
and screened for tick infested animals. Fifteen
heavily tick infested bullocks (Killari or Deoni)
were selected in each village. The efficiency of
topical ectoparasiticide was tested by counting ticks
manually per square inch on heavily infested areas
such groin region, below tail and neck region. Topical
application of flumethrin @1% poured on top line
of tick infested animals from poll to tail (50ml/
animal). After thirty days of topical application
of flumethrin, again the number of ticks in the
69 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 68-70
affected area of particular animal was recorded.
The observed and recorded data were subjected to
paired‘t’ test to compare the mean values of number
of ticks before and after topical application to check
the efficiency of ectoparasiticide to control ticks in
Killari or Deoni bullocks.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Most recent research on reducing ticks has
focused on the targeted delivery of chemical
insecticides to particular hosts. The mean tick
number per square inch at heavily infested area
before and after topical application of Flumethrin
1% was significantly reduced from 14.44 and 1.31
respectively (Table 1) and the same was graphically
presented in Fig.1. The number of ticks per square
inch in heavily infected areas was recorded and
observed values before topical application of
flumethrin 1% ranged from 8 to 21, 6 to 8, and 9 to
22 ticks per square inch at neck, below tail and at
groin region respectively. Whereas upon flumethrin
topical application the number of ticks in heavily
infested area after 30 days ranged from 1 to 2, 1 to 1,
1 to 2 ticks per square inch at neck region, below tail
and groin region respectively. The per cent of tick
infested before and after was represented in Fig 2.
Fig.1 Mean tick number per square inch before and
after topical application of flumethrin
The results revealed that flumethrin 1 per cent
applied topically provided full protection against
ticks for the duration of 20-30 d. This might be due to
the rapid cuticular penetration and accumulation of
permethrin in arthropod tissue generally contributes
to a rapid killing of ticks. Therefore, permethrin
 Tick Control in Bullock

Table 1. Ticks recorded before and after topical application of flumethrin 1%

Sr. No Area of ticks infestation (no./sq.in) Number of Before After application
observations application
1 Below tail 5 7 1
2 Neck region 10 12.3 1.1
3 Groin region 30 16.4 1.4
Mean 14.44a 1.31b
Variance 20.48 0.22
SD 4.53 0.47
SE 0.67 0.07
application usually provides a strong immediate tick borne diseases in indigenous bullocks. This
killing effect after initial arthropod exposure. technology can be adopted by farmers without any
As most permethrin or permethrin-associated aid from professionals. It is simple, effortless, and
combinations have label indications that offer both economically feasible to improve growth and health
immediate and persistent efficacy against ticks of animals. Hence, every single topical application
over approximately one month following initial of flumethrin 1 per cent was effective to control ticks
treatment. The duration of the preventive efficacy for the duration of thirty days in indigenous bullocks.
may be 4 weeks or in some cases even 5 weeks after
a single topical administration (Dumont et al,2015). REFERENCES
Buczek A, Lachowska-Kotowska P, Bartosik K. (2015). The
Dumont et al (2015) reported that the effect of synthetic pyrethroids on the attachment and host-
combination of 50.48 % permethrin and 6.76 % feeding behaviour in Dermacentor reticulatus females
fipronil in a laboratory challenge had efficacy of (Ixodida: Amblyommidae). Parasit Vectors 8:366.
94.4 % and 100 % against R. sanguineus, 100 % De-Castro JJ. (1997). Sustainable tick and tick-borne
against I. ricinus, and more than 99 % against adult disease control in livestock improvement in developing
countries. Vet Parasitol. 71:77–97.
D. reticulatus tiks two days after treatment.
Dumont P, Chester TS, Gale B, Soll M, Fourie JJ, Beugnet
Permethrin killed adult Dermacentor reticulatus F. (2015). Acaricidal efficacy of a new combination
ticks and also killed 100 % of unfed nymphs and of fipronil and permethrin against Ixodes ricinus and
larvae within 48 h after topical administration and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Parasit Vectors. 8:51.
also impaired the embryonic development of eggs George JE, Pound JM, Davey RB. (2004). Chemical control
from exposed adult female ticks (Buczek et al, 2015). of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to
Similarly, Lorenz and Peters (1994) reported that a acaricides. Parasitology 129: 353–66.
single spot-on administration of permethrin resulted Lorenz JA, Peters LJ. (1994). Defend Exspot, insecticide for
in killing efficacy between 88 to 92 per cent against dogs: Professional Services Department, Mallinkrodt
Veterinary. 1–17.
adult R. sanguineus, 86 to 90 per cent against adult
I. dammini – now I. scapularis and 87 to 99.5 per McCosker PJ. (1979). Global aspects of the management and
control of ticks of veterinary importance. Recent Adv
cent against adult I. ricinus for a period of 28 d. Acarol. 2: 45–53.
Received on 24/08/17 Accepted on 24/12/17
CONCLUSION
Topical application of ectoparasiticide was
found to be effective to treat animals individually to
control ticks population and consequently prevent

70 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 68-70

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 71-74 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00087.9

Effect of Nutrient Sources Particularly of Phosphorus on Growth

and Productivity of Summer Blackgram Under Lateritic Soil
Subrata Mandal* and SouravMondal
Rathindra KrishiVigyan Kendra,
Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, Birbhum 731 236 ( West Bengal)

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of Rathindra KrishiVigyan Kendra, Visva-Bharati,
Sriniketan, Birbhum during the summer season 2014-15, to study the different nutrient management
practices with special emphasis on effect of phosphorus on growth, productivity, soil fertility and economics
of summer black gram. The treatments were T1= Control (No source of nutrient), T2= Vermicompost (V.C)
@ 2.5 t/ha, T3= V.C + Biofertiliser (B.F) (Rhizobium and Phosphorus Solubilising Bacteria ), T4= V.C +
BF+ Sea weed extract (10%), T5= DAP @100 kg/ha, T6= DAP +BF , T7= DAP + BF + Sea weed extract
(10%), T8=Urea (20kg/ha)+SSP (40 kg/ha), T9= Urea+SSP +BF, T10= Urea+SSP +BF +Sea weed extract
(10%). The experiment was conducted in randomised block design with 3 replications. The soil was acidic
( pH- 6.18) in reaction, sandy loam in texture with low organic carbon, availablephosphorus and medium
in potassium content. The maximum increase in growth attributes was found with the application of T10
i.e.Urea+SSP+Biofertiliser+Sea weed extract treatment followed by T4 and T7.The significantly higher grain
yield (9.45 q/ha) and yield attributes were obtained under treatment of T10 than those of other treatments.
The maximum net return (Rs. 24,050/-ha) and BC ratio (1:2.04) was obtained from the treatment T10.
Key Words: Blackgram, Vermicompost, Biofertiliser, Sea weed extract, SSP, DAP, Yield.

INTRODUCTION height of the plants (9.5±0.42cm) and root length

In West Bengal, the crop productivity levels
are usually low, owing to various soil related
constraints such as low pH, organic matter, and
nutrient availability. However, inclusion of a short
duration pulse crop holds promise for increasing
and sustaining productivity of these soils through
biological N fixation(Bhattacharya et al, 2004).
Integrating chemical fertilizers with organic
manures will not only maintain higher productivity
but also provide greater stability in crop production.
Combined application of biofertiliser and neem oil
cake have been reported to increase the yield of
blackgram and residual soil fertility (Murugan et
al, 2011). The physical properties such as water
holding capacity, moisture content and porosity in
soil amended with vermicompost were improved
and maximised the plant parameter’s like number
of leaves (33.1± 0.21), leaf length (4.1±0.03 cm),
of plant (7.1±0.10cm) in black gram.(Tharmaraj
et al, 2010). Seaweed extracts have been marked
for several years as fertiliser additives, in which
the importance is being given to be the source of
microelements and as a soil conditioner. (Zodape,
2001).Phosphorus is the key nutrient for pulse
cultivation. Integrated nutrient management using
all the sources played significant role to increase
yield of blackgram (Abraham and Lal, 2014).In
rainy season the yield of blackgram is very poor in
lateritic soil of West Bengal due to several reasons.
Summer blackgram cultivation with little irrigation
has a great potentiality. Little use of chemical
fertiliser is only the nutrient management practice
in blackgram cultivation. In this context, different
nutrient management practices with special
emphasis on phosphorus was studied in summer
blackgram.

Corresponding Author’s Email: smkvkvb@gmail.com

71 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 71-74

 Mandal and Moundal

MATERIALS AND METHODS randomised block design with 3 replications. The

This experiment was carried out at the
Instructional Farm of Rathindra KrishiVigyan
Kendra, PSB, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan during
the summer season, 2014-15. The seed rate of 25
kg/ha was used in 25cmX10cm spacing of variety
WBU109 (Sulata). The treatments were T1=
Control (No source of nutrient), T2= Vermicompost
(V.C) @ 2.5 t/ha, T3= V.C + Biofertiliser (B.F)
(Rhizobium and PSB), T4= T3 + Sea weed extract
(10%), T5= Di ammonium phosphate ( DAP) @100
kg/ha, T6= DAP +BF , T7= T6 + Sea weed extract
(10%), T8=Urea (20kg/ha)+Single super phosphate
(SSP) (40 kg/ha), T9= T8 +BF, T10= T9 +Sea weed
extract (10%). All the nutrient sources except sea
weed extract were applied as basal according to the
treatments. The sea weed extract was sprayed in
the standing crop at 25 days after sowing (DAS) in
the specific plots as per treatment. Vermicompost
was applied @ 2.5 t/ha and incorporated into
the soil as basal as per treatments. Biofertilisers
(Mixture of Rhizobium and PSB) were applied
@ 1.5 kg/ha as seed inoculation according to the
treatments. The experiment was conducted in
lateritic soil was acidic ( pH 6.18) in reaction, sandy
loam in texture with low organic carbon (038%),
availablephosphorus (12.4 kg/ha) and medium in
potassium content (122.4 kg/ha). All the data on
growth attributes were collected at peak growing
stage i.e at 45 DAS. Yield attributes were collected
at maturity stage ( 85 DAS). The data were analysed
using statistical tools (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on growth attributes
The perusal of the data (Table1) indicated
that the maximum increase in growth attributes
like number of branches/plant, nodules/plant, dry
weight of shoots (g/m2) of summer blackgram were
found statistically significant due to application
of differential nutrient sources. The application of
T10 i.e.Urea+SSP+Biofertiliser+Sea weed extract
treatment produced maximum growth. However,
it was found statistically at parwith the treatments
T4 and T7. The balanced fertilization along with
biofertilizer Rhizobium and PSB helped for supply
of appropriate quantity of phosphorus nutrients

Table 1. Effect of different nutrient sources on growth, yield component and yield of summer
blackgram.
Treatment No. of No. of Dry weight No. of No. of Test Weight Seed Yield
branches / nodules / of shoots pods /m2 seeds /pod (1000 seed (q/ha)
plant plant (g/m2) weight in) (g)
T1 9.4 14.5 309.7 167.5 5.55 27.25 5.75
T2 13.3 22.3 406.8 218.7 6.55 32.00 8.25
T3 14.1 24.0 421.5 242.7 7.03 32.29 9.02
T4 14.4 25.8 481.6 259.5 7.12 32.55 9.33
T5 12.2 20.7 395.2 212.7 6.70 32.25 8.26
T6 13.1 21.5 434.6 231.3 6.95 32.35 9.06
T7 14.1 23.5 444.7 250.6 7.05 32.50 9.30
T8 12.8 21.1 384.9 220.5 6.71 32.24 8.27
T9 13.6 23.1 434.2 238.4 7.00 32.33 9.10
T10 14.9 24.9 496.3 265.4 7.25 32.50 9.45
SEM + 0.28 0.42 9.49 4.41 0.35 0.33 0.05
CD at 5 % 0.72 1.08 27.05 11.35 0.14 0.85 0.13

72 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 71-74

 Effect of Phosphorous on Black Gram

for better root ramification and higher nodulation analysed (Table2). The residual soil fertility status
which is more important in pulse productivity. like pH , O.C , avail. P andavail. K were well
maintained by the treatment T3= Vermi-compost +
Effect on yield attributes and yield Bio-fertiliser (Rhizobium and PSB) closely followed
I t was observed that different yield components by T4 and T2.This might be due to purely organic
of blackgram like no. of pods/m2 (14.9), test weight nature of the nutrient sources. Soil pH was found
(496.3) were found significantly higher with the lower in the treatments where chemical fertilisers
application of T10i.e.Urea+SSP+Biofertiliser+Sea were included. Higher organic carbon was found
weed extract treatment than those of other where vermi-compost and bio-fertilisers were
treatments. However, maximum No. of seeds/pod included. However, the treatment T10 performed
(25.8) was found in T4treatment i.e. Vermicompost+ lower in maintaining soil fertility than those of
Biofertiliser + Sea weed extract. However, these other treatments but played satisfactory role in
treatments along with T3treatmenti.eVermicompost maintaining soil fertility. Kannan et al (2005)
+ Biofertiliser were found statistically at par. It reported that though, organic sources of nutrients
indicated that the key nutrient for pulse phosphorous contain relatively low concentrations of nutrients
were available to the plants in same pattern from all and handling them is labour intensive, there has
the treatments for influencing the yield attributes. been large increase in their use over inorganic
Similar type of results were obtained by Joshi et al( fertilizers as nutrient source.
2016) in summer cowpea.
Table 2.Effect of different nutrient sources on
Similarly, the significantly highest grain yield soil fertility status after harvest of summer black
was obtained by application of nutrient sources gram.
in the treatment T10 followed by T4 and T7.
It was,thus, evident that sea weed extract was Treatment pH O.C Available Available
common treatment in all the three cases. Beside (%) P (Kg/ K (Kg/ha)
that phosphorous nutrient along with other nutrients ha)
were applied in balanced form in those treatments. T1 6.11 0.37 9.5 118.6
The result may be due to the appropriate supply T2 6.70 0.80 27.1 152.4
of key nutrient phosphorus for increasing pod T3 6.64 0.83 29.4 164.9
formation, seed formation, seed size and ultimately T4 6.59 0.79 28.8 161.2
seed yield. Nutrient supply through organic T5 6.31 0.41 18.2 131.4
sources like T4 and integrated sources like T7, T10 T6 6.42 0.71 25.1 140.3
produced almost similar yield. Alabadan et al(2009) T7 6.54 0.67 24.2 141.7
also observed that use of organic manures alone or T8 6.44 0.54 19.5 134.2
in combination with chemical fertilizers, helps in T9 6.51 0.62 22.3 146.3
improving physico-chemical properties of the soil
T10 6.49 0.62 20.5 145.4
and improves the efficient utilization of applied
SEM + 0.05 0.02 0.40 4.09
fertilizers resulted in higher seed yield and quality.
Further,it stimulates the activity of micro organisms CD at 5 % 0.10 0.05 1.03 10.51
that makes the plant to get the macro and micro- Economics of cultivation
nutrients through enhanced biological processes, The selling price of black gram of Rs. 65/-
increase nutrient solubility. per kg (local market rate) was considered while
Effect on residual soil status calculating the economics. It was observed (Table
The soil samples collected from all the plots 3) that maximum net return (38225/ha) and BC
treatment wise after harvesting the crops were ratio (2.65) was obtained from the treatment T10.
73 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 71-74
 Mandal and Moundal

This might be due to supply of all the nutrients REFERENCES

specially phosphorus towards the balancing way in Abraham T and LalRB (2014). Performance of Blackgram
treatment T10 within the lower cost of cultivation. (Vigna mungo L.) under Integrated Nutrient Management
(INM) in a legume based cropping system for the
Gross cost were found higher in the treatments like inceptisols of NEPZ. Indian J Dryland Agric Res & Dev
T2, T3,T4 due to higher cost of vermi-compost. For 19 (1), pp.81-87.
this reason, the benefit was less in those treatment Alabadan B A, Adeoye P A and Folorunso E A (2009). Effects
although yield was satisfactory. of different poultry wastes on physical, chemical and
Table3. Effect of different nutrient sources on biological properties of soil. Caspian J Environ Sci 7: 31-
35.
economics of cultivation of summer blackgram.
Bhattacharya S S, Mandal D, Chattopadhyay G N and
Treatment Gross cost Gross Net B/C Majumdar K (2004). Effect of Balanced Fertilization on
(Rs./ha) Return Return Ratio Pulse Crop Production in Red and Lateritic Soils. Better
Crops 88 (4). pp.25-27.
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
T1 19500 37375 17875 1.91 Gomez KA and Gomez AA(1984). Statistical Procedure for
Agricultural Research. Second Ed..An International Rice
T2 25700 53625 27925 2.09 Research Institute Book. Willey, New York.pp.684.
T3 26100 58630 32530 2.25 Joshi D, Gediya KM, Patil JS, Birarai MM and Gupta S
T4 26700 60645 33945 2.27 (2016). Effect of Organic manures on growth and yield
of summer cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (l.) Walp.] under
T5 21800 53690 31890 2.46 middle Gujrat condition. Agric Sci Digest 36 (2): 134-
T6 23400 58890 35490 2.52 137.
T7 23700 60450 36750 2.55 Kannan P A, Saravanan S,Krishnakumar and S K Natrajan
T8 21200 53755 32555 2.54 (2005). Biological properties of soil as influenced
bydifferent organic manure. Res J Agric Biol Sci 1: 181-
T9 22900 59150 36250 2.58
183.
T10 23200 61425 38225 2.65
Murugan R, Chiraputhirapillai S, Nimesdroff P, and
NanjappanK(2011). Effects of Combined Application of
CONCLUSION Biofertiliser with Neem Oil Cake on Soil Fertility and
Among the different nutrient management Grain Yield of Black gram. World J Agric Sciences 7 (5).
practices with special emphasis to phosphorus, the Pp. 583-590.
application of T10i.e.Urea+SSP+Bio-fertiliser+Sea Nambiar KK M and Abrol IP (1992). Long term fertilizer
weed extract treatment produced higher yield and experiments in India – An overview. Fertiliser News 34
(4) : 11-26.
benefits in summer blackgram cultivation and
also maintained soil fertility satisfactorily under Tharmaraj K,Kolanjinathan K,Kumar S and Anandam
A(2010).Influence of vermicompost and vermiwash on
lateritic soil of Birbhum district of West Bengal. physico chemical properties of black gram cultivated
However, the best soil fertility was maintained with soil. Int J Recent Sci Res 2. Pp.234-237.
the application treatment T3 i.e. Vermi-compost + Zodape ST (2001). Sea Weeds as a biofertilisers. J Scientific
Bio-fertiliser (Rhizobium and PSB) but with slight and Indust Res 60. Pp 378-382.
reduction in yield. Received on 13/8/2017 Accepted on 01/10/2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to the Agricultural
Technology Management Agency (ATMA),
Birbhum district for supporting the study. Beside
that all the staff members of RKVK, Birbhum are
also duly acknowledged for their help time to time.

74 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 71-74

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 75-77 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00064.8

Effect of Silicon on Soil Physico-chemical Properties in Laterite

derived Paddy Soils of Kerala
Guntamukkala Babu Rao1, Poornima Yadav P I2 and Elizabeth K Syriac3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kottarakkara, Kollam (Kerala)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 at the farmer’s field in Kerala, to evaluate the effect of
various sources of silicon on soil pH, OC, EC and soil texture. Experiment was laid out in randomised block
design replicated thrice with seven treatments using Uma as the test variety. The treatments comprised of
silicon sources viz., fine silica, rock dust, rice husk ash and potassium silicate, along with the recommended
dose of fertilizers as per Kerala Agricultural University. Among the treatments, recommended dose of NPK kg/
ha+fine silica@50 kg/ha+ rice husk ash@ 250 kg/ha, had shown better results with respect to soil pH and OC.
Key Words: Aluminium, iron, Laterite soils, Organic carbon, Rice, Silicon, Soil acidity, Texture.

INTRODUCTION undertaken with an objective to assess the affect

Rice is the most vital staple food of Kerala. For of silicon nutrition in rice on soil physic-chemical
the past few years, there was a drastic decrease in properties of laterite soils of Kerala.
area and production of rice due to soil associated
constraints (Maneesh and Deepa, 2016). About 65 MATERIALS AND METHODS
per cent of Kerala soils are lateritic in nature which The field study was carried out at farmer’s
requiresdistinct management package as these soils field in Kerala, during Kharif 2016. The soil of the
are low to medium in OC, N and K, very low in Ca experimental site was sandy clay loam, acidic in
and Mg. In addition to low fertile soils, high acidity, nature (pH 4.5), high in OC (1.01%) and EC (0.1
iron and aluminium toxicities are important soil dS/m). Several silicon sources viz., fine silica, rock
linked constraints, resulting poor crop productivity dust, rice husk ash and potassium silicate were used
in iron toxic laterite soils, especially in lowland along with recommended fertilizers. All treatments
situation (GOK, 2016). were supplied with similar recommended dose of
Silicon (Si) nutrition in rice helps in enhancement fertilizers i.e. lime@ 150kg/ha+farm yard manure@
of growth and yield, imparts resistance against 5t/ha+ NPK@ 90:45:120 kg/ha. The treatments
lodging, abiotic and biotic stress (Epstein, 2001). were T1: Fine silica@ 100kg/ha; T2: Fine silica@
Silicon is known to reduce the concentration of 75kg/ha+ rock dust@ 25kg/ha; T3: Fine silica@ 75
toxic elements like Fe, Al, other heavy metals kg/ha+ foliar application of K2SiO3 at maximum
in laterite derived paddy soils and also improve tillering stage@ 0.5%; T4: Fine silica@ 50 kg/ha+
soil physical properties viz. pH, OC, EC and soil rock dust@ 25kg/ha+ foliar application of K2SiO3 at
texture(Devanur, 2015). Therefore, a continued maximum tillering stage@ 0.5%; T5: Fine silica@
supply of Silicon would be required for the healthy 75 kg/ha+ rice husk ash@ 125kg/ha;T6: Fine
and productive development of plant during all silica@ 50kg/ha+ rice husk ash@ 250kg/ha; T7:
growth stages(Savant et al, 1997; Rao et al, 2017). Fine silica@ 50kg/ha+ rice husk ash@ 125kg/ha+
With this background the present investigation was foliar application of potassium silicate at maximum
Corresponding Author’s Email: sekhar2486@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala
2
Assistant Professor, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kottarakkara, Kollam, Kerala
3
Professor, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

75 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 75-77

 Rao et al

tillering stage@ 0.5%. the harvest compared to the initial value (4.50).
The experiment was laid out in randomized This increase in soil reaction could be attributed
block design with seven treatments and three to the fact that silicate materials can increase soil
replications with each plot size of 5mx4m using reaction and also help in correcting soil acidity by
rice variety Uma, which was transplanted during neutralizing exchangeable Fe, Al and Mn and other
first week of July with a spacing of 20cmx15cm. toxic elements (Sandhya, 2013). These results were
Silicon sources such as fine silica, rock dust, rice also in line with that reported by Wallace (1993)
husk ash were applied basally as per treatments at and Qiang et al (2012).
transplanting. Soil samples were analysed for pH at The soil OC was found to vary significantly by
every fortnight until harvest. The initial soil and soil silicon nutrition. The highest soil OC of 1.39 was
collected after the harvest were analysed for soil recorded in the treatment T6 and was at par with
OC, EC and soil texture. The data obtained were T5 and T7 and significantly higher than all other
subjected to statistical analysis. treatments. The lowest value of 1.14 observed in T4
was at par with T1, T2 and T3. Treatments with rice
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION husk ash (T5, T6, T7) resulted in significant increase
The data on the soil reaction (pH) are presented in organic carbon content in soil compared to the
in Table 1. Soil pH after the harvest of the crop other treatments. The increase in soil organic carbon
increased compared to the initial status (4.50). was due to the reason that organic materials like
However the soil pH at fortnightly intervals was rice husk ash had direct impact on mineralization
not influenced significantly, except at 3rd fortnight rate and increases soil carbon directly. This was in
and at harvest. At 3rd fortnight, the highest soil pH agreement with the findings of Njoku et al(2011),
of 5.84 was recorded by T6 and was significantly who observed highest organic carbon content in the
superior to all other treatments. The lowest soil pH unburnt rice husk amended plots compared to the
value of 5.35 observed in T2 was at par with T7 and burnt rice husk ash.
T1. After the harvest, the highest soil pH recorded The silicon application in soil resulted in non-
in T7 (5.71) was at par with T6 (5.68), T1 (5.67), significant effect on EC, but there has been a slight
T5 (5.66) and T3 (5.66). The lowest soil reaction increase in soil EC after the experiment. This
value of 5.59 observed in T2 was at par with might be attributed to submergence, increase in
T4.Soil reaction increased in all the treatments after solubility of salts present in the soil and also due
Table 1. Effect of silicon nutrition on soil reaction (pH) at fortnightly intervals.
Treatment Soil reaction (pH)
1st FT 2nd FT 3rd FT 4th FT 5th FT 6th FT 7th FT Harvest
T1 6.58 6.50 5.55 5.70 5.43 5.41 5.47 5.67
T2 6.58 6.44 5.35 5.53 5.35 5.31 5.30 5.59
T3 6.63 6.25 5.63 5.66 5.39 5.39 5.56 5.66
T4 6.55 6.55 5.62 5.62 5.36 5.34 5.74 5.62
T5 6.55 6.39 5.57 5.65 5.32 5.37 5.49 5.66
T6 6.53 6.42 5.84 5.85 5.30 5.37 5.68 5.68
T7 6.60 6.57 5.45 5.80 5.41 5.34 5.78 5.71
S E m± 0.044 0.150 0.089 0.109 0.044 0.063 0.141 0.025
CD (0.05) NS NS 0.195 NS NS NS NS 0.066
FT = Fortnight

76 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 75-77

 Silicon on Soil Physico-chemical Properties

Table 2. Effect of silicon nutrition on Organic Carbon, Electrical conductivity mechanical

composition of soil.
Treatment Organic Electrical Sand Silt (%) Clay (%) Soil texture
Carbon (%) Conductivity (dS m-1) (%)
T1 1.18 0.14 51.50 5.70 43.20 Sandy clay loam
T2 1.18 0.14 53.93 5.16 41.13 “
T3 1.17 0.16 52.83 5.33 41.83 “
T4 1.14 0.13 52.33 5.33 42.33 “
T5 1.32 0.16 52.96 5.36 41.66 “
T6 1.39 0.14 53.83 5.06 41.10 “
T7 1.31 0.14 52.70 5.63 41.66 “
S E m± 0.051 0.000 0.876 0.346 0.687 -
CD (0.05) 0.113 NS NS NS NS NS
to the dissolution of silicon fertilizers. The data on Devanur V (2015). SILICON-Solution for tomorrow, Concept
mechanical composition of soil revealed that there note. Available: http://www.privilife sciences.com/
download/silicon-supplement.pdf
were no significant variation among treatments
regarding mechanical composition of the soil, after Epstein E (2001). Silicon in plants. Stud Plant Sci 8: 1-15.
the experiment (Table 2). Initial soil texture and GOK [Government of Kerala](2016). Soils of Kerala [On-
soil texture after the experiment are same i.e. Sandy line]. Available: http://www. keralaagriculture.gov.in
clam loam. Silicon in soil increases soil reaction, Rao G B, Poornima Yadav PI and Elizabeth K Syriac. (2017).
slightly increases electrical conductance, improves Silicon nutrition in rice: A review. J. Pharmacognosy
Phtochemistry. 6(6): 390-392
physic-chemical soil properties and maintains
nutrients in plant available form but will not change Maneesh P and Deepa N R(2016). Trend Analysis of Area,
Production and Productivity of Rice in Kerala in the
soil texture. Similar results have been reported by Context of Food Security. Int J Agric Res Rev 4(8): 538-
Berthelsen et al (2003). 546.
Njoku C, Mbah C N and Okonkwo C I (2011). Effect of rice
CONCLUSION mill wastes application on selected soil physical properties
The toxic build-up of Fe, Al, and high acidity and maize yield on an ultisol in Abakaliki, southeastern
together with silicon depletion were more common in Nigeria. J Soil Sci Environ Manage 2(11):375–383.
tropical soils of Keralaleading to poor productivity of Qiang F U, Hong H, Ming W U and Zheng C U(2012).
rice. The results of this experiment highlightedthat, Silicon-mediated amelioration of Fe2+ toxicity in rice
application of fine silica @ 50 kg/ha+ rice husk ash@ (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Pedosphere 22(6): 795-802.
250 kg/ha was found to be effective for correcting Savant N K, Snyder G H and Datnoff L E (1997). Silicon
soil pH and improving soil OC in iron toxic laterite management and sustainable rice production. Adv Agron
soils, along with the present KAU recommended 58: 1245–1252.
practices of lime@ 150 kg/ha+ farm yard manure @ Sandhya K (2013). Diatomaceous earth as a source of Silicon on
5t/ha+ NPK@ 90:45:120 kg/ha. growth and yield of Rice (Oryza sativa .L)M.Sc. (Ag) thesis,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 164p.
REFERENCES Wallace A (1993). Participation of silicon in cation-anion
Berthelsen S, Noble A D, Kingston G, Hurney A, Rudd A balance as a possible mechanism for aluminum and iron
and Garside A(2003). Final Report, Sugar Research and tolerance in some gramineae. J Plant Nutr 16: 547-553.
Development Corporation Project CLW009.138p. [On- Received on 11/10/17 Accepted on 15/12/17
line]. Available: http://elibrary.sugarresearch.com

77 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 75-77

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 78-80 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00084.3

Effect of Sowing Time and Plant Spacing on Seed Production in

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Madhya Pradesh
H M Singh1, U S Mishra2 and T S Mishra3
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted during rainy season to evaluate the effect of sowing time and plant spacing on
the seed production of okra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications having
four sowing times viz., 2nd week of June, 4th week of June, 2nd week of July and 4th week of July as main
plot treatment and four spacing viz., 45 x 20 cm, 45 x 30 cm, 60 x 20 cm and 60 x 30 cm, were taken as sub-
plot treatments. Thus, making a total of sixteen treatment combinations and parameters observed were plant
height (cm) days to 50 per cent flowering, fruit set (%), number of fruit/plant, seed yield/ha, test weight (g),
seed germination (%), and seed vigour Index 1. Thus, it was found that values for test weight, seed germination,
seedling length and vigour index were more in 2nd week of June sown crop as compared to other sowing dates.
Key Words: Okra, Plant Spacing, Production, Seed, Sowing time.

INTRODUCTION evaluate the effect of sowing time and plant

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench] is spacing on quality seed production of okra cv. Arka
an important annual vegetable crop propagated Anamika. The experiment was laid out in split plot
through seed in tropical and sub tropical regions. design with three replications having four sowing
It is grown mainly for its tender green fruits which times viz., 2nd week of June, 4th week of June,
are used as vegetable. A number of high yielding 2nd week of July and 4th week of July as main plot
and good quality varieties are grown in the country; treatment and four spacing viz., 45 x 20 cm, 45 x 30
however supply of quality seed is problem. The seed cm, 60 x 20 cm & 60 x 30 cm were taken as sub-
production technology may vary among cultivars. plot treatments. Thus, a total of sixteen treatment
Hence, there is a need to develop and standardize combinations were tested.
the technology for seed production of the important
cultivars. Besides the environmental factors, the seed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
production in okra is influenced by sowing time and Growth parameters
plant spacing. Therefore, the study was conducted The plant height (114.15 cm) was maximum
to note down the effects of different sowing times in second week of June sown crop followed by
and plant spacing on seed production of okra. last week of June (102.06 cm). The shortest plants
(81.23 cm) were observed in last week of July
MATERIALS AND METHODS sowing (Table 1). The plant density also had a
The experiment was conducted at the Vegetable significant effect on plant height. The tallest plants
Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma (105.63 cm) were observed at a spacing of 60x30 cm
Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodya University, whereas, shortest plants (84.76 cm) were recorded
Chitrakoot, Satna M.P during rainy season to at a spacing of 45x20 cm.

Corresponding Author’s Email: hmsingh1983@gmail.com

1
National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation, Indore
2
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.)
3
KVK West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh

78 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 78-80

 Singh et al
Days to 50 percent flowering was recorded
maximum (55.50) when crop was sown on last
week of July, where as minimum number of days
(50.25) was recorded in second week of June.
It seems that decreasing temperature at the time
of flowering increased the number of days to 50
percent flowering. Similarly, plant density also
had a significant effect on 50 percent flowering.
The highest fruit set (89.64 %) was recorded in
second week of June sown crop, where as lowest
fruit set (80.71 %) was recorded in last week of July
sown. Maximum fruit set (89.16%) was recorded
at a spacing 60x30 cm followed by 45x30 cm.
The number of fruits/plant were highest (18.65) in
second week of June sowing which was significantly
superior to other sowing times. The lowest number
of fruit (11.72) were recorded when crop was sown
in last week of July. Plant density also influenced
number of fruits per plant significantly. The number
of fruits per plant (16.73) was recorded maximum
at a spacing of 60x30 cm, while minimum (12.69)
were recorded at 45x20 cm spacing. This might be
due to availability of more feeding area in terms of
nutrients and light to plants in comparison to plants
at closer spacing’s. Singh et al (1988) also observed
maximum plant height, number of fruits per plant
and number of seeds per fruit in 15 or 20th June
sown crop.
The maximum seed yield per plant (69.80 g)
was recorded in second week of June sown crop.
This may be due to more number of flowers,
number of fruits, number of branches and number
of seeds per fruit and per plant in second week
of June sown crop. The seed yield per plant was
recorded minimum (35.91 g) in last week of July
sowing. Plant density also influenced seed yield
per plant significantly. Per plant seed yield (63.24
g) was observed maximum under 60x30 cm plant
spacing. However, the minimum seed yield (36.46
g) was recorded at 45x20 cm spacing.
The highest seed yield (18.61q) per hectare was
observed in second week of June sown crop, which
proved to be statistically superior over all other
sowing dates. Because all the growth and yield
79 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 78-80
attributing characters directly or indirectly favored
the total seed yield in second week of June sown
crop followed by last week of June sown crop. The
lowest seed yield per hectare (8.52q) was observed
in last week of July sowing. Higher seed yield of
okra in June sown crop has been reported by Yadav
et al (2001). Plant density also had a significant
effect on seed yield per hectare. Seed yield was
recorded highest (15.57q) at 60x30 cm spacing
compared to other spacing’s. These findings were
similar to those of Sharma and Gupta (2005) who
have observed higher seed yield 60x30 cm spacing
in comparison to closer and wider spacing.
Quality parameters
The seed harvested from plants sown in second
week of June had the highest test weight (64.31
g) and was found to be significantly superior over
other sowing dates (Table 1). Plant density also had
significant difference on test weight. Higher values
of standard germination were observed in early crop
sown on second week of June (75.73 %), which was
significantly superior to all other dates of sowing.
Lowest germination (70.98 %) was observed in last
week of July sown crop. Similarly plant density
also had significant effect on standard germination
percentage. The crop sown at 60 x 30 cm spacing
proved better than closer spacing. Similar findings
were reported by Singh and Gill (1988). The vigour
index-1 is a function of germination and total
seedling length (root + shoot) which indicated that
the highest value of vigour index (1345.66) was
observed in second week of June sown crop, which
was significantly higher than all other dates of
sowing. Plant density also had significant effect on
vigour index-1. The highest value of vigour index-1
(1348.93) was recorded at a spacing of 60 x 30 cm
and it was significantly superior to all other plant
spacing. The lowest vigour index value (1076.69)
was recorded under 45 x 20 cm plant spacing.
Yadav et al (2001) reported higher value for test
weight, standard germination, seedling length and
vigour index in second week of June sown crops as
compared to other sowing dates.
 Seed Production in Okra

Table 1. Effect of sowing time and date of planting on growth and quality characters of okra seed
crop.
Sowing time Plant Days Fruit No. of Seed Seed Test Standard Seed
Height to 50% set fruit/ yield/ yield weight germination vigour
(cm) flowering (%) plant plant (q/ha) (g) (%) Index-1
(g)
2nd week of 114.15 50.25 89.64 18.65 69.80 18.61 64.31 75.73 1345.66
June
4th week of 102.06 52.00 87.90 15.27 54.37 15.57 62.64 73.83 1266.19
June
2nd week of 88.35 53.75 84.04 13.00 41.91 11.59 60.74 72.40 1189.73
July
4th week of 81.23 55.50 80.71 11.72 35.91 8.52 59.60 70.98 1123.90
July
CD at 5 % 1.07 0.92 0.88 0.45 1.71 0.49 0.49 0.79 61.15
Spacing, cm
45 x 20 84.76 55.00 82.53 12.69 36.46 12.06 57.13 70.67 1076.69
45 x 30 103.92 52.25 86.66 15.51 57.72 13.94 64.62 73.86 1301.86
60 x 20 91.50 53.75 83.95 13.72 44.58 12.74 60.12 72.87 1198.00
60 x 30 105.63 50.50 89.16 16.73 63.24 15.57 65.41 75.54 1348.93
CD at 5 % 1.04 1.70 1.28 0.56 3.05 1.29 1.29 0.53 48.73
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
The plant height (114.15 cm) was maximum in Sharma D P and Gupta N (2005). Effect of time of sowing
second week of June sown crop. The highest fruit and planting geometry on seed yield of okra cv. Parbhani
Kranti. JNKVV Res J 39 (2): 37-39.
set (89.64 %) was recorded in second week of June
Sharma Vikas, Singh Vijaypal, Yadav A C and Duhan
sown crop, Maximum seed yield per plant (69.80
Dharamveer (2014). Effect of sowing time and date of
g) was recorded in second week of June sown planting on growth and quality characters of okra cv
crop. The highest seed yield (18.61q) per hectare Hisar Unnat. Veg Sci 41(1): 84-85.
was observed in second week of June sown crop, Singh Hari and Gill S S (1988). Effect of time of sowing and
which proved to be statistically superior over all spacing on seed yield of okra. J Res Punjab Agric Uni
other sowing dates. The second week of June had 25(1): 44-48.
the highest test weight (64.31 g) and was found to Singh K, Sarnaik B A and Bisen C S (1988). Effect of sowing
be significantly superior over other sowing dates. dates and spacings on the seed yield and quality of okra
Plant density also had significant difference on test seeds. Res Dev Rept 5(1-2): 83-86.
weight. Higher values of standard germination were Yadav S K, Bhankhar B S, Deswal D P and Tomar R P S
observed in early crop sown on second week of (2001). Effect of sowing dates and plant geometry on
seed production and quality of okra cv. Varsa Uphar. Seed
June (75.73 %). The highest value of vigour index-1 Res 29(2): 149-152.
(1348.93) was recorded at a spacing of 60 x 30 cm
Received on 22/11/17 Accepted on 25/12/17
and it was significant superior to all other plant
spacing. Thus on the basis of higher value for test
weight, standard germination, seedling length and
vigour index in second week of June sown crops as
compared to other sowing dates.

80 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 78-80

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 81-83 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00065.X

Effect of Sulphur Fertilization on Yield, Sulphur Uptake and

Oil Content in Indian Mustard under Sandy Loam Soil of
Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Somendra Nath, S K Kannaujiya, Sandeep Kumar, S P Sonkar, A D Gautam* and Ashwani Singh
Krishi vigyan Kendra Buxa Jaunpur, N.D.U.A &T Kumarganj Faizabad (224229)

ABSTRACT
Field experiments were conducted at the farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh during rabi
season of 2014-15 and 2015-16 in randomize block design with mustard variety NDR-8501 with six treatments.
The treatments consisted of commercial grade of sulphur fertilizer viz. sulphur 90% DP @ 25kg/ha at sowing
time as basal (S1), Sulphur 80% WP @ 5kg/ha at 45 DAS with urea topdressing/broadcasting (S2), Sulphur
80% WP 1.50kg/ha as foliar sprayed at 75 DAS (S3), sulphur 90% DP @ 25 kg/ha + sulphur 80% WP @ 5
kg/ha applied with urea broadcasting at 45DAS (S4), sulphur basal 90% DP + sulphur 80% WP @ 1.25 kg/
ha foliar sprayed at 75 DAS (S5), no use of sulpher (Farmer practice) as (S6). The application of sulphur had
significant influence on yield attributes, grain yield, sulphur uptake and oil percent in mustard. The maximum
average value of plant height (158.75cm), seed per siliqua 13.45, test weight (4.863 gm), grain yield (21.86
q/ha) and oil content (33.73%) were recorded with dual application basal along with 80% WP @ 1.25kg/
ha foliar sprayed at 75%DAS closely followed by application of sulfur basal + 80%WP @ 5kg/ha applied
with urea broadcasting at 45DAS and minimum value was recorded under treatment (S6) farmer practices.
Therefore, application of sulfur 90% WP @ 25kg/ha +sulfur 80WP @1.25kg/ha foliar sprayed at 75% DAS
were recommended for improving yield, yield attributes, oil percent and sulphur uptake of Indian mustard.
Key wards: Mustard, Oil content, Sulphur, sulphur uptake and yield.

INTRODUCTION nutrients significantly increased the oil content of

Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the second most
important edible oil seed crop. Mustard oil is used
as cooking oil and also condiments, medicine and
industrial purposes. Rapeseed-mustard ranks 2nd in
terms of production, after soybean, however due to
more oil content (35- 45%) it ranks 1st in terms of
oil yield among all oilseeds crops. In Uttar Pradesh,
area covered 639 lakh ha with production 726 lakh
tonnes and productivity of 1136 kg/ha, which is very
low as compared to national productivity of India.
The main causes for low production are large acreage
under marginal land, which is deficient in major
nutrients and imbalanced nutrient management.
Sulphur fertilization significantly improves various
quality parameters within plant system. Application
of S in combination with balanced amounts of other
Corresponding Author’s Email:snathkvkjnp82@gmail.com
* Krishi vigyan Kendra Chandauli, N.D.U.A&T Kumarganj Faizabad (224229)
Brassica spp. (5-6%) and also the protein content.
Therefore, present investigation was undertaken
to study the effect of sulphur fertilization on yield,
sulphur uptake and oil content in Indian mustard.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiment was conducted at farm
of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaunpur during two
consecutive Rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16
in randomized block design with six treatments and
three replications. The treatments mainly consisted
of commercial grade sulphur containing fertilizers
available in the marketed as under:
Seeds of Indian mustard cv. NDR-8501 were
sown @ 5 kg/ha on 13th October, 2014 and 16th
October,2015 at 40 cm × 20 cm spacing with a

81 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 81-83

 Nath et al

Table 1. Treatment details.

Symbol Treatment Quantity Time of application Method of application
kg/ha
S1 Sulphur 90% DP 25 Just before sowing Basal application
S2 Sulphur 80% WP 5 45 DAS Broad cast with urea
S3 Sulphur 80% WP 1.5 60 DAS Foliar Application
S4 Sulphur 90% DP + Sulphur 25.0+5.00 Just before sowing + 45 Basal application + Broad
80% WP DAS cast with urea
S5 Sulphur 90% DP + Sulphur 25.00 + Just before sowing + 60 Basal application + Foliar
80% WP 1.50 DAS Application
S6 Farmer practice (0 kg sulphur) -- -- --
pre-sowing irrigation. Other cultural practices fertilizers. On an average maximum plant height
including recommended fertilizer levels (100:40:30 (158.75cm) was record with application of 25 kg/
kg N:P:K/ha) were kept the same for all treatments ha 90 % DP sulphur as basal supplemented with
during both the years. For plant control measures 1.25 kg/ ha 80% WP sulphur as foliar application
Metasystox @0.2% was sprayed thrice at 10 days at 75 DAS of plant growth followed by (153.95
interval during pod development stage to protect cm) basal application of 25 kg/ ha 90 % DP sulphur
the crop from aphids. Weeding was done at 25 to along with broad casting of 5 kg 80 % WP with urea
28 days after sowing before irrigation. Oil contentat 45 days of sulphur and both were significantly
(%) was determined by taking a sample of seeds more as compared to control treatment (Table 2).
of each plot of all the replications following the Application of 25 kg/ ha 90 % DP sulphur as basal
standard method (AOAC, 1960). Grain yield was supplemented with 1.25 kg/ ha 80% WP sulphur as
recorded at harvest for all the treatments. The data
foliar application at 75 DAS produced maximum
were analysed using statistical methods. primary and secondary branches on an average
(4.33 and 11.54) which was at par with S4 and S1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION treatments, but significantly higher than treatment
Growth characters were influenced significantly S2, S3 and control.
due to application of different sulphur containing

Table 2. Effect of sulphur on growth and yield attributes at harvest.

Treatment Plant height No of primary No of secondary No of siliqua/ No of seeds/
(cm) branches/plant branches/plant plant siliqua
2014- 2015- 2014- 2015- 2014- 2015- 2014- 2015- 2014- 2015-
15 16 15 16 15 16 15 16 15 16
S1 146.2 146.8 4.10 4.13 10.84 10.90 282.16 284.25 12.94 12.92
S2 147.3 148.1 3.85 3.84 9.62 9.73 264.31 265.81 12.14 12.18
S3 144.5 145.3 3.67 3.69 8.49 8.61 241.52 243.54 11.56 11.57
S4 153.5 154.6 4.21 4.25 11.08 11.06 301.42 305.42 13.25 13.25
S5 158.6 158.9 4.29 4.37 11.57 11.52 308.29 310.58 13.46 13.45
S6 139.2 138.7 3.46 3.43 7.43 7.44 212.57 217.82 10.24 10.30
S.Em. ± 1.95 1.91 0.10 0.09 0.28 0.26 7.43 7.89 0.21 0.20
C.D. (P=0.05) 5.26 5.22 0.26 0.25 0.67 0.65 20.82 21.07 0.57 0.56

82 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 81-83

 Effect of Sulphur Fertilization in Indian Mustard

Table 3. Effect of sulphur on yield, oil content and sulphur uptake of mustard.
Treatment Seed yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ Test weight (g) Oil content (%) Sulphur uptake
ha) in seed (kg/ha)
2014- 2015- 2014-15 2015- 2014- 2015- 2014- 2015- 2014- 2015-
15 16 16 15 16 15 16 15 16
S1 20.52 20.68 44.52 44.90 4.626 4.630 36.83 36.82 15.84 15.80
S2 19.74 20.04 42.89 43.01 4.452 4.455 36.21 36.32 14.52 14.54
S3 18.40 18.45 40.28 40.51 4.421 4.427 35.64 35.59 14.22 14.23
S4 21.36 21.32 47.10 46.88 4.820 4.843 37.49 37.60 16.23 16.30
S5 21.82 21.90 47.62 47.90 4.864 4.862 37.65 37.70 16.42 16.48
S6 17.26 17.51 39.25 39.72 4.210 4.208 33.80 33.67 12.13 12.11
S.Em. ± 0.31 0.29 0.43 0.44 0.006 0.006 0.52 0.54 0.21 0.20
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.89 0.87 1.05 1.09 0.021 0.023 1.07 1.10 0.57 0.58

The highest number of siliqua per plat was in seed than single fertilization of sulphur. Earlier
recorded 308.29 in 2014-15 and 310.58 in 2015-16 studies also showed that successive increase in
with dual applied sulphur fertilizers compared to S-levels on mustard led to increased S uptake
single dose of fertilizer. Maximum number of seeds (Sharma et al, 2009) as well as oil content (Kumar
(13.46 and 13.45) per siliqua was recorded with and Trivedi, 2012).
S4 and S5 followed by broad cast of 5 kg sulphur
80 % WP with urea at 45 DAS and there were CONCLUSION
significantly high as compared to other treatments Sulphur 90% DP @ 25 kg/ha + Sulphur 80%
and control (Table 3). Increase in these parameters WP @ 1.5 kg/ha treatment combination was the
could be also ascribed to overall improvement in best treatment as compared to others.
plant growth and vigour with sulphur fertilization
that favoured both the grain formation and grain REFERENCES
development which resulted into increase in test AOAC (1960). Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis.
weight of mustard seed (Ray et al, 2015). Washington, Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Kumar R and Trivedi S K (2012). Effect of levels and sources
The seed yield had significant effect of of sulphur on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by mustard
sulphur levels at crop harvest. The yield increased (Brassica juncea). Pro g Agri – An Int J 12: 69–73.
progressively and significantly with each successive Ray K, Gupta K S, Pa A K and Banerjee H (2015). Effects
doses of sulphur application. In treatment S6, seed of sulphur fertilization on yield, S uptake and quality of
yield was 17.26 and 17.51 kg/ha as against 21.86, Indian mustard under varied irrigation regimes. J Plant
21.34, 18.37, 19.89 and 20.60q/ha recorded in Soil Environment 61(1): 6–10.
treatments S5, S4, S3, S2, and S1 , respectively. Sharma A, Sharma P, Brar M S and Dhillon N S (2009).
Thus, the difference in yield resulting from S Comparative response to sulphur application in raya
application was significant. Similar results have (Brassica juncea) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown
on light textured alluvial soils. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 57:
been reported by Yadav et al (2010). 62–65.
Double fertilization @ 25 kg/ ha 90 % DP Yadav H K, Thomas T and Khajuria V (2010). Effect of
sulphur as basal supplemented with 1.25 kg/ ha different levels of sulphur and biofertilizer on the yield of
80% WP sulphur as foliar application at 75 DAS Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and soil properties.
was increased oil content (33.80% and 33.67%) J Agric Phy 10: 61-65.
and sulphur uptake (16.42 kg/ha and 16.46 kg/ha) Received on 05/07/17 Accepted on 10/12/17

83 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 81-83

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 84-87 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00050.8

Empowerment of Rural Women through Self Help Groups:

A Socio-Economic Analysis
Santosh Kumar Samantaray and P N Ananth
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ganjam-I,OUAT, Bhubaneswar (Odisha)

ABSTRACT
The empowerment of women is crucial for the development of the country. Women empowerment is
a process in which women challenge the existing norms and culture, to effectively promote their well
being. The Indian Constitution grants equality to women in all aspects. In this regard, the year 2001 was
celebrated as the year of women empowerment. The concept of self help groups (SHGs) introduced by
the Ministry of Rural Development has taken its roots in nook and corner of the rural, semi-urban and
urban areas, which help improve the living standards. The present paper examines the socio-economic
empowerment of the rural women through the SHGs. The study was conducted in two districts i.e.
Ganjam and Malkangiri of Odisha. Primary data were collected through structured interview schedule
from 192 members of 48 SHGs. The study proved that there were not much of developments of the group
members. Very poor responses were observed towards developments on various aspects of technological,
economical, income generating activities and marketing. Significant developments were also not observed
on socio-cultural aspects. It was suggested that the organisations promoting SHGs have to organize
the rural women, make them technically sound and increase their risk bearing ability enabling them to
undertake income generating activities on commercial basis and empowered them with regular income.
Key Words: Empowerment, Socio-Economic, Self Help Group, Women.

INTRODUCTION including poverty alleviation. In spite of safeguards

In developing countries a large section of
the women are vulnerable and marginalized due
to lack of education, access to resources and
employment opportunity. All round development
and harmonious growth of a nation is possible only
when women are considered as equal partners in
the developmental process. Women empowerment
is the most important instrument for the socio-
economic development of a nation. Bringing
women into the mainstream is one of the major
challenges for every government (Perumal, 2005).
A series of development programmes have been
implemented for the development of economy.
These programmes no longer can achieve their
target without the participation and contribution of
women.
The role of women and need to empower them
are central to human development programmes
Corresponding author’s Email: santoshy2k@gmail.com
*Scientist (Agril. Extension), KVK, Ganjam-I, OUAT
provided in many of poverty alleviation programmes,
it was observed that women in rural areas especially
from poor families could not be included. A whiff
of change was caused by the 74th amendment to the
Constitution of India, which has guaranteed women
a substantial role in the local governance. Women
empowerment is multifaceted concept that extends to
the psychological, economic, social, cultural, political
and institutional spheres of women’s lives. The ability
to generate own income would perhaps help women to
derive more power and choices related to household
decision making in consumption, education and
health related matters, and also open up opportunities
to take part in other socio-economic activities. It has
led the women to understand their potentials, rights,
entitlements and their responsibilities as mother at
home, as labourer in different activities they engage
with and as a citizen in the country (Das, 2011).

84 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 84-87

 Samantaray and Ananth
The SHG is a viable organized set- up to disburse
microcredit to the rural women for the purpose of
making them enterprising and encouraging them
to enter into entrepreneurial activities (Kumar,
2005). In most cases, SHGs are constituted by
persons known to one another and coming from the
same village community or neighbourhood. These
groups start with saving and not with seeking credit
from the group, then uses its savings to extend
loans to SHG members to meet their emergency
and other attendant needs (Lalitha and Nagarajan,
2002). The empowerment of women through SHGs
would gives benefits not only to individual woman
but also for the family and community as a whole
through collective action for the development (Usha
et al, 2004 and Rajagopal, 2005). SHGs have not
only produced tangible assets and improved living
condition of members but also help in changing
much of their outlook, worldview and attitude
(Olekar, 2011). An attempt was therefore made to
assess various aspects of developments of rural
women through SHG activities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
There are around 2,79,288 SHGs organised
and functioning in Odisha covering all the thirty
districts. Ganjam as the advanced coastal and
Malkangiri being a tribal dominated district were
selected purposively for the study. A sample of 96
rural women from 24 SHGs of two blocks from
each district was selected randomly. The data was
collected personally through a structured schedule.
Information collected on 3 point scale i.e. strongly
agree, agree and disagree were analysed with score
value of 3, 2 and 1 respectively. Statistical tools such
as mean score, critical ratio test and path analysis
were employed to reveal the results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Income generation through vocational activities
is the motto of SHGs. The organisations promoting
SHGs were liasoning with the experts for
knowledge and skill developments for managing
the vocational enterprise. But, the study revealed
85 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 84-87
(Table 1) that there were not much of technological
developments. Though, the respondents of Ganjam
districts had stated some developments, on exposure
to vocational activities, but poor responses were
observed on other aspects. Similarly, there were not
much of economic developments of the respondents
in both the Malkangiri and Ganjam districts.
Poor responses were observed on employment
generation, regular cash availability, increase in
financial position, access to credit facility and
self-dependent for own requirements. When there
were not much of technological developments, the
respondents were not managing their vocational
activities commercially, due to which poor economic
developments might have occurred.
The organisations promoting SHG activities are
also liasoning with traders and business men for
easy disposal of the produce. But, the respondents
of both the districts were not agreed (Table 1) for the
developments on marketing. Poor responses were
observed on their access to marketing network,
support of the Government in marketing as well
as participation in exhibitions and fair for sale
promotion. These might be due to untimely disposal
of the produce at remunerative price, not assured
and untimely payment. Similarly, there were also
not much of the developments on their income
generating activities. Poor responses received on
developing essential infrastructures, expansion and
addition of new enterprise, increase in managerial
efficiency, competency in selection of enterprise,
exposure to profitable enterprise, easy access to
expertise and guidance indicating that respondents
were simply managing their income generating
activities.
Comparative analysis of the developments
revealed (Table 1) that respondents of both had
almost of similar opinions as significant differential
opinions were not observed. Poor developments
were observed on technological, economical,
marketing and income generating activities. Poor
developments on these aspects indicated that rural
women were not properly organised, not conscious
 Empowerment through Self Help Groups

Table 1: Study on extent of developments by Women under study in different sectors

Technological development
Sl. Development Mean score Diff. Pooled Gap
No. Malkangiri Ganjam (%) mean (%)
district district score
(n = 96) (n = 96) (n = 192)
1. Knowledge and skill competency on vocation 1.86 1.86 0.00 1.86 38.00
2. Exposure to vocational activities 1.74 2.05 15.12 1.90 36.67
3. Permanency in information flow 1.58 1.61 1.86 1.60 46.67
4. Adoption of recommended practices 1.17 1.31 10.69 1.24 58.67
5. Increase indecision making capacity 0.82 0.54 34.5 0.68 77.32
6. Optimum use of resources 1.55 1.78 12.92 1.67 44.33
7. Better access to inputs and materials 1.83 1.89 3.17 1.86 38.00
Economic development
1. Generation of employment 1.15 1.36 15.44 1.26 58.00
2. Regular cash availability 1.36 1.23 9.56 1.30 56.67
3. Increase in financial position 1.58 1.57 0.63 1.58 47.33
4. Access to credit facility 1.77 1.61 9.04 1.69 43.67
5. Self-dependent for own requirements 1.77 1.65 6.78 1.71 43.00
6. Better education to children 2.04 1.89 7.35 1.97 34.33
Marketing development
1. Access to marketing network 1.30 1.10 15.38 1.20 60.00
2. Timely disposal of the produce 1.89 1.79 5.29 1.84 38.67
3. Remunerative sale price 1.71 1.53 10.53 1.62 46.00
4. Assured payment 1.52 1.70 10.59 1.61 46.33
5. Timely payment 1.55 1.66 6.63 1.61 46.33
6. Scope to participate in exhibitions and fair 1.08 0.91 15.74 1.00 66.67
7. Govt. support for marketing 0.65 0.71 8.45 0.68 77.33
Developments on vocational activities
1. Competency in selection of enterprise 1.53 1.46 4.58 1.56 50.00
2. Exposure to profitable enterprise 1.74 1.84 5.43 1.79 40.33
3. Increase in managerial efficiency 1.54 1.64 6.10 1.62 46.00
4. Easy access to expertise and guidance 1.93 1.85 4.15 1.89 37.00
5. Expansion of the enterprise 1.65 1.32 20.00 1.49 50.33
6. Addition of new and related enterprise 0.78 0.63 19.23 0.71 76.33
7. Developing essential infrastructure 1.22 1.07 12.30 1.15 61.67
Comparative analysis of the developments (An overall view)
1. Technological 1.51 1.58 4.43 1.55 48.33
2. Economical 1.61 1.55 3.73 1.58 47.33
3. Marketing 1.39 1.34 3.60 1.37 54.33
4. Vocational activity 1.48 1.40 5.41 1.44 52.00
(Maximum obtainable score-3)
86 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 84-87
 Samantaray and Ananth

Table 2: Path analysis of socio-economic variables on developments (n = 192)

Sr. Variable Total Total Total Substantial effect
No. effect direct indirect I II III
effect effect
1. Age 0.597 –0.110 0.7070.304 ×5 0.209 ×11 0.189 ×4
2. Education –0.537 0.350 –0.8870.176 ×9 –0.104×7 –0.094×12
3. Caste 0.678 0.174 0.504
–0.173×14 0.097×13 –0.034×4
4. Family type 0.309 0.014 0.295
–0.312×10 0.279×8 –0.188×6
5. Family size 0.641 –0.154 0.795–0.201×1 0.132 ×12 –0.077×5
6. House type –0.514 0.320 –0.834 0.116×7 0.098×6 0.055×11
7. Occupation 0.437 –0.217 0.654
–0.208×10 –0.104×5 –0.077×13
8. Holding size –0.321 –0.340 0.0190.205×1 –0.158×3 0.110×9
9. Communication 0.521 0.110 0.411
–0.209×2 –0.135×7 –0.124×10
materials
10. Household articles –0.075 –0.191 0.116 0.224×6 0.106×4 –0.092×1
11. Social participation 0.341 –0.314 0.655 0.167×4 –0.133×13 0.019×12
12. Cosmo politeness 0.321 0.210 0.111 0.113×2 –0.034×9 0.015×10
13. Extension contact 0.518 0.180 0.380 –0.211×10 0.139×11 0.101×2
14. Annual income –0.038 –0.340 0.620 –0.215×13 0.187×5 –0.122×7
Residual effect – 0.113 Highest indirect effect – Education
about the group approach and enhancing their risk REFERENCES
bearing abilities for which the group members Das S K (2011). Women empowerment and Self Help Groups:
might have undertaken income generating activities An analytical study of constraints in KarbiAnglong
districts of Assam. Journal of North Eat India studies,
casually. Path analysis concluded (Table 2) that 1(1): 1-22.
socio-economic attributes had not much contribution
Kumar R (2005). Sustaining rural development: Micro finance
towards various aspects of the developments of the in Haryana, strategies for sustainable rural development.
respondents. However, educational background of Deep and Deep publications, New Delhi: 268-281.
the respondents had the highest indirect effect and Lalitha W and Nagarajan B S (2002). Self Help Groups in
associated with only three attributes. rural development. Himalayan Publications, XII Edition,
New Delhi: 78-79.
CONCLUSION Olekar R (2011). An Overview of SHGs in India, Third
The study revealed that there were poor Concept, 24(288): 40-44.
developments on various aspects of technological, Perumal V M S (2005). SHGs: Empowering Women at the
economical, income generating activities and Grassroots, Social Welfare, 52(6).
marketing. It is therefore suggested that the Rajagopalan S (2005). Micro Credit and women’s
organisations promoting SHGs have to organize empowerment, SAGE Publication, New Delhi: 245-285.
the rural women with clear understanding of the Usha R, Reddy D P J and Reddy M V S (2004). Women
group approach, making them technically sound so development: Empowerment through Self Help Groups
that they could increase their risk bearing abilities in Andhra Pradesh, Communication and Empowerment
of Women, The Women Press, New Delhi, 2: 614-624.
and undertake income generating activities in a
commercial manner with regular income through Received on 23/10/17 Accepted on 20/12/17
assured marketing leading to their empowerment.

87 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 84-87

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00067.3

Epidemiology and Management of Foot Rot in Basmati Rice

R S Bal and Barun Biswas
PAU’s Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur -143521(Punjab)

ABSTRACT
Foot rot disease of Basmati rice is known for causing huge economic losses in all the basmati producing
areas every year. The present study was carried out at Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during kharif
2012-13 and 2013-14 to investigate the role of growing environment on disease development, extent of
loss caused by the disease and effective management of the disease. Data analysis revealed that early
transplanting of basmati rice (10thJune) resulted in maximum disease incidence (24.2%) while, the lowest
disease (3.6%) was recorded under late transplanting (10thJuly). The higher air temperature associated
with early planting contributed significantly in symptom development. The correlation coefficient
between foot rot incidence and maximum air temperature was found to be significantly positive (0.85;
p<0.01). The soil temperature also showed highly positive correlation at 5 cm (0.62) and 20 cm (0.60)
depth. The rainfall during transplanting to tillering was negatively associated (-0.71; p<0.05) with bakane
development and thus causing in high infection during early transplanting. Similarly, age of nursery
also expressed significant effect on disease incidence and highest disease (19.7%) was registered while
seedlings of 50 daysage were used for transplanting. The yield loss varied from 3.8 to 47.2per cent
depending on the infection level. The set of experiment with different control methods as treatments
showed that seed treatment with Bavistin 50 WP @ 0.2% + seedling dip treatment in Bavistin 50
WP @ 0.2% + uprooting the infected seedlings in the nursery was most effective and can control the
disease (92.2%) in the field. Thus, foot rot disease of basmati rice can be controlled by altering growing
environment accordingly and through management manipulation and judicious use of chemical control.
Key Words: Basmati rice, Epidemiology, Foot rot, Management, Yield loss.

INTRODUCTION The fungus (Fusarium moniliformae Sheldon)

Rice (Oryzasativa L.) is the second most causing the foot rot disease is seed as well as soil
important food crop in the world. The potential borne (Ahmad and Raza, 1991). It can spread
production of rice is limited by various biotic and to new areas through infected seed. Thedisease
abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, foot rot disease development is further elevated by high temperature
(Bakanae disease) caused by the fungus Fusarium and high dose of nutrients specially nitrogen (Nyall,
moniliformae Sheldon is one of the most important 1999). As a result, the most economical and safest
and widely distributed in all the rice growing areas way to combat the foot rot pathogen till date is seed or
of the world (Sunder and Satyavir, 1997). The seedling treatment with fungicides (Chandler, 2005;
most typical symptoms produced by the disease Bagga and Sharma, 2006) and related management
include yellowish green thin leaves, abnormal practices. Therefore, a thorough investigation on
stem elongation, less tillering and rooting of root- favourable environmental conditions governing the
stem joint as well as the first node. This disease is disease appearance and severity will help in deciding
considered as economically important in all the rice management practices for effective control of the
growing areas and can cause substantial yield loss disease. So, the present study was designed to study
under favourable environmental conditions (Saremi the effect of different dates of transplanting, age of
et al, 2008; Yasin et al, 2003; Zhang et al, 2000). nursery and various environmental factors on foot

Corresponding Author’s Email: rsbalgsp@gmail.com

88 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94

 Bal and Biswas
root incidence, to estimate the yield losses caused
by foot rot under different growing environments
and to evaluate the effectiveness of Bavistin 50WP
(Carbendazim) as seed treatment, soil drenching,
dusting and seed dip treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiments were conducted in
the experimental area of Punjab Agricultural
University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur
during kharif 2012-13 and 2013-14. The
experiments were laid out in randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with plot size of 4m X 3m.
The infected seed of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa) cv.
PusaBasmati 1121 was used to sow the nursery for
different experiments. In order to study the effect
of date of transplanting, 30 days old seedlings were
transplanted on four different dates viz. 10thJune,
20thJune, 30thJune and 10thJuly. Furthermore, the
effect of age of nursery on the incidence of Bakanae
disease was studied by transplanting nursery at the
age of 30, 40 and 50 days after sowing. The per
cent disease incidence was calculated by using the
following formula:
Different levels of the disease viz. 0, 5, 10, 15, 20,
30, 40 and 50 per cent were maintained purposively
using infected nursery/seedlings in another set of
experiment to estimate the yield loss due to foot rot.
The transplanting was done on 10thJuly. The yield
losses at different disease levels were calculated at
maturity by harvesting each plot separately. The
crop was raised as per recommended practices.
The correlation and analysis were carried out to
establish the relationship between disease level and
grain yield.
Table 1. Effect of date of transplanting on disease incidence and grain yield of basmati.
Sr. No. Date of transplanting
1. 10th June
2. 20th June
3. 30th June
4. 10th July
LSD 0.05
89 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94
The effectiveness of the fungicide Bavistin
50WP (Carbendazim) as seed treatment, seedling
dip, spraying and dusting was studied in different
combinations (seed treatment + spray just before
transplanting; seed treatment+ dusting just before
transplanting; seed treatment + dusting three days
before transplanting; seed treatment + spray 20 days
after nursery sowing; seed treatment + spray 25
days after nursery sowing; seed treatment + spray
30 days after nursery sowing; seed treatment +
seeding dip treatment + uprooting of infected plants
in nursery; seed treatment + seedling dip treatment)
for management of the disease. The fungicide was
used at a concentration of 0.2 % for spraying, seed
and seedling treatment while dusting was done at a
rate of 20g/ m2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of growing environment on foot rot
incidence
The infected nursery transplanted at different
dates showed disease incidence at differential
rate. At tillering stage, the data on per cent disease
incidence indicated significant effect (p<0.05) of
growing environment on disease development
(Table 1). The graphical values established that
advancement of transplanting date in each season
had significantly (LSD0.05=1.36) increased
foot rot incidence. Consequently, the 10thJune
transplanted rice manifested the highest foot rot
incidence (24.2%) and the lowest disease incidence
was recorded under 10thJuly transplanted crop
in both the seasons. The above results were also
supported by the yield data. It is obvious from the
Disease incidence (%) Yield (q/ha)
24.2 22.0
14.1 26.3
10.7 29.2
3.6 31.8
1.36 1.01
 Management of Foot Rot in Basmati Rice

Table 2: Correlation coefficients between foot rot incidence and environmental variables
DI AT.MAX AT.MIN RF ST5
DI
AT.MAX 0.85**
AT.MIN -0.07 0.10
RF -0.71* -0.92** -0.06
ST5 0.62 0.93**** 0.20 -0.92**
ST20 0.60 0.92** 0.22 -0.91** 1.00****
**** - (p < .001), ***- (p < .001), ** - (p < .01), * - (p < .05)
DI = Disease Incidence; AT. MAX = Maximum air temperature; AT.MIN = Minimum air temperature; RF = Rainfall;
ST5 = Soil temperature @5cm; ST20 = Soil temperature @20cm

above findings that transplanting of Basmati rice (r = 0.85, p<0.01) between foot rot incidence
before first week of July may lead to greater yield and maximum air temperature. Nvall (1999) also
loss due to the higher disease attack. Baggaet al reported that the foot rot disease was favoured by
(2007) have also reported highest disease incidence high air temperature during initial growth stage.
(7.2%) in early transplanted (June 19) followed by However, minimum air temperature (Tmin) during
July 10thtransplanting (4.3%) and the lowest under all the growing environments remained closer to
July 31sttransplanted crop. each other. Thus, Tmin showed no significant effect
Zhang et al (2000) also reported that the symptom (r = -0.07) on foot rot incidence under different
development reached pick at 3-leaf seedling stage. planting dates.
The maximum air temperature (Tmax) was highest The resulted data indicated that edaphic
(37.3±3°C) under early (10thJune) transplanted temperature at 5 cm (34.6±2.2°C) and 20
crop and gradually decrease with delay in cm (34.2±1.6°C) remained high during early
planting time and subsequently registered lowest transplanted environment (Table 3). These gradually
(32.9±1.7°C) under July 10 transplanting (Table decreased with delay in planting and lowest
3). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (Table 2) temperature attained under July 10 transplanted
also confirmed a significant positive association crop. The Bakanae pathogen is a soil borne fungus

Table 3.Distribution of different environmental variables under different dates of transplanting.

Sr. No. Date of transplanting Distribution of Distribution of Distribution Distribution
Tmax(oC) Tmin(oC) of soil of soil
temperature temperature
(5cm)(oC) (20cm) (oC)
1. 10thJune Sd=3.01 Sd=1.70 Sd=2.20 Sd=1.67
T=37.3 T=25.2 T=34.6 T=34.2
2. 20thJune Sd=2.31 Sd=1.49 Sd=1.86 Sd=1.45
T=35.2 T=25.4 T=33.0 T=32.8
3. 30thJune Sd=1.74 Sd=1.37 Sd=1.54 Sd=1.20
T=34.1 T=25.3 T=32.2 T=32.2
4. 10thJuly Sd=1.74 Sd=1.06 Sd=.0.97 Sd=0.71
T=32.9 T=25.2 T=31.3 T=31.4

90 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94

 Bal and Biswas
and chiefly affected by soil temperature and alters its
activity with fluctuation in soil temperature. It has
been reported that soil temperature as high as 35°C
is most conducive for foot rot development in rice
(Kazempour and Elahinia, 2007). The correlation
analysis also indicated high positive coefficients
with 5 cm (r = 0.62) and 20 cm (r = 0.60) depth
soil temperature indicating more disease incidence
at higher temperature regime.
The total rainfall was varied among four
transplanting dates (Figure 1). The pooled data
of both the seasons (kharif 2012-13 and 2013-14)
presented in faceted bubble plot in the above figure
indicated gradual increase in total rainfall under
delayed planting as monsoon become active during
July in this part of India. This resulted in significant
negative association (r = -0.71, p<0.05) with
disease incidence. As rainfall brings down air and
soil temperature, the low rainfall in early-planted
basmati rice contributed to higher infection by the
pathogen. Thus, different growing environments
altered disease development significantly in the
field in both the years.
Figure 1: Distribution and statistics of rainfall under
different dates of transplanting
Effect of age of nursery on foot rot incidence
91 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94
Figure 2: Effect of age of nursery on disease incidence
ε - Means with the same letter are not
significantly different (LSD0.05 = 0.91)
The results of the set of experimental plots
where basmati rice Pusa 1121 seedlings were
transplanted at an age of 30 days, 40 days and 50
days, showed distinct effect of age of nursery on
foot rot incidence in both the seasons. Per cent
disease incidence differed significantly (LSD 0.05
= 0.91) among age of nursery used for planting
(Figure 2). The highest foot rot attack (19.7%) was
observed with oldest seedlings (50 d) and the lowest
(4.2%) was observed with 30 d sold nursery. This
may be resulted because the disease seedlings in
the nursery served as a source of inoculum. In case,
the infected seedlings are not uprooted at an early
stage, the fungal spores get easily carried away
by wind or water to the adjacent healthy plants,
therefore, increasing the number of infected plants
(Nvall, 1999).
Effect of foot rot incidence on grain yield
Figure 3: Effect of level of disease incidence on grain
yield
δ - Means with the same letter are not
 Management of Foot Rot in Basmati Rice
significantly different (LSD0.05 = 1.62)
The analysed pooled data of grain yield indicated
a least significant difference (LSD) of 1.62 (p<0.05)
among different treatments of per cent disease level
(Figure 3). It was noted that yield under control and
low level of incidence (5%) was at par, however,
significant loss was registered under 10% disease
incidence. The loss increased with increase in per
cent disease and the lowest yield (19.8q/ha) was
obtained under 50% disease incidence. A correlation
analysis produced highly significant negative
correlation (r = -0.9953, p<0.001) between foot rot
incidence and rice yield indicated severe economic
loss if necessary control measures were not taken up
timely. There were earlier evidences of economic
loss caused by bakanae disease in many parts of
South East Asia. The disease, under favourable
conditions, is known to cause 20-50 per cent yield
loss in Japan, 70per cent to almost complete loss
in Australia, 3.7-14.7per cent in Thailand, 5-23per
cent in Spain, 3-95per cent in India, 40per cent
in Nepal, 6.7-58.0per cent in Pakistan (Saremiet
al, 2008) and up to 75per cent in Iran (Yasinet al,
2003).
Effect of Bavistin 50WP (carbendazim) on the
incidence of foot rot
The efficacy of Bavistin 50 WP evaluated as
seed treatment, seedling dip treatment, foliar spray
and dusting to minimize/control economic loss due
to foot rot is presented in Table 4. It was observed
that the most effective treatment for the control of
foot rot was seed treatment with Bavistin @ 0.2% +
seedling dip treatment in Bavistin @ 0.2% solution
+ uprooting the infected seedlings in the nursery.
This treatment recorded lowest disease incidence
(0.18%) among all the treatment combinations and
recorded a significant disease control of 92.16per
cent. When the infected seedlings were not uprooted
in the nursery but seed and seedlings were treated
with the fungicide, the disease control of 70.18per
cent was achieved. Spray of Bavistin @ 0.2% in
the nursery before transplanting also reduced the
disease incidence. Spray on 20, 25 and 30 days old
92 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94
nursery reduced foot rot incidence by 48.5, 52.6
and 52.3 per cent, respectively. However, there was
no effect of fungicide on disease incidence when
spray was made immediately before transplanting
or after transplanting. Also, the dusting of Bavistin
50WP @ 20 g/ m2 had no effect on the incidence
of foot rot. Bhalliet al (2001) reported that Derosal
(carbendazim) was most effective in inhibiting the
mycelia growth of Fusarium moniliformae causing
foot rot under in-vitro conditions while, under
field conditions the fungicide was very effective
as seed treatment and soil drenching. Pannuet al
(2009) observed that seed treatment + seedling dip
in Bavistin 50WP proved to be highly effective in
checking the foot rot disease of basmati in fields.
Seedling treatment with Bavistin or Benomyl
@0.1% for 6 and 8 hr, respectively was found to
effectively reduce the foot rot disease (Bagga
and Sharma, 2006). Iqbal et al (2013) recorded
that Daconil followed by Bavistin exhibited best
results against foot rot when used as seed dressing
at a concentration of 0.25per cent. A significant
reduction in the incidence of foot rot and increase in
grain yields with Bavistin, Emisan-6 and Benomyl
was observed by Biswas and Das (2002). It was
further observed that foot rot can be reduced to
some extent if infected seedlings are uprooted as
early as possible because this will reduce the spread
of inoculum in the nursery and subsequent carriage
to the field. From the above observations, It can be
concluded that there is a direct relationship between
disease incidence and reduction in yield. For the
proper management of foot rot in basmati rice, an
integrated approach should be followed. Healthy
disease free seed should be used for sowing.
For producing good seed, the crop should be
sprayed with Tilt 25EC @0.1% (propiconazole)
at flowering stage. Before sowing nursery, treat
the seed with Bavistin 50WP @0.2% for 10-12 hr.
Diseased seedlings should be removed in the nursery
as and when they appear. Transplanting should be
done preferably during first fortnight of July only
after dipping the seedling roots in Bavistin @0.2%
 Bal and Biswas

Table 4. Effect of different control measures using Bavistin on incidence of foot rot.
Sr. Treatment Disease Disease Grain Yield
No. Incidence Control (%) (q/ha)
(%)
1. Seed treatment + spray just before transplanting 10.72 14.3 30.63
2. Seed treatment+ dusting just before transplanting 10.10 19.26 30.86
3. Seed treatment + dusting 3d before transplanting 11.04 11.75 29.76

4. Seed treatment + spray 20 d after nursery sowing 6.44 48.52 33.16

5. Seed treatment + spray 25 d after nursery sowing 5.32 52.67 33.56

6. Seed treatment + spray 30 d after nursery sowing 10.03 19.82 31.13

7. Seed treatment + seeding dip treatment + uprooting of 0.18 92.16 36.63

infected plants in nursery
8. Seed treatment + seedling dip treatment 3.73 70.18 34.4
9. Control 12.51 - 29.13
CD (p<0.05) 0.34 - 0.30
for 6 hr. In this way we can combat the problem of infection in the transplanted field. The control
foot rot in basmati rice fields. using seed treatment with Bavistin 50 WP @ 0.2%
solution + seedling dip treatment in Bavistin 50 WP
CONCLUSION @ 0.2% + uprooting the infected seedlings in the
Basmati rice which is extensively practiced in nursery was found to be the best for controlling foot
sub mountain region of Punjab, face economic loss rot in basmati rice.
year after year due to foot rot disease. The disease
incidence increased as the transplanting date was REFERENCES
advanced which was attributed to the higher air and Ahmad M I and Raza T (1991). Association of Fusarium
soil temperature regime during early transplanting. moniliformae Sheld with the rice seeds and the subsequent
infection in Pakistan. IRRN. 16:19-20.
However, rainfall activity was negatively
correlated, thus lowest symptom development Bagga P S and Sharma V K(2006). Evaluation of fungicides
as seedling treatment for controlling bakanae/foot rot
was observed under late transplanting (July,10). (Fusarium moniliformae) disease in basmati rice. J
So,early transplanting of basmati rice before second Mycology and Plant Path 59: 305-308.
week of July is not advisable for effective control of Bagga P S, Sharma V K and Pannu P P S (2007). Effect of
the disease. The age of nursery also had significant transplanting dates and chemical seed treatments on
role in disease development and the aged (50 d) foot rot disease of basmati rice caused by Fusarium
seedlings showed more incidence as compared to moniliforme. Pl Dis Res 22: 60-62.
the younger (40 d followed by 30 d) nursery. To Bhalli J A, Aurangzeb M and Iiyas M B (2001). Chemical
minimize the infection of foot rot, transplanting of control of Bakanaedisease of rice caused by Fusarium
moniliformae. J Bio Sci 1(6):483-484.
nursery older than 30 d is not advisable. It is further
recommended to uproot any infected seedling with Biswas S and Das S N (2002). Efficacy of fungicides for the
control of Bakanae disease of rice. Ann Pl Protec Sci 10
bakanae symptom in the nursery to prevent further
(2):288-290.

93 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94

 Management of Foot Rot in Basmati Rice

Chandler J (2005). Cost reduction in SIT programmes using
exosect auto-dissemination as part of area wide integrated
pest management. Int J Pest Control 42(2):257-260.
Iqbal M, Javed N, Yasin S I, Sahi S T and Wakil W (2013).
Studies on chemical control of Bakanae disease
(Fusarium moniliformae) of rice in Pakistan. Pakistan J
Phytopathology 25(2):146-154.
Kazempour M N and Elahinia S A (2007). Biological control
of Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of bakanae disease
by rice associated antagonistic bacteria. Bulgarian J
Agric Sci 13:393-408.
Nyall R F(1999). Field Crop Diseases. Iowa State University
Press, USA. p-1021.
Pannu P P S, Singh N, Rewal H S, Sabhikhi H S and Raheja
S (2009). Integrated management of foot rot of basmati
rice. Plant Dis Res 24(1):84.
Saremi H, Ammarellou A, Marefat A and Okhovat S M (2008).
Binam a rice cultivar, resistant for foot rot disease on rice
caused by Fusarium moniliforme in North-West, Iran. Int
J Bot 4: 383-389.
Sunder S and Satyavir (1997). Survival of Fusarium
moniliformein soil enriched with different nutrients and
their combinations. Indian Phytopath 50: 474-81.
Yasin S I, Khan T Z, Akhtar K M, Muhammad A and Mustaq
A (2003). Economic evaluation of bakanae disease of
rice. Mycopath 1(2): 115-17.
Zhang H J, Bao S Z, Shen Y J, Gong C G and Zhu D Y
(2000). Change in trait of bakanae disease-infected leggy
rice seedlings and its influence in rice yield. Acta Agril
Shanghai 16(1): 67-71.
Received on 26/10/17 Accepted on 20/12/17

94 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 87-94

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00061.2

Ergonomic Study on Drudgery Reduction Using Three Tyne

Wheel Hoe For Weeding in Tomato
P Swarna, R Prasanna Lakshmi, P Bala Hussain Reddy and P Ganesh Kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalikiri 517234 (Andhra Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Agriculture has been established as one of the drudgery prone occupation of unorganized sector due
to lack of access to improved agricultural technologies. Weeding is a main drudgery prone activity mostly
performed by farm women and to resolve this problem Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalikiri conducted front line
demonstrations on use of three tyne wheel hoe to prove the efficacy of improved weeder in reducing drudgery
among women engaged in weeding activity in tomato. Twenty farm women were selected randomly for the
study. The main focus was to change the attitude, skill and knowledge towards recommended practices in
the work. The women traditionally carried out weeding operation by using tools like hand hoe in squatting
and bending position which decrease the work efficiency as time progresses. In the recommended weeding
practice i.e. with three tyne wheel hoe, the same amount of work could be done in almost half of the
time and work efficiency was increased by 93.8 per cent than normal weeding. Farm women adopted the
improved technique as it increased the efficiency to work, reduced the drudgery and helped in avoiding
bending or squatting posture. It lessened the exertion and fatigue to make the farm women comfortable.
Key Words: Drudgery, Fatigue, Posture, Weeding, Three tyne wheel hoe.

INTRODUCTION involved in manual weeding (Goel et al, 2008).

Tomato is the major crop and is grown Behera and Swain (2005) reported that manually
throughout the year in nearly 20,000ha in Chittoor operated weeders have found acceptability due to
district of Andhra Pradesh. The availability of their low cost.
labour is a major problem in tomato cultivation Ergonomics is the scientific study of the
from planting to harvesting and the intercultural relationship between man and his working
operation requires more number of labourers. It environment that includes ambient conditions,
includes weeding, soil loosening and earthing up. tools, materials, methods of work and organization
Traditional hand tools like spade and khurpi are of the work. The performance of man – implement
used by farm women for doing weeding operation. system may be poor, if ergonomic aspects are not
In order to perform this operation, farm women sit in given due attention. It may also cause clinical or
squatting position which increases drudgery leading anatomical disorders and will affect worker’s
to back pain and fatigue. The percentage share health. Proper attention to ergonomics aspects
of women as cultivators, agricultural labourers, in design and operation will help in increasing
workers in household industry and other workers the man implement system efficiency and also in
stood at 24.92, 18.56, 2.95 and 47.20, respectively safeguarding the workers’ health (Gite, 1997).
(Prakash et al, 2014).
The main aim of this study was to reduce
Further, timely weeding can be achieved by using drudgery, increasing the working efficiency of
mechanical weeders which perform simultaneous farm women and also reduce the cost of weeding
job of weeding and hoeing, thus reduce the time operation to farmers by introducing three tyne
spent on weeding, cost of weeding and drudgery wheel hoe.

Corresponding Author’s Email:swarna.pillella@gmail.com

95 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100

 Swarna et al

MATERIALS AND METHODS Handle diameter: 2-3cm

Three Tyne Wheel Hoe
Three tyne wheel hoe is manually operated Angle between blade and handle: 40-500 C
equipment for weeding. It consists of wheel frame Weight: 0.3-0.4kg
and the wheel hoes were widely accepted as
weeding tool for weeding and inter culture in row
crops. It is a long handled tool operated by push and
pull action.
Wheel hoe specifications:
Overall length (mm) : 1400- 1500
Overall width (mm) : 450- 500
Overall height (mm) : 800- 1000
Number of tynes : 3 Nos
Wheel diameter (mm) : 200- 600
Working depth (mm) : Up to 60
Weight (kg) : 8-12
Fig A: Three tyne wheel hoe
Hand Hoe
Hand hoe Specifications
Blade : Mild steel angle and flat
Handle: Wood
Dimensions of blade-Length : 12cm,Width :
8cm,Thickness-1.5cm
Handle length: 45-60cm
Fig B: Hand hoe
The study was carried out in 3 villages of
Kalikiri and Piler mandals of Chittoor district.
Twenty farm women who had good experience at
the control and operating traditional hand hoe were
selected randomly. They were healthy and had no
physical ailment. The grading of health status of
women was one on the basis of basal metabolic
index (BMI). The BMI scores were interpreted
as per the classification given by Garrow (1987).
Following parameters were calculated to know
the efficiency of the implement when compared to
farmers’ practice i.e. hand hoe.
Weeding Index percent
Weeding efficiency of weeder was the number
of weeds that can be removed by a specific weeder
in a given time. The weeder was tested on the same
field to determine weeding index. It is calculated by
using the following formula:
e=((W1 – W2)/W1)×100 where,
e= Weeding index, per cent
W1= Number of weeds/m2 before weeding
W2= Number of weeds/m2 after weeding
Drudgery Index
Drudgery was operationalized as physical and
mental strain, fatigue, monotony and hardship

96 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100

 Use of Three Tyne Wheel Hoe for Weeding in Tomato

experience by farm women while doing weeding

operations (Kumar et al, 2011).
Drudgery Index (DI) was calculated on the basis of
Drudgery Index = [(X+Y+Z)/3] x 100.
X = coefficient pertaining to difficulty score.
Y = Coefficient pertaining to performance score.
Z = Coefficient pertaining to average time spent
DI score between 70 and above = Maximum
drudgery
DI score between 50 and 70 = Moderate drudgery
DI score between 50 and below = Minimum
drudgery
Musculo-skeletal problems
Incidence of musculo-skeletal problems was Severity scale
identified using the body map (Fig. C) indicating 5. Very severe 4. Severe 3.Moderate 2.Mild 1. Very
pain in different parts of the body before and just mild
after the completion of the activity. Fig. C: Body map technique for assessing body part
discomfort

Fig D: Visual analogue discomfort scale for assessment of overall body discomfort

97 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100

 Swarna et al

Five-point scale was used to record the intensity Workload

of pain in the various body parts viz., 5, 4, 3, 2 and The classification of workload during the
I for the intensity of pain as very severe, severe, activity period was done on the basis of average
moderate, mild and very mild, respectively. energy expenditure. The activity was classified as
Overall discomfort rating (ODR) heavy while using three tyne wheel hoe as compared
Overall discomfort rating (ODR) consists of a to moderate while using traditional hand hoe but
70cm long graduated scale with its left marked as the women were comfortable while working and
0 and it’s right ends 10 which are representing ‘no they worked at a faster rate so three tyne wheel
discomfort’ and ‘extreme discomfort’, respectively. hoe happened a better implement. As evident from
A sliding pointer was provided on the scale to mark the data in Table 2, majority of the respondents
the level of discomfort. At the end of each trial, (80%) were in normal category with regard to BMI
subjects were asked to mark their overall discomfort Scores, 15 per cent of women had BMI Scores in
rating on the scale. The overall discomfort ratings obese grade I range and 5 per cent women were in
given by each of the twenty subjects were averaged the range of low weight normal category.
to get the mean rating. Output
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result (Table 3) depicts the work output
Basic anthropometric data of the subjects have of the weeding activity with the traditional and
been presented in Table 1. The mean age of the improved technology. Three tyne wheel hoe have
selected farm women was 33 yr with the average significantly higher work output than the hand hoe.
height of 155.8 cm and gross body weight was in The output capacity was higher using three tyne
the range of 45-69kg. The mean body mass index wheel hoe (119.2 m2/hr) as compared to with hand
was calculated to be 23.90 which meant that they hoe (61.5 m2/hr) i.e. the percentage increase in
were in the normal category. output was 93.8 per cent for three tyne wheel hoe.
It means that work output was near about twice,
Table1. Physical characteristics of the as compared to traditional implement so working
respondents (N=20) by three tyne wheel hoe is recommended. By
Sr. Physical characteristic Range Mean seeing the benefits of three tyne wheel hoe, more
No. number of farmers in demonstrated villages were
1. Age in years 24-45 33 shown interest to adopt this technology and they
2. Height(cm) 145-166 155.8 themselves manufactured three tyne wheel hoe in
3. Gross weight(kg) 45-69 57.85 nearby welding shops and using them weeding in
4. Body Mass Index 19.2-28.2 23.90
vegetable and flower crops.

Table 2.Distribution of respondents as per BMI scores. (N=20)

Sr. No. BMI score Interpretation Per cent
1. < 16.0 - *CED grade lll (severe) -
2. 16.0-17.0 *CED grade ll ( moderate) -
3. 17.0-18.5 *CED grade l ( mild) -
4. 18.5-20 Low weight normal 5.0
5. 20.0-25.0 Normal 80.0
6. 25.5-30.0 Obese grade I 15.0
7. > 30.5 Obese grade II -
*CED = chronic energy deficiency

98 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100

 Use of Three Tyne Wheel Hoe for Weeding in Tomato

Table 3. Change in output by use of three tyne wheel hoe and traditional hand hoe

Sr. Parameter Hand hoe Three tyne wheel Per cent change improved over existing
No. m2/hr hoe m2/hr
1. Output, 61.5 119.2 93.8
2. Weeding efficiency% 92.6 80.3 13.3

Table 4. Mean value of ODR, MSP, RPE, DI Score by respondents.

Weeding method ODR* MSP* RPE* DI Score*
Hand hoe 8.2 Severe pain in mid back, hands, Heavy 75
shoulders, knees.
Three tyne wheel hoe 4.4 Moderate to light pain in shoulder, Moderate 57.3
hands and arms.
*ODR=Mean value of overall discomfort rating; *MSP=Musculo-skeletal problem; *RPE=Rating of perceived
exertion; *DI= Drudgery Index score;
Overall discomfort rating (ODR) Drudgery Index
The weeding in tomato is an activity where The drudgery index of weeding with hand
musculo-skeletal problems are very pronounced. hoe and three tyne wheel hoe was determined by
The reason is weeding activity is time taking and calculating the time co-efficient, frequency of
performed continuously for prolonged hours. The performance coefficient and difficulty coefficient.
traditional method employs continuous sitting By using this three tyne wheel hoe, moderate
posture while weeding with traditional hand hoe. drudgery (drudgery index score 57.3) was recorded
The overall discomfort rate of hand hoe and three whereas in traditional practice (hand hoe) maximum
tyne wheel hoe was 8.2 and 4.4 (Table 4) i.e. more drudgery (drudgery index score 75) was recorded.
than moderate and light discomfort respectively. This study indicated that in order to ensure health,
Musculo-skeletal problems safety and well being thereby improving the quality
The musculo-skeletal problems and posture were of work life and achieving higher productivity, it is
evaluated by asking the respondents as to where they essential that working implement must be designed
felt pain in their body after weeding with traditional ergonomically and should be women friendly. The
and improved technology. The data(Table 4) depict weeding efficiency of the three tyne wheel hoe
that weeding with traditional tools in strenuous was found satisfactory. It was women-friendly tool
posture cause severe pain in shoulders, mid back, because it increased the work efficiency, reduced
hands and knees. The women perceived the task as drudgery and provided comfortable working
heavy. On the contrary, using improved weeding posture. It reduced the exertion and fatigue and
tool induced moderate to light discomfort/pain in women felt comfortable. By introducing such
shoulders, hands and arms. They were relieved from small tools, the work and work environment can be
back pain and improved tool employed standing improved, physiological workload can be reduced
posture and eliminated continuous sitting posture in the weeding and the efficiency and work output
as well as some movement is also employed while can be improved significantly. Hence, promoting
working on a three tyne wheel hoe. The rating of such tools among the farm women engaged in the
perceived exertion was also reported as moderate agricultural operation should be done at the priority.
with use of three tyne wheel hoe.

99 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100

 Swarna et al

CONCLUSION Goel A K, Behera B K, Mohanty S K and Nanda S K (2008).

Three tyne wheel hoe was found useful in terms of Development and Ergonomic Evaluation of Manually
Operated Weeder for Dry land Crops. CIGR Journal:
saving time, human effort, increasing work capacity Agriculture Engineering International. VOL-X.
and productivity. It was found to be compatible, easy
Kumar Bharat P P, Govinda, Gowda V and Khandekar
to handle and applicable in field situation as well as Neeta (2011). Time utilization pattern and drudgery of
most efficient for weeding vegetable fields. It was horticulture farmers. Int J Eng, Manage & Sci 2(2): 93-
observed that use of weeder, improved posture and 96.
efficiency of worker. The body discomfort reduced Prakash N, Rishikanta Singh K H, Punitha P, Roy S S, Ansari
with use of weeder because it involved standing M A and Nagchan S V (2014). Gender Mainstreaming in
posture eliminating muscular fatigue and excessive Small Farm Production System. Souvenir of 7th National
loading of inter-vertebral discs of backbone. This Extension Education Congress in ICAR Research
Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya during
proved that weeders were ergonomically sound, 8-11 November, 2014.
women friendly, drudgery reducing and improved
Sharma V (1999). Ergonomics assessment of weeding activity
worker’s efficiency. with conventional and modified tool. M.Sc. Thesis,
Department of Family Resource Management, College
REFERENCES of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of
Behera B K and Swain S (2005). Ergonomics evaluation Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan.
and design modification of push-pull type weeders. Singh S P, Gite L P, Agarwal Nidhi and Majumdar J (2007).
Proceedings of International Ergonomics Conference, Handbook on Women friendly improved farm tools and
HWWE, lIT, Guwahati (ASSAM) INDIA. equipment. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering,
Garrow J (1987). Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Nutrition Bhopal. Edition 20.
News 1991. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. Received on 24/10/17 Accepted on 25/12/17
Gite L P and Singh G (1997). Ergonomics in Agricultural and
Allied Activities in India. Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Bhopal, India. Technical Bulletin No.
CIAE/97/70.

100 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 95-100

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 101-104 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00066.1

Estimation of Soil Fertility Status under Sugar Cane –

Wheat Farming System in Different Blocks of Rampur District of
Uttar Pradesh
Ravindra Kumar1, Manoj Singh2, Satendra Kumar3, N CTripathi4,
Mohan Singh5 and Pramod Kumar6
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rampur – 243 701, SVPUAT, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken during 2015-16 to assess the soil fertility status under sugar cane –
wheat farming system in different blocks of Rampur district of Uttar Pradesh. Six blocks namely Milak,
Chamrauva, Bilaspur, Shahabad, Saidnagar and Swar were selected. The soil sample was taken from
0-15 cm depth with the help of augur and physical & chemical properties of the soil were analyzed. It
was observe that 93.30 per cent samples were normal (6.5-8.5), 2.49 per cent were alkaline (pH > 8.5)
and 4.20 per cent were acidic (pH <6.5). The organic carbon content in the soil of the district revealed
that 35.38 per cent samples were less than 0.5, 51.07 per cent samples were ranged between 0.5 to
0.75 per cent and 13.15 per cent samples were more than 0.75 per cent. The nitrogen content in soil
indicated that soils were low in nitrogen. 82.48 per cent samples were less than 280 kg /ha, 17.52 per
cent samples were ranged between 280 to 560 kg/ha and no sample was found more than 560 kg/ha.
In case of available phosphorus 6.8 per cent samples were less than 10 kg/ha, 74.38 per cent samples
ranged between 10 to 24.6 kg/ ha and 19.43 per cent samples were more than 24.6 kg/ ha. Regarding
potassium content, 97.55 per cent samples ranged between 108 to 280 kg/ ha, only 2.10 per cent
samples were found more than 280 kg/ha and 0.35 per cent samples were found less than 108 kg/ha.
Key Words: Nitrogen, Organic matter Phosphorus, Soil, Fertility.

INTRODUCTION tonne of cane production. the sugarcane – wheat

The physico-chemical properties of soils and
their interaction with one another and variation in
nutrients supplying capacity is a natural phenomenon.
Therefore, the different management practices
are required at different locations to sustained
crop productivity hence, the nutrient status of soil
is very important. It has been observed that soil
differs generally in their morphological, physical,
mineralogical and biological characteristics.
(Kumar et al, 2017).
The sugarcane based crop sequences are being
practiced extensively all over India. The crop is
a heavy feeder of plant nutrients and removes
about 1.2 kg N, 0.22 kg P, and 2.83 kg K for each
cropping sequence is one of the most prevalent
cropping sequences in the north western plains
of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand occupying 10
to11Per cent of net cropped area in the regions. It
has been observed during the past years that yield
of sugarcane and wheat has reached a plateau in
these regions due to declining factor productivity.
The loss in organic matter has been assigned as the
prime reason for this decline in the productivity.
The soil organic matter influences almost all the
component of soil linked with crop production.
Macro nutrient (N, P, & K) and micronutrients (Cu,
Fe, and Mn & Zn) are important soil elements that
control its fertility.

Corresponding Author’s Email:ravindradrsoil@rediffmail.com

1-2
,Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rampur , 3Dept. of Soil Science, 4Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pilibhit . 5Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Moradabad 6Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Muzaffarnagar

101 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 101-104

 Kumar et al

The use of high yielding varieties, intensive Rampur district of Uttar Pradesh. The soil samples
cropping, increase use of high analysis fertilizers of 0-15 cm depth were collected from 2569 sites
and restricted use of organic sources of nutrients covering six blocks and the collected samples were
has resulted in the deficiency of macro and micro air dried in shade, crushed gently with a wooden
nutrients in general particularly in the irrigated roller and pass through 2.0 mm sieve to obtain a
lands. Nutrient removed by crop depends on uniform representative sample. The samples were
cultivar, soil moisture status, management levels and properly labeled with the aluminum tag and stored
residue management. Macro and micro nutrients are in polythene bags for analysis .The processed
important soil elements that control its fertility. Recent soil samples were analyzed by standard methods
diagnostic survey indicated that in many intensively for pH and electrical conductivity (1:2 soil water
cultivated area farmers have resorted to use greater suspensions), organic carbon (Walkley and Black,
than recommended doses of fertilizer, especially 1934), available nitrogen (Subbiah and Asija, 1956),
N fertilizer, to maintained the crop productivity available phosphorus (Olsen et al,1954), available
at levels attained previously with relatively small potassium (Jackson, 1973). All the analysis of soil
fertilization rates. In both agriculturally advanced samples were carried out in the laboratory of Krishi
irrigated ecosystems, nutrient replenishment Vigyan Kendra, Rampur, SVPUA&T, Modipuram,
through fertilizers and manures remain far below Meerut (U.P.) India.
than the crop removal, thus causing the mining of
native nutrient reserves over year. The deficiencies RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
are so intense and severe that visual symptoms are The farmers usually apply 130-150kg nitrogen
very often observed in major crops (Kumar et al, per hectare along with 60-80 kg phosphorus per
2013). Therefore, the present study was conductedhectare and 50-60 kg potassium. Zinc application
to ascertain the soil fertility status under sugar cane –
in farming system done by almost all the farmers
wheat farming system in different blocks of Rampur
and compost application was done by 45 percent
district of Uttar Pradesh. of the farmers while green manuring practiced by
10-12 per cent farmers and biofertilizers use was
MATERIALS AND METHODS not prevalent. It was noted that 85 percent farmers
The study area covered all blocks of (Milak, reported more use of fertilizers to harvest same
Chamrauva, Bilaspur,Shahbad, Saidnagar and Swar) level of yield.

Table 1. Soil fertility status under sugar cane – wheat farming system in different blocks of Rampur
district.
Sr. Name of Total Percent Samples Percent Samples Percent Samples
No. Block samples pH < pH 6.5- pH EC EC OC < OC 0.5- OC
analysed 6.5 8.5 >8.5 <4.0 >4.0 0.5 % 0.75 % >0.75 %
dSm-1 dSm-1
1. Milak 1904 2.78 94.9 2.31 100 0 36.55 49.89 13.55
2. Chamrauva 92 16.30 81.52 2.17 100 0 44.56 48.91 6.52
3. Bilaspur 132 6.06 93.93 0.00 100 0 18.93 40.90 40.15
4. Shahbad 202 0.00 93.06 6.93 100 0 40.09 59.90 0.00
5. Saidnagar 134 18.95 91.04 0.00 100 0 26.11 58.95 14.93
6. Swar 105 19.04 77.15 3.8 100 0 29.52 60.00 10.47
Over all 2569 4.20 93.30 2.49 100 0 35.38 51.07 13.55

102 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 101-104

 Estimation of Soil Fertility Status

Soil pH Electrical Conductivity

The soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of The electrical conductivity (EC) is the measure
the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is measured in of the soluble salt present in the soil and is affected
pH units. It was observed (Table 1) that soil pH by cropping sequence, irrigation, land use pattern,
of soil of different blocks under sugar cane –wheat and application of fertilizer and manures, and
farming system viz., Milak 94.9 per cent samples compost. The soil samples of all blocks under
were normal (6.5-7.5), 2.31 per cent samples were sugarcane –wheat farming system were falls under
alkaline (pH more than 8.5), 2.78 per cent samples less then 4.0 dSm-1(Table 1) . On the basis of the
were acidic (pH less than 6.5), Chamrauva, 81.52 0 limit suggested by Muhar et al (1973) for judging
per cent samples were normal (6.5-8.5), 2.17 per salt problem of soil all the samples found normal
cent samples were alkaline (pH more than 8.5), 6.3 (EC 1.0 to 2.0 dSm-1).
per cent samples were acidic (pH less than 6.5),
Bilaspur 93.93 per cent samples were normal (6.5- Organic matter content
8.5) and 6.06 per cent samples were acidic (pH less Theo organic carbon content of the soil in
than 6.5), Shahbad 93.06 per cent samples were different blocks of Rampur district (Table 1)
normal (6.5-8.5) and 6.93 per cent samples were indicated that over all , 35.38 per cent samples were
alkaline (pH more than 8.5), Saidnagar 91.04 per less than 0.5, 51.07 per cent samples were ranged
cent samples were normal (6.5-8.5) and 8.95 per between 0.5 to 0.75 per cent and 13.15 per cent
cent samples were acidic (pH less than 6.5) and samples were more than 0.75 per cent content of
Swar 77.15 per cent samples were normal (6.5-8.5), organic carbon. It was revealed that more than 50
3.80 per cent samples were alkaline (pH more than per cent samples were found 0.5 to 0.75 percent
8.5), 19.04 per cent samples were acidic (pH less organic carbon content .High temperature and
than 6.5). Over all of district 93.3 0 per cent samples more tillage practice in the soil increases the rate of
were normal (6.5-8.5), 2.49 per cent samples were oxidation of organic matter resulting reduction of
alkaline (pH more than 8.5), 4.20 per cent samples organic carbon content.
were acidic (pH less than 6.5).
Table 2. Soil fertility status under sugar cane – wheat farming system in different blocks of Rampur
district.
Sr. Name of Total Percent Samples Percent Samples Percent Samples
No. Block samples N N 280- N P <10 P 10- P K K K
analysed <280 560 >560 Kg/ha 24.6 >24.6 <108 108- >280
Kg/ha Kg/ha Kg/ha Kg/ha Kg/ha Kg/ 280 Kg/
ha Kg/ha ha

1. Milak 1904 82.61 17.38 0 7.19 79.77 13.02 0 98.42 1.58

2. Chamrauva 92 86.95 13.04 0 6.52 58.69 34.78 0 93.47 6.52
3. Bilaspur 132 72.72 27.27 0 3.03 81.06 15.90 6.06 81.06 12.88
4. Shahbad 202 87.12 12.87 0 0.00 40.09 59.90 0 100 0
5. Saidnagar 134 78.35 21.64 0 5.97 55.97 38.05 0 100 0
6. Swar 105 84.76 15.23 0 3.80 71.43 24.76 0.95 98.09 0.95
Over all 2569 82.48 17.52 0 6.18 74.38 19.43 0.35 97.55 2.10

103 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 101-104

 Kumar et al

Available Nitrogen Content under sugar cane –wheat farming system did not
The available nitrogen content in soil of all followed a particular pattern with different block
blocks indicated that 82.48 per cent samples were which may be due to variation in management
possessing less than 280 kg /ha, 17.52 per cent practices and yield potential. The nutrient status
samples ranged between 280 to 560 kg/ ha and no regarding to the available macro nutrient in surface
sample was found more than 560 kg/ha on the basis soil indicate that soils are low in available N and
of rating suggested by Subbiah and Asija (1956). medium in available P and K. Normal to slightly
alkaline in reaction, low to medium in organic
Available phosphorous content carbon content.
The data (Table 2) revealed that over all range
of available phosphorus in soil of all blocks showed REFERENCES
that 6.8 per cent samples were less than 10 kg /ha, Jackson M L (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of
74.38 per cent samples were ranged in 10 to 24.6 kg/ India Private Limited, New Delhi. pp. 498
ha and 19.43 per cent samples were more than 24.6 Kumar Ravindra, Rathi A S, Kant L, Tripathi N C and
kg/ ha on the basis of rating suggested by Subbiah Pramod Kumar (2013). Soil fertility status of soil of
and Asija (1956). Rampur District of Uttar Pradesh. J Krishi Vigyan 2(1):
55-58.
Available potassium content Kumar P, Kumar A, Kumar R, Arya S and Tomar N (2017).
The data (Table 2) revealed that over all range Soil fertility assessment near Ganga canal in western plan
of potassium in soil of all blocks showed that 97.55 zone of Uttar Pradesh. Pragya Shikshan Shodh Rachana
per cent amples were ranged in 108 to 280 kg/ ha, 2(4) 32-37
2.10 per cent samples were found more than 280 Muhr G R, Datta N P, Sharma S N, Derer F, Lecy V K
kg/ha and 0.35 per cent samples were found less and Donahue R R (1963). Soil testing in Indian, USAID
mission to India.
than 108 kg/ha. On the basis of rating suggested by
Subbiah and Asija (1956). Olsen SR , Cole C V ,Watanabe F S and Deen L A (1954).
Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction
According to limit suggested by Mahr et al with sodium bicarbonate. USDA CIRC. 939.United State
(1963), all samples were medium (125 to 300 K2O Dept. of Ag. Wasignton.D.C.
kg/ha) in potassium content. A significant positive Paliwal M L (1996). Studies on major and micronutrient
correlation (r =0.615) was observed between status of soils of Panchayat Samiti Bhinder, Udaipur.
organic carbon and available potassium. This might M.sc. (Ag) thesis, Rajasthan Agricultural University,
Bikaner.
be due to creation of favorable soil environment
with presence of high organic matter. Similar result Subbiah, B V and Asija G Lc (1956). A rapid procedure for
the determination of available nitrogen in soil. Current
was also reported by Paliwal (1996) Sci 25: 259-260.
Walkley AJ and Black I A (1934). Estimation of soil organic
CONCLUSION carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:
The study of soil samples revealed that the soil 29-38.
of all blocks of Rampur district in different block Received on 11/10/17 Accepted on 20/12/17

104 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 101-104

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 105-108 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00004.1

Evaluation of Different Sources of Nitrogen and Bio-Fertilizers

on Growth and Yield of Isabgol (Plantago ovate)
Megha Upadhyay, I S Naruka, R P S Shaktawat and R S Chundawat
Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops
RVSKVV – College of Horticulture, Mandsaur 458001 (Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during the year 2016-17 at the Department of Plantation, Spices,
Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,College of Horticulture, Mandsaur to study the effect of different sources of
nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of Isabgol. The experiment was laid out inrandomized block
design (RBD) with three replicationsand ten treatments comprised of graded levels of recommended dose
of nitrogen (RDN), vermi-compost, FYM and bio-fertilizers (Azotobactor + PSB). The resultsindicated
that the growth and yield of isabgol crop can be increased by treatment T2(50% RDN through urea and
50% RDN through vermi-compost (40 kg N/ha) + bio-fertilizers as Azotobactor + PSB 3 kg/ha each).
Key Words: Bio-fertilizer, FYM, Isabgol, Nitrogen, Vermi-compost, Yield.

INTRODUCTION plants. They also produce hormones, vitamins and

Isabgol (Plantagoovate Forsk.) is one of the
important medicinal crop belongs to the family
Plantaginaceae and important for its seed and
husk which have been used in the indigeneous
medicine for many centuries. (Tripathi et al, 2013).
In India, it is commercially cultivated in the states
of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. In
Madhya Pradesh it is largely grown in Neemuch
and Mandsaur districts, covering an area of 7448
ha, production of 10427.2 t/ha and productivity of
1.4 mt (Anon, 2016). Although, Isabgol does not
require heavy demand for nutrients but judicious
use of fertilizers is of prime importance to achieve
potential production. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are the major primary nutrients required
by the crop. Farm yard manure (FYM) is a rich in
organic matter and can be supplemented with NPK
fertilizers.FYM not only provides a variety of plant
nutrients but also improves the physico-chemical
and biological properties of soil. Besides improving
the fertilizer use efficiency and soil health, low
nitrogen losses due to slow release of nutrients from
the organic manure is an added advantage.Bio-
fertilizers having micro-organisms which are free
living in soil and contribute directly or indirectly
towards nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of
105 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 105-108
other growth factors required for the growth and
development of plants (Tripathi et al, 2013). In the
present agricultural practices, there are number of
microbial inoculants used as bio-fertilizers.The
dose of chemical fertilizers is minimized by using
vermicompost and biofertilizers, which may reduce
the cost of cultivation along with the increased
yield.Therefore, the study was undertaken to study
the effects of different sources of nitrogen and bio-
fertilizers on growth and yield of Isabgol.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out at the
Horticulture Experimental Farm, College of
Horticulture Mandsaur during rabi 2016-17 season.
The seeds of Isabgol (Jawahar isabgol 4) were
sown in plot of 3 m × 3 m in a randomized block
design in ten treatments and three replications with
crop geometry (20 cm × 5 cm). The experiment
comprised of 10 treatments combinations viz.,T1
(25%RDN through urea and 75% RDN through
vermicompost (40 kg N/ha) +bio-fertilizers
(Azotobacter + PSB 3 kg/ha each), T2(50%RDN
through urea and 50%RDN through vermicompost
(40 kg N/ha) + bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB
3 kg/ha each), T3 (75%RDN through urea and
 Upadhya et al

25% RDN through vermicompost (40 kg N/ha) weighed and the weight was recorded in g/plot
+biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB 3 kg/ha each), and then converted into q/ha. The harvest index
T4(25%RDN through urea and 75% RDN through was obtained by dividing the economic yield (seed
FYM (40 kg N/ha) + bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter yield) from total biological yield and expressed as
+ PSB 3 kg/ha each), T5(50%RDN through urea percentage. The data on different vegetative growth
and 50% RDN through FYM (40 kg N/ha) + and yield parameters were recorded using five
biofertilizers(Azotobacter + PSB 3 kg/ha each), plants, which were selected randomly in the each
T6(75%RDN through urea and 25% RDN through plot and data were statically analyzed.
FYM (40 kg N/ha) + biofertilizers (Azotobacter +
PSB 3 kg/ha each), T7(100%RDN through FYM RESULT AND DISCUSSION
(40 kg N/ha) + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB 3 Growth attributes
kg/ha each), T8(100%RDN through vermicompost The maximum plant height, number of leaves,
(40 kg N/ha) + bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB number of tillers, number of spikes and length of
3 kg/ha each), T9 (100%RDN through urea (40 kg spike were recorded with the application of 50 per
N/ha) and T10(Control).The calculated quantities cent RDN through urea and 50 per cent nitrogen
of manures and fertilizers were applied to the through vermicompost (40 kg N/ha) + biofertilizers
respective plots. The sources of nutrients were as azotobacter + PSB 3 kg/ha each (T2). The
nitrogen (Urea), phosphorus (SSP) and potash increase in plant height of isabgol may be due to
(MOP) at the rate of 40: 30: 20 NPKkg/ha. Full the treatment combination of organic and inorganic
dose of phosphorus and potash were applied as nitrogenous fertilizers which maintain long term
basal dose prior to sowing of isabgol. Nitrogen is soil fertility. Similar results were also reported by
applied in two split doses at 40 and 55 DAS. The Yadav et al (2003). The increase in number of leaves
calculated quantities of FYM, Vermicompost and might be due to the production of more chlorophyll
Biofertilizer (PSB and Azotobacter) were applied content with the application of balanced nutrition in
as full dose. Bio-fertilizers were mixed with FYM. the form of nitrogen and vermicompost and also due
The seeds were used with the seed rate of 3-4 kg/ha to production of plant growth regulators by bacteria
and treated with Captan 2 g/kg seeds. in rhizosphere, where it is absorbed by roots. These
The plant height was measured from the ground results were in close conformity with the findings of
level to the growing tip of the main stem at 30, 60 Tripathi et al (2013) in Isabgol.
and 90 days after sowing (DAS).Thenumber of The higher number of tillers per plant might
leaves, number of the tillers, n numbeofspikes and be due to increased growth of plant in the form of
length of spikes from five randomly selected plants, height and number of leaves, which accumulated
each plot was counted at 60 and 90 DAS. Ten spikes more photosynthesis and thereby increased number
were selected at random from the plant, which were of tillers per plant. These findings were in the close
used for seeds/spike and total seeds were counted. conformity with the findings of Raissi et al (2012)
One thousand seeds were counted and weighed on and Tripathi et al (2013) in Isabgol.The increased
electronic balance and recorded as test weight (g). in number of spikes and length of spikes may be
Number of days was counted from sowing to till due to the fact that NPK, vermicompost and FYM
100 per cent of spikes started drying in the plot application accelerated the development of leaf
and recorded as days to maturity. All the cleaned number, which are positively correlated with the
seeds obtain from individual plot were weighed. number of spikes and length of spikes. Increased
The straw yield was calculated by subtracting the in length of spikes might have resulted because of
seed yield (q/ha) from the biological yield (q/ha). increase in number of tillers per plant. Similar results
The harvested and sun dried crop of each plot was were also reported by Tripathi et al (2013) in Isabgol.

106 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 105-108

 Table 1. Effect of different sources of nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on growth parameters of Isabgol

107
Treatment Plant height (cm) Number of leaves/ Number of tillers / Number of spikes / Length of spike
plant plant plant (cm)
30 DAS 60 DAS 90DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 60DAS 90DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS
T1 9.82 18.62 29.64 16.20 38.58 3.39 3.44 12.84 22.60 2.60 4.47
T2 11.84 25.17 40.37 29.73 56.20 4.08 4.21 15.73 31.94 3.75 6.11
T3 11.24 24.26 39.08 27.64 54.37 3.82 3.97 15.11 30.25 3.41 5.45
T4 9.14 18.43 29.30 15.50 37.66 3.30 3.55 12.17 22.55 2.40 3.93
T5 10.79 19.12 34.20 19.44 44.47 3.56 3.70 13.29 24.80 3.07 4.67
T6 10.56 19.10 34.05 18.17 42.32 3.49 3.63 13.07 24.04 2.91 4.57
T7 8.26 18.11 36.32 15.23 35.13 2.98 3.15 10.41 20.71 2.10 3.37
T8 8.58 18.37 29.21 15.38 35.86 3.09 3.38 11.74 20.45 2.17 3.63
T9 10.72 23.52 37.80 25.66 52.84 3.60 3.83 14.52 28.63 3.13 4.88
T10 8.04 16.12 23.18 9.92 24.52 2.68 2.79 10.13 17.90 1.77 2.11
S.Em. ± 0.16 0.19 0.32 0.41 0.30 0.05 0.04 0.18 0.30 0.07 0.18
CD at 5% 0.48 0.59 0.96 1.23 0.90 0.16 0.13 0.53 0.90 0.22 0.55
Table 2 . Effect of different sources of nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on yield parameters of Isabgol.
Treatment Number of Test Days to Seed yield Straw yield Biological yield Harvest index
seed per spike weight (g) maturity (q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha) (%)
Growth and Yield of Isabgol

T1 75.24 1.70 116 7.07 22.25 29.32 24.14

J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 105-108

T2 82.42 2.10 122 11.41 30.74 42.15 27.11
T3 80.04 1.95 120 9.32 26.13 35.45 26.30
T4 74.76 1.66 115 6.87 22.15 29.02 23.75
T5 76.33 1.80 119 7.15 23.53 30.68 23.30
T6 75.58 1.78 118 7.11 22.78 29.89 23.81
T7 71.61 1.54 111 6.66 21.21 27.86 23.89
T8 73.77 1.59 113 6.73 21.74 28.47 23.65
T9 78.31 1.88 119 7.17 23.57 30.73 22.24
T10 70.50 1.43 110 5.54 19.93 25.47 21.74
S.Em. ± 0.16 0.02 0.63 0.07 0.70 0.71 0.58
CD at 5% 0.48 0.06 1.8 0.21 2.10 2.11 1.72
 Upadhya et al

Yield attributes and yield significantly affected the root shoot ratio of Isabgol
In the present study it was observed that and ultimately influenced the grain yield. PSB helps
different sources of nitrogen and biofertilizers in reducing phosphorus fixation by its chelating
had significantly influenced the yield and yield effect and also solubilized the fixed phosphorus
attributes of Isabgol. The maximum number of leading to more uptake of nutrients and reflected
seeds per spike, test weight, days to maturity, seed better yield attributes ultimately leads to higher
yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index seed and straw yield as reported by Singh and Singh
were recorded with the treatment 50 per cent RDN (2004).
through vermicompost (40 kg N/ha) + biofertilizers
as azotobacter + PSB 3 kg/ha each. Increased in CONCLUSION
the number of seeds per spike might be due to the It may conclude that application of 50 been RDN
fact that vermicompost is expected to hasten plant through urea and 50 been RDN through vermicompost
development. Hence an increase in fruit set in (40 kg N/ha) +bio-fertilizers(Azotobacter + PSB 3
present study is due to cumulative effect of balancedkg/ha each)treatment significantly increased the
nutrition and vermicompost application. growth and yield attributes and finally yield of
The application of nitrogen with organic Isabgol as compared to all treatments tested.
manure would increase the test weight. Organic
manures plays a vital role in the process of REFERENCES
Anonymous (2016). Agmarknet.nic.in/nhm/Horticulture
grain filling through increase in leaf area of crop District- Arrival.aspx.
resulted in increased dry matter production by
Firoozabadi M and Baghizadeh A (2013). The effect of
intercepting more sunlight. Similar results have fertilizing treatments on yield, yield components and
also been reported by Firoozabodi and Baghizadeh seed quality parameters in frenchp syllium. Environ Sci
(2013) in French psyllium and Karimzadeh and An Indian J 8(6): 216-220.
Omidbaigi (2004) in Isabgol. Days to maturity Karimzadeh G and Omidbaigi R(2004).Growth and seed
were significantly affected with the application characteristics of Isabgol (Plantago ovata F.) as
of different sources of nitrogen and biofertilizers. influenced by some environmental factors. J Agric Sci
Increased number of days to maturity might be due Tech 6: 103-110.
to increased growth of plant in the form of height Rassi A, Galavi R M, Mousavi R S and Rasoulizadeh M N
and number of leaves, which accumulated more (2012). Effects of phosphate bio-fertilizer, organic manure
and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and
photosynthates and ultimately the more growth of seed capabilities of isabgol (Plantago ovata). Int J Agric
the plant. Crop Sci 4(24): 1821-1826.
The integrated use of chemical fertilizer and Singh K and Singh K (2004). Integrated effect of biofertilizers,
manures increased the seed yield, straw yield and FYM and N on wheat (Triticum aestivum). National
biological yield of isabgol. Application of 50 been Symposium on Resources conservation and Agricultural
Productivity, Ludhiana, Punjab.
RDN through urea and 50 been RDN through
vermicompost (40 kg N/ha) +bio-fertilizers Tripathi V K, Kumar S, Katiyar P N and Nayyer M A (2013).
Integrated nutrient management in isabgol. Prog Hort
(Azotobacter + PSB 3 kg/ha each treatment recorded 45(2): 302-305.
11.41 q/ha seed yield which was significantly
Yadav R D, Keshwa G L and Yadav S S (2003). Effect of
higher by 105.95 per cent over control. The FYM integrated use of FYM, urea and sulphuron growth and
and vermicompost help in releasing humus forming yield of Isabgol (Plantago ovata F.). J Medicinal Aromatic
microbes, nitrogen fixers and some growth regulators Pl 25: 668-67.
results in the production of more vegetative growth Received on 25/12/17 Accepted on 10/01/18
of plants. Ultimately, these characters had beneficial
effect on higher seed yield. The PSB inoculation
108 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 105-108
 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 109-112 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00006.5

Evaluation of Sowing Methods of Soybean in Bhatapara District

of Chhattisgarh
P D Verma1, Parmanand2, V Jain3 and A S Rajput4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra – Bhatapara,
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Krishak Nagar, 492 012 Raipur ( Chhattisgarh)

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted for evaluation of different sowing methods of soybean in Bhatapara and
Simga blocks of district Balodabazar-Bhataparaat farmers’ field. The experiment was conducted by
involving three treatments namely (i) flat-bed method by broadcasting (ii) Broad bed furrow (BBF) seed
drill and (iii) Inclined plate planter. Soybean was more water stress crop and at the time of germination
sudden rainfall affects the crop. The results indicated per cent change in yield of flat-bed method by
broadcasting versus BBF seed drill and inclined plate planter was 43.07 and 34.31, respectively. The
average yield of 13.70, 19.60 and 18.40 q/ha, benefit cost ratio of 1.79, 3.13 and 2.99. Due to drainage
of excessive rain water from the fields and stronger plant anchorage on the beds broad bed furrow
method gave best result. Similarly, 40 to 50 per cent saving in irrigation water was recorded with
bed furrow method of soybean in comparison with flood irrigation in controlled plots. Plant height,
number of pods per plant, seed yield weight per plant, seed index, seed yield, straw yield and harvest
index (%) found higher in bed furrow method as compared to flat bed and inclined planter methods.
Key Words: Broad Bed Furrow, Flat bed soybean broadcasting, Inclined plate planter, soybean planter
INTRODUCTION The broad bed furrow (BBF) farming has
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important oil many advantages with regard to water saving,
seed crop. The total area under soybean cultivation mechanical weeding, fertilizer placement, available
in India was 10.69 mha and total production was moisture conservation, less lodging and better
12.67 Mt with productivity of 1185 kg/ha (SOPA, crop stand (Astatke et al, 2002). In-situ water
2014). Furrow irrigation raised bed (FIRB) farming conservation makes the moisture available for the
system for wheat was originally developed in sown crop. Jat and Singh (2003) reported higher
Maxico’s Yaqui Valley, single row was planted on biological yield and highest net and gross return
top of the each bed for crops like maize, soybean, from land configuration treatment as compared to
cotton, sorghum, sunflower and dry bean; 1–2 conventional system has been reported. Singh et
rows per bed were planted for crop like chick pea al (1999) and Nagavallemma (2005) reported that
and canola; but 2–4 rows were planted for wheat. land treatments (raised sunken bed system, ridges
Upland crops grown on soils in high rainfall areas and furrows, broad bed and furrows) increased in
(>1000 mm), mainly soybean and maize (Zea situ soil moisture conservation, minimized runoff,
mays), were prone to temporary water-logging and and soil erosion and increased the yield of principal
anaerobic conditions (Rajput et al, 2009). Land crops grown in the region. Therefore, the study
treatments (raised sunken bed system, ridges and was conducted for evaluation of different sowing
furrows, broad bed and furrows) increased in situ methods of soybean in Bhatapara and Simga blocks
soil moisture conservation, minimized runoff, and of district Balodabazar-Bhataparaat farmers’ field
soil erosion (Singh et al, 1999).
Corresponding Author’s Email: pdvermafmp@gmail.com
1
Subject Matter Specialist – Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, KVK-Bhatapara 2Ph.D Scholar (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering)
– FAE, IGKV, Raipur 3Sr. Scientist & Head – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, KVK, Durg 4Sr. Scientist & Head – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, KVK-Bhatapara

109 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 109-112

 Verma et al

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The average annual rainfall of Balodabazar-
Batapara district was 1100 mm annually. Mostly
the farmer of the district used flat-bed sowing
method for soybean cultivation. Study was carried
out during Kharif 2015-2017 on thirty eight
farmer’s field of Bhatapara and Sigma block of
district Balodabazar-Bhatapara of Chhattisgarh to
determine the impact of sowing techniques on yield
of soybean under farmers’ conditions. Broad bed
furrow machine (BBF seed drill) was developed
basically to cope up with the problem of moisture
stress in the soybean fields. For this purpose, broad
bed furrow technology was introduced in the study
area to compare it with the conventional sowing of
soybean by broad casting and seed planter methods.
Treatments includes: T1: Flat-bed sowing by
broadcasting, T2: Broad bed furrow seed drill and
T3: Flat-bed sowing with inclined plate planter.
The technical details of broad bed furrow machine
inclined plate planter have been given in table 1.
These furrows were useful to drain out excessive
rainwater during heavy storms and for storing
rainwater in furrows for enriching soil moisture
through percolation in case of deficit rainfall. The
soil moisture thus stored sustains the crop during
dry spells. The plant growth character and yield
contributing data such as plant height, number of
branches/plant, root length, number of root nodules/
plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number
of seeds per pod, seed index (weight of 100 seeds),
seed yield/plant, stover yield, harvest index (%),
seed yield, net monetary returns, benefit: cost ratio
(B: C ratio) were recorded for soybean crop.

Figure 1: Operational view of broad bed furrow machine

Figure 2: Sowing of Soybean through Inclined Plate metering Mechanism

110 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 109-112

 Evaluation of Sowing Methods

Table 1. Specification of Broad Bed Furrow normal flat-bed sowing and planter (Table 2). The
Machine and Inclined Plate Planter. increase in plant growth was mainly due to proper
Sr. Particular Broad Bed Inclined
drainage of excess rainfall through furrows. The
No. Furrow Plate plant population ranged 9-10 per cent higher on
Machine Planter planting soybean using broad bed furrow seed cum
1. No. of ridgers 2 2 fertilizer drill machine as compared to sowing by
2. Width of bed 2.35 meter 2.70 meter
normal seed drill but BBF compare to inclined
planter. Post Harvest observation on number of
3. No. of plant rows 6 5
in bed
pods per plant, pod length and seed index were
47.21, 4.68 and 5.79, respectively in the broad bed
4. Row to row spacing 14 inch (35 45 cm
cm)
furrow system, which were higher than normal flat-
bed sowing and inclined plate planter.
5. Seed and Fluted Inclined
fertilizer metering roller type Plate type The yield in above three practices was
mechanism respectively 13.70, 19.60 and 18.40 q/ha. The
6. Type of furrow Shoe type Inverted T percentage increase in yield as compared to flat
openers type bed sowing was found to be 43.07 per cent with
BBF and 34.31 per cent with inclined planter (Table
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2) and the Benefit to cost (B: C) ratio as observed
The plant population and plant height were found more in BBF field (3.13), T1 and T3 respectively
better in broad bed furrow system as compared to found to be 1.79 and 2.99, respectively.

Table 2. Comparative performance of three different methods of soybean cultivation at farmers’

field.
Parameter Flat bed sowing BBF seed drill Inclined plate planter
Plant height at maturity (cm) 55.40 58.70 56.40
Plant population No. of plants/ m2 41.20 45.60 43.25
Number of pods / plant 36.54 47.21 44.89
Pod length (cm) 4.32 4.68 4.52
No. of Seeds / pod 2.37 2.61 2.46
Seed yield wt. / plant (g) 10.78 11.14 10.98
Seed Index (g) 4.37 5.79 5.34
Seed yield (kg/ha) 13700 19600 18400
Straw yield (kg/ha) 17560 25120 23580
Harvest index (%) 43.48 45.32 44.15
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 26447 21610 21200
Gross Cost (Rs/ha) 47265 67620 63480
Net Income (Rs/ha) 20818 46010 42280
B:C ratio 1.79 3.13 2.99

111 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 109-112

 Verma et al

CONCLUSION
Plant population ranged 9 -10 per cent higher on
planting soybean using broad bed furrow seed cum
fertilizer drill machine as compared to sowing by
normal seed drill. The number of pods per plant, pod
length and seed index were observed 47.21, 4.68
and 5.79, respectively in broad bed furrow system.
B: C ratio was 3.13 for BBF, 1.79 for flat bed sowing
and 2.99 for inclined plate planting. The uniform
sowing and plant geometry gave good results in
inclined plate metering mechanism because it
maintained seed to seed placement precisely as
compare to drilling mechanism because it maintain
seed to seed placement precisely as compared to
drilling mechanism.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to ICAR-CRIDA &
ICAR-ATARI, Zone – IX on Project National
Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture
(NICRA), for granting financial assistant during the SOPA (2014). Available from: http://www.sopa.org/crop%20
course of the investigation. Thanks are also extended
to the respondent without their cooperation this Received on 16/11/2017 Accepted on 25/12/17
work could not be undertaken.
REFERENCES
Astatke A, Jabbar M, Mohamed MA, Erkossa T (2002).
Technical and economical performance of animal drawn
implements for minimum tillage-experience on vertisols
in ethopia. Expl Agric 38(2): 185-196.
Jat L N and Singh S M (2003). Varietal suitability, productivity
and profitability of wheat (Triticum species) intercrops
and relay cropping under furrow irrigated raised bed
system. Indian J Agric Sci 73:187-190.
Nagavallemma K P, Wani S P, Reddy M S and Pathak P
(2005). Effect of landform and soil depth on productivity
of soybean based cropping systems and erosion losses in
Vertic Inceptisols. Indian J Soil Cons 33: 132–136.
Rajput R P, Kauraw D L, Bhatnagar R K, Bhavsar M,
Velayutham M and Lal R (2009). Sustainable management
of vertisols in central India. J Crop Improv 23: 119–35.
Singh P, Alagarswamy G, Pathak P, Wani S P, Hoogenboom
G and Virmani S M (1999). Soybean-chickpea rotation
on Vertic Inceptisol: I. Effect of soil depth and landform
on light interception, water balance and crop yields. Field
Crops Res 63: 211-224. II. Long-term simulation of water
balance and crop yields. Field Crops Res 63: 225-236.
report%202014.pdf.

112 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 109-112

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00069.7

Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Rice Varieties under

Various Methods of Crop Establishment under Rainfed
Condition of Bihar
Rajeev Singh
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Aurangabad, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour Bhagalpur (Bihar)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at KrishiVigyan Kendra, Aurangabad and at farmers’ field during
rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015, to evaluate drought tolerant rice varieties under various methods of crop
establishment under rainfed drought-prone condition of Bihar. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot
design with 3 methods of establishment i.e. direct seeded rice (DSR), unpuddled transplanted rice (UPTR)
and transplanted rice (TPR) with three varieties viz., Sahbhagiedhan, SushkeSamrat and Abhishek in a total
of nine replications including four at KVK, Aurangabad and five at farmers’ field during both the years.
The direct seeding of rice (DSR) produced significantly higher plant height, number of tillers/m2, panicles/
m2, grains/panicle, filled grains/panicle and 1000-grain weight as compared to TPR and UPTR. Direct seed
produced 7.8 and 13.94 per cent more yield in 2014 and 4.64 and 8.52 per cent more in 2015 over unpuddled
and puddled transplanted rice, respectively. Net return and benefit-cost ratio were also significantly higher in
direct seeded rice than puddled and unpuddled transplanting of rice. Amongst the varieties of rice, SushkSamrat
produced significantly higher yield attributes viz., tillers/m2, panicles/m2, grains/panicle, filled grains/
panicle and 1000-grain weight, and subsequently produced grain yield higher by 10.29 and 9.94 per cent in
2014 and by 4.48 and 7.80 per cent in 2015 over Sahbhagiedhan and Abhishek. The net return and benefit-
cost ratio were also recorded significantly higher with SushkSamrat than Sahbhagiedhan and Abhishek.
Key words: Crop establishment, Direct seeded rice, Unpuddled, Rainfed, Drought tolerant, Rice, Variety,
Economics.

INTRODUCTION popular as an alternative to transplanted rice, as is

India has to increase its rice productivity by
3 per cent per annum to sustain present food self
-sufficiency and to meet future food requirement.
The growing of more food with the same production
cost or even reduced cost, and sustaining the quality
of natural resources-base are the major concern
(Kumar and Ladha, 2011). Rice is grown under
diverse ecologies ranging from irrigated to rainfed
upland, lowland and deep water. Traditional crop-
establishment method of rice such as puddling
and transplanting requires large amount of water,
energy and labour, which are becoming increasingly
scarce and expensive (Mishra and Singh, 2012a),
making rice production less profitable. Therefore,
the direct-seeding of upland rice is becoming more
Corresponding Author’s Email: singhrajeev79@gmail.com
more remunerative if the crop is managed properly
(Sharma et al, 2007). As the direct-seeding of rice
facilitates timely sowing of subsequent wheat, even
if a slight loss in rice productivity is compensated
by increased wheat yields, implying no loss in
system productivity (Mishra and Singh, 2012b).
The manual transplanting in standing water
after puddling is the dominant method of rice
establishment in the rice-wheat growing areas of the
Indo-Gangetic Plain. Repeated puddling damages
the soil-structure and health (Kukal and Aggrawal,
2003), which adversely affects the soil productivity
(Singh et al, 2005). Transplanting is labor-intensive
and shortage of labor at the time of transplanting
is of major concern. This calls for a change in rice

113 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118

 Rajeev Singh
establishment methods to improve productivity,
economics and long-term sustainability. Direct-
seeded rice is a cost-effective option that gives yield
similar to transplanting under good weed and water
management practices. The major forces driving
the shift from transplanting to direct seeding are
availability of chemicals method of weed control,
the increasing scarcity and rising cost of water, and
less availability of farm labor and rise in wages,
particularly during peak transplanting season.
In recent years, emphasis is shifting towards
rainfed ecology, which offers a great potential in
enhancing rice productivity and production. Most
of the prevalent high yielding varieties MTU-7029,
RajendraMansuri, RajendraSweta, Sonam and
BPT 5204 grown in the rainfed areas are meant for
irrigated situations and unfortunately are drought
susceptible. The International Rice Research
Institute has made a landmark breakthrough by
developing rice varieties with increased tolerance
to submergence, drought and salt stresses.
These stress tolerant varieties reduce farmers’
risk and stabilize rice productivity, ultimately
increasing crop intensification and diversification
too. Probable cultivars are Sahbhagidhan,
SushkSamrat, Abhishek and CR dhan for drought-
prone environments. Therefore, testing of various
drought-prone varieties under different methods of
establishment was important. Keeping this in view,
the present experiment was conducted to evaluate
drought tolerance rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties
under various methods of crop establishment in
rainfed drought-prone condition of Bihar.
MATERIALS AND METHODD
The field experiment was conducted at
KrishiVigyan Kendra and farmers’ field in
Aurangabad district of Bihar during the two
consecutive rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015. The
experimental site is situated in South Bihar at
240.50’ N, 840.70’ E, and at 332’above mean sea
level. The maximum temperature remained above
36.92°C and 36.04°C during 2014 and 2015,
respectively. The total rainfall received was 528.75
114 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118
and 579.74 mm during 2014 and 2015, respectively
(Fig. 1). Most of the rainfall was received during
vegetative phase from 25th (sowing time) to 39th
standard meteorological week.
The soil was clay-loam having normal soil
reaction (pH 7.2), low in organic carbon (0.58%)
and available nitrogen (195.5 kg/ha), and medium
in available phosphorus (22.4 kg/ha) and available
potassium (205.5 kg/ha). The experiment was
laid out in split-plot design with nine replications
comprising of three crop-establishment methods in
main plots and three varieties in sub-plots. In main
plots, rice was established by direct-seeding with
zero-till drill (ZTD–direct seeding), unpuddled
transplanting and puddled transplanting. Three
varieties namely Sahbhagidhan, SushkSamrat and
Abhishek were kept in sub-plots. The fields were
leveled with leveler to allow drill to place seeds
at a uniform distance and proper depth in all the
replications. The experimental plots meant for
zero-till drill (ZTD) sowing were subjected to two
ploughing followed by harrowing and planking
before sowing with direct seeded rice machine
followed by planking on 23th June, 2014 and 2015.
Nursery was also sown on slightly raised seed bed
on 23th June, 2014 and 2015 to get seedlings
for transplanting. Twenty-one days old seedling
uprooted from wet-bed nurseries were transplanted
after proper field preparation (as was done in
DSR) after keeping standing water in the field and
transplanting done without puddling in UPTR and
after puddling in PTR experimental plots using one
seedling per hill and maintaining a row spacing of
20 cm and 15 cm distance between hills. After seven
days of transplanting, missing hills were filled up to
attain uniform plant population and growth.
In each plot, uniform plant stand was maintained
and standard agronomic practices were followed for
raising and maintenance of crop. The experimental
field was fertilized at the rate of 80:40:20:25 kg
NPK and Zn/ha. Nitrogen was applied in three
splits (1/3rd each at basal stage, 30 and 60 days
after transplanting), while the entire P2O5, K2O
and ZnSO4 were applied as basal application.
 Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Rice Varieties
Pendimethalin was sprayed within 2 days after
sowing, by knap-sack sprayer using 500l/ha water in
direct seeded rice plots, while Butachlor 1.0 kg ai/ha
was applied in puddled and unpuddled transplanted
plots in all replications. Post-emergence herbicides,
Bispyribac sodium, was applied with knap-sack
sprayer fitted with flat-fan nozzle using 500 l/ha of
water at 30 days after sowing (DAS) in direct-seeded
plots and 30 d after transplanting in unpuddled and
puddled transplanted plots. The direct-seeded rice
was kept moist for first 2 wk with light irrigation
after sowing was completed and during these days
one life-saving irrigation was applied 15 DAS in
both years. The data on plant height, number of
tillers, crop biomass and number of grains/panicles
were recorded. The crop was harvested manually in
the first week of November. On the basis of existing
price of the inputs and outputs, variable cost of
cultivation and gross returns were calculated.
Figure 1.Rainfall status during cropping season
in year 2014 and 2015
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of planting methods
The plant height, tillers/m2, panicles/m2,
panicle length, 50% flowering, grains/panicle,
filled and unfilled grains/panicle and test-weight
were significantly influenced by methods of rice
planting. Plant height at harvest stage was recorded
highest with direct seeding, but the difference was
non-significant in 2014, however in 2015 it was
significantly higher than unpuddled and puddled
transplanted rice. Tillers/m2and panicles/m2were
recorded significantly higher with DSR method as
115 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118
compared to unpuddled and puddled transplanting.
This might be due to absence of transplanting shock
in DSR methods, unlike that was experienced by
the plants in unpuddled and puddled transplanted
rice (Table1). Gill et al (2006), and Kaur and
Singh (2016) also reported that direct seeded rice
produced significantly higher plant height, more
tillers, panicles/m2 and biomass than that with the
transplanted rice, owing to more plants per unit
area in DSR as compared to transplanted rice. Days
taken to 50 per cent flowering was recorded lowest
with DSR method over unpuddled and puddle
transplanting in both years (Table 1). This might be
due to uprooting shock in transplanted rice which
took the plants 10-15 d to recover. Grains/panicle,
filled grains/panicle and 1000-grain weight were
more in direct seeded rice over unpuddled and
puddled rice (Table 2) as spikelet number is the
linear function of plant nitrogen concentration at
panicle formation stage.
The grain yield was higher by 13.94 and 7.8 per
cent in 2014 and by 8.52 & 4.64 per cent in 2015
indirect seeded rice over puddled and unpuddled
transplanted rice, respectively. With direct seeded
rice, straw yield was significantly higher by 12.42
and 9.75 per cent over puddled and unpuddled
transplanted rice in 2014, whereas in 2015, direct
seeding was at par with unpuddled transplanting,
but both were superior to puddled transplanting
(Table 3).
The benefit accrued was more in direct seeded
rice than that in unpuddled and puddled transplanting
(Table 4). The maximum benefit-cost ratio in
direct seeding was due to lesser labor intensity and
higher grain yield than both transplanted methods.
The B-C ratio of transplanted rice was lower due
to higher labor cost and lower yield than direct
seeding of rice. Net return and gross return were
also significantly more in direct seeded rice over
unpuddled and puddle transplanted rice. The higher
returns by 24.91 & 60.63 per cent in 2014 and by
25.14 & 59.23 per cent in 2015, respectively were
recorded in direct seeding of rice than unpuddled
and puddled transplanting rice (Table 3).
 Rajeev Singh

Table1. Effect of crop establishment methods and varieties on growth and yield attributes of rice.
Treatment Plant height (cm) Tillers/m2 Panicles/m2 Days to 50%
flowering
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Method of establishment
Direct seeding by drill 126.0 124.3 298 273 280 253 84 77
Unpuddled transplanting 125.7 123.1 287 261 264 240 87 81
Puddled transplanting 124.7 121.9 284 255 257 234 86 81
SEm± 0.77 0.54 1.64 1.78 3.24 1.98 0.23 0.42
LSD =0.05 NS 1.63 4.95 5.37 9.79 6.00 0.71 1.27
Varieties
SahbhagiDhan 129.0 127.2 291 265 270 249 86 81
SushkSamrat 125.4 122.8 301 270 275 251 85 78
Abhishek 122.0 119.3 278 254 255 226 86 80
SEm± 0.64 0.48 2.17 2.12 3.00 2.25 0.29 0.46
LSD =0.05 1.82 1.35 6.18 6.04 8.56 6.42 0.83 1.32
Table 2. Effect of crop establishment methods and varieties on growth and yield attributes of rice
Treatment Grains/panicle Filled grains/ Unfilled grains/ Test weight(g)
panicle Panicle
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Method of establishment
Direct seeding by drill 181 172 160 156 20 17 22.6 24.0
Unpuddled transplanting 167 162 151 150 16 13 22.7 23.4
Puddled transplanting 161 154 147 144 14 10 22.7 23.0
SEm± 1.62 1.74 1.51 1.79 0.55 0.42 0.1 0.144
LSD =0.05 4.89 5.26 4.57 5.41 1.65 1.27 NS 0.435
Varieties
SahbhagiDhan 171 163 152 149 18 14 22.1 23.5
SushkSamrat 180 172 164 159 16 13 24.8 24.1
Abhishek 159 154 143 142 16 12 21.0 22.9
SEm± 1.2 1.53 1.18 1.55 0.50 0.47 0.10 0.14
LSD =0.05 3.4 4.36 3.37 4.43 1.43 1.34 0.29 0.39

Effect of Varieties tillers/m2 were recorded with Sushk Samratthan

The growth and yield attributes in terms of plant
height, tillers/m2, panicles/m2, 50% flowering,
grains/panicle, filled grains/panicle and test-weight
were significantly influenced by different varieties.
Significantly higher plant height was recorded with
Sahbhagidhan than SushkSamrat and Abhishek in
both the years. In 2104, 3.43 and 8.27 per cent , more
over Sahbhagi dhan and Abhishek, respectively.
However in 2015, maximum number of tillers/
m2were recorded with SushkSamrat,and being at
par with Sahbhagidhan, both were significantly
superior to Abhishek. Panicles /m2 were also
recorded significantly maximum with SushkSamrat,
and being at par with Sahbhagidhan, both were

116 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118

 Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Rice Varieties

Table 3. Effect of crop establishment methods and varieties on yield and economics of rice
Treatment Grain yield Straw yield Gross return Net return B:C ratio
  (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Method of establishment
Direct seeding by drill 5,263 4,391 5,997 5,800 62,571 54,097 34395 25597 2.23 1.90
Unpuddled transplanting 4,879 4,196 5,464 5,652 57,910 51,805 27535 20455 1.90 1.65
Puddled transplanting 4,619 4,046 5,334 5,375 54,987 49,875 21412 16075 1.63 1.48
SEm± 24.60 37.69 32.48 78.83 263 466 263 466 0.08 0.02
LSD =0.05 74.4 114.0 98.2 238.4 796 1409 796 1409 0.023 0.045
Varieties
SahbhagiDhan 4,752 4,191 5,584 5,643 56,672 51,739 26030 20522 1.86 1.67
SushkSamrat 5,241 4,379 5,882 5,728 62,228 53,902 31585 22685 2.05 1.73
Abhishek 4,767 4,062 5,329 5,455 56,569 50,137 25927 18920 1.86 1.61
SEm± 27.87 35.80 30.02 67.78 310 421 310 421 0.01 0.014
LSD =0.05 79.5 102.0 85.6 193.3 885 1201 885 1201 0.03 0.04
significantly higher than Abhishek. As compared to 3). Among the rice varieties SushkSamrat earned
other varieties, Sushk Samrat took shortest time of the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio. The
85 and 78 days to 50 per cent flowering in 2014 net income was 9.80 and 10 per cent more in 2014
and 2015, respectively (Table1). The significantly and 4.18 and 7.51 per cent higher in 2015 with
higher grains/panicle and filled grains /panicle were SushkSamrat over Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek,
recorded with SushkSamrat over Sahbhagidhan respectively. Higher benefit-cost ratio by 21.34 and
and Abhishek. This was ascribed to the reason that 21.82 per cent in 2014, and by 10.54 and 19.90 per
Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek lodged due to rain and cent in 2015 was recorded with SushkSamrat over
wind, whereas SushkSamrat escaped lodging at the Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek, respectively (Table
time of maturity. The regular rainfall also suited to 3). The sale rate of produce for all cultivars were
SushkSamrat as the variety did not face long dry the same, thus the difference in net income was
spell during its growth period. Test weight was largely due to variation in yield level.
also significantly higher with SushkSamrat than
Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek (Table 2). CONCLUSION
The result of our study revealed that labor-
The yield is an important indicator to access the intensive and costly method of transplanting could
competitive ability of rice cultivar. The maximum be substituted by direct seeding with no sacrifice
grain yield was recorded with SushkSamrat over in productivity with best management practices.
Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek. SushkSamrat produced Rice can be direct seeded with zero-till drill/ direct
10.29and 9.94 per cent more yield in 2014 and 4.18 seeding machine and conventional drill fitted with
and 7.80 per cent in 2015 over Sahbhagidhan and inclined plate metering device as seed metering
Abhishek, respectively. In variety SushkSamrat, mechanism. SushkSamrat under rainfed situation
the straw yield was more by 5.0 & 10.37 per cent produced higher grain yield and straw yield.
during 2014 and by 2.0 & 5.0 per cent during over Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek are also other suitable
Sahbhagidhan and Abhishek, respectively (Table options for rice cultivation in rainfed ecology.

117 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118

 Rajeev Singh

REFERENCES Mishra J S and Singh V P (2012a). Tillage and weed control

Gill M S, Kumar A and Kumar P (2006). Growth and yield of
rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars under various methods and
time of sowing. Indian J Agron 51(2): 123–127.
Kaur Simerjeet and Surjit Singh (2016). Energetics
productivity and weed control in different rice (Oryza
sativa) establishment methods in North-Western Indo-
Gangetic Plains. Indian Agron 61 (2): 179-185.
Kukal S S and Aggarwal G C (2003). Puddling depth and
intensity effects in rice–wheat system on a sandy loam
soil. I. Development of subsurface compaction. Soil and
Tillage Res 72: 1–8.
Kumar V and Ladha J K (2011). Direct seeding of rice: recent
developments and future research needs. Adv in Agron
111: 297–413.
effects on productivity of a dry-seeded rice-wheat system
in a Vertisol in Central India. Soil and Tillage Res 123:
11–20.
Mishra J S and Singh V P (2012b). Effect of tillage
sequence and weed management on weed dynamics and
productivity of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat
(Triticum aestivum) system. Indian J Agron 57(1): 14–19.
Sharma R P, Pathal S K and Singh R C (2007). Effect of
nitrogen and weed management in direct-seeded rice
(Oryza sativa) under upland conditions. Indian J Agron
52(2):114–19.
Singh K K, Jat A S and Sharma S K (2005). Improving
productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat
(Triticum aestivum) cropping system through tillage and
planting management. Indian J Agri Sci 75(7): 396–399.
Received on 09/02/18 Accepted on 15/02/18

118 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 113-118

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 119-122 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00015.6

Extent of Dependency of Mushroom Grower on Multi-Agencies

Efforts for Enterprise Promotion
Laxmipriya Pradhan1, Pranati Das2 and Bibudha Parasar3
Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

ABSTRACT
During last few years Mushroom enterprise is emerging as a major off farm livelihood option for farm
families of Odisha. For promotion of mushroom as an enterprise, in the state of odisha, a number of
agencies, research organizations, development departments and private entities have been identified
to play crucial role. In the present investigation the level of dependency and usefulness of different
organizations and agencies in promotion of mushroom enterprise was studied with a sample size of
300 mushroom growers. This study revealed that, in supply of inputs, farmer promoters secured rank-I
followed by private spawn producers and middle men. In supply of technology, the respondents have
given maximum value to Horticulture department followed by farmer promoters, KVKs and CTMRT. The
dependency of respondents in supply of finances was found to be maximum with co-operative Society
followed by Gramin Bank and Nationalized Bank. In overall usefulness the study revealed that farmer
promoters had put extra efforts in promotion of the enterprise focusing both on spread and intensity.
Key Words: Dependency, Multi agencies efforts, Mushroom enterprise, Promotion, Usefulness

INTRODUCTION the chain appropriate for a specific area. Like any

In the changing scenario of agricultural
development, farmers are facing multifaceted
problems with regards to availability of input,
appropriate technology, suitable production
practices, market support and even the challenge
imposed by climate change. Added to this,
continuous and critical changes are also being
observed not only in the technology front, but also
in the management of same. Development and
promotion of any enterprise for that matter, requires
not only conscious and meticulous use of resources,
technologies and appropriate management of inputs,
but also a quantum of effort from the supporting
organizations, which are being mandated to do
so. Pradhan et al. (2017) reported that sources of
getting straw, feeding material, polythene and
chemicals had large impact on the management
of inputs for mashroom enterprise. The number of
enterprenures alongwith production volume decide
Corresponding Author’s Email:laxmiouat@yahoo.co.in
1
Scientist, KVK, Keonijhar
2
Professor, College of Home Science, OUAT
3
Professor & Head, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture
other enterprise, technological development has
become very important to enhance and sustain
productivity and profitability. Equally important
ones are, making available the technologies,
inputs, finance as well as marketing support to the
farming community along with creating large scale
awareness for further expansion of the enterprise.
In the state of Odisha, a number of agencies,
research organizations, development departments
and private organizations/agencies have played
crucial role in the promotion of mushroom
enterprise. During the course of investigation,
deliberate attempt was made (i) to assess the extent
of dependency of respondents on agency efforts in
supply of inputs, technology, finance, and marketing
and (ii) to assess the extent of their usefulness.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research design adopted for this study was

119 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 119-122

 Pradhan et al

Table 1. Extent of dependency for supply of Inputs. (n=300)

Sr. No. Name of the organization Score Mean Score Rank
1 Farmer promoters 877 2.92 I
2 Private spawn producer 826 2.75 II
3 Middleman/ Business man 755 2.51 III
4 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 489 1.63 IV
5 Farmers’ association/ youth club 437 1.45 V
6 CTMRT 423 1.42 VI
7 Horticulture Department 391 1.3 VII
8 Agriculture Department 371 1.23 VIII
9 ATMA 327 1.09 IX
10 Private/ NGOs (Specify) 328 1.09 IX
11 DRWA 300 1 X
12 DRDA 300 1 X
ex-post facto in nature. The study was undertaken spawn producers, organizations like farmers’
in three districts (Bhadrak, Dhenkanal & Puri) association, and individuals like farmer promoter,
purposively selected considering the spread and middle men were taking lead in supply of inputs
intensity of the enterprise. A stratified multistage (Table 1). Even though organizations like CTMRT
sampling procedure was followed to select the and KVKs produce quality spawn but outreach was
samples for the study. A total of 300 respondents not very extensive. However, the existing suppliers
were selected covering six blocks an 18 gram of the required inputs for mushroom cultivation do
panchayat. The data was collected through a brief render services in the potential areas of the said
interview schedule, personal discussion and focus enterprise.
group discussion. The data was tabulated and As indicated in table 2, the respondents have
analyzed statistically. given maximum value to horticulture department
for supply of technology as it had more access
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION to farm families through block and village level
Input supply has been identified as a business functionaries. Farmer promoters were placed at a
venture to be undertaken by private entities. Private rank II, because of their linkage and accessibility.

Table 2. Extent of dependency for supply of Technology (n=300)

Sr. No. Name of the organization Score Mean Score Rank
1 Horticulture Department 660 2.2 I
2 Farmer Promoter 659 2.19 II
3 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 655 2.18 III
4 Agriculture Department 503 1.67 IV
5 CTMRT 523 1.74 V
6 ATMA 363 1.21 VI
7 DRDA 314 1.04 VII
8 DRWA 300 1 VIII

120 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 119-122

 Dependency of Mushroom Grower

Table 3. Extent of dependency for supply of Finance. (n=300)

Sr. No. Name of the organization
1 Cooperative society
2 Gramin Bank
3 Nationalized bank
4 Farmer Promoter
5 Private Money Lender
6 NGOs
Even though they were not technically competent
like scientists of research organizations and
functionaries of development departments,
they were valued high because of their role in
effectively mediating the technology transfer
process. Relatively lower level of dependency was
placed with ATMA, DRDA, and DRWA indicating
poor outreach of these organizations in providing
technical supports on promotion of mushroom
enterprise.
The data presented in table 3 revealed that,
the dependency of respondents in getting financial
assistance was highest with co-operative societies
because co-operative societies were largely devoted
to provide financial support mostly in agriculture
and allied activities and also transact commodity for
input supply. Their outreach was found to be more
than any other organizations or banking institution
because of their physical proximity and mandate to
support finance and inputs to the farmers. Farmer
promoters, private money lenders and NGOs ware
ranked low in the scale.
In mushroom value chain there exist a number
of entities and agencies in providing market support.
Score Mean Score Rank
691 2.3 I
668 2.22 II
601 2 III
485 1.61 IV
357 1.19 V
300 1 VI
Table 4 revealed that middle man mediating
market linkages secured rank-I followed by farmer
promoter, farmers association, NGOs; whereas,
rest of the organizations (DRDA, ORMAS &
NABARD) were perceived as least useful in linking
to market.
Consolidation of the information in table-5
indicated that, the respondents perceived farmer
promoter (Rank-I) as the most useful entity closely
followed by middlemen (Rank-II). Moderate
level of usefulness had been expressed for the
organizations and agencies like Cooperative society
(Rank-III), KVKs (Rank-IV). Comparatively
low and very low level of usefulness had been
expressed for the organizations like ATMA,
farmer association, NABARD and NGOs. Even
though farmer promoters and middlemen operate
informally without any organizational affiliation,
their usefulness was found to be very high because
of their accessibility at the time of need and
multifarious activities they undertake in different
activities including technology, input, marketing
and finance.

Table 4. Extent of dependency for marketing. (n=300)

Sr. No. Name of the organization Score Mean Score Rank
1 Middleman / Businessman 660 2.2 I
2 Farmers promoter 576 1.92 II
3 Farmers association /Youth club 459 1.53 III
4 NGOs 156 0.52 IV
5 NABARD 375 1.25 V
6 DRDA 300 1 VI

121 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 119-122

 Pradhan et al

Table 5. Usefulness of different organization. (n=300)

Sr. No. Name of the organization Overall Usefulness
Mean score Rank
1 Farmer promoters 34.77 I
2 Middleman / Businessman 23.55 II
3 Cooperative society 10.9 III
4 Krishi Vigyan Kendra 10.81 IV
5 Gramin Bank 10.37 V
6 Nationalized bank 9.95 VI
7 Horticulture Department 9.2 VII
8 CTMRT 5.1 VIII
9 Agriculture Department 4.49 IX
10 ATMA 2.34 X
11 Farmers association /Youth club 2.06 XI
12 NABARD 2 XII
13 NGOs 1.29 XIII
14 DRWA 0 -
15 DRDA 0 -

CONCLUSION At the same time apex technological and financial

The study clearly indicated that farmer
promoters endeavor in supplying of critical inputs
like spawn, feeding materials and chemicals,
sharing technically knowhow over and above
marketing which was very important for the success
of any enterprise has made him the most dependable
among the farming community. Many a times the
middle man is opined to be the threat for marketing
of the produce & they take more shares of profit in
supply chain. But their voluntary emergence in the
marketing chain supports a great deal of business
and creates scope for assessing bigger markets with
a aggregated quantum of produce thereby creates
much dependency from the farmers.
institution played a major role in development of the
technology, its spread and need based hand holding
support to farmers and grassroot level operators in
promotion of the enterprise. The efforts of all the
stake holders need to be strengthened and focus
need to be given on developing, strengthening
and formalizing the entities like farmer promoters,
middlemen in the mushroom value chain.
REFERENCE
Laxmipriya P, Das P and Prasar B (2017). Factors responsible
for supply chain operating in management of inputs for
mashroom enterprise. J Krishi Vigyan 5(2): 77-82.
Received on 16/09/17 Accepted on 20/12/17

122 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 119-122

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00026.0

Factors Affecting Choice of Milk Marketing Channels by Dairy

Farmers in Punjab
Ravneet Singh Brar1*, Inderpreet Kaur1, Varinder Pal Singh1 and Navjot Kaur2
Department of Dairy Economics and Business Management
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004 ( Punjab)

ABSTRACT
There exist various milk marketing channels in the Punjab state which provide a conflicting set of
preferences to the dairy farmers. Present study unravels the importance of various factors affecting the
choice of milk marketing channels by small and medium dairy farmers in the state using Garrett’s Ranking
Technique. The results revealed that the higher prices for milk to be most important factor followed by
doorstep collection in case of both small and medium dairy farmers. The study also provides a glimpse over
the comparative profitability of the milk marketing channels. Among the various milk marketing channels,
Channel-II (Producer-Co-operative milk plant-Consumer) was most profitable and efficient. The study
emphasized that the government must follow a suitable integrated policy for the growth and expansion
of dairy business by providing infrastructural facility for strengthening marketing of milk in the state.
Key Words: Profitability, Garrett’s ranking technique, Medium dairy farmers, Milk, Marketing channels,
Punjab, Small dairy farmers.

INTRODUCTION one-third is retained for home consumption. More

The livestock sector in India has grown than 75 per cent of milk production and marketed
stupendously in past decades. Livestock products milk are contributed by the households keeping 3
contributes 26.90 per cent of the agricultural gross or more milch animals (Kumar et al, 2011) which
domestic product (GDP) which is around 4.40 per make small and medium farmers an indispensable
cent of the national GDP at current prices and milk part of the milk production system. These
constitutes almost 67.20 per cent (Anon, 2016). farmers are scattered throughout the state and
With the adoption of better management practices continue practicing conventional milk production,
at the dairy farms and use of better quality feed and distribution and marketing strategies.
fodder, the total milk production has increased from There exist various milk marketing channels
17mt in 1950-51 to 155.50mt in 2015-16 (Anon, in the Punjab state which provide a conflicting set
2016). The combined share of landless, marginal of choices and preferences to the dairy farmers.
and small dairy households in country’s milk Unorganized channels having various loopholes
production is 77.34 per cent (Singh et al, 2013) drastically affect the quality of milk and milk
and the dairying contributes about 28.89, 13.30 and
products and tilt the pendulum in favor of more
11.13 per cent to the total family income in caseorganized milk marketing channels. In the light
of landless, marginal and smallholders respectively
of above, there was a dire need to analyze the
(NSSO, 2014). importance of various factors affecting the adoption
Currently, Punjab produces 10.77mt of milk process of milk marketing channels by small and
per year, out of which two-third is marketed and medium dairy farmers especially in the state of
*Corresponding Author’s Email: ravbrar0456@yahoo.com
1 Department of Dairy Economics and Business Management, GADVASU, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab
2 Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004 Punjab

123 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129

 Brar et al
Punjab where dairy is a major subsector. Thus, the
present study has been undertaken in this direction
with the aim to analyze the importance of various
factors affecting the choice of milk marketing
channels by small and medium dairy farmers in
Punjab State.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A descriptive cross sectional research
design was employed in the study with an aim
of identifying factors influencing the choice of
market channels by dairy farmers. The study was
conducted in three agro-climatic zones of Punjab
state viz., sub mountainous zone, central zone and
south-western zone in the year 2015. A multistage
sampling technique was used to select the sample
population. In first stage, the district having highest
milk production from each zone was selected
and further two blocks were selected randomly
from each district based on different situations
of marketing of milk. In next stage, two villages
were selected randomly from each selected block.
Overall twelve villages were selected from three
districts for detailed study. A sample of 15 dairy
farmers (small and medium category) from each
village was selected using probability proportional
to size method. Consequently, 133 small and 47
medium size dairy farmers were selected randomly
making a total sample of 180 dairy farmers.
There were ten factors identified for the purpose
of studying the choice of milk marketing channels
by small and medium dairy farmers. The factors
were higher prices for milk, timely payments by
buyer, transparent in pricing, know the buyer well
and trust him, less price fluctuation, transparency
in measurement, provides advances purchases less
quantity of milk even when milk production is
low, doorstep collection, provides dairy inputs at
cheaper prices. The primary data for this study were
collected through personal interview schedule by
asking the respondents to rank the factors affecting
the choice of milk marketing channels.
124 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129
Garrett’s Ranking
Garrets Ranking Technique has been used to
analyze the factors affecting the choice of milk
marketing channels by small and medium dairy
farmers. Under the Garrett’s Ranking Technique
the percentage position was calculated by using the
following formula:
Where; Rij = Rank given for ith variable by the
jth respondent. Nj = Number of variables ranked by
the jth respondent.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Milk marketing channels
Marketing channels are the routes through which
the products move from producers to consumers.
As per study, in Punjab all forms of marketing
channels exist in dairy sector. These include
organized marketing channels (co-operatives and
private dairy plants) and unorganized marketing
channels (milk vendor, sweet shops/creameries etc.)
comprising the marketing of liquid milk. The major
market channels involved in the marketing of milk
are presented in Table 1. The results of the table
revealed that mainly there were five milk marketing
channels existing in the state.
Out of these five, two channels were categorized
under organized sector and remaining three under
unorganized sector of marketing. It was observed
that in Channel-I the producers were selling milk
directly to the consumers. Channel-II is of co-
operative milk plant. The milk was collected by the
co-operative societies at village level from where
it is transported to the co-operative milk plant.
Channel-III is of private milk plant. There exist
collection centre of private milk plants at village
level from where the collected milk is sent to the
private dairy plant for further processing. Channel-
IV consisted of milk vendors who collect milk
from the producers and then sell liquid milk to the
 Choice of Milk Marketing Channels

Table 1: Existing milk marketing channels in Punjab.

Channel Name Description of Channel
Organized Marketing Channels
Channel II Producer → Co-operative Milk Plant →Consumers
Channel III Producer→Private Milk Plant→ Consumers
Unorganized Marketing Channels
Channel I Producer→Consumer
Channel IV Producer →Milk Vendor→Consumers
Channel V Producer→Milk Vendors→Sweet Shops/Creameries→Consumers
Table 2: Profits per litre of milk earned by small and medium sized dairy farmers in Punjab (`Rs./l)
Marketing channel Profit earned per litre of milk
Small Medium
Summer Winter Summer Winter
Channel I 0.49 2.04 2.97 6.03
Channel II -2.32 -0.27 1.99 4.43
Channel III -3.90 -1.03 0.63 3.38
Channel IV -2.86 -0.52 1.23 4.22
Channel V -4.26 -1.28 0.17 3.41
consumers. In Channel-V, two intermediaries were The net profit earned was observed to be highest
included. The milk vendors collect milk from the in Channel-I (` 0.49/L). In all the other channels
producers and then sell it to the sweet shops or farmers were bearing losses. The value of loss was
creameries in nearby city which further sell the found to be least in Channel-II (` 2.32/L) followed
liquid milk or milk products to the consumers. by Channel-IV (` 2.86/L), Channel-III (` 3.90/L)
Comparative profitability pattern of various and Channel-V (` 4.26/L). In medium size category
milk marketing channels the net profit earned in winter season was observed
to be highest in Channel-I (` 6.03/L) followed by
Different marketing channels give different Channel-II (` 4.43/L) followed by Channel-IV (`
profits to the producers. It was due to the variation 4.22/L), Channel-V (` 3.41/L) and Channel-III
in costs incurred and price received of milk by dairy (` 3.38/L). But in summer season the net profit
farmers among different marketing channels. The earned was observed to be highest in Channel-I (`
profits earned by small and medium sized dairy 2.97/L) followed by Channel-II (` 1.99/L) followed
farmers have been represented in Table 2. by Channel-IV (` 1.23/L), Channel-III (` 0.63/L)
A perusal of the data (Table 2) represent that and Channel-V (` 0.17/L). The category wise
the net profit earned by small farmers in winter was difference in profits earned by small and medium
observed to be highest in Channel-I (` 2.04/L). In size category farmers was due to large quantity of
all the other channels farmers were bearing losses. marketed surplus of milk in medium size category
The value of loss was found to be least in Channel- and better quality of animals present on medium
II (` 0.27/L) followed by Channel-IV (` 0.52/L), farms as compared to small farms in the state. Due
Channel-III (` 1.03/L) and Channel-V (` 1.28/L). In to high milk production in medium category, the
summer season the trend was again found to be same. cost of milk production also reduced which resulted

125 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129

 Brar et al
Table 3. Percentage of responses given in yes by small and medium sized dairy farmers.
Sr. Factor
No.
1 Higher price for milk
2 Timely payment by buyer
3 Transparent pricing
4 Know the buyer well and trust him
5 Less price fluctuation
6 Transparency in measurement
7 Provides advance
8 Purchases less quantity of milk even when milk production is low
9 Doorstep collection
10 Provides dairy inputs at cheaper prices
in an increase in profit. The season wise analysis
concluded that the profits earned by both small and
medium sized dairy farmers were higher in summer
in all channels. It was due to the decreased yield of
milk in summer season thus increasing the cost of
milk production.
Percentage of responses for various factors
The percentage of responses for various factors
affecting choice of milk marketing channels given
in yes by small and medium sized dairy farmers is
represented in Table 3. A perusal of table represented
that in small size category all the farmers responded
to the factors higher prices of milk and timely
payments by the buyer while in medium size
category the factors which were responded yes by
all the farmers were observed to be higher prices
for milk, timely payment by buyer, transparent in
pricing, know the buyer well and trust him, less
price fluctuation, transparency in measurement and
purchases less quantity of milk even when milk
production is low. The factor provides dairy inputs
at cheaper prices was responded yes by least number
of farmers in both small and medium size category.
The factor doorstep collection was responded yes
by 51.13 per cent farmers in small size category
while in medium size category 48.94 per cent of the
farmers responded yes to it.
126 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129
Percentage response given
by farmers
Small Medium
100.00 100.00
100.00 100.00
98.50 100.00
95.49 100.00
88.72 100.00
84.96 100.00
84.21 91.49
83.46 100.00
51.13 48.94
9.77 10.64
Factors affecting choice of milk marketing
channels
The number of respondents ranked the factors
as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 for the preference for
the factors affecting choice of milk marketing
channels by small and medium sized dairy farmers
is represented in Table 4 and 5, respectively. The
data also show the total score and the mean score.
For factor higher prices of milk the total score i.e.
10420 for small sized farmers and 3720 for medium
sized farmers was calculated by multiplying the
number of respondents ranking that factor as
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 by their respective table
values given in Table II. Mean score for factor
higher prices of milk i.e. 78.35 for small sized
farmers and 79.15 for medium sized farmers was
calculated by dividing the total score by the number
of respondents. The total and mead score for all other
factors was calculated by using same technique.
The perusal of data (Table 4 and 5) represent that
according to the Garrett ranking, the factors which
induces the respondents to show preference for the
factors affecting choice of milk marketing channels
by small sized dairy farmers are in this order namely
higher prices for milk, doorstep collection, provides
dairy inputs at cheaper prices, provides advances,
timely payments by buyer, know the buyer well and
 Table 4. Preference for different milk marketing channels by small dairy farmers.

127
Rank Num-
Sr. ber of Total Mean
Factor Rank
No. respond- Score Score
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ents

1. Higher price for milk 97 29 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 133 10420 78.35 I

2. Doorstep collection 31 28 4 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 68 4998 73.50 II
Provides dairy inputs at
3. 0 2 4 4 1 1 0 1 2 0 13 821 63.15 III
cheaper prices
4. Provide advances 6 38 34 14 9 3 4 3 1 1 112 7045 62.90 IV
Timely payment by
5. 2 27 38 37 13 12 2 2 0 0 133 8004 60.18 V
buyer
6. Know the buyer well 1 5 11 24 37 23 13 13 6 0 127 6752 53.17 VI
7. Transparent pricing 0 6 26 27 23 15 18 16 2 0 131 6948 53.04 VII
Transparent measure-
8. 0 4 2 8 18 22 34 25 18 0 113 5755 50.93 VIII
ment
9. Purchases less quantity 0 0 4 9 15 27 26 30 17 0 111 5562 50.11 IX
10. Less price fluctuation 0 0 5 11 15 28 28 31 14 0 118 5820 49.32 X

J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129

Choice of Milk Marketing Channels
 Table 5. Preference for different milk marketing channels by medium dairy farmer.

128
Sr Factors Rank Total no of Total Mean Rank
No respondents Score Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Higher Prices 37 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 3720 79.15 I

for milk
2. Doorstep 8 8 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 23 1600 69.57 II
collection
3. Provides 2 18 10 5 3 1 1 2 1 0 43 2694 62.65 III
advances
4. Timely payment 1 12 16 9 6 2 1 0 0 0 47 2902 61.74 IV
by buyer
5. Provides dairy 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 291 58.20 V
inputs at cheaper
rates
6. Transparent 1 0 11 10 8 7 4 3 3 0 47 2476 52.68 VI
Brar et al

pricing
7. Know the buyer 1 1 2 15 11 6 2 6 3 0 47 2404 51.15 VII
well
8. Transparent 1 0 1 5 2 13 14 7 4 0 47 2130 45.32 VIII

J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129

measurement
9. Purchases less 0 1 0 1 7 9 10 17 2 0 47 2033 43.26 IX
quantity
10. Less price 0 0 0 1 6 6 15 10 9 0 47 1928 41.02 X
fluctuation
 Choice of Milk Marketing Channels

trust him, transparent in pricing, transparency in REFERENCES

measurement, purchases less quantity of milk even Anonymous (2014). National Sample Survey Organisation
when milk production is low, less price fluctuation 2014. Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi.
while the preference for the factors affecting choice
of milk marketing channels by medium sized dairy Anonymous (2016). Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics
2016. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
farmers are in the order namely higher prices for Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
milk, doorstep collection, provides advances, timely New Delhi.
payments by buyer, provides dairy inputs at cheaper Brar R S (2016). Sustainability of small and medium sized
prices, transparent in pricing, know the buyer dairy farmers amidst the existing milk supply chain
well and trust him, transparency in measurement, in Punjab State (Un-published M.Sc. Thesis). Guru
purchases less quantity of milk even when milk Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,
production is low, less price fluctuation. Ludhiana
Kumar A, Staal, Steven J and Singh D K (2011). Smallholder
dairy farmers’ access to modern milk marketing chains in
CONCLUSION India. Agril Eco Res Rev 24: 243-53.
The results of the study revealed that out of
various milk marketing channels that exist in the Rethinapandy A and Selvakumar M (2013). Analysis of
factors influencing the preference for the selection of
state the most profitable channel was found to be cosmetics products by the respondents using Garrett’s
channel- I i.e. Producers - Consumers for both small ranking technique. Indian J Applied Res 3(5):95-96.
and medium sized dairy farmers. It was further Singh S R, Mahajan S and Datta K K ( 2013). What the future
observed that out of various factors affecting the beholds for smallholder dairy farming in India? Some
choice of milk marketing channels higher price of Anecdotal Evidences from Organised Dairy Industry.
milk was found to be most important factor as it was Indian J Dairy Sci 66(2):142-48.
ranked number I using the garrett’s ranking method Received on 31/12/17 Accepted on 10/01/18
for both small and medium sized dairy farmers
followed by doorstep collection as it is ranked
number II by both and medium sized dairy farmers.
The results of the study further revealed that there
is a need to arrange awareness camps in villages so
that the dairy farmers can get proper information
regarding the milk market. The government
must follow a conducive integrate policy for the
improvement of dairy enterprise.

129 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 123-129

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 130-133 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00068.5

Forecast and Need Based Fungicide Application for Effective

Management of Late Blight of Potato
Usha Sharma and Sanjeev Sharma1
Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Mashobra -171 007 Himachal Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary is one of the most dreaded diseases of potato
worldwide and cause significant losses in production. It affects both potato foliage in the field and tubers in
storage. A number of management techniques for late blight have been developed and used throughout the
world. Effective control of this disease requires an integrated disease management approach. Fungicides
alone can’t control late blight effectively, but should be used as a tool in an integrated management. In
present studies, weather forecast based targeted application of fungicides with recommended cultural
practices (use of healthy seed, seed treatment, proper spacing and hilling etc.) were used for effective
management of the disease. Preventive fungicide applications were given, by identifying conducive period
for disease development using local weather forecast. Effective management of disease i.e. 92.17 and 90.93
per cent during 2014 and 2015, respectively was achieved in demonstration trials by following prophylactic
spray of mancozeb, sprays of cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64%, just after disease appearance, followed
by need based sprays of mancozeb and cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64% at 10 days interval. contrary to
this , in control i.e. farmers’ practice, disease incidence of 95.83 and 96.94 per cent was recorded during
2014 and 2015, respectively, as farmers sprayed fungicides indiscriminately, only after disease appearance.
Key Words:

INTRODUCTION to 26.6°C with optimum temperature 18±1°C and

Potato is an important cash crop in north western
hills of Himachal Pradesh. Being grown during off-
season, potato from Shimla hills fetches a premium
price in the market, thus ensuring high returns to
the farmers of the region. However, late blight of
potato, which is caused by Phytophthora infestans
(Mont) de Bary is the major bottleneck in potato
production in the hills of Shimla district, where
the crop is grown under rainfed conditions. This
disease is well known, highly studied and still the
most destructive of all potato diseases. Late blight
affects all plant parts i.e. leaf, stem and tubers.
There are specific requirements of temperature
and humidity for initiation and further build up
of disease. Temperature requirement for spore
germination, spore production and fungus growth
is 10-20°C, 18-22°C and 16-20°C, respectively. For
infection and disease development temperature 7.2
Corresponding Author’s Email: ushaanandsharma@rediffmail.com
Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-CPRI, Shimla– 171001 (HP)
100 per cent humidity is required, whereas, spore
get killed under the humidity less than 75 per cent
(Arora et al, 2014).Tubers carrying the pathogen
are the real carriers and serve as the source of the
disease in the subsequent season. Thus, for effective
management an integrated management approach is
required. In the present studies, cultural practices
are the first line of defense i.e. use of healthy seed,
seed treatment, proper spacing and hilling with
forecast based targeted application of fungicides for
effective management of the disease. The trials were
laid out at farmer’s field at ten locations during 2014
and 2015 and per cent disease control i.e. 90.00 and
71.85 per cent was found, respectively by following
prophylactic sprays of Dithane M45 (Mancozeb),
spray of Curzate (Cymoxanil 8% + Manacozeb
64%) just after disease appearance followed by
sprays of Dithane M45 (Mancozeb) and Curzate

130 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 130-133

 Sharma and Sharma

(Cymoxanil 8% + Manacozeb 64%) at 10 days forecast (temperature, relative humidity and

intervals, whereas, in farmers’ practice (control), rainfall) received form Central Potato Research
disease incidence of 95.83 and 96.94 percent was Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, following
recorded during 2014 and 2015, respectively. recommended cultural practices (seed treatment,
spacing, fertilizers, hilling etc.).To layout
MATERIALS AND METHODS demonstration, ten fields were selected for the
disease management and prophylactic spray of
Dithane M45 (Mancozeb) was applied before the
onset of rainy season in the month of June. A spray
of Curzate (Cymoxanil 4% + Mancozeb 64%) was
given immediately after the climatic conditions
became conducive for disease development (based
on alert received from CPRI Shimla). Need based
sprays of Dithane M45 (Mancozeb) and Curzate
(Cymoxanil 4% + Mancozeb 64%) were followed at
10d interval. Contrary to this, farmers’ practice i.e.
sprays of Mancozeb or Matalaxyl 4%+ Mancozeb
Flow Chart 1: Reasons for yield /storage losses in potato 64% irrespective of disease and climatic condition,
During the survey, it was observed that potato was kept as control.
crop was infected with number of diseases (fungal,
bacterial and viral), which were causing huge yield RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and storage losses. However, among all diseases, The survey conducted revealed that the
late blight was appearing in epiphytotic conditions incidence of late blight in potato was between 70 to
in the hills of district Shimla. So, keeping in view 100 per cent, with highest 100 per cent incidence in
the losses due to late blight thirty three potato fields fields located at Samala and Patsari areas of Rohru
in Chirgaon, Rohru, Theog and Jubbal blocks were block in district Shimla.
selected to record the incidence of the disease. Three fungicides namely Curzate (Cymoxanil
Experimental trials at five locations were conducted 8% + Mancozeb 64%), Acrobat 50WP
for the management of the disease, using three (Dimethomorph 50%) and Ridomil Gold 68 WG
fungicides [(Curzate (Cymoxanil 8% + Manacozeb (Matalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb 64%) were evaluated
64%), Acrobat 50 WP (Dimethomorph 50%) and for the management of late blight of potato. In the
Ridomil Gold 68 WG (Matalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb study, minimum disease incidence 9.7(17.56) and
64%)] with farmers’ practice as control. Three 7.8(15.11) per cent with maximum 90.12 and 91.68
sprays were applied at 10d interval immediately per cent disease control was recorded in the fields
after disease appearance. It was found that Ridomil sprayed with Curzate (Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb
Gold 68 WG (Matalaxy l 4% + Mancozeb 64%), 64%) during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Acrobat
which was used mostly by the farmers for the (Dimethomorph 50%) was also found effective with
management of late blight of potato, was least 88.19 and 80.95 percent disease control. Ridomil
effective, whereas, Curzate (Cymoxanil 8% + Gold 68 WG (Matalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb 64%)
Manacozeb 64%) gave maximum disease control. was least effective with 72.10 and 68.01 per cent
Thereafter, demonstrations were planned using disease control during, 2012 and 2013, respectively
need based sprays of Dithane M45 -Mancozeb (Table 2). Similar results were obtained by Jonson
and Curzate -Cymoxanil 8% + Manacozeb 64% et al (2000) and Siddique et al (2016), who
(Flow Chart 1) on the basis information of weather reported that Sunaxanil 72 WP (Cymoxanil 8% +

131 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 130-133

 Need Based Fungicide Application

Table 2. Efficacy of different fungicide in controlling Phytophthora infestans causing late blight in
potato.
Sr. Treatment 2012 2013
No. Percent Disease Percent Percent Disease Percent
Incidence* Control Incidence* Control
1. Curzate (Cymoxanil 8% + 9.7 (17.56) 90.12 7.80 (15.11) 91.68
Mancozeb 64%)- 0.25%
2. Acrobat 50WP (Dimetho- 11.6 (19.41) 88.19 17.80 (24.65) 80.95
morph)
3. Ridomil Gold 68 WG 27.4 (31.32) 72.10 30.60 (33.04) 68.01
(Matalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb
64%)- 0.25%
4. Control 98.20 (84.25) - 98.94 (85.53) -
CD 5.372 6.997
*Pooled data for five location
Figures in parentheses are Arc sine transformed values

Mancozeb 64%) has prophylactic activity against (1988) also found Cymoxanil mixtures effective for
P. infestans. In the present study, Ridomil Gold 68 managing matalaxyl resistant strains.
WG (Matalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb 64%) was found During 2014 and 2015, forecast based targeted
least effective in management of the disease. It application of fungicides i.e. Dithane M45 and
might be due to continuous and increased use of Curzate [(Prophylactic Spray of Mancozeb (0.25%),
Matalaxyl, which may lead to the development of after disease appearance spray of Cymoxanil 8% +
resistant strain of P. infestans as was evident (Singh Mancozeb 64% (0.25%) and need based sprays
et al, 2005), who recorded the resistant strains of P. (based on disease forecasting) of Mancozeb
infestans against Matalaxyl. Samoucha and Cohen (0.25%) and Cymoxanil 8%+ Mancozeb 64%
Table 3. Efficacy of forecast based application of fungicides in controlling Phytophthora infestans
causing late blight in potato.
Treatment 2014 2015
Percent Disease Percent Percent Disease Percent
Incidence* Control Incidence* Control
Prophylactic Spray – Mancozeb (0.25%) 7.5 (15.50) 92.17 8.79 (16.48) 90.93
After disease appearance - Cymoxanil 8%+
Mancozeb 64% (0.25%)
Need based spray (Based on disease forecasting)-
Mancozeb (0.25%) and Cymoxanil 8%+ Mancozeb
64% (0.25%)
Control 95.83(81.05) - 96.94(82.54) -
CD 3.610 2.416
*Pooled data for ten locations
Figures in parentheses are Arc sine transformed values

132 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 130-133

 Sharma and Sharma

(0.25%)] resulted in 92.17 and 90.93 per cent REFERENCES

disease control in comparison to farmers’ practice Arora R K, Sharma S and Singh B P(2014). Late blight disease
(Table 3), respectively, with increased yield (24.75 of potato and its management. Potato J 41(1):16-40.
and 25.13t/ha)) over control (16.65 and 16.30 t/ Johnson D A, Cummings T F and Hamm P B (2000). Cost
ha). Mynit et al (2001) also observed that need and of fungicides used to manage potato late blight in the
Columbia Basin: 1996 to 1998. Plant Dis 84: 399-402.
weather forecast based applications of fungicides
provide effective management of late blight in Myint M M, Su T and Win K(2001). Effect of different
fungicides application based on disease forecasting in
potato. controlling of potato late blight in Myanmar. Presented in
International workshop on potato late blight at National
CONCLUSION Alpine Agricultural Experiment Station, Pyongchang,
Weather forecast based targeted application of Republic of Korea. Oct 15-19, 2001.
fungicides with recommended cultural practices Samoucha and Cohen Y(1988). Synergistic interactions of
(use of healthy seed, seed treatment, proper spacing cymoxanil mixtures in the control of matalayl resistant
Phytophthora infestans of potato. Phytopathol 78: 636-
and hilling etc.) was found effective in management
40.
of late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora
Siddique N A, Aktar M S and Swapon N H (2016). Comparative
infestans. Effective management of disease i.e.
efficacy of different fungicides against late blight disease
92.17 and 90.93 per cent during 2014 and 2015, of potato incited by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de
respectively was achieved in demonstration trials Bary and its management. J Plant Pathol Microbiol 7: 7.
by following prophylactic spray of mancozeb, Singh P H, Singh B P, Singh L and Gupta J (2005). Comparative
sprays of cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64%, just after aggressiveness of Matalaxyl resistant and sensitive
disease appearance, followed by need based sprays isolates of Phytophthora infestans. Potato J 32:61.
of mancozeb and cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64% Received on 01/08/17 Accepted on 10/12/17
at 10 days interval, using local weather forecast.

133 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 130-133

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 134-136 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00074.0

Impact Assessment of Okra Crop Production Practices for

Coastal Karnataka
Chaitanya H S1, Naveen N E2 and Jayalaxmi Narayan Hegde3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Udupi, (Karnataka)

ABSTRACT
On farm testing of two different technologies released from UAS, Bangalore and KAU, Thrissur
were demonstrated at farmer’s field keeping the farmer’s practice as the check plot. The technology
recommended by UAS, Bangalore includes application of RDF (N:P:K 125:75:63 kg/ha), FYM: 25t/ha,
Neem cake @375kg/ha, seed treatment (soaking seeds in 0.2% Bavistin) and Spraying of Imidacloprid
17.8SL@ 0.5ml/lit for control of sucking pests resulted highest yield of 9.25 t/ha with B:C ratio of 2.13 as
compared to the technology released from KAU, Thrissur includes application of RDF (N:P:K 110:35:70
kg/ha), FYM application@ 12 t/ha, Spray of Dimethoate 30EC@ 1.75ml/lt for control of sucking pests.
Key Words: Okra, Nutrients, Yellow Vein Mosaic, RDF and Yield

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an annual
vegetable crop, belongs to family Malvaceae. India
is the largest producer of okra in the world. The
area, production and productivity of okra in India
was 533 mha, 6,461 MT and 12.11 t/ha respectively
during 2013 (Anon 2014). The crop was very
much susceptible to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen.)
transmitted yellow vein mosaic virus. The low
productivity of the crop was attributed to the number
of yield affecting factors such as low soil fertility,
lack of knowledge on improved technologies and
also less adoption of recommended cultivation
practices. Singh et al. (2017) reported combine
application of GA3 and NAA also significantly
increased the yield. Taking this into consideration,
the present study was initiated to overcome
the incidence of Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic
Virus (BYVMV), two different technologies on
management practices in okra released by UAS,
Banglore and KAU, Thrissur were evaluated
keeping the farmers practice as control.
The present study was conducted in Udupi
district of Karnataka state during 2012-13 to 2013-
14. In three villages, 30 demonstrations were
conducted to assess better management practices
for control of BYVMV through On Farm Testing.
Two different management packages suggested
by University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
and Kerala Agriculture University, Thrissur were
tried as two different treatments, keeping Farmer’s
practice as check plot. The details of the trial were
mentioned in table 1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results indicated that the yield attributes were
affected by different packages of cultivation (Table
2). Technology option - I registered higher fruit
weight (187.5 g/plant) and higher yield (92.5 q/ha)
followed by Technology Option- 2 which recorded
fruit weight of 163.4 g/plant and yield of 85 q/ha.
The lowest fruit weight of 134 g/plant and yield of
75q/ha was recorded in farmer’s practice.

Corresponding Author’s E-mail :

1&3
Scientist (Horticulture and Agronomy), KVK, Udupi,
3
Associate Professor (Entomology) COA, Shivamogga

134 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 134-136

 Chaitanya et al

Table 1. Demonstrated package of practices and farmer’s practice for Okra cultivation
Sr. Particular Farmers’ Technology Option-1 Technology Option-2
No. Practice
1. Source of the - UAS, Bangalore KAU, Thrissur
Package
2. Variety resistant to Local variety, BYVMV resistant variety- BYVMV resistant variety-
BYVMV susceptible to Arka Anamika Arka Anamika
BYVMV
3. Seed Treatment - Soaking seeds in 0.2% -
Bavistin and Seed treatment
with Imidacloprid 60FS
4. Fertilizer Dose Application of RDF (N:P:K 125:75:63 kg/ RDF (N:P:K of 110:35:70
fertilizer (N:P:K ha), N in two splits 50% at Kg/ha), N in two splits 50%
@ 125:125:125 the time of sowing and 50% at the time of sowing and
kg/ha) at 30 DAS 50% at 30 DAS

5. FYM FYM @ 10 t/ha FYM @ 25t/ha, -

Neem cake @ 375kg/ha
6. Plant protection Not followed Spraying of Imidacloprid 17.8 Spraying of Dimethoate
measures for sucking SL @0.5 ml/lit 0.05%
pests

Table 2. Yield attributes of Okra in different demonstrated trials.

Technology Fruit weight Yield (q/ 1st Symptom of No. of sucking % Disease
Assessed (g/plant) ha) Occurrence of BYVMV Pests / 5 leaves Occurrence of
BYVM
Farmer’s 134.0 75.0 28 DAP 16.50 14.60
practice
Technology 187.5 92.5 36 DAP 3.30 2.60
Option 1
Technology 163.4 85 31 DAP 10.15 5.10
Option 2
In the two years data the Technology Option-1 plant protection chemicals for the control of white
showed less incidence of BYVMV compared to flies, which plays a major role in the transmission of
Technology Option 2 and Farmer’s practice (Table the virus from infected to the healthy plant (Sheikh
2). First occurrence of the BYVMV symptom 2013). Similar results of yield enhancement in okra
was observed early in the plots where farmer’s with recommended packages were observed by
practices were adopted. Significant variation with Kacha and Patel (2015), Singh and Kumar (2013)
date of sowing spacing was observed by Morwal and Bhagat et al (1997).
and Patel (2017). These results were mainly due to The results of economic analysis of okra
the fact that the package included resistant variety production under different technology options
for BYVMV, integrated pest management practices reveals that the gross cost in the Technology
such as seed treatment with insecticide, use of neem Option-1 is higher than the farmer’s practice by
cake at the time of sowing and also use of effective about 13.97 per cent and has also recorded higher
135 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 134-136
 Assessment of Okra Crop Production Practices

Table 3. Economic Impact of Okra under different Technology Packages.

Technology Assessed Gross Cost (Rs/ha) Gross Return (Rs/ha) Net Return (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio
Farmer’s practice 58,230.00 1,12,125.00 53,895.00 1.93
Technology Option-1 66,370.00 1,41,260.00 74,890.00 2.13
Technology Option-2 65,250.00 1,30,600.00 65,350.00 2.00
gross returns (Rs 1,41,260/ha) and net returns Morwal B R and Patel M C (2017). Growth and Yield of
(Rs 74,890/ha) (Table 3). In case of Technology Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as affected by date
of sowing and spacing under north Gujarat condition. J
Option-2, gross return (Rs 1,30,600/ha) and net Krishi Vigyan 6(1): 93-96.
return (Rs 65,350/ha) were higher than the farmer’s
Singh D, Vadodaria J R and Morwal B R (2017). Effect of
practice. These findings are similar to the results GA3 and NAA on yield and quality of Okra (Abelmoschus
obtained by Singh and Agarwal (2013). esculentus L.). J Krishi Vigyan 6(1): 65-68.
Singh G C and Kumar S (2013). Impact of on farm trials and
CONCLUSION various varieties of Okra on the Farmers field. J of Rural
The results brought out that yield of okra could and Agric Res 13 (1): 78-80.
be increased from 13.3 per cent to 23.3 per cent Singh G C and Agarwal R P (2013). Impact of Front Line
with intervention of BYVM resistant variety, seed Demonstration of Improved Okra Cultivation Technology.
treatment, RDF and integrated pest management. J of Community Mobilization Sustainable Dev 8(2): 291-
Hence, adopting integrated approach in cultivation 293.
of okra will increase the income as well as the Kacha H L and Patel S K (2015). Impact of frontline
demonstration on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
livelihood of the farmers.
moench) yield improvement. J of Agri Search 2(1): 69-
71.
REFERENCES Sheikh M A, Safiuddin Z K and Mahmood I (2013). Effect of
Anonymous (2014). Agricultural Statistics at glance. Ministry
Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus on Yield Components
of Agriculture, Government of India.
of Okra Plants. J Plant Patho 95(2): 391-393.
Bhagat A P, Yadav B I and Prasad Y (1997). Management of
bhindi yellow vein mosaic virus disease by insecticides. J
Received on 30/07/17 Accepted on 20/10/17
Mycol Pl Pathol 27: 215-216.

136 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 134-136

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 137-140 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00075.2

Impact of Friends of Coconut Tree Trainings Conducted by

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Davanagere
J Raghuraja, T N Devaraja, M G Basavanagowda,
N Prasanna Kumara and H M Sannagoudra
ICAR-Taralabalu Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Davangere-577 004 (Karnataka)

ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out in Davangere district of Karnataka to know the impact of Friends
of Coconut Tree (FOCT) training on rural youth. In all 140 rural youth were surveyed before and
after the trainings conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Davanagere. The study revealed that average
number of tree climbed was increased from 12 to 35 trees per day and monthly earnings increased
from Rs.2450/-to Rs. 6900/- after the training. There was increased awareness in youth about problems
of insect pest and diseases and integrated nutrient management in coconut after acquiring the training.
Problem of mobility (83.57%), not received insurance bond (67.14%), need improvement in the
climbing machine (46.43%), inadequate earnings through coconut climbing occupation (31.43%) and
not getting work every day (17.86%) were some of the problems expressed by the trained rural youth.
Key Words: Climbing, Coconut, Impact, Training, Tree, Youth.

INTRODUCTION investment in these programmes reflect the concern

One of the consequences of the rising population about youth unemployment among governments of
and lack of opportunities in rural areas is urban the region (Ram et al, 2006). Participation in youth
drift - young people consciously decide to move to schemes shows some evidence of slowly changing
the towns in the hope of greater opportunities for attitudes even among well educated rural youth, as
employment and better education for their children. they are increasingly willing to do manual work.
The education they do receive in rural areas is For the many rural youth who wish to remain on
so often urban oriented that it adds to their belief the land, the obstacles include the lack of new
that their prospects will be better in the towns. arable land for cultivation, inadequate training and
As a consequence the towns become increasingly extension services, low prices for primary produce,
overcrowded putting pressure on limited resources. poor markets and infrastructure, low levels of
For some, opportunities are indeed found in the technology and limited credit. As future adults,
urban areas, and this increases the lure of the towns rural youth need to be prepared in improving their
for many others who then find themselves worse off capabilities to engage in rural self employment
than they would have been in the rural areas. The activities, produce food and to conserve productive
challenge is to develop the rural areas to make them resources in the rural environment. Improving their
attractive to young people in terms of employment skills and abilities in carrying out income generating
prospects, education and training opportunities, activities in rural areas certainly help to retain youth
health services and social life. The main advantage in rural areas (Vishwanatha et al, 2014).
of specific youth employment schemes is due to The coconut which is widely grown in
their comprehensive nature, providing training, Karnataka as well as in Davanagere district (Anon,
resources and the required legal frame to conduct 2017) poses problems of skilled labour to climb
productive work. The considerable amounts of public this tall tree and harvest the nuts. A new concept of

Corresponding Author’s Email: raghuraja92@yahoo.com

137 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 137-140

 Raghuraja et al
‘Friends of Coconut Tree’ (FOCT) initiated by the
Coconut Development Board is hence in offing to
bridge the gap of scarcity of skilled labour. KVKs
were involved in providing training to farmers,
farm women and rural youth in crop specific and in
vocational mode (Saxena and Shashi, 1999). Series
of capacity building programmes were conducted
under this new concept to train rural youth in ICAR-
Taralabalu Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Davangere and
the present study highlights the impact of these
trainings. The objectives were to study the impact
of FOCT training on rural youth in terms of number
of trees climbed and their earnings and identify the
problems faced by the trained rural youth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All the youth trained during 2013-14 to 2015-
16 under FOCT were selected for the study. Study
made use of primary data and secondary data sources
during 2016. The primary data were collected in
two phases viz., pre-training information from the
rural youth regarding occupation, number of trees
climbed per day, means of climbing, earnings,
identification of pest and diseases were collected
from 140 rural youth. After one year, the rural
youth were surveyed and information including the
problems faced by them collected using structured
interview schedule. The secondary data were
collected from books, reports and website. Personal
interview technique was used to collect primary
data. The data were analysed using simple statistical
tools like frequency and percentage.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Impact of training on rural youth
The average number of trees climbed by youth
increased from 12 to 35 trees/day, almost substantial
3 fold increase, after the training by using machine.
Few youth climbed as high as 70 to 80 trees/ day after
acquiring FOCT trainings. The youth found it easy
to climb the trees using the machine without much
tiredness and even the tall trees were climbed with
much ease now. The tall trees which are difficult to
climb with bare hands were conveniently climbed
138 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 137-140
using machine and climbing became possible
even in rainy season also which otherwise is not
possible. This would mitigate many problems faced
by coconut growers in recent years, especially the
timely harvest of coconuts would be a great benefit
to farmers (Figure 1).
The average earnings by the youth revealed
that there has been more than 2.5 times increase in
monthly earnings from Rs. 2,450/- to Rs.6,900/-
month among the commercial climbers (Figure
2). There were instances wherein few individuals
have earned up to Rs. 10,000/- to 15,000/- month
depending upon the number of trees climbed
and work opportunity. Further, few youths were
ventured in to coconut business mode by selling
nuts after taking whole coconut plot on lease basis
from coconut growers and thereby increased their
earnings. The phenomenon increase of 281 per cent
in the income of rural youth in one year reflected the
need of skill based training programmes. Similar
findings were reported by Kharatmol (2006).
The results (Table 1) indicates that before the
training 29.28 per cent of the youth revealed that
coconut climbing was the main occupation and
it has been increased to 65.71 per cent after the
training followed by decrease from 60.72 per cent
under subsidiary occupation category to 27.85 per
cent and 10.00 per cent under not as occupation
category to 06.44 per cent after the training. The
increase in main occupation category may be due
to lack of employment opportunities and livelihood
security of these unemployed youth, consequently,
the rural youth considered coconut climbing as
subsidiary occupation and not as main occupation
decreased after training and considered climbing
as main occupation. Regarding means of coconut
climbing before the training, 48.57 per cent of
youth used to climb coconut trees using bare hands
followed by 39.99 per cent using rope/cloth and
11.44 per cent youth not having previous climbing
experience and after the training cent per cent
youth used machine to climb the trees provided by
the Coconut Development Board. This implies that
 Impact of Trainings

youth found it easy to climb by using machine. The

injuries, rough skin observed before the training
were improved along with safety of the climbers
through the use of machine.
Before the training, only 12.14 per cent of the
youth could identify pest and diseases of coconut
which has been increased to 55.71 per cent after
the training. None of the youth was giving advices
on plant protection measures, crown cleaning and
integrated nutrient management before, but after
acquiring the training 50.00 per cent and 15.00 per Figure 1: Average trees climbed by the youth per day.
cent youth were found to give services in plant
protection measures, crown cleaning and integrated
nutrient management, respectively. Reasons for only
few trained youths rendering these services were,
very few youth can understand the plant protection
measures and integrated nutrient management in
coconut, although these aspects were dealt in the
training programme. Majority of the youth selected
for this training have education up to middle and
high school and the education level of the youth
might be the reason for less number of youth in
understanding these aspects. Figure 2: Average earnings by the youth per month
Table 1. Impact of FOCT training on rural youth. (n=140)
Sr. Parameter Characters/Units Before Training After Training Per cent
No. No. % No. % Increase/
Decrease
1. Coconut climbing as an Main occupation 41 29.28 92 65.71 124.39
occupation by the youth Subsidiary 85 60.72 39 27.85 -117.94
occupation
Not as occupation 14 10.00 09 06.44 -55.55
2. Means of climbing Using bare hands 68 48.57 00 00.00 --
Using rope/cloth 56 39.99 00 00.00 --
Not climbing at all 16 11.44 00 00.00 --
Using machine 00 00.00 140 100.00 --
3. Identification of coconut pest and No. of Youth 17 12.14 78 55.71 358.82
diseases by the rural youth

4. Services rendered by rural youth Plant protection 00.00 00.00 70 50.00 --

to the coconut growers measures and
crown cleaning
Integrated Nutrient 00.00 00.00 21 15.00 --
Management

139 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 137-140

 Raghuraja et al

Table 2. Problems faced by the rural youth (n=140)

Sr. No. Problem Number Per cent Rank
1. Problem of mobility 117 83.57 1
2. Not received insurance bond 94 67.14 2
3. Need improvement in machine 65 46.43 3
4. Inadequate earnings through coconut climbing 44 31.43 4
occupation
5. Not getting work every day 25 17.86 5
6. Wrong entries in insurance bond 16 11.43 6

Problems faced by the rural youth trained youth were available for their service.
The problems faced by the rural youth presented Similar concept can be initiated in other crops also
(Table 2) revealed that 83.57 per cent of youth by the concerned institutions and KVKs and other
faced problem of mobility. The youth need to travel training centres can be utilised for this purpose.
to nearby villages to get work carrying nearly 8 kg Through this training rural youth were involved in
machine, moreover, these youth were previously self employment activities in rural areas itself and
unemployed and resource poor and majority cannot this is a small step towards addressing migration
afford to have their own vehicle for mobility. of youth to cities in search of employment and big
Financial assistance to avail own vehicle will be step towards the engaging the youth in agriculture
a welcome step in this regard. Another important in larger context.
problem expressed by the youth was non receipt of
insurance bond. Even among the youth who received ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
the insurance bond, 11.43 per cent have found with We the authors sincerely thank Dr. Chandregowda
wrong entries. Less than half (46.43%) of them M J, Principle Scientist, ATARI, Bengaluru and Dr,
expressed the need for improvement in the climbing Nagarathna Biradar, Scientist, IGFRI, Regional
machine. The reduction in weight of the machine, Station, Dharwad. for their valuable suggestion in
increase in length of the wire that is used to tie the writing this paper.    
trees, use of quality materials for machine were the
improvements suggested by the youth. The other REFERENCES
problems expressed by the youth were earnings Saxena A K and Shashi (1999). Utility of Krishi Vigyan
through coconut climbing are inadequate (31.43 %) Kendra’s training programme. Maharashtra J Ext Edu,
18: 61-63.
and not getting work every day (17.86 %).
Kharatmol S N (2006). Impact of trainings conducted on
vermicompost by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. Bijapur, M.Sc
CONCLUSION (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences,
The training conducted by the ICAR-Taralabalu Dharwad.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Davangere to initiate self Ram U, Mohanty S K, Singh Abhishek and Ram F (2006).
employment opportunities among the rural youth Youth in India: Situation and Needs 2006–2007,
resulted in increased income levels and earning Government of India Ministry of Health & Family
throughout the year for the youth. The use of Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi – 110011.
climbing machine helped to carryout work even Viswanatha H, Manjunatha B N and Laxminarayan M T (
in rainy season also. Coconut growers who were 2014). Aspirations and problems of rural youth practicing
agriculture, Mysore J Agril Sci 48 (4):583-588
facing problem in timely harvesting were relieved
to some extent of their problem because these Received on 23/9/2017 Accepted on 20/12/17

140 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 137-140

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 141-145 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00076.4

Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on

Agricultural Education
T Srinivas*, P Punna Rao, T Venkata Sridhar, T Ramesh Babu and N Sundera Rao
Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur - 522 034 (Andhra Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The present paper highlights the availability, awareness and usage of information and communication
technology (ICT) among students of Agricultural Universities in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The results
revealed that most of the students had the access to ICT tools like projector, computer, University website
and mobile, but the tools like e-portfolio, teleconference, videoconference and digital student report card
system were not available to most of the students in agricultural colleges. Student’s awareness of ICT tools
is same as that of availability. Most of the agricultural students were using mobile daily, but occasionally
used the computer and projector. Majority of the students had improved their capabilities in concept
understanding, academic performance, employment opportunities and higher education opportunities.
Key Words: Awareness, Academic performance, Availability, Communication, Information, Technologies.

INTRODUCTION 2014). Hence, the ICT-empowered education

The success of agricultural development system will eventually result in the democratization
programmes in developing countries largely of education, predominantly in developing countries
depends on the nature and extent of use of mass like India. By recognizing the ICT potential in
media in mobilization of people for development. providing learning experience to the students,
The planners in developing countries realize that the planners have given a thrust in providing ICT
the development of agriculture could be hastened infrastructure in Agricultural Education System
with the effective use of mass media for technology in India. Keeping this in view, the present study
transfer (Md Salleh et al, 2010 ; Sharma et al, 2012). focused on studying the impact of information
The information and communication technologies and communication technologies in agricultural
(ICTs) have become a pioneer and a powerful education in Southern India.
catalyst in education. However, there appears to
be a misconception that ICTs generally refers to MATERIALS AND METHODS
computers and computing related activities. This The present study was conducted in two
is fortunately not the case, although computers and southern states viz., Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
their application play a significant role in modern One University from each state i.e., Acharya N.G.
information management, other technologies Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) from
and systems like email, teleconference, video Andhra Pradesh and Professor Jayasankar Telangana
conference, television lessons, mobile, e-portfolio State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) from
and virtual class rooms also comprise of the Telangana was selected. Two oldest agricultural
phenomenon that is commonly regarded as ICTs. college campuses among the agricultural colleges
The ICT provides a great flexibility in education of each university were selected for the study.
to ensure that learners are able to access knowledge Accordingly, the agriculture college, Bapatla and Sri
regardless of space and time (Akele, 2013; Angadi, Venkateswara agricultural college, Tirupathi were

Corresponding Author’s Email: thumati28@gmail.com

* Professor (Academic & Education), Administrative Office, ANGRAU, Guntur.

141 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 141-145

 Srinivas et al

selected from ANGRAU of Andhra Pradesh state,
while the college of agriculture, Rajendranagar
and agricultural college, Aswaraopet were selected
from PJTSAU of Telanagana State. The data were
collected from from students studying third and
fourth year in graduation and post-graduation during
the year 2016. A well developed questionnaire was
used for collecting the data. The data were collected
from 424 respondents i.e., 347 graduate students and
77 post-graduate students of the four agricultural
colleges of two State Agricultural Universities.
Frequency and percentage were calculated and
presented for interpretation of results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Availability and Awareness of ICT tools
The study was focused on the availability,
awareness and usage pattern of ICT tools in
agricultural education system and also the extent of
improvement of the students in their academics and
employment opportunities after using these ICT
tools. The status of ICT tools among the students
based on their education level was studied and the
results are presented in Table 1.
From the data it was evident that availability and
awareness was more in post-graduates compared to
graduate students for all ICT tools except student
report card system. Among all the ICT tools, the
availability of projector (96.25%), mobile (91.64%)
and university website (91.35%) was very high in
the order of their priority followed by other common
ICT tools viz., interactive white board and computer
to the graduates and in addition to these e-library
and wifi/LAN facilities were also more available
for post-graduates. Least availability was noticed
with e-portfolio in graduates (4.90%) and digital
student report card (5.19%) in post-graduates. Video
conference facility was relatively more available to
post-graduates when compared with virtual class
room while reverse was the case for graduates. The
availability of wifi facility was relatively more to
post-graduates compared to graduates and hence

Table 1 . Availability and awareness on ICT tools between graduate and post-graduate students in
Agricultural Universities.
Sr. ICT Tools Availability (Per cent) Awareness (Per cent)
No Graduates Post Graduates Post
(n=347) Graduates (n=347) Graduates
(n=77) (n=77)
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1 Interactive white board 82.71 17.29 84.42 15.58 90.20 9.80 90.91 9.09
2 Computer 88.76 11.24 100 0 91.91 8.09 100 0
3 Projector 96.25 3.75 97.40 2.60 93.95 6.05 97.40 2.60
4 Television 60.81 39.19 61.04 38.96 83.29 16.71 90.91 9.09
5 Video conference 28.53 71.47 49.35 50.65 51.30 48.70 51.95 48.05
6 Teleconference 13.83 86.17 28.57 71.43 34.01 65.99 45.45 54.55
7 E – Portfolio 4.90 95.10 6.49 93.51 10.66 89.34 18.18 81.82
8 Wi-Fi / LAN 35.73 64.27 90.91 9.09 64.55 35.45 94.81 5.19
9 Digital student report card system 12.97 87.03 5.19 94.81 28.24 71.76 24.68 75.32
10 Virtual classrooms 40.92 59.08 35.06 64.94 53.60 46.40 55.84 44.16
11 Mobile 91.64 8.36 93.51 6.49 92.22 7.78 96.10 3.90
12 E – Library 79.83 20.17 96.10 3.90 77.52 22.48 94.81 5.19
13 University Website 91.35 8.65 98.70 1.30 80.69 19.31 97.40 2.60

142 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 141-145

 Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Agricultural Education
e-library was also more available to post-graduates. graduates compared to graduates. The awareness
The availability of television was relatively less to of digital student report card system was low both
the students compared to other common ICT tools in graduates and post-graduates but relatively
like computer and projector. The availability of awareness was more in post-graduates. The data
teleconference and videoconference was relatively clearly indicated that the awareness on advanced
less compared with other ICT tools except ICT tools e-portfolio and digital student report card
e-portfolio and digital student report card system should be created in all sections of students.
however videoconference was relatively more Further, the PG students have more awareness
available than teleconference for both graduates on all the ICT tools compared to UG students. The
and post graduates. modern ICT tools like Digital Student Report Card
The graduate and post-graduate students were System and Virtual classrooms were unavailable to
highly aware about common ICT tools like computer, majority of the students regardless of their courses
projector, interactive white board and mobile. and majority of the students have no knowledge
The awareness on some of the modern ICT tools about them since they are not available in most of
like video conference, teleconference and virtual the universities. The study conducted in Nigerian
classroom was more in graduates and post-graduates tertiary institutions also revealed that basic ICT
even though availability was comparatively less. facilities like computers were unavailable, students
The awareness on videoconference, teleconference are unable to afford personal laptop, this has
and virtual classroom was almost equal in graduates grossly affected e-learning and e-communication
and post graduates while the awareness on Wifi/ channels like email, e-board, internet and organized
LAN and e-library was relatively high in post- networking system between staff and students
(Yusuf, 2005)
Table 2: Usage pattern of ICT tools between graduate and post-graduate students in Agricultural
universities.
Sr. ICT Tools Graduates (per cent) Post Graduates (Per cent)
No (n=347) (n=77)
Never Occasionally Frequently Never Occasionally Frequently
1 Interactive White 21.61 27.38 51.01 12.99 33.77 53.25
Board
2 Computer 10.37 46.69 42.94 0 11.69 88.31
3 Projector 20.75 32.56 46.68 2.60 28.57 68.83
4 Television 34.29 21.33 43.38 32.47 35.06 32.46
5 Videoconference 83.86 14.41 1.72 74.03 23.38 2.60
6 Teleconference 89.63 7.78 2.59 76.62 19.48 2.59
7 E – Portfolio 97.41 1.73 0.86 96.10 3.90 0
8 Wi-Fi / LAN 58.21 19.31 22.47 7.79 10.39 81.81
9 Digital Student 88.18 7.49 4.32 87.01 10.39 2.59
Report Card System
10 Virtual Classrooms 60.23 16.43 23.34 59.74 15.58 24.67
11 Mobile 7.78 8.36 83.86 7.79 7.79 84.41
12 E – Library 24.78 38.04 37.17 6.49 29.87 63.63
13 University Website 20.75 57.06 22.19 2.60 35.06 62.33

143 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 141-145

 Srinivas et al

Usage pattern of ICT tools
The study on the usage pattern reveled that the
percentage of graduate and post-graduate students
using mobile daily were 83.86 and 84.41per cent,
respectively. The university website was used
occasionally by graduates (57.06 %) and frequently
by post-graduates (62.33 %). The other common
ICT tools like computers and projectors were used
occasionally by both the students since preparation
and presentation through power point has become
common during in their academic curriculum.
The use of university website was occasional by
graduates (57.06%) and frequent by post-graduates
(62.33%). Compared to graduates, the use of ICT
tools by post-graduates was more frequent since
computers and Wi-Fi facilities were more available
to post-graduates.
The use of certain ICT tools like computer,
projector and wi-Fi/LAN varied between graduates
and post-graduates . Most of the graduates have
never used Wi-Fi/LAN but post-graduates used
daily. The tools computer and projector were
occasionally used by the graduate students but were
daily used by PG students because of the research
work and seminars. The data clearly indicate that
almost all the students have not used e-portfolio
and more than 70 per cent students have not used
videoconference and teleconference.
Extent of improvement of UG and PG students
The performance of students after using ICT tools
were presented in Table 3. The study of improvement
in their performance revealed that almost all the
students have opined that their performance was
improved in terms of concept understanding and
academic performance. However, at graduation
level students opined that the ICTs has given less
impact on employment opportunity and higher
education while post-graduate students expressed
differently. ICT helps students to their learning by
improving the communication between them and
the instructors which ultimately lead to improved
performance. They also reported that the adoption
and use of ICTs in education has positive impact
on teaching and learning which finally lead to have
impact on students performance and achievements
(Valasidou and Bousiou, 2005). ICTs have the

Table 3: Extent of improvement among graduate and post-graduate students by using ICTs in
Agricultural Universities.
Sr. Extent of Graduates (Per cent) Post-Graduates (Per cent)
No. Improv- (n=347) (n=77)
ement
Concept Acad. Employ- Higher Concept Academic Employ- Higher
Under Perfor- ment Educa- Under Perfor- ment Educa-
Standing mance Opport- tion Standing mance Oppor- tion
unity tunity
1. No 1.73 4.61 15.27 7.20 0 0 3.90 1.30
2. 10 % 13.26 13.26 19.88 15.27 5.19 7.79 9.09 6.49
3. 20 % 7.78 9.51 5.76 6.92 2.60 5.19 5.19 3.90
4. 30 % 10.09 14.70 6.92 8.65 18.18 10.39 12.99 15.58
5. 40 % 3.75 2.88 2.88 1.15 5.19 3.90 5.19 7.79
6. 50 % 17.87 22.19 22.77 15.85 12.99 14.29 9.09 10.39
7. 60 % 6.05 6.05 3.46 2.88 3.90 12.99 12.99 7.79
8. 70 % 12.10 8.07 6.92 8.07 12.99 9.09 14.29 9.09
9. 80 % 9.51 9.51 8.07 15.85 12.99 16.88 6.49 16.88
10. 90 % 17.87 9.22 8.07 18.16 25.97 19.48 20.78 20.78

144 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 141-145

 Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Agricultural Education
potential to innovate, accelerate, enrich, and deepen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
skills, to motivate the students (Yusuf, 2005). This article was based on the study funded under
ICAR Extramural Research Project entitled Impact
CONCLUSION of Information and Communication Technologies
The study revealed that traditional ICT tools in Agricultural Education in India. The authors are
like projector, computer and university website highly thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural
were accessible to most of the students. Majority Research, New Delhi.
of the students had awareness about the availability
of ICT tools in their campuses and the tools like REFERENCES
Wi-fi/LAN and computer were available to only Akele F E (2013). Information and Communication
post-graduate students. Maximum number of Technology as Teaching and Learning Space for Teachers
of English Language in Schools. J Emerging Trends in
students had improved their performance in concept Edu Res and Policy Studies 5(1): 100-107.
understanding, academic performance, employment
Angadi G R (2014). Teachers’ Attitude towards Information
opportunities and higher education opportunities. and Communication Technology (ICT), Int J Edu and
The institutional ICT policy and strategic plan Psycho Res 3(1): 21-23.
should be defined to provide a framework for the Md Salleh H, Hayrol Azril M S, Abu Samah B, Shahkat Ali M
development and implementation of specific ICT S and Ramli N S (2010). Agriculture Communication in
projects. Malaysia: The Current Situation. American J Agric Biol
Sci 5(3): 389-396.
The ICT’s in agricultural universities does
not mean that introduction of new hardware and Sharma M, Kaur G and Gill M S (2012). Use of Information
and Communication Technology in agriculture by farmers
software, but both trainers and the students have to of district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan 1(1):83-89.
adopt new roles. Accordingly training programmes,
Valasidou A, Sidiropoulos D, Hatzis T, Bousiou-Makridou D
short curses should be designed in coordination (2005). Guidelines for the Design and Implementation
with latest developments to create awareness for of E-Learning Programmes, Proceedings of the IADIS”.
effective utilization of ICTs in teaching and learning International Conference IADIS E-Society 2005, 27th to
process. 30th June, Qawra, Malta.
Yusuf M O (2005). Information and communication education:
Analyzing the Nigerian national policy for information
technology. Int Edu J 6 (3): 316-321.
Received on 12/09/17 Accepted on 22/12/17

145 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 141-145

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 146-149 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00077.6

Impact of Training Programmes on the Profitability of

Mushroom Growers in Angul District of Odisha
Sumita Acharya, Bineeta Satpathy and Ipsita Mishra
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Angul-759 122( Odisha)

ABSTRACT
Paddy is the subsistence crop and grown as a major cereal in about 65 per cent of the total cultivable
area in Angul district. For capacity building of the farmers, Krishi Vigyan Kendra conducted 16 training
programmes, 8 demonstrations including 78 beneficiaries, entrepreneurs meet, field days, exhibitions,
mushroom Melas etc over last 5 years covering technical financial and marketing aspects of mushroom
cultivation. In the year 2016-17 the mushroom production increased gradually and reached to 1288
MT and proved as a promising enterprise for the district. Initially, 12 units were established having the
adoption rate of 10 per cent in 2011 and later on increased to 72 units with adoption rate of 52 per cent.
The objective of the study was to analyze cost benefit of mushroom production and to evaluate socio-
economic constraints faced by farmers in adoption of the technology. It was found that the perishable
nature of commodity (60%) and non-availability of quality spawn (55.8%) were the main problems for
entrepreneurship in mushroom farming and it could be successful only if cold storage and packaging
facility in paddy straw mushroom were given due importance. Hence, it can be concluded that mushroom
cultivation is one of the most potential income generation activity with the remarkable diversity.
Key Words: Adoption, Enterprise, Mushroom, Successful.

INTRODUCTION their empowerment to gain other farming skills;

Paddy is the subsistence crop and apart from it,
pulses like green gram, black gram, gram etc. and
oil seed cop groundnut are grown in the district.
The paddy is cultivated in an area of 88,270ha and
45,781 ha in irrigated and rain fed area, respectively.
Using paddy crop residue as a mushroom substrate
would subsequently convert it into a more protein-
rich biomass and influence the mushroom yields
(Mamiro and Mamiro, 2011). The mushroom
cultivation could directly enhance livelihoods
through economic, nutritional and medicinal
contributions (Marshall and Nair, 2009). Mushroom
farming is increasingly becoming attractive to
small farmers because the farmers in rural areas are
convinced about the profits of mushroom farming
within short time. By using latest techniques, it
can also be grown during off season too i.e. in poly
house. It can become a viable and attractive activity
for side-income and a part-time enterprise for rural
farmers and peri-urban dwellers. This can enhance
Corresponding Author’s Email:sumitaacharya75@gmail.com
greater financial independence and also self-respect
(Zhang et al, 2014). The vocational trainings were
imparted by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra for the
farmers, farm-women and unemployed youth to
increase the income and make them self- dependent
entrepreneur in future. The objective of the study was
to analyze the cost benefit of mushroom production
and to evaluate socio-economic constraints faced
by farmers in adoption of the mushroom production
technology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in Angul district of
Odisha state. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra conducted
16 training programmes, 8 demonstrations
including 78 beneficiaries, entrepreneurs meet,
field days, exhibitions, mushroom mela etc. over
last 5 yr covering technical financial and marketing
aspects of mushroom cultivation. For this study, 120
mushroom growers and 20 mushroom entrepreneurs

146 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 146-149

 Acharya et al

were selected and regularly monitored by the were the main problems for entrepreneurship in
KVK, who were practicing paddy straw mushroom mushroom farming and it could be successful only
farming successfully. An interview schedule was if cold storage and packaging facility in paddy straw
developed to collect the data regarding economics mushroom were given due importance. The high
of mushroom enterprise. The data were collected cost for establishment and complex technology
by conducting personal interviews with the selected for mushroom spawn production also discourage
respondents. The socio economic constraints were entrepreneurs. The study also showed that the
also recorded by interviewing 120 mushroom non-availability of basic raw materials(32.5%),
growers. The data collected from the respondents lack of technical and financial support(27.5%),
were tabulated and analyzed by using frequency exploitation by middlemen (26.6%), unorganized
and percentage. market structure(19.1%) were major constraints in
adoption of this technology. Poor production and
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION frequent occurrence of diseases in mushroom were
The numbers of training programmes conducted another constraints faced by mushroom cultivators.
by the KVK were given in Table 1. It was evident Thus, it can be inferred that trainees advocated for
that 16 training programmes in 8 blocks of the providing financial help after training in the form
district were conducted on paddy straw and oyster of subsidy or loan. Proper marketing system and
mushroom cultivation including 300 beneficiaries regular consultancy were other areas that need
during the year 2011 to 2017. It was observed that attention of stakeholders.
more numbers of mushroom units were established After the introduction of mushroom in Angul
and average adoption rate among the trainees district, there is a visible enthusiasm among farmers
increased. Initially, 12 units were established having
for adoption of mushroom cultivation with improved
the adoption rate of 10 per cent in 2011 which later
management practices. The numbers of mushroom
on increased to 72 units with an adoption rate of 52
growers in Angul district fluctuate, because of
per cent. unstable production and market changes. Most of
Constraints perceived by mushroom them (about 80%) are small growers and produce
entrepreneurs below 20kg fresh mushrooms a day. The medium
The data on the constraints perceived by scale (produce 20- 40 kg/d) growers constitute 17
mushroom entrepreneurs were given in Table 2. It per cent and big scale industries (producing more
was found that the perishable nature of commodity than 40kg/d) are around 3 per cent only. It was
(60%) and non-availability of quality spawn(55.8%) observed that the Mushroom entrepreneurs were
Table 1. Number of training programs organized and mushroom unit established in District Angul,
Odisha during 2011-17.
Year No. of trainings No. of Participants Mushroom Unit Adoption Rate
Established (%)

2011-12 2 50 12 10
2012-13 2 35 22 12
2013-14 3 75 30 24
2014-15 4 65 47 36
2015-16 3 45 61 44
2016-17 2 30 72 52

147 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 146-149

 Profitability of Mushroom Growers

Table 2. Constraints perceived by mushroom entrepreneurs (n= 120)

Sr. No. Parameter Frequency Percentage Rank
1. Perishable nature of commodity results in losses 72 60 I
2. Non-availability of quality spawn 67 55.8 II
3. Non-availability of paddy straw due to mechaniza- 32.5
tion in paddy harvesting 39 III
4. Lack of technical and financial support for produc- 27.5
tion and management practices 33 IV
5. Exploitation by middlemen 32 26.6 V
6. Sale of produce is quite difficult because of unorgan- 19.1
ized marketing infrastructure 23 VI
7. Mushroom is costly 22 18.3 VII
8. Lack of education among villagers about nutritional 14.1
value of mushroom 17 VIII
9. Decrease in Biological efficiency 14 11.6 IX
10. Non availability of skilled labour 11 9.1 X
in constant touch with the experts of the KVK for while average net returns were Rs.1,03,736/-.Two
gaining recent knowledge regarding advancement farmers in this group were selling the mushroom in
of cultivation practices. industrial area market resulting in high average sale
rate and others through middle man at farm gate.
Economics of Mushroom enterprise It was evident from the results that the net return
Mushroom entrepreneurs got income from of mushroom entrepreneurs increased with the
sale of paddy straw mushroom from April to increase in the number of beds and introduction of
September. Major expenditure was initial cost on yield potential paddy straw mushroom strain OSM
the construction of thatched house, cement tank, 11 by KVK.
bamboo rack, purchase of paddy straw, pulse
powder, quality mushroom spawn, polythene CONCLUSION
etc. While calculating cost, all fixed and variable The above findings clearly indicated that
costs were included in the study. The details of the the capacity-building could also have positive
total cost and gross returns of different mushroom knock-on effects on individual skills capabilities,
entrepreneurs based on the information collected especially in cultivation techniques. Mushroom
from individual entrepreneurs have been calculated. production in the district enhanced the livelihood
The net returns were calculated by subtracting total security of small and marginal farmers who adopted
cost from gross returns. this technology. The mushroom farming enterprises
From the perusal of data (Table 3), it was found are having a great impact on the farmers but having
that total 20 mushroom entrepreneurs were practicing the limitations of marketing problems of this high
paddy straw mushroom farming successfully. The value perishable commodity. Another important
number of beds per day varied between10 to 60 and aspect is timely availability of necessary inputs,
the average numbers of beds per day were 27.6. The technological knowhow and financial support to
net returns varied from Indian rupees 33,300/- to the farmers which may encourage adopting the
3, 88, 800/-. The average mushroom production technology in large scale and increased production
per mushroom bed was worked out to be 0.847 kg and productivity of the mushrooms growers. Hence,
148 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 146-149
 Acharya et al

Table3. Economical Analysis of Successful Mushroom farms producing paddy straw mushroom
(April-September) . N=20
Respondent No of Average Average Mushroom Gross Cost Net B:C
Beds/day mushroom Sale Rate Production in Return (Rs. in Return Ratio
Produced (Rs./kg) 6 m (kg) (Rs. in Lakh) (Rs. in (Gross/
(kg/bed) Lakh) Lakh) Cost)
n1 10 0.9 80 1620 1.296 0.81 0.486 1.6
n2 15 1.1 80 2970 2.376 1.35 1.026 1.76
n3 22 0.8 75 3168 2.376 1.782 0.594 1.33
n4 25 0.78 80 3510 2.808 2.475 0.333 1.13
n5 30 0.9 80 4860 3.888 2.70 1.188 1.44
n6 35 0.8 80 5040 4.032 3.150 0.882 1.28
n7 25 0.75 85 3375 2.868 2.475 0.393 1.15
n8 20 0.8 100 2880 2.880 2.160 0.72 1.33
n9 15 0.8 90 2160 1.944 1.350 0.594 1.44
n10 20 0.95 80 3420 2.736 1.800 0.936 1.52
n11 35 0.8 80 5040 4.032 3.465 0.567 1.16
n12 30 0.9 85 4860 4.131 3.240 0.891 1.27
n13 40 0.85 100 6120 6.120 3.600 2.52 1.7
n14 30 0.75 85 4050 3.442 2.430 1.012 1.41
n15 50 0.8 90 7200 6.480 4.500 1.98 1.44
n16 40 1.0 80 7200 5.760 4.320 1.44 1.33
n17 60 0.86 100 9288 9.288 5.400 3.888 1.72
n18 20 0.7 80 2520 2.016 1.620 0.396 1.24
n19 10 0.9 80 1620 1.296 0.900 0.396 1.44
n20 20 0.8 80 2880 2.304 1.800 0.504 1.28
Average 27.6 0.847 84.5 4189.05 3.603 2.566 1.037 1.40
it can be concluded that mushroom cultivation is Marshall E and Nair N G (2009). Make money by growing
one of the most potential income generation activity mushrooms. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO).
with the remarkable diversity. It may be concluded
that by reaching the poor and ensuring their Zhang Y, Geng W, Shen Y, Wang Y and Dai Y C (2014).
Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural
involvement in training programmes, the socio- development in China: bio-innovation, technological
economic status of the rural poor can be improved. dissemination and marketing. Sustainability 6(5): 2961-
2973.
REFERENCES: Received on 02/11/18 Accepted on 20/01/18
Mamiro D P and Mamiro P S (2011). Yield and mushroom
size of Pleurotus ostreatus grown on rice straw basal
substrate mixed and supplemented with various crop
residues. J Anim and Pl Sci 10(1): 1211-1218.

149 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 146-149

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 150-152 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00088.0

Knowledge and Adoption Level in Mushroom Cultivation among

Rural Women in Gumla district of Jharkhand
Nisha Tiwari1, Sanjay Kumar2 and Atal Bihari Tiwari
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gumla- 835 331, Vikas Bharti Bishunpur (Jharkhand)

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted in the district by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, to study the extent of knowledge
and adoption of eleven selected scientific cultivation practices of mushroom being followed by the farm
women. To measure the extent of knowledge and adoption, 50 trained farm women were selected for the
study. The results revealed that majority of the respondents were found to have high level of knowledge
in mushroom cultivation activities i.e. 56 per cent followed by medium knowledge ( 28 %) and low
knowledge (16 %). The overall mean per cent score for knowledge and adoption were found to be 83.5
and 76.8 per cent, respectively. The mushroom growing is such an enterprise in which requirement of
land is not a big issue so even landless farmers can augment their income through mushroom cultivation.
Key Words: Adoption, Knowledge, Mushroom, Production, Technology.

INTRODUCTION because the farmers in rural areas are convinced

The Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.)
belonging to class Basidiomycetes and family
Agaricaceae is popularly known as Dhingri in India
and grows naturally in the temperate and tropical
forests. It also grows on decaying organic matter
and produces protein rich food. The best growing
season is September/October to March/April. It
requires a short growth time in comparison to other
edible mushrooms. The economic importance of
the mushroom lies primarily in its use a food for
human consumption. It is rich in vitamin C and B
complex and the protein content varies between 1.6
to 2.5 per cent. Farmers were mainly focused on
button mushroom than Dhingri.
Mushroom is considered to be a nutritious
food, rich in protein, low in fat and carbohydrates.
However, mushroom growing can help in a long
way in the efficient utilization of agricultural and
industrial waste. It can also play a significant role
to alleviate poverty and generate employment
opportunity for educated unemployed youth (Rachna
et al, 2013 and Kaur, 2016). Mushroom farming is
increasingly becoming attractive to small farmers
about the profits of mushroom farming within
short time. This can enhance their empowerment
to gain other farming skills; greater financial
independence and also self-respect (Zhang et al,
2014). The vocational trainings were given by the
Krishi Vigyan Kendra for the farmers, farm-women
and unemployed youth to increase the income and
make them self- dependent entrepreneur in future.
So, the present study was undertaken to find out the
knowledge and adoption level of farm women in
mushroom cultivation techniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A sample of 50 mushroom growing women
farmers who were trained through training and
demonstrations by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Gumla during last 5 years and engaged with
mushroom cultivation were selected for the
study by using proportionate random sampling
technique. A questionnaire was designed to test the
knowledge and adoption level. A numerical value
of 1, 2 and 3 was assigned to low, medium, and
high level of knowledge. Similar, scores were used

Corresponding Author’s Email: umnish@yahoo.co.in

150 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 150-152

 Tiwari et al

Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to their extent of knowledge and adoption in

mushroom cultivation. N-50
Sr. Parameter Extent of Knowledge (%) Mean Per Extent of Adoption (%) Mean Per
No. cent Score cent Score
Low Medium High Low Medium High
1 Methods of compost 10 30 60 8.5 16 20 64 7.3
preparation

2 Importance of 14 50 36 8.3 16 30 54 8.2

medicinal and
nutritive value of
mushroom
3 Designing of site 10 20 70 7.1 14 36 70 7.3
of mushroom
cultivation
4 Methods of 10 54 36 6.3 4 22 74 8.1
spawning

5 Mushroom bag 18 24 58 7.4 6 16 78 8.5

preparation

6 Disease control and 18 56 26 6.4 16 48 36 5.3

pest management
7 Casing and pinning 16 52 32 5.1 30 38 32 5.1
after mushroom
cultivation
8 Health and safety at 8 14 78 8.7 20 22 58 6.7
workplace
9 Harvest and post- 22 28 50 7.3 26 20 54 6.1
harvest procedures

10 Marketing strategy 14 52 34 6.8 20 56 24 5.8

11 Recycling of spent 8 10 82 8.8 12 26 62 8.6

mushroom substrate
Overall 16 28 56 83.5 24 32 44 76.8
for ascertaining the adoption level. The data were of respondents had high knowledge i.e. methods
classified by using mean scores, frequency and of compost preparation and its pasteurization
percentage. (60%), designing of appropriate site of mushroom
of mushroom cultivation (70%), process of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mushroom bag preparation (58%), health and
Knowledge level safety at workplace (78%), harvest and post-harvest
It is clear from the Table 1 that in most of procedures of mushroom (50%) and recycling of
the activities of mushroom cultivation, majority spent mushroom substrate (82%) while in the other
151 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 150-152
 Knowledge level in Rural Women

activities i.e. importance of medicinal and nutritive CONCLUSION

value of mushroom, methods of spawning, disease It was concluded that KVK is able to bring
control and pest management, casing and pinning significant changes in the level of knowledge and
after mushroom cultivation and marketing strategy adoption of mushroom cultivation technologies
for mushroom, majority of the respondents fell among trainees. Training and guidance given to
in medium knowledge category with 50, 54, 56, trainees have played a prime role in influencing
52 and 52 per cent, respectively. Similar findings technological changes, besides management
have been reported by Siddhant et al (2013). orientation. Further, the mushroom growing is such
Similarly, Singh et al (2014) reported that majority an enterprise in which requirement of land is not
of the participants gained low to medium level of a big issue so even landless farmers can augment
knowledge on the vocation and opined for further their income through mushroom cultivation.
training on some aspects of mushroom cultivation.
REFERENCES
Adoption level Kaur K (2016). Impact of Training course on knowledge gain
Majority of the respondents fell in high of mushroom trainees. J Krishi Vigyan 4 (2):54-57
adoption level of category in most of the activities Kushwah S and Chaudhary S (2015). Adoption level and
of mushroom cultivation (Table 1) i.e. methods constraints in scientific oyster mushroom cultivation
of compost preparation and its pasteurization among rural women in Bihar. Indian Res J Ext Edu 15(3):
(64%), importance of medicinal and nutritive value 11-16.
of mushroom (54%), designing of appropriate Rachna, Goel R and Sodhi G P S (2013). Evaluation of
site of mushroom of mushroom cultivation vocational training programmes organized on mushroom
farming by Krishi Vigyan Kendra Patiala. J Krishi Vigyan
(70%), methods of spawning (74%), process of 2(1): 26-29.
mushroom bag preparation (78%), health and
Sharma V P and Kumar S (2010). Effect of substrate and
safety at workplace (58%), harvest and post-harvest cold water treatment on the productivity of Shiitake.
procedures of mushroom (54%) , recycling of spent Mushroom Res 19 (1): 22-26.
mushroom substrate (62%) while in activities like Siddhant Y, Swapnil and Singh C S (2013). Spawn and
disease control and pest management, casing and Spawning Strategies for the cultivation of Pleurotus eous
pinning after mushroom cultivation and marketing (Berkeley) Saccardo. Int J Pharm Chem Sci 2 (3): 1494-
strategy for mushroom cultivation, majority of the 1500.
respondents fell in medium adoption category with Singh J, Chahal V P, Rathee A and Singh K (2014). Economic
48, 38 and 56 per cent, respectively. Similar findings empowerment of scheduled caste (SC) landless rural
were reported by Kushwah and Chaudhary (2015). women through mushroom cultivation: A case study.
African J Agri Res 9 (52):3811-15.
The overall level of knowledge in mushroom Zhang Y, Geng W, Shen Y, Wang Y and Dai Y C (2014).
cultivation activities was found to be high (56 %) Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural
followed by medium (28%) and low knowledge (16 development in China: bio-innovation, technological
%) of the respondents (Table 1). Likewise, majority dissemination and marketing. Sustainability 6(5): 2961-
of the respondents (44%) fell in high adoption 2973.
category whereas 32 per cent were in medium Received on 11/12/2017 Accepted on 25/01/18
adoption category and 24 per cent in low adoption
category. The overall mean per cent score for
knowledge and adoption were found to be 83.5 and
76.8, respectively. Similar findings were concluded
by Sharma and Kumar (2010).

152 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 150-152

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 153-156 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00030.2

Mango cv. Phule Abhiruchi, New Cultivar for Pickle Industry

S P Gaikwad1, S U Chalak2 and G M Idate3
National Agriculture Research Project, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 067 (Maharashtra)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment on evaluation and selection of pickle type mango was conducted at NARP, Ganeshkhind,
Pune, during 2001- 2013 to study the performance of pickle mango selections under plain zone conditions.
Ten different selections were collected from different localities in plain zone of Western Maharashtra. These
were evaluated for their growth characteristics, fruit yield and pickle qualities. The pooled analysis of the
year 2011, 2012 and 2013 was worked out and observed that there was significant differences for all the
characters under study except fruit diameter and TSS before ripe. The variety Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5)
recorded maximum trunk girth (88.6 cm), number of fruits / tree (186.43), average fruit weight (242.6
g) , yield/ tree (45.5 kg) and acidity (3.2 %). This variety was evaluated for organoleptic parameters like
firmness, flavor and texture, recorded overall highest score of 8.0 out of 10.0. Hence, the mango pickle
variety Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) was recommended for pickling purpose in plain zone of Maharashtra.
Key Words: Evaluation, Mango, Pickle, Selections, Fruit quality.

INTRODUCTION cultivar available for pickle preparation. Likewise,

As mango is a seasonal fruit, about 20 per cent in plain zone of Western Maharashtra, there is
of fruits are processed for products such as puree, no any single recommended cultivar for pickle
nectar, leather, pickles, canned slices, and chutney preparation so far. Hence, an attempt was made to
(Ravani and Joshi, 2013). Green mangoes in India standardize a pickle mango cultivar for this region.
are mostly used as pickles and chutneys. Pickles
are prepared in almost every Indian home and also MATERIALS AND METHODS
commercially. Raw mature mango is best suited A field experiment was planned in 2001 to
for pickle production due to its high acidity, texture evaluate the pickle mango selections having good
and characteristic typical mango flavour. Several pickle quality, yield and popular for pickle making
formulated recipes with diversified taste, flavour, in respective locality were collected from plain
aroma and texture have been developed in India zone of Western Maharashtra. Ten accessions were
both for domestic and international markets. The selected. The scion material of each accessions was
quality of raw mango pickle depends mainly on collected and grafted in-situ at NARP, Ganeshkhind,
the raw material and hence, varietal suitability and Pune during 2002-2003. The experiment was
maturity stage play an important role in pickling. laid out in randomized block design with three
Research on physicochemical characteristics of replications. These accessions were planted in deep
mango varieties for pickling has been carried out black alluvial soil at 10 X 10 m spacing. Six plants
by many workers (Jha et al,2003). of each cultivar were used for study, two plants
In Maharashtra mango is grown in an area of being a unit of replication. Ten fruits were randomly
4.85 lakh ha with 12.12 lakh tonne production and harvested from each replication for recording the
productivity of 2.5 MT / ha (Anon, 2014). The observations. Observations on plant height, East
main mango growing districts are Thane, Ratnagiri, West spread, Noth South spread, trunk girth at 30
Sindhudurag, Jalgaon, Aurangabad, Solapur, Pune cm above the ground, number of fruits/ tree/ year,
and Beed. Konkan Ruchi is the only recommended yield /tree/ year, fruit dimensions were recorded.
Corresponding Author’s Email: sunilchalak@gmail.com

153 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 153-156

 Gaikwad et al

The yield and pickle qualities of the all Fruit yield and characters
selections were evaluated for three years (2011, The cultivar Phule Abhiuchi (GK-PM-5)
2012 and 2013) and the pooled performance of recorded significantly maximum fruit yield/ tree/
pickle mango selections were recorded. Fruits were year (45.5 kg). This was due to its certain genetical
harvested at full maturity. The fruits were washed wealth , which reflected by producing maximum
thoroughly with tap water and shade dried to remove number of fruits/ tree. The data (Table 1) revealed
surface water. Physical and quality parameters were that cv Phule Abhiuchi (GK-PM-5) and GK-
recorded using 10 randomly selected fruits per PM-4 recorded maximum fruit length (10.8 cm).
accession. Mango pickle preparation was effected However, the differences for fruit diameter were
as procedure given by CFTRI. The quality of pickle non-significant but it was maximum (8.6 cm) in
was judged one month after pickle preparation GK-PM-4. These results were in confirmation with
as per sensory evaluation. A panel of ten judges Singh et al (2012).
evaluated the quality of the pickle with respect to
firmness, flavour, texture and overall quality giving Fruit quality
score between 1 to 10 for individual characters. The The cultivar Phule Abhiuchi (GK-PM-5)
accession with maximum overall score was rated as recorded maximum acidity (3.2 %) which was on par
the best. with selection RHR-03 (3.1 %), RHR-01 (3.1 %),
RHR-02 (3.1 %), GK-PM-2 (3.0 %), GK-PM-1 (3.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION %) and GK-PM-3 (2.9 %). The cv Phule Abhiuchi
(GK-PM-5) recorded maximum pulp thickness (2.5
Growth Parameters cm). However, though pooled differences for TSS
The pooled data (Table 1) revealed that the were non significant but numerically selection GK-
selection GK-PM-1 recorded maximum plant height PM-3 recorded maximum TSS (8.2 oBrix). The cv
(6.3 m) which was on par with GK-PM-4 (6.1 m) Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) recorded least TSS
and GK-PM-3 (6.0 m) and Peshwa (6.0 m). Tree (6.3 oBrix).
trunk girth was measured at 30 cm from ground
level. It was maximum (82.2 cm) in cv. Phule The cv Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) recorded
Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5). Regarding plant spread, maximum acidity (3.2 %) and minimum TSS (6.3
selection GK-PM-1 recorded maximum East West oBrix). Singh et al (2012) noticed a significant
spread (6.6 m) which was on par with GK-PM-2 ( negative correlation between TSS and acidity. The
6.4 m ). However, North – South plant spread was acidity in raw mango is one of the most important
maximum (6.9 m) in selection Peshwa which was at quality parameters which decides the taste and
par with Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) (6.6 m). stability of pickled product. (Vasugi et al, 2008).
As thick pulp mango pieces are preferred while
Yield and yield contributing parameters enjoying mango pickle, pulp thickness is also a
Number of fruits/tree important character. For these characters as concern
The pooled data in table 1 indicate that cv cv Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) fits to as a ideal
Phule Abhiuchi (GK-PM-5) recorded significantly pickle cultivar.
maximum fruits/ tree1 (186.4). The selection GK- Organoleptic evaluation
PM-4 recorded maximum average fruit weight The data presented in table 2 describes variations
(274.2 g) which was on par with GK-PM-1(266.8 among mango selections for raw fruit pulp colour,
g) and GK-PM-3(262.7 g). The maximum fruit pickle firmness, flavor and its texture. The cv Phule
weight recorded in GK-PM-4 might be due to Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) recorded maximum overall
comparatively less number of fruits/tree (132.3) score (8.0 out of 10.0). During the process of
and inbuilt peculiar fruit size. fermentation, the fruit firmness reduced significantly
154 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 153-156
 Table 1. Pooled performance of different pickle mango selections for growth parameters (2011-2013).

155
Sr. Selection Plant Trunk Plant Plant Fruit Fruit Fruit Number Yield / TSS Acidity Pulp
No. height girth spread spread length diameter weight of fruits/ tree (0 B) (%) thickness
(m) (cm) (EW) (NS) (cm) (cm) (g) tree ( kg) (cm)
(m) (m)
1 RHR-01 5.5 68.0 5.2 5.1 8.2 6.3 229.3 111.4 25.7 7.2 3.1 1.1
2 RHR-20 5.9 67.8 5.7 4.6 8.7 7.0 220.9 123.1 27.4 7.6 3.1 1.3
3 RHR-45 5.2 59.5 5.1 5.5 8.2 6.6 152.2 106.6 16.4 6.6 3.1 1.5
4 RHR-32 4.8 59.3 6.2 5.8 8.5 6.7 178.3 114.9 20.5 7.4 2.9 1.4
5 GK-PM-1 6.3 73.3 6.6 5.6 9.5 7.5 266.8 109.8 29.1 6.9 3.0 2.4
6 GK-PM-2 5.4 66.5 6.4 4.9 9.9 7.8 220.7 131.6 29.2 7.0 3.0 1.7
7 GK-PM-3 6.0 70.6 5.4 5.5 9.3 7.5 262.7 117.1 30.8 8.2 2.9 1.3
8 GK-PM-4 6.1 76.2 6.5 6.1 10.8 8.6 274.2 132.6 35.8 6.7 2.5 1.9
9 Phule 5.6 82.2 5.8 6.6 10.8 7.4 242.6 186.4 45.5 6.3 3.2 2.5
Abhiruchi
(GK-PM-5)
10 Peshwa 6.0 72.1 5.9 6.9 8.0 7.2 218.0 123.3 26.8 6.5 2.6 1.5

SE + 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 4.4 38.6 3.2 0.4 0.1 0.1

C.D. @5% 0.4 7.1 0.3 0.6 1.5 NS 13.2 12.9 9.6 NS 0.3 0.3
Mango Cultivar for Pickle

J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 153-156

 Gaikwad et al

Table 2. Pooled quality parameters and organoleptic evaluation of pickle mango selections (2011-
2013).
Selection Colour Firmness Flavour Texture Overall score
RHR-01 Pure white 7.7 6.3 7.3 7.1
RHR-20 Pure white 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.8
RHR-45 Creamy white, slight yellowish 6.8 7.2 7.0 7.0
RHR-32 White, slight yellow 7.2 7.3 6.7 7.0
GK-PM-1 Pure white 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.1
GK-PM-2 Pure white 7.3 7.2 7.7 7.3
GK-PM-3 Creamy white 7.7 7.3 8.7 7.8
GK-PM-4 Pure white 7.3 6.7 7.3 7.1
Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) Pure white 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Peshwa Yellowish white 7.3 6.3 7.2 6.9
among various accessions. The osmotic effect of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
salt on mango results in shriveling and moisture The authors are thankful to the Dr. S B
loss. The softening phenomenon during this process Gurav, Associate Director of Research, NARP,
makes the variety unsuitable for pickle making Ganeshkhind, Pune for providing facilities. The
(Vasugi et al, 2008). help rendered by Dr. A B Kamble, Dr. S G Bhalekar
and Dr. V A Salve are gratefully acknowledged.
Salient features of Pickle Mango Phule
Abhiruchi Selection GK-PM-5
REFERENCES
• Growth habit of tree is spreading. Anonymous (2014). Indian Horticulture Database, National
Horticulture Board, Govt. of India publication, pp 91-99.
• Late flowering with fruit harvest in rainy
Jha K K , Dwivedi A K and jain B P (2003). Association study
season.
for pickle purpose manogoes ( Mangifera indica L.) J Res
• Fruit colour light green with thicker pulp. 15: 135-136.
• Fruit with more and whitish flesh. Ravani A and Joshi D C (2013). Mango and it’s by product
utilization–a review, Trends in Post Harvest Technology
• Stone size is small. 1(1): 55-67.
• Fruit acidity 3.0 - 3.3 %. Singh N, Jerath N, Singh G and Gil P (2012). Physico-
chemical Characterization of Unexploited Mango
• Fruits per tree 135 - 280. Diversity in Sub-mountane Zone of Northern India ;
• Fruit weight 240 -250 g. Indian J Plant Genet Resour 25(3): 261–269
Vasugi C, Sekar K, Dinesh M R and Suresh E R (2008).
CONCLUSION Evaluation of unique mango accessions for whole-fruit
From present investigations it can be concluded pickle, J Hortl Sci 3 (2): 156-160 .
that, cv Phule Abhiruchi (GK-PM-5) not only Received on 04/10/17 Accepted on 10/12/17
recorded maximum fruit yield but also fulfill the
requirements of all sensory qualities essential for
pickle preparation .

156 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 153-156

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00017.X

Marketing Behaviour of Vegetable Growers

in East Sikkim
Pallabi Phukan1, Ravikant Avasthe2, Boniface Lepcha3, Raghavendra Singh4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ranipool, East Sikkim-737 135 (Sikkim)

ABSTRACT
The diverse agro-ecological situations ranging from sub-tropical in the lower valleys to alpine at very
high elevations present an extremely congenial environment for horticulture diversification. The marketing
behavior of a farmer is influenced by numerous factors. The study was conducted purposively during 2016-
2017 in Gangtok and Pakyong blocks of East district of Sikkim comprising of 10 vegetable growing villages to
assess the marketing behaviour of vegetable growers. The data were collected with the help of pre-tested semi-
structured interview schedule, prepared on the basis of objectives of investigation and variables personally.
The statistical tools of mean and percentage were used for analyzing the data. It was found that about 18 per cent
respondents acquired market information from neighbours/ relatives and 43 per cent respondents had medium
level of marketing knowledge about vegetables. The lack of proper local market yard facilities was the major
problem (95%) while 100 percent respondent suggested the establishment of wholesale market within the state.
Key Words: Growers, Marketing behaviour, Problems, Organic market, Vegetable.

INTRODUCTION also demonstrated 26 different types of constrinats

The Sikkim is largely an agrarian state, based on faced by the horticultural growers of East Sikkim
the terraced farming and agriculture is vital to the for successful adoption of organic farming which
progress as more than 80 per cent of the population resulted non-profitable enterprise.
depends on it for their livelihood and contributes Sikkim possesses a strong production base but
around 9.86 per cent to GSDP in 2014-15. Sikkim the absence of right market channel for organic
attained organic certification for 74,313ha of produce, absence of value addition by post harvest
agricultural land and was formally declared as management and high transport cost has made
India’s first fully organic farming state in the organic produce to be sold with limited choice of
country (Anon, 2016a, 2017c). The state has turned market (Anon, 2017a). Hence, the present study was
self-sufficient in vegetable production. The policies undertaken keeping in view the importance given
and programmes on organic farming, in tune with to vegetable production and marketing in the area
the natural endowment envisage making Sikkim a with the objectives to know the source of marketing
Model Organic State. The marketing of agricultural information, understand the marketing behavior of
produce is a challenge for the state because the vegetable growers and ascertain the constraints and
organic produce is sold at the regulated market suggestions perceived by farmers with respect to
at Siliguri, West Bengal which is not designed to marketing.
handle organic produce. Therefore, it is necessary
to bring reforms in the agri-marketing system METERIALS AND METHODS
in the state both operational and infrastructure The study was carried out during 2016-17
support to facilitate and enabling atmosphere in Gangtok and Pakyong blocks of East district
for state producers to take benefit of marketing of Sikkim comprising of 10 vegetable growing
of organic produce (Anon, 2017d). Phukan et al
Corresponding Author’s Email: pallabi.phukan83@gmail.com

157 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162

 Phukan et al

villages namely Siyari, Martam, Nandok, Rey 9. Marketing agency 9 7

Mindu, Timpyem, Amba, Bengthang, Dikling, 10. Exporters 2 1
Namcheybong and East Pandam. The village
selection was made through purposive random The market information is an important
sampling method. Twelve vegetable growers facilitating function in a marketing system
from each village having preference for vegetable which can manage timely delivery of product,
cultivation were selected through purposive reduce marketing costs, increase production and
random sampling technique to constitute a total productivity and make the market healthy. Table 1
sample size of the study comprised of 120. The data revealed that most of the farmers acquired market
were collected by contacting vegetable growers information from local market (23%) followed by
personally with the help of pretested semi-structuredneighbours/ relatives progressive farmers (18%) and
interview schedule. newspaper (13%). However, farmer also collected
market related information from other sources like
The marketing behaviour dimensions to be input dealers (10%), marketing agency (7%) while
studied were inspired by Maratha and Badodiya very few got information from internet (2.5%) as
(2017) and finalized in consultation with the social well as exporters (1%).
scientists. The statements used to analyze marketing
behaviour of farmers were as follows: when do you Marketing behaviour of vegetable growers
sell the produce, which mode is used for transport, It is considered as quality which can be acquired
reasons for selling at a particular period/ time, by an individual and the behaviour of the farmers
whom do you sell the produce, where do you sell with respect to marketing aspects of vegetables
the produce, reasons for selling at a particular include time of sale, place of sale, marketing
place and so on. On behalf of the above, statement channels used and market prices. The data (Table
responses were recorded from the respondents. The 2) revealed that majority of the vegetable growers
information collected was processed and analyzed (48%) expressed sale of their produce immediately
by using frequency and percentage. after the harvest for whatever the prices may be,
followed by immediately after the harvest if prices
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION are favourable (35%) and if the prices are less
Source of marketing information then they will be stored one or two months (16%).
Table 1. Source of marketing information. This finding was in agreement with the findings of
(n=120). Kumar (2015).
The majority of the respondents believe
Sr. Information Frequency Percentage
No. source that the transportation system plays a vital role in
the marketing of agricultural products. Therefore,
1. Neighbours/ 22 18
relatives distribution of agriculture produce, road transport
has vital role because it is the major means of
2. Progressive 20 16
farmer transporting agricultural produce from the farms.
In this regard, it was found that 59 per cent of the
3. Input dealers 12 10
respondents used regular service vehicle to transport
4. News paper 16 13
their products to the market whereas 27 and 13 per
5. TV 8 6
cent respondents distributed their products through
6. Internet 3 2.5 Farmers’ Producer Organisation (FPO) vehicle and
7. Local market 28 23 hired taxi. The majority of the vegetable growers
8. Radio 0 0 (40%) expressed that high perishability was the

158 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162

 Marketing Behaviour of Vegetable Growers

Table 2. Distribution of respondents according to the marketing behaviour. (n=120)

Sr. No. Statement Frequency Percentage
1 When do you sell the produce
a Immediately after the harvest if prices are favourable 42 35
b Immediately after the harvest whatever the prices may be 58 48
c If the prices are less than non perishable vegetables will be stored for one 20 16
or two months
2 Which mode is used for transport
a Hired taxi 16 13
b Farmers’ Producer Organization vehicle 33 27
c Regular service vehicle 71 59
3 Reasons for selling at a particular period/ time
a Highly perishable 48 40
b Quality was not good 21 17
c No cold storage facilities available 30 25
d Financial urgency 13 10
e Indebtedness to trader 8 6
4 Whom do you sale the produce
a Directly to the consumer 40 33
b To village level middleman 53 44
c To the wholesaler through commission agents 0 0
d To the Govt. agencies 17 14
e To private agencies 10 8
5 Where do you sell the produce
a In the village 28 23
b In the nearby weekly market 44 36
c In the nearby market 36 30
d In the distant market 12 10
6 Reasons for selling at a particular place
a Market is very near to place 38 31
b The better transport facilities available for that place 20 16
c The better market facilities available in that market 11 9
d The better prices are available in that market 51 42
major reason for selling vegetables at a particular middleman and the consumer; and 33 per cent sold
period followed by financial urgency (25%), non- their produce to consumer directly. Further, 14 per
availability of cold storage facilities (17%), quality
cent sold to the Govt. agencies followed by private
was not good (10%) and indebtedness to traders agencies 13.88 percent, respectively. Around
(6%), respectively. 36 per cent sold their produce in nearby weekly
Likewise, majority of the farmers (44%) market, whereas 30, 23 and 10 per cent of them
expressed that the produce was sold to village level sold vegetables in the nearby markets, in their own
villages and distant markets, respectively. Forty two

159 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162

 Phukan et al

Table 3. Problems faced by the vegetable growers during marketing. (n=120)

Sr. No. Problem Identified Frequency Percentage Rank

1 Lack of proper local market yard facilities 115 95 I

2 Lack of wholesale market 102 85 II
3 Lack of regulated market 98 81 III
4 Low production due to lack of proper marketing facility 85 70 IV

5 Interference of middlemen 82 68 V
6 Delay in cash payment by the middlemen 76 63 VI
7 High transportation costs 70 58 VII
8 Price fixation by middlemen 64 53 VIII
9 Delay in cash payment by the marketing agencies 60 50 IX

10 Lack of storage facilities in growing area 54 45 X

11 Lack of awareness about market news and intelligence
creates distress sale
12 Non availability of information from distributors/retailers/
suppliers/input dealers
13 Cost of cultivation is more than profit
14 Frequent price fluctuation
15 Lack of information about foreign markets
per cent of farmers sold their produce at particular
markets because of better price and 31 per cent
expressed that the markets were very near to them,
16 per cent revealed that it was because of better
transport facility, while 9 per cent opined that it was
because of better market facility, respectively.
Problems faced by vegetable growers during
marketing
The data (Table 3) showed that 95 per cent of
the respondents rated first order problem of absence
of proper local market yard facilities. Wholesale
markets improve efficiency in food distribution
by encouraging competition through creation
of conditions for transparent price discovery at
relatively low costs and by enhancing access to
market information for various actors. Therefore,
lack of wholesale market was ranked second
(85%) because it reduces the efficiency of food
distribution. Regulated market is a market which
41 34 XI
33 27 XII
26 21 XIII
19 15 XIV
10 8 XV
provides a unique system of marketing where the
trade activities takes place under set of rules and
regulations, so lack of regulated market became
the third important problem for farmers. The result
also focused that the fourth, fifth, sixth ranks were
assigned to the constraints like low production
due to lack of proper marketing facility (70%),
interference of middlemen (68%), delayed cash
payment by the middleman (63%). It was also
found that higher transportation cost was one of
the problems faced by the farmers. These results
were in line with Kumar (2015). It was observed
that, price fixation by middlemen (53%) was one
of the important problem which was ranked eighth
whereas, the issues like delay in cash payment by
the marketing agencies lack of storage facilities
in growing area, lack of awareness about market
news and intelligence creates distress sale, non-
availability of information from distributors/

160 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162

 Marketing Behaviour of Vegetable Growers

Table 4. Suggestions offered by vegetable growers. (N=120)

Sr. No. Suggestion Frequency Percentage Rank

1 Establishment of new wholesale market in Sikkim. 120 100 I

2 Sale of inorganic agricultural produce in the state from 103 83.3 II
outside should be restricted for certain period to fullfil the
local demand.
3 Setting up market information systems. 94 78.3 III
4 Proper price discovery mechanism through regulated 88 73.3 IV
market system.
5 Marketing should be based on certain values, principles 79 65.8 V
and philosophies.
6 Improvement of organic agriculture market glut. 71 59.2 VI
7 Farmers should have adequate and cheap transport facilities 63 52.5 VII
which could enable him to take their surplus produce to the
market.
8 Policy measures to reduce the middleman intervention in 57 47.5 VIII
the market.
9 Initiatives to upgrade the infrastructure of the market. 49 40.8 IX

retailers/suppliers/input dealers, cost of cultivation
is more than profit and frequent price fluctuation
were ranked as ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth
thirteenth and fourteenth with 50, 45, 34, 27, 21
and 15 per cent farmers, respectively. The lack of
information about foreign markets with 8 per cent
was the least important problem.
Suggestions offered by vegetable growers for
better marketing of their vegetables
The rank order of market-related suggestive
measures as perceived by vegetable growers
have been given in table 4. The suggestions viz.,
establishment of new wholesale market in Sikkim
was ranked first (100%) followed by sale of
inorganic agricultural produce in the state from
outside should be restricted for certain period to fulfil
the local demand ranked second (83.3%). Further,
78.3 cent and 73.3 per cent respondents suggested
the establishment of market information systems
(third rank) and proper price discovery mechanism
through regulated market system to streamline and
strengthen the agricultural marketing (fourth rank).
The marketing should be based on certain values,
principles and philosophies to offer fair prices to the
farmers. This was recommended by 65.8 per cent
respondents for better vegetable marketing which
to be ranked fifth. It was also revealed that 59.2 per
cent of the respondents suggested the improvement
of organic agriculture market glut can be improved
through contract farming and ultimately increase
the income of the farmers was ranked sixth.
Seventh, eighth and ninth ranked were given to the
suggestions like farmers should have adequate and
cheap transport facilities which could enable taking
their surplus produce to the market, policy measures
to reduce the middlemen intervention in the market
and initiatives to upgrade the infrastructure of the
market.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that majority (18%) of the
respondents acquired market information from
neighbours/ relatives and 43 per cent respondents
had medium level of marketing knowledge about
vegetables. The major constraints expressed by
vegetable growers were lack of proper local market
yard facilities as the major problem (95%) followed

161 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162

 Phukan et al

by lack of wholesale market (85%) and lack of pdfs/Sikkim_Final_Report_Book.pdf. Retrieved on

regulated market (81%). Establishment of new 09/01/18.
wholesale market in Sikkim can improve market Anonymous (2017c). The Indian express. Retrieved from
information as well as enhance competition leading http://indian express .com /article /ind ia /for-sikkim-
farmers-organic-farming-is-gradually-becoming-a-bitt
to improved efficiency in the exchange process. The er-fruit-4880476/. Retrieved on 21/11/17.
sale of inorganic agricultural produce in the state
Anonymous (2017d). Sikkim Express. Retrieved from http://
from outside should be restricted for certain period www.sikkimexpress .com/ NewsDetails?ContentID=7434
to fulfil the local demand which will help the . Retrieved on 13/12/17.
farmers to get actual price of their organic products. Maratha P and Badodiya S K (2017). Study on Marketing
As Sikkim organic market is at nascent stage a Behaviour and Other Attributes of Vegetable Growers at
good market mix and strategy to reach the premium Kota Block of Kota District in Rajasthan. Int Pure and
market needs to be developed.  Applied Bio Sci 5 (1): 329-337.
Kumar P (2015). Communication and Marketing Behaviour of
REFERENCES Tribal Vegetable Growers: A Study in Ranchi District of
Anonymous (2016a). Live Mint. Retrieved from http://www. Jharkhand State. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Extension
livemint.com /Politics /Dit DLJSF3ilmXNZgSW8bcM/ Education Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras
Sikkim-becomes-Indias-first-organic-state.html. Hindu University Varanasi.
Retrieved on 05/01/18. Maratha P (2015). A study on Marketing Behaviour of
Anonymous (2016b). ENVIS Centre: Sikkim express. Vegetable Growers in Morar Block of Gwalior district
Retrieved from http://sikenvis.nic. In / Database/ (M.P). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia
Agriculture_777.aspx. Retrieved on 07/01/18. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior.
Anonymous (2017a). Food Marketing and Technology. Phukan Pallabi, Lepcha Boniface, Avasthe Ravikant and
Retrieved from http://fmtmagazine .in/ news/sikkim-ban- Singh N J (2017) Socio-economic characteristics and
non-organic-produce-go-fully-organic/. Retrieved on constraints faced by Horticultural growers of East
24/12/17. Sikkim. J. Krishi Vigyan. 6(1) : 175-179.
Anonymous (2017b). Marketing strategies for organic produce Received on 01/02/18 Accepted on 10/02/18
of Sikkim. Retrieved from https://ccsniam.gov.in/images/

162 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 157-162

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 163-167 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00018.1

Monsoon and Farm Income: Different

Aspects and Their Impacts
Anannya Chakraborty1 and SK Acharya2
Department of Agricultural Extension
Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya - [BCKV], Mohanpur (West Bengal)

ABSTRACT
India’s growth and development is largely dependent on its farm income being a farm based economy.
The change in climate specifically deviation in temperature, rainfall pattern (change in number of rainy
days, change in on set of monsoon, deviation in amount of rainfall, erratic raining etc.) have a significant
impact on the farm production and farm economy. The present study was conducted in Ghoragachha
village under Saguna gram panchayet, Nadia, West Bengal. The number of respondents were 60 and were
selected randomly.The data were collected trough pilot survey, structured interview and focused group
interview.The statistical tools used for data analysis were correlation coefficient, step down regression,
path analysis and factor analysis. It has been observed that the variables like size of holding(X4),
homestead land(X5), livestock(X10), farm family income(X6)werethe most significant variables.
The impact of monsoon on farmers’ income and farm economy are mostly dependent on these aspects.
Key Words: Economy,Farm,Income, Monsoon.

INTRODUCTION Despite the strong link between climate and

India is a country of both rivers and monsoon.
The rivers are the life blood of the people beside
the banks; it affects their agriculture and economy,
culture and rituals, livelihood and sustenance.
These rivers and canals are mainly fed with sweet
water by monsoon rain. The year in which the rain
is adequate and usual, rivers and canals are full of
water for irrigating the agricultural fields, producing
hydrological power, carrying out industrial and
household works but when the rainfall is scanty,
over, untimely or scattered, there is a devastating
impact on all aspects of modern civilized life.
Todkari (2012) said that irrigation is identified as
a decisive factor in Indian agriculture due to high
variability and inadequacy of rainfall. Irrigation
is essential for successful agriculture particularly
in the area, where rainfall is inadequate uncertain,
and unpredictable. The monsoon rain deviation in
several parts in India is a reason for differences in
lifestyle, rituals, income and agriculture.
society, our knowledge of the long-term monsoon
variability is incomplete over the Indian sub
continent having 600 m of farmers(50% of the
total population) and being an agriculture based
economy, the income of farmers if hampers,
would create a devastating impact on the overall
GDP(gross domestic product) of the country. T h e
objectives of the present study were to identify
various factors and their interaction with monsoon
rainfall in terms of socio-economic components and
functions, estimate the impact of monsoon rainfall
on farm income from the socio-cultural, agro-
economic and techno managerial variables and to
generate micro level policies based on the empirical
data in order to delineate the possible interventions
to deal with the sociology of monsoon.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The state of West Bengal in eastern India has
a unique social and ecological background which

Corresponding Author’s Email: chakraborty.ext@gmail.com

1
PhD Scholar (UGC fellow), 2Professor.

163 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 163-167

 Chakraborty and Acharya

Table 1. Coefficient of Correlation (r): Income and monsoon(Y) vs. 15 independent variables(x1-x15).
Sr. No. Variable Coefficient of correlation (r)
1 Age 0.001
2 Education 0.127
3 Family size 0.083
4 Size of holding -0.419**
5 Homestead land -0.289*
6 Family income(farm) -0.976**
7 Family income( off farm) -0.144
8 Cropping Intensity -0.225
9 Crop mix -0.112
10 Livestock -0.361**
11 Yield of Rice -0.068
12 Yield of Pulses -0.036
13 Yield of vegetables 0.220
14 Exposure to media 0.144
15 Disease pest incidence 0.143
P<0.05 and ** P< 0.01 level of significance.
influence the living standard and behavioural The data (Table 1) revealed that the size of
patterns of the people in many ways. The area of holding homestead land, farm family income
investigation was Haringhata block and village and livestock had a significant correlation with
Ghoragachha under Rautari gram panchayat. the dependent variable. The results indicated that
Sixty respondents were selected through random income has been affected due to delayed monsoon
sampling technique. Fifteen independent variables and it has got proportionate impact on farm family
against one dependent variable that is monsoon and income as well as livestock enterprises and worst
income(Y) were considered for the study. sufferers were those having small size of holding
First of all 5 per cent of the total sample and homestead land.
population was selected randomly for pilot study. The data (Table 2) showed that variable farm
These respondents were eventually discarded from family income has contributed to the substantive
main sample to reduce the sampling error. All other variance embedded with the consequent variable
respondents were interviewed with the help of an y2. The R2 value being 0.9601, it is to infer that
interview schedule with some specific and relevant 96.01 per cent of variants in the consequent variable
questions. The qualitative data was quantified using has been explained by the combination of these 15
specific numerical procedure and put under five causal variables. The data (Table 3) present the
statistical analysis i.e., co-efficient of co-variance, step wise regression and it has been depicted that
step down regression, path analysis and factor one causal variable that is farm family income has
analysis. been retained at the last step. The R2 value being
0.9572, it is to infer that 95.72 per cent of variants
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in the consequent variable has been explained by
Correlation between independent variable and the combination of this one causal variable. The
family income perceived loss of income due to delayed monsoon

164 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 163-167

 Monsoon and Farm Income

Table 2. Step down Regression Analysis, Income and monsoon(Y) vs15 causal variable(x1-x15):
Sr. No. Variable Beta Beta x Regression S.E. of B t value
R coefficient B
1 Age 0.009 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.228
2 Education -0.071 -0.942 -0.008 0.023 0.357
3 Family size -0.019 -1.162 -0.005 0.024 0.203
4 Size of holding -0.070 3.048 -0.095 0.168 0.565
5 Homestead land 0.082 -2.454 0.318 0.618 0.514
6 Family income(farm) -0.964 98.251 -0.002 0.000 24.572
7 Family income (off 0.033 -0.496 0.000 0.000 0.947
farm)
8 Cropping intensity -0.014 0.324 0.000 0.000 0.348
9 Crop mix -0.008 0.099 0.000 0.002 0.251
10 Livestock 0.012 -0.457 0.007 0.029 0.247
11 Yield of rice 0.068 0.487 -0.049 0.161 0.302
12 Yield of pulses 0.000 -0.002 0.014 5.334 0.003
13 Yield of vegetables 0.018 0.413 0.011 0.003 0.463
14 Exposure to media 2.660 39.934 0.733 1.042 0.704
15 Disease pest -2.553 -38.044 -4.928 7.187 0.686
incidence
R-SQ=96.01% and S.E=0.27
Table 3. Regression Analysis, Income and monsoon(Y) vs causal variable(x6):
Sr. Variable Beta Beta x Regression S.E. of B t value VIF
No. R coefficient
B
1. Family -0.978 100.00 -0.002 0.00 36.02 1.00
income(farm)
R2 value-95.72% S.E-.41
has well been affected by the one functional generation. For example, only higher farm size
variable, farm family income which implied that can harvest the benefit of good rainfall and can
if delayed monsoon or over monsoon is there, the be elucidated through better yield in field crops or
crop loss would occur and substantial farm income livestock produces as well.
of the family would have hampered.
Factor 2
Factor Analysis Perception proficiency means that older the
Factor 1 person, higher would be the experience which helps
The family resource has accommodated five him in developing his overall perception about
variables and has rightly been associated with monsoon. As far as the education is concerned, it is
the income impacted by the monsoon. Resource not only refers to formal or institutional education
endowment helps and supports transformation but is basically a progressive learning process.
of monsoon behaviour into a tangible resource Hence, more the learning more would be the

165 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 163-167

 Chakraborty and Acharya

Table 4. Factor Analysis: Conglomeration of 15 explanatory variables into 5 factors.

Factor Variable Factor % of variance Cumulative % Factor
loading renamed
Factor 1 Family size -.899 29.495 29.495 Family resource
Homestead land .844
Livestock .552
Yield of Rice .924
Yield of Pulses .900
Factor 2 Age -.620 23.918 53.413 Perception
Education .927 proficiency

Exposure to media .927

Perception on Disease pest
incidence .927
Factor 3 Size of holding .639 12.301 65.714 Farm resource
Cropping Intensity .752
Factor 4 Family income(farm) .580 9.157 74.871 Family
Yield of vegetables enterprise

-.670
Factor 5 Family income( off farm) .584 7.164 82.035 Agro ecological
Crop mix .734 proficiency

understanding about the monsoon behaviour and Factor 5

its impact on farm yield. Exposure to media added More the diversity of crops in a certain field,
on extra benefits in the perception about monsoon, less would be the chances of drastic crop loss. For
for example the farmers having higher exposure to example, if a field comprises of cash crops like
hot, cold or both the media can forecast the weather coriander, it could then easily compensate the main
more accurately or can be more aware of the crop loss due to heavy rain. As far as the income
dreadful diseases and pests and can act accordingly. sources other than farming can add more to this risk
lowering process. Thus agro ecological proficiency
Factor 3 for a certain zone can be configured.
Higher is the size of land, the more benefit is
reaped from monsoon. Also, the higher cropping The variable exposure to media has enrooted
intensity can act as a safe gourd from the fatal the highest indirect effect (for 11 times) on the
impact of monsoon in one side and can increase the consequent variable. Table 5 present the path
income on other. analysis to decompose the total effect (TE) into
direct, indirect and residual effect. It has been found
Factor 4 that the variable exposure to media (2.659) has
Higher vegetable yield means higher income highest direct effect , while the variable perception
from farm, which can be the ensuing investment for on disease pest incidence(2.659) has exerted the
opening a farm based enterprise. highest indirect effect on the perception of income

166 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 163-167

 Monsoon and Farm Income

Table 5. Path analysis: Decomposition of total effect (r) into direct, indirect and residual effect.
Sr. No. Variable Total Direct Indirect Highest indirect
effect Effect Effect Effect
1 Age (X1) 0.001 0.008 -0.007 X15(1.512)
2 Education (X2I) 0.127 -0.070 0.197 X14(2.619)
3 Family size (X3) 0.083 -0.018 0.101 X14(-0.455)
4 Size of holding (X4) -0.419 -0.0698 -0.349 X6(-0.400)
5 Homestead land(X5) -0.289 0.0820 -0.371 X6(-0.283)
6 Family income(farm) (X6) -0.976 -0.9642 -0.011 X14(-0.326)
7 Family income( off farm) (X7) -0.144 0.033 -0.177 X14(-0.270)
8 Cropping Intensity (X8) -0.225 -0.018 -0.207 X14(-0.272)
9 Crop mix (9) -0.112 -0.008 -0.104 X14(0.272)
10 Livestock (X10 -0.361 0.012 -0.373 X14(-0.513)
11 Yield of Rice (X11) -0.068 -0.068 0 X14(0.288)
12 Yield of Pulses(X12) -0.036 0.0005 -0.036 X14(0.398)
13 Yield of vegetables (X13) 0.220 0.018 0.202 X14(0.398)
14 Exposure to media (X14) 0.144 2.659 -2.515 X15(-2,552)
15 Disease pest incidence (X15) 0.143 -2.552 2.695 X14(2.659)
Residual-3.99%
and monsoon. The exposure to media has highest Indian economy largely depends on agriculture which
direct effect on the dependent variable income is highly influenced by the spatio-temporal variability
and monsoon rightly suggests that, the more of of precipitation. The kharif and rabi are the two main
the exposure to media, the more relevant market crop growing seasons which require major proportion
information would be received. which creates a of rainfall. It can be concluded that the income of
positive impact on income. Similarly perception farming community was largely dependent on the
on disease pest incidence has contributed highest monsoon rainfall. The farmers with higher landholding,
associative impact on this consequent variable higher exposure to media, higher resources (like
as, if the respondents can predict the disease livestock) were affected less by the deviated monsoon.
pest incidence or are well aware of the control As the Indian economy is very much dependent on
techniques, then crop loss would be minimized and farming, the reduction in farmers’ income can create
subsequently income would be more. The residual a swashbuckling impact on overall GDP and this
effect being 3.99 per cent denote that even with can down strain the growth of the country. So, to
the combination of these 15 exogenous variables, minimize this loss we have to go for policy regulation,
3.99 per cent of variance cannot be explained. This information dissemination, adaption and mitigation
suggests the inclusion of more numbers of relevant and of course reduction in fragmented holding.
and consistent variables for this framework of study.
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION Todkari GU(2012). Impact of irrigation on agriculture
The climate change and income of the people of productivity in Solapur district of Maharashtra state. Int J
Agri Sci 4(1): 165-167.
affected regions are more or less interrelated. The
Received on 22/09/17 Accepted on 15/12/17

167 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 163-167

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 168-171 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00019.3

Participatory Knowledge Sharing among Agricultural Extension

Professional on Organic Farming Practices
C Vara Prasad1*and K Pradhan2
DDS KVK,Sangareddy, Telangana

ABSTRACT
The present study evaluates the participatory training programmes conducted on organic farming methods
for the agricultural extension professional of Medak district, Telangana. The extension workers cutting across
46 mandals of the district covering State Agricultural Department and voluntary organisations working at
the grassroot level were purposively sampled and the knowledge levels were studied before and after these
participatory trainings by a structured questionnaire. Based on the findings, the middle aged extension
professional i.e age group of 31-45 yrwere mostly playing a key role in disseminating the agricultural information
at the grassroot level of the district and still there is a need of frequent up gradation of their knowledge. This
study had shown that extension professionals with hierarchically superior designation found to be dealing
extension matters in a better way and were promoting extension methods better, than any other professional.
Key Words: Extension, Organic farming, Participatory training,Extension workers.

INTRODUCTION development through participatory knowledge

The grassroot level extension personnel play a
key role in transfer of agricultural technologies and
knowledge in farming community in our country.
Radhakrishna and Thomson (1996) further stated
that extension agents particularly require experiential
learning that provides them with opportunities to
relate to rural people in an interactive process that
combines scientific technical knowledge with local
indigenous knowledge in client-oriented problem
solving activities whereas Ferroni and Zhou (2011)
reported that the intervention of technically sound,
well trained and equipped extension personnel at the
grass root level was lacking.There is a critical need
for a large number of well-trained extension workers
in many developing countries (Crowder, 1996). The
knowledge intensive agriculture plays a pivotal role
in case of agricultural development in countries like
India. The primary need to enhance the knowledge
requires a critical appraisal of knowledge sharing
process, where in ultimate stakeholders keep
them abreast with the latest technical knowhow.
In this perspective, the participatory technology
Corresponding Author’s Email: agriextension@varaprasadonline.com
1
Former SMS, DDS KVK, Medak, presently Ph.D. Scholar at UBKV, Cooch Behar, West Bengal.
2
Associate Professor & Head, Department of Agril. Extension, UBKV, Cooch Behar, West Bengal.
sharing enhance the efficiency of stakeholders to
apply the knowledge and to get optimum benefit
from the applied knowledge. In such a resilient
research niche, the present paper has envisaged to
explore the areas of participatory knowledge sharing
among the agricultural extension professional in the
lime lighted issue like organic farming.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted at Deccan
Development Society-KrishiVigyan Kendra,
Medak, Sangareddy, Telangana where participatory
training programmes on bio-diversity based
organic farming methods were conceptualized
and organised for district agricultural extension
officials, ATMA staff and Indira KrantiPatham
(IKP) extension staff of DRDA who were directly
working with the farmers at the grassroot level
in the district. Through a participatory extension
methods, three days training were conducted for
205 extension workers cutting across 46 mandals
of the district and various persons from different

168 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 168-171

 Prasad and Pradhan

Table 1. Distribution of extension professional as per department & designation.

Sr. No. Designation Departments No. of Officials (JDA: Joint Director Agri-
1 JDA State Dept. of Agriculture 1 culture, ADA: Asst. Director
2 ADA 11 Agriculture, MAO: Mandal
Agriculture Officer, MAEO:
3 MAO 30
Mandal Agriculture Exten-
4 MAEO 40 sion Officer of State Agri-
Total 82 cultural Department, BTM:
5 BTM ATMA 22 Block Technology Manager &
6 ATM 25 ATM: Asst. Technology Man-
Total 47 ager of ATMA, APM: Asst.
Project Manager, CC: Cluster
7 APM (IKP) DRDA 50
Coordinators of IKP, DRDA)
8 CC (IKP) 26
  Total 76
Grand total 205
designations of State Agricultural Department fact that the young extension professionals were
and voluntary organisations were purposively also taking more initiative in case of state extension
sampled and knowledge levels were studied before activities. According to the gender, the extension
and after these participatory trainings through a professional in the operational district were mostly
pre and post evaluation questionnaire on organic belonging to the male gender (81.46%), still there
farming practices. Based on the difference in the is a need of incorporating women in the human
score obtained by the respondents in the pre and resource pool of state extension system.Regarding
post evaluation the knowledge gained score was education, about 46.34 percent of them were
calculated. The data were processed using statistical graduate and 37.56 percent of them have done
tools like frequency, percentage, correlation and diploma in agriculture. In work experience, 50.24
regression was used to draw a conclusion. percent of the extension personal in the district
were having upto 5 yr of expericence, 22.93 percent
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of them were holding upto 10 yr and 3 percent were
The distribution of grassroot level extension having more than 20 yr of expericence, while,
professional working in the district is presented in more than 50 percent of the agriculture extension
the Table 1. There were 82 extension professionals professional had very little experience (1-5 yr) to
in district agriculture department, 47 extension deal with extension methods in the grassroot level.
professionals in ATMA and 76 extension workers The highly designated extension professional
in Indira KrantiPatham (IKP) staff of DRDA who had the experience in case of dealing extension
were closely working in the villages. matters in a better way and the development of
Nearly 90 percent (89.27%) of the respondents interest in case of promoting extension methods
were in the age group between 20 and 45 yr. The data at the grass root level was more prominent than
(Table 2) indicated that the middle aged extension any other professional.They were innovative,
professional were playing a key role to disseminate experienced, endeavoured and in search of
the agricultural information in the grassroot level agriculture knowledge, and utilizing them in
of the district. The respondents under the age group grassroot level extension through appropriate
20-30 yr were 43.41 percent that reveals a crucial extension methodology and this may be the possible

169 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 168-171

 Knowledge Sharing among Agricultural Extension

Table 2. Distribution of extension professionals as per personal and professional profile.

Sr. No. Variable Categories Frequency Percentage
1. Age 20-30 Yr 89 43.41
31-45 Yr 94 45.85
46 Yrs and above 22 10.73
2. Gender Male 167 81.46
Female 38 18.54
3. Marital Status Single 169 82.44
Married 36 17.56
4. Education 10th Standard 29 14.15
12th Standard/ Diploma 77 37.56
Graduation 95 46.34
Post-Graduation (Ag) 4 1.95
5. Experience 1-5 Yr 103 50.24
6-10 Yr 47 22.93
11-15 Yr 32 15.61
16-20 Yr 17 8.29
More than 20Yr 6 2.93
reason for the significant and positive relationships Table 3.Correlation Coefficient of Knowledge
between designation and knowledge gained in with attributes of Extension Professional.
the of participatory training on organic farming
Sr. No. Variable Coefficient of
(Table 3).On the other hand, variable gender was
correlation (r)
negatively and significantly associated with the
dependent variable knowledge gained by the extension 1. Designation 0.165
professional in participatory training. Women have 2. Age 0.030
shown negatively significant association with the 3. Gender -0.267*
knowledge gained. Based on the interest, motherly 4. Marital Status 0.073
attitude in working with the people, higher degree 5. Education 0.133
of participation and mobilization in the trainings,
6. Experience -0.064
women extension professional at the grass root level
were gaining much more knowledge through these * 1% level of significance.
participatory methods and they have the capacity to This depicted that women play important role in
retain this knowledge and utilize it in disseminating case of mobilizing the agricultural technologies in
the agricultural information to the farmers within a better way within themselves. In addition to that
the district. the women extension professional were much more
The variable gender was significantly and attentive to take the knowledge from the training
negatively contributing in characterizing the programme and they were attributed to work with
dependent variable knowledge gained by the the local people in an emphatic way. On the other
extension professional in participatory training hand, the variable education was positively and
programme on organic farming (Table 4). significantly contributing the dependent variable
knowledge gained in participatory training
170 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 168-171
 Prasad and Pradhan

Table 4. Regression analysis of Knowledge gained with attributes of Extension Professional.

Sr. No. Variable Standardized Unstandardized S.E of ‘B’ t-value
regression coeffi- regression coeffi-
cient (β) cient (B)
1. Designation 0.143 0.189 0.115 1.639
2. Age 0.061 0.016 0.028 0.564
3. Gender -0.227 -1.337 0.447 -2.992**
4. Marital Status 0.035 0.210 0.493 0.426
5. Education 0.154 0.421 0.203 2.077*
6. Experience -0.062 -0.023 0.041 -0.574
R2= 0.113, * 5% level of significance, ** 1% level of significance.
programme on organic farming. It may be their level better than any other professional. Like wise,
higher educational exposure through which they where majority (66.18%) of the rural agriculture
have developed their favourable attitude towards extension officers were under middle age group
any new technology and improved their capacity with higher level of education upto graduation
to understand and retain the knowledge and skill and were more active with the job performance.
required for disseminating those technologies to Eventhough women extension professional were
the village level. less in number and have shown negative correlation
The R square value being 0.113 that meaning with the knowledge gained in the participatory
all the six variables put together has explained training programme based on the higher degree of
11.30 per cent variations embedded with the their interest and participation in the participatory
independent variable knowledge gained by the trainings programme on organic farming. It can be
extension professional form the participatory expressed that they were capable of gaining more
training programme on organic farming. The results knowledge and can retain knowledge and play key
indicated that there was a need of incorporating role in disseminating agricultural knowledge to the
more number of situations specific contextual and farmers.
impact enabled predicted variable in the student to
increase the explicability. REFERENCES
Crowder L V (1996). Assessment of pre-service and in-
service extension education. Agricultural extension and
CONCLUSION education service (SDRE). FAO Research, extension and
The middle aged extension professional i.e age training division. pp3.
group of 31 to 45 yr were mostly playing a key role Ferroni M and Zhou Y (2011). Review of Agricultural
in disseminating the agricultural information at the Extension in India, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
grassroot level and extension professional with Agriculture. pp3.
hierarchically superior designation have found to Radhakrishna R B and Thomson J S (1996).Extension agents
be dealing extension matters in a better way and use of information sources. J Ext 34(1):12-17.
were promoting extension methods at the grassroot Received on 23/08/17 Accepted on 20/12/17

171 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 168-171

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 172-175 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00008.9

Performance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Sown on different

Seed Bed Configurations in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh
K S Bhargav1, Nishith Gupta2, Neerja Patel3 and Ankita Pandey4
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dewas 455 001 (Madhya Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
The major concern of Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed System (FIRBS) is to enhance the productivity and
save the irrigation water. In this system of planting chickpea crop is sown in paired rows on ridges or
beds. The height of the beds is maintained at about 20 to 25 cm with a width of about 40 to 50 cm for the
chickpea sowing. The field experiments were conducted at different villages of Dewas district of Madhya
Pradesh viz. Narana, Nanadharakhedi and chidawad during the year 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 to
evaluate the performance of chickpea under different land configurations. The trials involved three seed bed
configurations i.e. flat sowing (T1), raised bed with pair row of crop at 20 cm spacing on one bed and 40
cm furrow width (T2) and raised bed with pair row of crop at 30 cm spacing on one bed with 50 cm furrow
width (T3) with 10 replications. It was found that treatment T3 recorded 25.5 and 8.89 per cent more
nodulation as compared to treatment T1 and T2, respectively. Number of pods/plant were also maximum
with raised bed planting of treatment T3 (106.5) which was significantly higher than flat bed T1 ( 23%) and
T2 (14%). Grain yield, straw yield and biological yield were also significantly influenced by the different
sowing methods and it were found maximum (19.35, 30.45 and 49.80 q/ha respectively) by sowing of
chick pea in raised bed with pair row of crop at 30 cm spacing on one bed with 50 cm furrow width (T3).
Hence, it was concluded that treatment T3 (raised bed with pair row of crop at 30 cm spacing on one bed
with 50 cm furrow width) was economically feasible as compared to other methods of sowing of chick pea.
Key Words:- Chick pea, Land configuration, Raised bed and FIRBS.

INTRODUCTION use efficiency (WUE), deep root system, higher

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the premier
pulse crop grown in 8.3 million ha with annual
production of 7.7 million tonnes with an average
productivity of 928 kg/ha (Annon, 2013). Chickpea
is mainly grown during Rabi season in India under
diverse production systems including both rain fed
and irrigated, but its maximum area and production
is mostly confined to Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh chickpea occupy
2.6M ha area which contribute 2.8 million tonnes
production, but average productivity is very low as
compared to potential yield. Moreover, potential
morpho-physiological traits in plants viz., water
Corresponding Author’s Email: ksbhargav@rediffmail.com
1
Scientist (Agril Engg), 2Scientist (Horticulture), 3Scientist (Extension) and 4Pogramme Assistant (Extension), KVK, RVSKVV, Dewas
(M.P.)-455001
relative biomass and harvest index, osmotic
adjustment of chickpea are advantageous under
water scarce situation (Chaudhury et al, 2005).
Despite all this, crop experiences terminal drought
during seed development stage as it is invariably
grown on residual soil moisture after a preceding
rainy crop, thereby making the terminal moisture
stress as the major constraint in achieving potential
productivity of chickpea (Singh et al, 2010).
Under such situations, photosynthetic activity of
leaves is hampered for the want of nitrogen and
thus, seed filling is affected (Davies et al, 2000).
Therefore, a judicious management of available
soil moisture through in-situ conservation a suitable

172 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 172-175

 Bhargav et al

land configuration viz., furrow irrigated raised conducted to study the performance of chickpea
bed system (FIRBS) improves crop productivity sown on different seed bed configurations in Malwa
(Panwar and Basu, 2003). Region of Madhya Pradesh
Raised bed planting technique has recently
emerged as the most potential resource conserving MATERIALS AND METHODS
technology in Indo-Gangetic plains of NW India The field experiments were conducted at
under rice-wheat cropping system. Change over different villages of Dewas district of Madhya
from growing crops in flat to ridge-furrow system of Pradesh viz. Narana, Nanadharakhedi and chidawad
planting crops on raised bed alters the crop geometryduring the year 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 to
and land configuration, offers more effective controlevaluate the productive performance of chickpea
over irrigation and drainage as well as their impactsunder different land configurations. The village
on transport and transformations of nutrients, and narana and nanadharakhedi situated in the block
rainwater management during the monsoon season. sonkutch, while chidawad is situated in tonk khurd
It is a method in which accommodating crop rows block of the Dewas district. The climate of the
on both sides of furrow by increasing ridge spacing, region is tropical sub-humid receiving an annual
thereby a common furrow is used for irrigation of rainfall of 1067 mm with maximum and minimum
two rows. temperature of 45°C and 5°C, respectively. The
soils of experiment sites were medium black soil
In recent years, FIRBS has proved to be one of with pH 7.5 to 7.8, organic carbon (OC, 0.28 to 0.40
the important components of low cost sustainable %) at the time of initiation of field experiment. On
production system. This planting system facilitates soil fertility account, it was low in available N (178
mechanical weed control, increased water use kg/ha), medium in P (17.2 kg/ha) and K (340 kg/ha)
efficiency, reduced crop lodging and has lower and S (13.8 kg/ha).
seed requirement (Sayre, 2000; Yadav et al, 2002).
This method of planting has been experimented The trials involved three seed bed configurations
for crops like chickpea, green gram, black gram, i.e. flat sowing (T1), raised bed with pair row of
groundnut and sunflower. In this system, water crop at 20 cm spacing on one bed and 40 cm furrow
moves horizontally from the furrows into the width (T2) and raised bed with pair row of crop at
beds (subbing) and is pulled upwards in the bed 30 cm spacing on one bed with 50 cm furrow width
towards the soil surface by capillarity, evaporation (T3) with 10 replication.
and transpiration, and downwards largely by The field was prepared and trapezoidal shape
gravity. Raised bed planting of cereals, pulses and raised beds were made mechanically by tractor driven
vegetables, on an average, increased yield by 24.2 furrow irrigated raised bed planter. The experiments
per cent and saving of irrigation water by 31.2 per were conducted at 10 farmers’ field and area of each
cent (Connor et al, 2003). The major concern of this field was kept 4000 sq m. The width of bed was
system is to enhance the productivity and save the adjusted to 40 to 45 cm with two rows of chickpea
irrigation water. Potential agronomic advantages of on each raised bed. Recommended seed rate 80 kg/
beds include improved soil structure due to reduced ha was used for sowing along with recommended
compaction through controlled trafficking, reduced package of practices including use of fertilizers and
water logging and timely machinery operations appropriate Rhizobium inoculation. First irrigation
due to better surface drainage. Beds also create was applied at the time of branching (35-40 d after
the opportunity for mechanical weed control and sowing) and second irrigation was at the stage of
improved fertilizer placement (Singh et al, 2002). pod formation (90-95 d after sowing) through the
Hence, the present investigation was, therefore furrow. Required plant protection measures were

173 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 172-175

 Performance of Chickpea

Table 1. Growth parameters of chickpea as influenced by planting Methods.

Treatment Number of nodules/ Length of Plant height Root/ shoot Number of
plant after 60 d root (cm) (cm) at the time ratio after branches/ plant
after 60 d of flowering 60 d (cm) after 60 d
T1 30.78 13.15 43.16 0.30 29.96
T2 35.49 17.71 47.67 0.37 34.71
T3 38.63 23.32 53.25 0.44 38.06
SEm± 0.34 0.43 0.45 0.007 0.422
CD (P=0.05) 1.73 2.17 2.28 NS 2.12
taken as and when found necessary. Nodulation and length recorded in treatment T3 as compared to
root growth were studied through destructive plant treatments T1 and T2.
sampling at various growth stages. Data pertaining to Similarly plant height was also found maximum
crop growth, yield attributes and yield were collected in the treatment T3 than T2 and T1. Average plant
at harvest and analyzed statistically. The B: C ratio height recorded in treatment T3 was 53.25 cm while
was calculated based on the net return and cost of in treatment T2 and T1 was 47.67 and 43.16 cm,
cultivation in each treatment. respectively. It was 11 and 23 per cent more in
treatment T3 compared to T2 and T1, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Raised bed planting also encouraged more root
The average (3yr) nodulation, root length growth at the initial stage which is evident through
and root spread of chickpea plant extracted from significantly higher root: shoot ratio at 60 DAS
soil were higher in raised bed furrow system as in T3. Though root: shoot ratio at flowering was
compared to flat sowing. Nodulation and root higher with raised bed planting. Treatment T3 was
growth in chickpea at 60 DAS were significantly also recorded 27% more branches over flat bed (T1)
influenced by planting methods (Table 1). Average and 9.65% more over T2 .
nodules/plant was maximum in T3 which were
significantly higher than T2 and T3. On an average, The number of pods/plant were also maximum
treatment T3 recorded 25.5% and 8.89% more with raised bed planting of treatment T3 (106.5)
nodulation as compared to treatment T1 and T2 which was significantly higher by 23% than flat
respectively. Raised bed planting also encouraged bed T1 (86.6) and 14% than T2 (93.3). Different
more root growth which was evident through methods of sowing did not significantly influenced
the weight of 100 seeds though it was highest in
significantly higher root height in the treatment T3.
On an average 10.17 cm and 2.61 cm more root treatment T2 (21.32 g) followed by treatment T3
(21.26 g) and T1 (21.21 g). Grain yield, straw
Table 2.Effect of different methods of sowing on yield attributing character of chickpea.
Treatment Number of Weight of Grain Straw Biological Harvest
pods/ plant 100 seeds yield (q/ yield (q/ yield (q/ha) Index (%)
(g) ha) ha)
T1 86.6 21.21 14.91 25.135 40.04 37.22
T2 93.3 21.32 17.11 27.92 45.03 38.00
T3 106.5 21.26 19.35 30.445 49.795 38.86
SEm± 1.63 0.11 0.26 0.31 0.44 0.39
CD (P=0.05) 8.19 NS 1.29 1.56 2.21 1.97

174 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 172-175

 Bhargav et al

Table 3. Effect of planting techniques on gross income, net return and benefit cost ratio.
Treatment Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Gross Return (Rs/ha) Net Return (Rs/ha) B:C Ratio
T1 29550 49742 20192 1.68
T2 30560 56914 26354 1.86
T3 30980 64139 33159 2.07
yield and biological yield was also significantly based cropping system. Communications in Soil Sci and
influenced by the different sowing methods and Pl Analysis 36: 1141-1161
was found maximum (19.35, 30.45 and 49.80 q/ha Connor D J, Gupta R K, Hobbs P R and Sayre K D (2003). Bed
respectively) by sowing of chick pea on raised bed planting in rice–wheat system. In: Addressing resource
conservation issues in rice-wheat system of south Asia :
with pair row of crop at 30 cm spacing on one bed A Resource book. pp. 103–108.
with 50 cm furrow width (T3) followed by treatment
Davies S L, Turner N C, Palta J A, Siddique K H M and
T2 (17.11, 27.92 and 45.03 q/ha respectively) and Plummer J A (2000). Remobilization of carbon and
T1 (14.91, 25.14 and 40.04 q/ha respectively). nitrogen supports seed filling in desi and kabuli chickpea
Harvest index was found maximum in T3 (38.86%) subject to water deficit. Australian J Agril Res 51: 855-
which was 2.26 and 4.41 per cent higher that T2 866.
(38%) and T1 (37.22%), respectively. IIPR (2012). All Indian Coordinated Projects on Chickpea and
MULLARP, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur,
The economic indicators depicted (Table 3) India.
show that highest gross return (Rs 64139/-), net
Panwar J D S and Basu P S. (2003). Improving drought
return (Rs 33159/-) and B:C ratio (2.07) were tolerance and water use efficiency in chickpea. In:
obtained in treatment T3 followed by treatment Masood Ali, B.B. Singh, Shiv Kumar and Vishwa Dhar
T2 (Rs 56914/-, Rs 26534/- and 1.86) and T1 (Rs (Eds), Pulses in New Perspective. Indian Institute of
49742/-, Rs 20192/- and 1.68). Therefore, it was Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Pp 480-488.
concluded that treatment T3 (raised bed with pair Ram H and Kler D S (2007). Growth analysis of soybean
row of crop at 30 cm spacing on one bed with 50 [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] and wheat (Triticum aestivum
cm furrow width) was economically feasible as L. emend. Fiori and Paol) in sequence under no tillage
and permanent raised bed planting. Indian J Ecol 34:
compared to other methods of sowing of chick pea. 154-57.
Singh J R, Srivastava R P and Gowai V G (2002). Studies
CONCLUSION in nutrition of garlic (Allium sativum L.) with special
It was concluded from the study that crop planted reference to major elements. J Sci Res Banaras Hindu
on raised bed with proper production technology University 12 : 16-25.
gives good yield as well as economically feasible as Singh A K, Singh S B, Singh A P, Singh A K, Mishra S K
compared to other methods of sowing of chick pea. and Sharma A K (2010). Effect of different soil moisture
regimes on biomass partitioning and yield of chickpea
genotypes under intermediate zone of J & K. J Food
REFERENCES Legumes 23: 156-158.
Aggarwal P, and Gowsami B (2003). Bed planting system
for increasing water use efficiency of wheat grown on Sayre K (2000). Saving water and increasing sustainability
Inceptisol (Typic Ustochrept). Indian J Agri Sci 73 (8): with bed planting. Outlook 1:5.
422–425. Yadav A, Malik R K, Chauhan B S, Kumar V, Banga R S, Singh
Annonymous (2013). Agricultural Statistics at a Glance S, Yadav J S, Punia S S, Rathee S S and Sayre K D (2002).
2013, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry Feasibility of raising wheat on furrow irrigated raised
of Agriculture, Govt. of India. beds in South Western Haryana. International Workshop
Proc. “Herbicide Resistance Management and Zero Tillage
Chaudhury J, Mandal U K, Sharma K L, Ghosh H and Mandal
in Rice Wheat Cropping System” pp: 201-206.
B (2005). Assessing soil quality under long-term rice-
Received on 01/11/17 Accepted on 30/12/17

175 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 172-175

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 176-178 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00078.8

Performance of Frontline Demonstration on Yield Enhancement

of Cumin in Barmer District of Rajasthan
B R Morwal, Pradeep Pagaria, S L Kantwa and Shayam Das
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Danta - Barmer (Rajasthan)

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted in Barmer district of Rajasthan. The front line demonstrations on cumin
crop conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Danta, Barmer during the last three years (2013-14 to 2015-
16). The results showed 31.90 to 62.19 per cent yield increase in FLDs over farmers practice during
2013-14 to 2015-2016. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 2.67 q/ha, 2.50
q/ha and 29.41 per cent, respectively. Therefore, front line demonstration programme was an effective
tool for increasing the productivity of cumin and changing knowledge, attitude and skill of farmers.
This created greater awareness and motivated the other farmers to adopt improved practices of Cumin.
Key Words: Transfer of Technology, Cumin, Technology index, Technology gap, Extension gap.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) commonly
known as Jeera is an important seed spice crop
grown in western part of India. It is mainly used
in flavoring foods and also used in Ayurvedic
medicines. The Department of Agriculture, Govt.
of India had established a “Technology Mission
on Seed spices” in 1991-1992 to achieve self-
sufficiency in seed spices production. Under this
mission, .the ICAR introduced the concept of
“Front Line demonstration” during 1990-1991.
These demonstrations are conducted under the
close supervision of scientists of the NARS, Krishi
Vigyan Kendras and State Agricultural Universities
and of two to four hectares of land. The FLDs is an
important method of transfer of latest package of
practices in totality to farmers and main objective of
this programme is demonstration of newly released
crop production and protection technologies’
and management practices at the farmer’s field
under real farming situation at his own field under
different agro-climate regions. The present study
has been undertaken to study the difference between
demonstration package and farmers practices of
cumin and to assess effect of FLDs technology on
increasing the productivity of cumin.
Correspondence Author’s Email: kvkbarmer@yahoo.com
The Front Line Demonstrations ( FLD) on 36
ha area under cumin crop were conducted by the
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Danta, Barmer district
during last three year (2013-2014 to 2015-2016).
The soil of the district is generally sandy to sandy
loam in texture which is low organic carbon (0.09 -
0.215 %), available phosphorus (11-14 kg/ha) and
medium to high in potash. Each demonstration was
of 0.4 ha area and the critical inputs were applied
as per the package of practices. The primary data
were collected from the farmers with the help of
interview schedule and interpreted and presented in
terms of percentage and the qualitative data were
converted into quantitative form and expressed in
terms of per cent increased yield.
Under the FLDs only recommended HYVs,
seed rate @ 12 kg/ha, Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg
and Trichoderma @ 4g/kg seed with fungicide,
insecticide for seed treatment given to the farmers
for demonstration (Table 1). The sowing was done
by seed drill under FLDs and under farmers practice
line/broadcasting method was used. Farmer’s
practice generally include locally self produced seed
at high seed rate without treatment. The differences
in the packages were in line with the findings of

176 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 176-178

 Pagaria et al

Table 1. Difference between demonstration package and farmers practices of Cumin.

Sr. No. Particular Demonstration package Farmers’ practices
1 Variety GC 04 Local
2 Seed rate 12 kg/ha 15-20 kg/ha
3 Seed treatment Carbendazim@2gm/kg seed Not applied
+Trichoderma@4g/kg seed
4 Sowing method Line/Broadcasting Broadcasting
Sowing time 15-30 Nov. 15 Oct-10 Dec
5 Fertilizers’ doses Recommended dose {30:20:10 without recommendation
(N:P:K)} {50:50:00 (N:P:K)}
6 Plant protection Need based spray of insecticides Higher dose of insecticides and
measures and fungicides (Carbendazim 50 pesticides (Use Imidachoropid in
WP, Dimethoate, Zineb 68%) 20 ml in 15 lit water)
Singh and Varshney (2010) and Khan and Chauhan lowest yield was 5.83 and 4.42 q/ha during 2013-
(2005). 2014, respectively. The result showed (Table 2)
Different parameters were calculated to find out 31.9 to 62.19 per cent yield increase in FLDs over
technology gaps as follows: farmers’ practice during 2013-14 to 2015-2016.
These effects in the demonstration packages were
Extension gap = Demonstration yield - Local check in line with the findings of Veerasamy et al (2003).
yield
An extension gap between demonstrated
Technology gap = potential yield - Demonstration technology and farmers practice range from 1.7 to
yield 2.6 q/ha during the study (Table 2). This gap might
Technology index = Potential yield - Demonstration be attributed to adoption of improved technology
yield x 100/Potential Yield in demonstrations which resulted in higher grain
yield than the traditional farmer’s practices. Wide
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION technology gap were observed and this was lowest
The results revealed that the average yield (1.41 q/ha) during 2013-14 and highest (2.50 q/
recorded in the FLDs was 6.52 and 4.05 q/ha during ha) during 2014-15. The difference in technology
2014 - 2015 and in FLDs field and farmer’s field gap during different years could be due to more

Table 2. Production of performance Cumin (GC 04) in FLDs programme.

Year Average yield (q/ha) % increase over Extension Technology Technology
Demon- Farmer farmer practice gap (q/ha) gap (q/ha) index (%)
stration Practice
2013-14 5.83 4.42 31.90 2.67 1.41 16.59
2014-15 6.52 4.02 62.19 1.98 2.50 29.41
2015-16 6.32 4.62 36.80 1.70 1.70 20.00
Average 6.22 4.35
Note:-Potential yield = 8.5 q/ha

177 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 176-178

 Performance of Frontline Demonstration on Cumin

Table 3. Economic Analysis of demonstrated plots and farmers practice.

Year Average cost of Average Gross return Average Net Returns B:C ratio
Cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs./ha)
Demo Local Demo Local Demo Local Demo Local
2013-14 16200 14460 41000 32000 24800 17540 2.53 2.21
2014-15 21500 18700 97800 75300 76300 56600 4.55 4.02
2015-16 22300 19425 94800 69300 72500 49875 4.25 3.57
Average 20000 17528.33 77866.67 58866.67 57866.67 41338.33 3.77 3.26

feasibility of recommended technologies during and motivated the other farmers to adopt improved
different years. Similarly, the technology index practice of cumin. The beneficiary farmers played
for all the demonstrations were in accordance with an important role as source of pure seeds for wider
technology gap. Higher technology for transferring dissemination of the HYV of cumin for other nearby
to farmers and insufficient extension services for farmers at present GC04 variety under 50000 ha
transfer of technology. area covered in District.
Different variables like seed, fertilizers, bio
fertilizers and pesticides were considered as critical REFERENCES
Choudhary M L and Pagaria P (2012). Demonstration-An
inputs for the demonstration as well as farmers effective technology for increasing the productivity of
practices and on an average an additional investment cumin. Agric Update 7(1&2): 99-101.
of Rs. 2396/-ha were made under demonstrations Khan P M and Chouhan J (2005). Demonstration – An
resulting additional returns of Rs 16528/-ha (Table effective technology for increasing the productivity of
3). The results confirm the findings of frontline gram. Indian Res J Ext Edu 16: 221-223.
demonstrations on oilseed and pulses crops reported Singh P K and Varshney J G (2010). Adoption level and
by Chaudhary et al (2012). constraints in coriander production technology. Indian
Res J Extn Edu 10(1): 91-94.
CONCLUSION Veersamy S, Satpathy C and Rao G A (2003). Constraints of
It was concluded that 31.9 to 62.19 per cent coriander production in Orissa. Indian Res J Extn Edu 33
(1&2): 58-63.
(2013-2014 to 2015-2016) yield increase in FLDs
over farmers’ practice (traditional) was recorded in Received on 29/11/17 Accepted on 20/12/17
cumin cultivation. This created greater awareness

178 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 176-178

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 179-183 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00051.X

Performance of Power Operated Sweep Hoe on Moisture

Conservation, Weed Suppression and Yield of Finger Millet
(Eleusina indica)
Murukannappa
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences
Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bangalore, Bangalore – 560 065(Karnataka)

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bangalore to quantify the soil moisture
status and its effect on crop yield under varied rainfall situation in the region. The loss of soil moisture during
critical period of crop growth (tillering, flowering and grain filling stages) result in the drastic reduction of
yield. It could be prevented by adopting newly designed improved sweep bent tyne hoe through effective
weed control and efficient intercultural operation. The present study clearly indicated that the power
operated improved sweep type inter-cultural hoe confirms the superiority in conservation of soil moisture
condition (13.87 to 15.07, 10.37 to 12.14 and 8.10 to 9.29 % during tillering, flowering and grain filling stage
respectively) followed by bullock drawn bent tyne hoe (7.22 to 14.09 %) and blade harrow (7.70 to 13.55 %)
irrespective of the critical stages of the crop growth period. The study revealed that the fresh weed biomass
using improved sweep hoe was more (3.14t/ha) as compared to bullock drawn bent tyne hoe (1.88t/ha) and
blade harrow (1.56t/ha). It was also observed that the weed efficiency of newly developed sweep hoe was
high (78.99 to 86.38 %) compared to bent tyne hoe (76.68 to 79.99 %) and blade harrow (75.15 to 77.11 %).
Key Words: Bent tyne hoe, Blade harrow, Field capacity, Maximum water holding capacity, Sweep hoe,
Weed efficiency.

INTRODUCTION per cent (Chowdegowda and Dhananjaya, 2000).

Finger millet (Ragi) is an important field
crops predominantly grown in southern parts of
Karnataka state on red soil areas. In India, it is
being cultivated on 2.4 million ha with annual
production of 2.6 million tons. The crop grows well
even in medium to low fertile soils and also resist
drought. Karnataka state dominates both in area
(0.78 mha) and production (1.5mt) of finger millet
in the country.
Among different field operations, the weeding
and inter-cultural operations play an important
role for enhancing the yield. The crop weed
competition is very acute during first 35-40d of
crop growth period and delayed weeding during
this period reduces the crop yield up to 35-61
Corresponding Author’s Email: murukannappasm@gmail.com
Considering the non-availability of labour for
timely weeding, farm mechanization offers a
probable solution. The development and adoption
of farm tools offers the benefit of reducing drudgery,
timely operation and conservation of natural
resources viz., moisture under dry land ecosystem.
Although, bullock drawn intercultural implements
are available, reduced draft power, necessitate the
design and development of power operated weeding
and intercultural hoe. Sweep hoes offer potential in
improving the productivity and conserving moisture
under finger millet production system. Hence, the
study was undertaken to examine the suitability and
performance of sweep hoe on soil moisture, weed
infestation, growth and yield of finger millet.

179 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 179-183

 Murukannappa

Table 1. Soil hydrological characteristics of the experimental area.

Sr. Soil depth (m) Bulk density Maximum water holding Field capacity Wilting point
No. (g/cm3) capacity (%) (F C) (%) (W P) (%)
1. Up to 0.12 1.56 26.8 14.7 7.8
2. 0.12 to 0.24 1.48 31.6 16.0 9.7
3. 0.24 to 0.42 1.44 29.8 17.3 11.4
4. 0.42 to 0.70 1.40 33.2 18.0 13.1
5. 0.70 to 1.08 1.32 35.0 18.8 13.3

MATERIALS AND METHODS The field evaluation was taken up in the

To suit the location specific inter cultural Department of Agricultural Engineering, College
operation in finger millet performed by the power of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences,
operated machines, the improved sweep hoe was G.K.V.K Bangalore located at 77⁰ 39΄ 22˝ east
designed. This machine run with diesel engine of longitude, 120 58’ N latitude and 929 m above mean
2 hp, mounted on front side of the square frame sea level during 2011-12 and 2012-13. The soil
with self propelled air cooled petrol start/ diesel of the experiment area represents typical lateritic
run engine. The power transmitted from gear box area (Anon, 2014). These soils are very deep, well
through v-belt and pulley intern connects to the drained red sandy loam to sandy clay loam having
wheels. There were two sweeps hoe fitted to a main slightly acidic in reaction. The field capacity of the
frame and each having 18 cm cutting width and 40⁰ soils varies from 15 to 22 per cent with maximum
curvature angle at a distance of 30 cm from shaft water holding capacity of about 30 per cent and
centre of the sweep hoe. The depth was controlled infiltration rate varies from 4-6 cm/hr (Table 1).
manually by clutch.
Table 2. Monthly rainfall distribution, normal rainfall and per cent deviation from the normal
rainfall during experimental period.
Month 2011-12 Normal % deviation 2012-13 Normal % deviation
Monthly No. of rainfall from normal Monthly No. of rainfall from normal
rainfall rainy (mm) rainfall rainfall rainy (mm) rainfall
(mm) days (mm) days
January 0.0 0 1.4 -100 0.0 0 1.3 -100
February 16.6 1 10.1 64.3 0.0 0 9.8 -100
March 0.0 0 14.1 -100 0.4 0 16.9 -97.6
April 57.4 5 48.8 17.6 8.6 2 47.9 -82.0
May 121.7 8 99.8 21.94 84.4 4 100.4 -15.9
June 24.8 4 78.2 -68.3 26.6 3 78.9 -66.3
July 95.4 9 103.3 -7.74 97.2 7 103.7 -6.3
August 249.7 14 134.3 85.9 100.1 7 135.4 -26.1
September 59.6 7 200.5 -70.3 29.2 3 195.4 -85.1
October 126.4 7 166.9 -24.3 64.2 3 168.4 -61.9
November 35.4 4 52.5 -32.6 150.0 4 54.5 175.4
December 0.0 1 12.7 -100 11.2 1 12.6 -11.3
Total 804.5 60 922.6 - 571.9 34 925.2 -

180 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 179-183

 Performance of Power Operated Sweep Hoe on Moisture Conservation
Table 3. Soil moisture content at different depth and crop stage as influenced by different inter-
cultural hoes (Average of 2 yr).
Sr. Treatment Soil moisture content ( % dry weight basis)
No. Tillering stage Flowering stage Grain filling stage
0-15 cm 15-30 cm 0-15 cm 15-30 cm 0-15 cm 15-30 cm
1. T1: Blade harrow 12.87 13.81 8.98 9.98 7.22 8.03
2. T2: Blade harrow + 1 HW 12.30 13.55 9.19 10.18 7.38 8.18
3. T3: Bent tyne hoe 13.17 14.09 9.71 10.73 7.70 8.52
4. T4: Bent tyne hoe + 1 HW 12.83 13.91 10.41 11.44 7.99 8.64
5. T5: Sweep hoe 14.05 15.07 10.37 11.41 8.10 8.98
6. T6: Sweep hoe + 1 HW 13.81 14.86 10.85 12.14 8.31 9.29
S.Em.+ 0.092 0.174 0.243 0.29 0.052 0.081
CD @ 5% 0.277 0.525 0.732 0.87 0.156 0.243

During the year 2011, 804.5 mm of rainfall
was received in 60 rainy days with comparatively
uniform distribution. However, it was observed
that there was a deficit in total amount of rainfall
compare to average annual rainfall (922.6 mm).
The rainfall during 2012 (571.9 mm in 34 rainy
days) was deficit to an extent of 40 % (Table 2).
determined by gravimetric method (Piper, 1966).
The weeding efficiency was calculated considering
the weed population before and after the intercultural
operation using the formulae
Wb - Wa
Weeding Efficiency (%) = ------------------- × 100

The experiment consisted of six treatments Wb

with three inter-culture implements viz., bullock
drawn blade harrow, bent tyne hoe and power
operated improved sweep hoe in combination with
and without hand weeding replicated four times in
randomized complete block design (RCBD). The
area of the experimental plot was 7.2 m2 (2.4 m
wide and 3.0 m long) and the medium duration finger
millet crop variety GPU-28 was sown with a row
spacing of 30 cm and the inter-culture treatments
were imposed 35 days after sowing.
The evaluation of inter-cultivators was taken
up in the field and the different parameters such as
time of operation, effect on plant population, weed
count, weeding efficiency and actual field capacity
was calculated using the standard procedures
described by the Singhal (2001) and Tajuddin et al
(1991). The soil samples were collected with the
help of screw auger at 15 and 30 cm depth from
each plot at tillering (40 DAS), flowering stage and
grain filling stage. The soil moisture content was
181 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 179-183
Where, Wа = Number of weeds after the intercultural
operation
Wb= Number of weeds before the
intercultural operation
The per cent plant damage (PD) was calculated
as a ratio of plant population before and after inter-
cultivation using the formulae
N2
Plant Damage (%) = ----------- × 100
N1
Where, N1 = Number of plants before intercultural
operation
N1 = Number of plants after intercultural operation
The working Field capacity (FC) is calculated by
considering area covered (A) by inter-cultivator in
a given time (T) using the formulae
Field Capacity (cm/hr) = A / T
 Murukannappa

Table 4. Performance evaluation of power operated improved sweep hoe as compared to bent tyne
and blade harrow (Average of 2 years)
Sr. No Treatment Weed biomass Weed Plant Actual field
removed efficiency damage capacity
(t/ha) (%) (%) ( ha/hr)
1. T1: Blade harrow 1.56 77.11 7.00 0.173
2. T2: Blade harrow + 1 HW 2.41 75.15 7.13 -
3. T3: Bent tyne hoe 1.88 76.68 6.93 0.168
4. T4: Bent tyne hoe + 1 HW 2.65 79.42 6.40 -
5. T5: Sweep hoe 3.14 78.99 5.40 0.200
6. T6: Sweep hoe + 1 HW 3.37 86.38 5.87 -
S.Em.+ - 0.83 0.90 -
CD @ 5% - 2.49 2.71 -
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sweep hoe (3.14t/ha ) compared to bent tyne hoe
Soil moisture (1.88 t/ha) and blade harrow (1.56t/ha). The better
The soil moisture content at different depths removal of weeds with sweep hoe was associated
and crop stage varied significantly among different with greater depth of penetration and earthing up,
treatments (Table 3 ). The soil moisture was which uprooted weeds largely compared to the
significantly higher with inter-cultivation with shallow tillage with blade harrow. Further, one
sweep hoe at tillering (T5: 14.05 and 15.07%), hand weeding helped to remove the weeds ranged
flowering (10.37 and 11.41%) and grain filling between 0.23 to 0.85t/ha. The weeds removed with
stage (8.31 and 9.29%) at 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil hand weeding was higher with sweep hoe inter-
depth, respectively. This was at par with sweep hoe cultivated treatment (0.23t/ha) compared to bent
with one hand weeding. Significantly lower soil tyne hoes (0.77t/ha) and blade harrow (0.85t/ha). The
moisture was noticed with inter cultivation using lower weed removal by hand weeding with sweep
blade harrow. The increased soil moisture with hoe compared to other implements was associated
sweep hoe was associated with the higher depth of with lower weed population left during the inter-
tilling compared to blade hoe and bent tyne hoe. cultivation. Chowdegowda and Dhananjaya (2000)
Ranjan et al (2011) attributed higher soil moisture also reported reduced weed population with deeper
content with deeper tillage owing to better soil inter cultivation.
inversion resulting in higher infiltration. Further, The weeding efficiency was higher with inter
the pulverized soil form dust mulching effect cultivation with sweep hoe + one hand weeding
and reduce the evaporation losses from the soil. (86.38%) followed by bent tyne hoe + one hand
Increased infiltration and reduced evaporation were weeding (79.42%) and sweep hoe (78.99%). The
responsible for increased soil moisture content in higher weeding efficiency in these treatments are
the soil with sweep hoe inter-cultivation. associated with lower weed population.
Impact on weed and plant stand The plant damage was lower with sweep hoe
The inter cultivation with different tillage (5.40%) followed by sweep hoe + one hand weeding
influenced the weed efficiency and plant damage (5.87%) and bent tyne hoe + one hand weeding
considerably (Table 4). The weed biomass removed (6.40%). Significantly higher plant damage was
with inter cultivation was significantly higher with noticed with blade harrow + one hand weeding
(7.13%). This might be associated with earthing up
182 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 179-183
 Performance of Power Operated Sweep Hoe on Moisture Conservation
Table 5. Yield and economics of finger millet as influenced by the different intercultural Practices
(Average of 2 years)
Sr. No. Treatment Finger millet yield (kg/ha) Returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio

Grain Straw Gross Net

1. T1 Blade harrow 1815 4052 29251 15710 2.16
2. T2: Blade harrow + 1 HW 1969 4254 31662 15428 1.95
3. T3: Bent tyne hoe 1892 4195 30478 17152 2.29
4. T4: Bent tyne hoe + 1 HW 1896 4309 30595 14576 1.91
5. T5: Sweep hoe 2073 5062 33626 20147 2.49
6. T6: Sweep hoe + 1 HW 2231 5188 36059 19887 2.23
S.Em.+ 81.35 194.62 - - -
CD @ 5% 239.80 578.51 - - -
to support the plant during its operation in sweep hoe. The lower income and B:C ratio was noticed with
blade harrow and bent tyne hoe.
Finger millet yield and economics
The Finger millet grain and straw yield varied CONCLUSION
significantly among different treatments (Table 5). The results of the study clearly indicates that
Inter cultivation with sweep hoe + one hand weeding the inter cultivation with improved sweep hoe can
recorded significantly higher grain (2231kg/ ha) and potentially suppress the weeds, conserve soil &
straw (5188kg/ha) followed by sweep hoe (2073 water and improve the productivity and economics
and 5062kg/ha). Significantly lower yield was of finger millet crop under dry land situation.
noticed with blade harrow inter-cultivation (1815
and 4052kg/ha) followed by bent tyne hoe (1892kg REFERENCES
and 4195kg/ha). The increased yield with sweep hoe Bhriguvanshi S R, Adak T, Kumar K, Singh A and Kumar
was attributed to better soil moisture conservation V (2014). Impact of varying soil moisture regimes on
and suppression of weeds. The soil moisture is the growth and soil nutrient availability in mango. Indian J
critical inputs under dry land situation. Increased Soil Cons 42(1): 68-73.
Chowdegowda M and Dhananjaya K (2000). Effect of inter
soil moisture might have resulted in improvement
cultivation on performance of finger millet under rain fed
of yield attributes and yield (Bhringuvanshi et al, conditions. Karnataka J Agric Sci 13 (4):1040-1042.
2014). The greater depth of operation and earthing Naraya D, Biswas H and Kumar P(2014). Conservation
up might have resulted in reduced soil erosion measures for resource conservation and enhancing yield
and contributed for higher yield. Further, reduced of sorghum in red soils of Bundelkhand region in central
India. Indian J Soil Cons 42(1):62-67.
competition from the weeds with sweep hoe inter Singhal O P (2001). Farm mechanization and farm machinery.
cultivation contributed additionally for the yield Text book Vol –I and II.
improvement. Nayara et al (2014) revealed higher Tajuddin A, Karunanidhi R and Swaminathan K R (1991).
crop yield with soil conservation practices. Design development and testing of an engine operated
blade harrow for weeding. Indian J Agric Engg 1(2):
The economic analysis proved the superiority 137-140.
of sweep hoe inter cultivation as shown by the net Ranjan V, Nema A K, Singh A and Bisen Y(2011). Modelling
return (Rs. 20147/-ha), gross return (Rs. 33626/- of runoff sediment - yield kashinagar watershed. Indian J
and B:C ratio (2.49) followed by sweep hoe + one Soil Cons 39(3):183-187.
hand weeding (Rs. 19887/-, Rs 36059/-ha and 2.23). Received on 18/07/17 Accepted on 10/11/17

183 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 179-183

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 184-186 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00071.5

Performance of Salt Tolerant Wheat Varieties in

Salt Affected Soils
D S Jakhar, Nirmal Kumar* and Sunil Kumar**
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Sirsa CCS HAU, Hisar ( Haryana)

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in village Rupana of Sirsa district where about 120 ha land is salt affected. In
kharif season, the field remained fallow due to hazardous effect of salts. Even in Rabi season, the traditional
wheat varieties could not withstand owing to higher salt accumulation in root zone. In the Rabi 2013-
14, KVK demonstrated a salt tolerant wheat variety for salt affected area of the village. Initially seed of
variety was demonstrated to 15 farmers in the year 2013-14. This variety registered an average yield of
32.4 q/ha as compared to PBW-343 (10.2 q/ha). In the next year 2014-15, a new salt tolerant variety No. 2
(KRL-213) was also introduced in the village which proved to be more effective than salt tolerant variety
no 1. In all, both salt tolerant varieties were superior and economically viable as compared to PBW-343.
Key Words: Salt, Tolerance, Variety, KRL 210, KRL 213, Wheat.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

The soil salinity is a severe abiotic stress caused ​The soil samples were collected and analysed for
primarily by an abundance of sodium chloride, basic physicochemical properties viz., pH, EC, OC
from both natural accumulations and from irrigation and available nutrients. During the year 2013-14,
and crop evapo transpiration (Flower and Flower, the demonstrations on salt tolerant variety 1 (KRL
2005). The adverse effects of salinity are well 210) and Salt tolerant variety 2 (KRL 213) were
known. Salinity can reduce yield with a significant conducted on different locations in salt affected
metabolic effort afforded to plant adaptation, growth soils. The existing variety PBW 343 was used as the
maintenance and stress responses with a subsequent local check. Recommended doses of NPK @150kg/
decrease in yield (Munns and Gilliham, 2015). In ha, 60kg/ha and 30kg per ha, respectively and
Sirsa District of Haryana, about 3000 ha area is ZnSo4 @25 kg/ha was applied. The demonstrations
salt affected. The similar problem exists in village were supervised by regular visits of KVK experts
Rupana Khurd adopted under NICRA (National and yield was recorded at harvest. Net returns and
Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture) benefit cost ratio were calculated and compared
project by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirsa. The between demonstrations and local check.
Village Rupana Khurd has approximately 120 ha ​ able 1. Physicochemical properties of
T
of area affected with salts. The water table is also demonstration area.
high as a result of which salts could not be leached Sr. No. Physicochemical properties Range
down. Even in Rabi season, the traditional wheat 1. pH (1:2) 7.8-8.2
varieties could not withstand owing to higher salt
2. EC (1:2) 3.0-4.0 dSm-1
accumulation in root zone. So the demonstrations
3. OC 0.2-0.3 %
of salt tolerant varieties were conducted to assess
4. Available N 110-13Kg/ha
the suitability of these varieties under village eco
5. Available P 14-16 Kg/ha
climatic conditions and to increase the economic
6. Available K 240-290 Kg/ha
return to the farmers.
7. Texture Sandy loam

Corresponding Author’s Email: dsjakhar@gmail.com

*District Extension Specialist (Ag. Econ. ) ** Ph.D Scholar (Deptt. Agronomy CCSHAU, Hisar)

184 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 184-186

 Jakhar et al

Table 2. Yield and Economics of Wheat demonstrations in salt affected soils.

Variety Area Yield (q/ha) Economics of Demonstration (Rs./ha)
(ha)
Gross Cost Gross Return Net return B:C Ratio
PBW 343 14 10.2 28400 14280 -14120 0.5
KRL 210 6 32.4 28400 45360 16960 1.5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION​ of the plant by salts prevailing in the soil thereby
The demonstrations were conducted in salt reducing nutrient uptake while being a salt tolerant
affected soils and the results are being explained as variety, the plants of KRL 210 were healthy and
average of different locations gave good crop yield.
It was observed that the germination and growth The data (Table 3) show the yield of two salt
of salt tolerant variety was better as compared to the tolerant varieties, KRL 210 and KRL 213. The wheat
traditional local check. The difference in the growth variety KRL 210 proved to be very good variety for
and development of cultivar may be attributed to the existing eco-climatic situation in the village. The
more salt tolerance of variety KRL 210 as compare economics of demonstrations was also calculated to
to PBW 343. Datta et al (2005) suggested that have a clear cut idea of what the farmers gained by
different cultivars exhibit different levels of salt adopting these varieties. The grain yield expressed
resistance and salt sensitivity due to more exclusion as an average of 15 locations of variety KRL 213
of Na and Cl ions by salt tolerant varieties and was recorded more as compared to KRL 210. The
possible salt injuries which may be due to less yield of KRL 213 was recorded 14.7 percent more
effective sequestration or mobility of ions towards as compared to KRL 210 providing a net return of
some innocuous centres of plant tissues. The wheat 26050/-.
variety KRL 210 registered an average yield of
32.4 q/ha as compared to PBW 343 (10.2 q/ha). Dry Matter Production ​
For the ease of understanding, economic impact It was evident that in terms of dry matter
of demonstrations was calculated. The growing production, KRL 213 was superior to other
of variety PBW 343 was not recommended in salt varieties. Both salt tolerant Wheat ( KRL 201 and
affected as it caused an average a loss of (-) Rs. KRL 213) varieties produced more dry matter
14120/-ha whereas KRL 210 proved to be a boon than existing wheat variety PBW 343. The more
for the farmers causing a net return of Rs.16960/- dry matter production was attributed to better root
ha. The respective B: C ratios were 0.5 and 1.5 for development followed by better nutrient uptake
local check and demonstrations. The poor yield which in turn has resulted in profuse tillering and
of PBW 343 may be attributed to damage of roots shoot development. The similar findings have also
been reported by Ahmad et al (2005).
Table 3. Yield and Economics of Wheat demonstrations in salt affected soils.
Variety Area (ha) Yield (q/ha) Economics of Demonstration (Rs./ha)
Gross Gross Net Return B:CRatio
Cost Return
KRL-210 32 34 30500 49300 18800 1.6
KRL-213 6 39 30500 56550 26050 1.8

185 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 184-186

 Salt Tolerant Wheat Varieties

CONCLUSION Datta K S, Kumar A, Varma S K and Angrish A (1995).

The salt tolerant varieties proved to be beneficial Differentiation of chloride and sulphate salinity on the
basis of ionic distribution in genetically diverse cultivars
among the existing agro-climatic situation of the of wheat. J Plant Nutrition 18:2199-2212
village. Both salt tolerant varieties performed better
Flower T J and Flower S A (2005). Why does salinity pose
that PBW 343 in terms of yield. The sowing of such a difficult problem for plant breeders? Agril Water
traditional varieties was not economically viable Manage 78: 15-24.
but the salt tolerant varieties proved to be boon for Francois L E, Maas E V , Donovan T J and Youngs V L
the farmers. Between the two salt tolerant varieties, (1986). Effect of salinity on grain yield and quality
KRL 213 proved to be more effective in the existing vegetative growth and germination of semi-dwarf and
village agro-climatic situation and performed better Durum wheat. Agron J 78: 1053-1058
as compared to KRL 210.The field experiences Munns and Gilliham, (2015) Salinity tolerance of crops-what
exhibited that these salt tolerant varieties got is the cost? The New Phytol 208(3), 668-73.
favourable response from the farmers due to fitting Zhang Xand Cai X (2011). Climate change impacts on
well in village eco-climatic situation. global agriculture land availability. Environ Res Letters
6:,01414(8pp)

REFERENCES Received on 6/9/2017 Accepted on 14/11/2017

Ahmad M, Niazi B, Zaman B and Athar M (2005). Varietal
differences in agronomic performance of six wheat
varieties grown under saline field environment. Int J
Environ Sci Tech 2(1): 49-57.

186 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 184-186

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00032.6

Physico-chemical Attributes of Brown Turkey Fig

Shivani Kaul, Jagbir Rehal*, H S Rattanpal1 and Poonam A Sachdev
Department of Food Science and Technology
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 144 001(Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The Brown Turkey cultivar was introduced in 2013 for cultivation in Punjab, India. Study was undertaken
to know about the effect of change in cultivation area on physico-chemical attributes. The fruit being
a soft skinned, highly perishable needs packaging interventions to extend its shelf life to be consumed
in its fresh state. Brown Turkey fig had an average weight of 25.97g, fruit length 38.31mm, thickness
31.87mm, breadth 36.18mm and geometric mean diameter 35.31mm. The fruit of Brown Turkey
is spherical in shape with high antioxidant activity and a good source of macro and trace minerals.
Key Words: Brown Turkey, Ficus carica, Physical properties, Chemical properties, bioactive compounds.

INTRODUCTION are harvested by hand and a precaution should be

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is an ancient crop taken during harvesting; pickers should wear gloves
cultivated in the Mediterranean region and belongs and protective clothing, as the latex oozing from the
to the mulberry family (Moraceae); which is one detached end of the fruit can cause skin irritation.
of the largest genera of angiosperms (Marpudi et Since fresh produce is very delicate, extra care is
al, 2013). F. racemosa, F. elastic, F. carica and required in handling and transportation of fruits.
F. bengalensis are the species of Ficus grown in Fruits should not be packed in the carton in more
India (Soni et al, 2014). Turkey is world’s largest than two layers.
producer of figs with annual production of 274,535 Figs are a great source of minerals, vitamins,
MT followed by Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Iran, amino acids, crude fibres, carotenoids, antioxidants,
Syrian Arab Republic, USA, Brazil, Albania and phenolic compounds and various other compounds
Tunisia (Anon, 2017). like arabinose, b-amyrins, glycosides etc. Phenolic
In India, Fig is grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, compounds are mainly of two types: phenolic acids
Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab and Tamil Nadu and flavonoids (Kojic et al, 2011 and Soni et al,
as a minor fruit crop (Naikwadi et al, 2010). Twenty 2014). Darker variety of figs like Mission and the
different types of fig varieties are grown worldwide. red Brown-Turkey varieties contain higher levels
In India, “Poona Fig” variety is cultivated and is of flavonoids, anthocyanin and polyphenols, along
consumed in fresh form whereas a newly developed with higher antioxidant activity as compared to
variety named “Dinkar” has been introduced for lighter skin varieties (Altuki, 2013).
cultivation (Marpudi et al, 2013). Brown Turkey, a new variety of fig, suitable
The fruits of ficus vary in size, with deep for cultivation in sub-mountain and central zone
coloured ribs and a medium sized eye. The skin of Punjab was introduced from Indian Institute of
of the fruit shows a prominent purplish brown hue Horticultural Research, Banglore. Fruits have short
which goes lighter towards the stem. Flesh is pinkish neck, purple brown skin and pinkish brown flesh
brown with an excellent flavour. Maturation time with excellent flavour. This study was to understand
ranges from last week of May to end June. Fruits the shape and size dynamics of the fruit to evaluate
*Corresponding Author’s Email: jagbir@pau.edu
1
Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.

187 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192

 Kaul et al

physico-chemical attributes in order to design the ρb,F, = Bulk density of fruits( g/cm3)
suitable packaging material for minimizing losses
during handling and transportation. Chemical Attributes and Bioactive Components
Chemical attributes were estimated from pulp
MATERIALS AND METHODS of the fruit, which was obtained by macerating
Fruits of Brown Turkey cultivar were obtained fruit so as to obtain a uniform sample followed
from the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab by storing under refrigerated conditions. Moisture
Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year content, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, crude
2016. protein content, ash content, crude fiber, ascorbic
acid content and fat content were estimated by
Physical Attributes standard AOAC (2000) methods.
A total number of 50 fruits were analysed for Mineral content: Minerals in the sample were
the following parameters. Mass of the individual estimated by thermo electron inductively coupled
fruit was determined by using electronic weighing plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP - AES),
balance with 0.1g sensitivity. model ICAP – 630 (Arora and Bajwa, 1994).
Geometric properties: For each fig fruit Geometric Total carotenoids: Total carotenoids were
properties were determined by using digital vernierestimated by grinding sample in pestle and mortar
calliper (Mitutoyo, model Absolute Digimatic, with acetone. Extract was filtered and transferred
Japan) precision 0.01mm. Diameter (b), equatorial to separatory funnel containing 40 ml petroleum
width (t) and perpendicular to diameter and ether. Acetone was removed through slow addition
equatorial width (l) were estimated (Fig1). of distilled water and aqueous phase was discarded
The geometric, arithmetic and harmonic mean and volume was made up by petroleum ether.
diameters and spherecity were calculated (Mohsein, Absorbance of the sample was noted at 450 nm
1980) by using the following equations: (Carvalho et al, 2012). The total carotenoid content
Geometric Mean Diameter, Dg= (btl)1/3……..(i) was calculated using the following formula:
Arithmetic Mean Diameter, Da= (b+t+l)/3……(ii) Total Carotenoid = A × V × 104
Harmonic Mean Diameter, Dh= n/ (1/b+1/t+1/l). (iii) (μg/g) CE × P
Spherecity, φ= Dg/b………………. (iv) Where, A = Absorbance
Surface Area: The surface area was V = Total extract volume (ml)
calculated on the basis of geometric mean diameter P = sample weight (g)
of the fruit. CE =2592 (β-carotene Extinction
Sf=π(Dg) …..(v)
2
Coefficient in petroleum ether).
Where Dg is the geometric mean diameter Total anthocyanins: For the evaluation of total
Specific surface area: Specific surface area was anthocyanin content 2 g of the sample was ground
estimated by using the following equation given by in pestle and mortar using ethanolic hydrochloric
Rich and Teixeira, 2005. acid. Filtration of the extract was done followed
by volume make up to 25 ml using ethanolic
Ssf=Sf. b / Muf….(vi) hydrochloric acid. Absorbance of the sample was
Where, Ssf = Specific area of the unit fruit (mm2/ read at 535 nm (Ranganna, 1986) using blank as
cm3) ethanolic hydrochloric acid. Total anthocyanin
M  = Mass of one unit of fruit(g) content can be calculated by using the formula:
u,F,

188 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192

 Attributes of Brown Turkey Fig

Total absorbance per 100 g = Absorbance of sample weight of 25.97 g with a great variation in its
x Volume made x 100 maximum (39.635 g) and minimum (12.816
g) values (Table 1). Brown Turkey fig from an
Weight of sample orchard in Madera County, CA, when harvested
Total anthocyanin = Total absorbance per 100 g at commercial maturity stage exhibited an average
(mg/100g) 98.2 weight of 44.3 g whereas at tree ripe stage it was
found to be 52.2 g as reported by Crisosto et al
Total flavonoids content: Total flavonoids content
(2010). An average weight of 35.43 g was reported
was assessed by aluminium chloride calorimetric
for fig fruit for Siah Lorestan cultivar by Shahbazi
method (Sakhale et al., 2015). Methanolic extract
and Rahmati (2012). The breba crops of Brown
of the sample was prepared. 0.5 ml of aluminium
Turkey grown in Spain had mean mass values of
chloride solution was added to the sample along
117.5 g (Pereira et al, 2017).
with 1M potassium acetate. Mixture was incubated
at room temperature for 30 min and absorbance was Shahbazi and Rahmati. (2012) recorded lower
measured at 415 nm (UV-VIS spectrophotometer). value for average length as 32.072 mm for the Siah
Quantification of flavonoids was done from standard Lorestan cultivar obtained from Lorestan province,
quercitin curve and results were expressed as mg Iran, as compared to Brown Turkey fig variety
quercitin equivalent per 100 g. but the average width (43.086 mm) and thickness
(40.179 mm) were greater than that of Brown turkey
Total phenols: A methanolic extract of the sample
(36.18 mm and 31.87 mm) grown here. Chauhan
was prepared. Extract was taken along with folin
et al (2015) reported average length of 15.46 mm
ciocalteau reagent and 4 ml of saturated sodium
and width of 18.14 mm for ripened figs grown in
carbonate solution. Mixture was incubated for 15
Bilaspur, HP, India.
minutes and absorbance was read at 765 nm (Kojic
et al., 2011) and results were expressed as gallic Other parameters like geometric mean diameter,
acid equivalent in mg/ 100 g. Formula used is given surface area, arithmetic mean, harmonic mean and
below: specific area were recorded as 35.31 mm, 3944.52
cm2, 35.45 mm, 35.17 mm and 103.25 mm2. The
Total phenol = Concentration of phenol from
sphericity of fig fruit varied between 82 to 99 per
(µg/100ml) graph x Final volume x 100
cent. These higher values of sphericity reveal that
Weight of sample x Volume of the Brown Turkey cultivar of fruit is most likely
sample taken to roll than slide on flat surfaces. Sphericity value
Antioxidant activity: Antioxidant activity was is essential in designing separation and sizing
evaluated by taking methanolic extract to which equipment. Geometric mean diameter is used for
TRIS buffer and DPPH (1, 1 – diphenyl – 2 - grading of fruit on the basis of size, sphericity helps
picrylhydrazyl) reagent were added and absorbance in estimating the shape of the fruit and surface area
of the sample was noted at 517 nm (Harzallah et deals with the amount of packaging material that
al., 2016). The per cent inhibition activity was would be required for wrapping the fruit.
calculated using the following formula:
Chemical attributes
Inhibition activity (%) = Acontrol – A sample x 100 The moisture content, total soluble solids
(Per 100 g sample) A control and titrable acidity of Brown Turkey were found
to be 80.70 per cent, 17° Brix and 0.29 per cent
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respectively (Table 2). Similar results were reported
Physical attributes by Sakhale et al., 2015. The ‘Poona cultivar’ of fig
The fresh Brown Turkey figs had an average exhibited TSS of 16° Brix and acidity of 0.25%
189 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192
 Kaul et al

Table 1. Physical characteristics of Brown Turkey Fig. (N=50).

Sr. No. Parameter Average Maximum Minimum Standard deviation
1. Weight (g) 25.97 39.635 12.816 6.07
2. Length (mm) 38.31 48.23 28.86 3.88
3. Thickness (mm) 31.87 39.38 24.07 2.81
4. Breadth (mm) 36.18 49.94 27.88 3.75
5. GMD (mm) 35.31 41.29 30.55 3.00
6. Sphericity 0.92 0.99 0.82 0.03
7. Surface area (cm2) 3944.52 5355.06 2931.57 668.64
8. Arithmetic mean (mm) 35.45 41.17 28.7 3.06
9. Harmonic mean (mm) 35.17 41.04 28.68 2.96
10. Specific area (mm2) 103.25 137.16 89.48 74.84
(Sakhale et al, 2012). Antioxidant compounds are those which prevent
TSS: Acid ratio was found to be 58.6 which was at oxidation of other molecules like fat present in
par with the Brown Turkey when harvested at their food. Primary antioxidants mainly include phenolic
commercial maturity stage (Crisosto et al, 2010). compounds which further consist of flavonoids
The crude fibre was found to be 9.03 per cent which and carotenoids (Youssef, 2014). Antioxidants in
was higher than that reported by Pereira et al, 2017. terms of per cent inhibition activity per 100 g in
Ascorbic acid content of 5.00 mg/100 g in Brown Brown Turkey were calculated as 9444.44 whereas
Turkey fig was found to be conformation with antioxidant capacity in Brown Turkey cultivar
Sakhale et al (2015). grown in Madera County, CA, was reported as 1.73
Table 2. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of fresh Brown Turkey Fig.
Sr. No. Parameter Amount
1. Anthocyanin content (mg/100g) 9.651
2. Antioxidant activity (per cent inhibition activity/100g) 9444.44
3. Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) 5.00
4. Ash content (%) 4.16
5. Crude fiber (%) 9.03
6. Fat content (%) 0.62
7. Moisture content (%) 80.70
8. Protein content (%) 2.48
9. Titrable acidity (%) 0.29
10. Total carotenoids (mg/100g) 0.237
11. Total flavonoids (mg/100g) 25.41
12. Total phenols (GAE mg/100g) 577.61
13. Total soluble solids (ºBrix) 17°
14. TSS:Acid 58.6

190 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192

 Attributes of Brown Turkey Fig
µmol TE/g by Crisosto et al (2010). Total phenolic
content of fresh Brown Turkey fig in terms of gallic
acid equivalent was found to be 577.61 GAE mg/100
g. Anthocyanins are the flavonoids which are present
as coloring matter in the horticultural produce,
Kumar and Pandey (2013). Anthocyanins and total
flavonoids content in Brown Turkey were estimated
as 9.651 mg/100 g and 25.41 mg/100 g. Harzallah
et al (2016) reported total anthocyanin content of
162 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100g in pulp of Hamri
variety and 344.89 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100g in
pulp of Bidhi variety grown in Tunisia.
Mineral Composition: On comparing mineral
composition of Brown Turkey cultivar to other
tropical fruits it could be derived that fig contains
all the essential minerals in appreciable amounts
than other fruits (Table 3). Calcium content (213.7
mg/100g) of fig was much higher than Pineapple
(15mg/100g), Mango (18.2mg/100g), Pomegranate
(30 mg/100g) and Plum (20mg/100g). Calcium
intake is important for prevention of osteoporosis,
bone growth during adolescence stage and in post-
menopausal women (Hess et al, 2016). Similarly
Magnesium (116.7 mg/100g) was found to be on
higher side when compared to other fruits like
Pineapple (42 mg/100g), Mango (25.5 mg/100g),
Pomegranate (12 mg/100g) and Plum (9.8 mg/100g)
(Paul and Shaha, 2004). Magnesium is considered
to be beneficial in treating various diseases like
Alzheimer, dementia, migraine, stroke, blood
pressure and diabetes (Volpe, 2013). Similar trend in
potassium concentration could be observed, where
Table 3: Mineral composition of Brown Turkey fig (on dry basis)
Macro Minerals Amount (per 100 g)
Calcium (mg) 213.7
Potassium (mg) 615.5
Magnesium (mg) 116.7
Iron (mg) 16.09
Phosphorus (mg) 131.6
Sodium (mg) 14.46
191 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192
higher amount was found in Brown Turkey fig
that is 615.4 mg/100g and other tropical fruits like
Pineapple, Mango, Pomegranate, Orange and Plum
contain 228 mg/100g, 200 mg/100g, 171 mg/100g,
99.4 mg / 100g and 129 mg /100g (Paul and Shaha,
2004). High Sodium diet has an adverse effect on
the blood pressure levels and cardiovascular health
and is not considered good in diet (Ha, 2014). The
sodium content of Brown Turkey found to be 14.46
mg/100g which was less than the other tropical fruits
(Jahan et al, 2011). Apart from these minerals fig is a
good source of trace minerals like Zinc (1310 µg/100
g), Manganese (631 µg/100 g) and Copper (444.5
µg/100 g). Soni et al (2014) reported that dried fig is
a good source of minerals like Strontium (saturated),
Calcium (1545.46 ppm), Magnesium (679.04 ppm),
Phosphorus (365.75 ppm) and Iron (29.49 ppm).
CONCLUSION
Brown Turkey cultivar has average weight
25.97 g, average length 38.31 mm, geometric mean
diameter 35.31 mm and sphericity 0.9. The chemical
composition of Brown Turkey cultivar showed that
it is good source of crude fibre, and ascorbic acid and
contains lower amount of fat. It contains appreciable
amounts of bioactive compounds like anthocyanins,
antioxidants, phenolic compounds and flavonoids
and is a mineral rich fruit containing many macro
and micro minerals like Calcium, Potassium,
Magnesium, Iron, Copper, and Manganese etc. in
appreciable amounts.
Trace Minerals Amount (per 100 g)
Zinc (µg) 1310
Copper (µg) 444.5
Manganese (µg) 631
Boron (µg) 1415
Chromium (µg) 46.5
Nickel (µg) 74.5
 Kaul et al
REFERENCES
Alturki S (2013). Utilization of modified atmosphere
packaging to extend shelf life of fresh figs. Biotechnol
12 (2): 81-86.
Anonymous (2015). Physiology and post harvest handling of
fig. Retrieved from Package of practices for cultivation
of fruits 119-120.
Anonymous (2017). Worldwide production of fig. www.
statsmonkey.com accessed January 10, 2017.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington,
USA.
Arora C L and Bajwa M S (1994). Comparitive study of some
methods of oxidation of plant materials for elemental
analysis. Curr Sci 66 (4): 314-316.
Carvalho L M J, Gomes P B, Godoy R L O, Pacheco S,
Monte P H F, Carvalho J L V, Nutti M R, Neve A C L,
Vieira A C R and Ramos S R R (2012). Total carotenoid
content, α-carotene and β carotene, of landrace pumpkins
(Cucurbita moschata Duch): A preliminary study. Food
Res Int 47: 337-340.
Chauhan A, Tanwar B and Intelli (2015). Influence of
processing on physicochemical, nutritional and
phytochemical composition of Ficus carica (fig) fruit.
Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 6 (6): 1474-1489.
Crisosto C H, Bremer V, Ferguson L and Crisosto G M (2010).
Evaluating quality attributes of four fresh fig (Ficus
carica L.) cultivars harvested at two maturity stages.
Hort Sci 45 (4): 707-710.
Ha K S (2014). Dietary salt intake and hypertension. Electro
Blood Press 12 (1): 7-18.
Harzallah A, Bhouri A M, Amri Z, Soltana H and Hammami M
(2016). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of
different fruit parts juices of three figs (Ficus carica L.)
varieties grown in Tunisia. Ind Crops Prod 83: 255-267.
Hess J M, Jonnalagadda S S and Slavin J L (2016). Dairy foods:
current evidence of their effects on bone, cardiometabolic,
cognitive, and digestive health. Comprehensive Rev Food
Sci Food Safety 15: 251-268.
Jahan S, Ghosh T, Begum M, and Saha B K (2011). Nutritional
profile of some tropical fruits in Bangladesh: specially
anti-oxidant vitamins and minerals. Bangladesh J Med
Sci 10 (2): 95-103.
Kojic A B, Planinic M, Tomas S, Jokic S, Mujic I, Bilic M
and Velic D (2011). Effect of extraction conditions on the
extractability of phenolic compounds from lyophilised
fig fruits (Ficus Carica L.). Pol J Food Nutr Sci 61
(3): 195-199.
192 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 187-192
Kumar S and Pandey A K (2013). Chemistry and biological
activities of flavonoids: an overview. Scientific World J :
1- 16. doi:10.1155/2013/162750
Marpudi S L, Ramachandran P and Srividya N (2013). Aloe
vera gel coating for post harvest quality maintenance of
fresh fig fruits. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 4 (1): 878-
887.
Mohsenin N N (1980). Physical properties of plant and animal
materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. New
York.
Naikwadi P M, Chavan U D, Pawar V D and Amarowicz R
(2010). Studies on dehydration of figs using different
sugar syrup treatments. J Food Sci Technol 47 (4): 442-
445.
Paul D K and Shaha R K (2004). Nutrients, vitamins and
minerals content in common citrus fruits in the northern
region of Bangladesh. Pakistan J Biol Sci 7 (2): 238-242.
Pereira C, Margarita L C, Martin A, Villalobos M D C, Cordoba
M D G and Serradilla M J (2017). Physicochemical
and nutritional characterization of brebas for fresh
consumption from nine fig varities (Ficus carica L.)
grown in Extremadura (Spain). J Food Quality : 1-12.
doi:10.1155/2017/6302109
Ranganna S (1986). Handbook of analysis and quality control
of fruit and vegetable products, 2nd edition. Tata Mcgraw
Hill Publication. Co, New Delhi.
Rich E C and Teixeira A A (2005). Physical properties of
Mucuna (velvet) bean. App Engg Agric J 21: 437–443.
Sakhale B K, Chalwad R U and Pawar V D (2012).
Standardization of process for preparation of fig–mango
mixed toffee. Int Food Res J 19 (3): 889-891.
Sakhale B K, Kagade S G and Gaikwad S S (2015). Effect of
processing and storage conditions on total phenolics and
antioxidant properties on fig (Ficus carica L.) jam. Prog
Horti 47 (2): 237-241.
Shahbazi F and Rahmati S (2012). Mass modelling of fig
(Ficus carica L.) fruit with some physical characteristics.
Food Sci Nutr 1 (2): 125-129.
Soni N, Mehta S, Satpathy G and Gupta R K (2014).
Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant
and antibacterial activity of dried fig (Ficus carica). J
Pharmacog Phytochem 3 (2): 158-165.
Volpe S L (2013). Magnesium in Disease Prevention and
Overall Health. Adv Nutr Int Rev J 4 (3): 378-383.
Youssef M M (2014). Methods for determining the antioxidant
activity: a review. Alex J Food Sci Technol 11 (1): 31-42.
Received on 06/11/17 Accepted on 15/12/17
 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 193-196 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00020.X

Purpose and Preference of Using Social Networking Sites

by Adolescents
G Amruta Malatesh1 and K Dhanasree2
College of Home Science,AcharyaNGRanga Agricultural University,Guntur

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to know the preference and purpose of using Social Network Sites
(SNS) by adolescents.Social networking has become part of the daily life experiences for an increasing
number of people. The study was conducted in Hyderabad and Secunderabad twin cities using ex-post facto
research design. The sample consisted of 200 adolescents of aged between 18-20 years who were studying
professional and non-professional degree courses. The results showed that Facebook was ranked I and it is
the most popular and widely used social network site followed by YouTube and Twitter. Another finding of
the study showed the difference between the Professional and Non-Professional students in their purpose
of usage i.e. professional students used the social network sites for chatting, fun, to get information and for
flirting others whereas Non –Professionals used for making friends, playing games and reading blogs. This
study was helpful to understand why and how Social networking sites are being used by the adolescents.
Social Network sites can be used to create awareness on social evils and to generate the knowledge.
Key Words: Social Network Sites, Adolescents, Purpose, Preference.

INTRODUCTION of these sites. Adolescents use these sites to create

The social networking is a web-based service
that allows individuals to create a public profile and
to make a list of users with whom they want to share
their connections and also to view others profile
within the system(Boyd and Ellison, 2007).Social
networking sites (SNS) allow users to share ideas,
pictures, posts, activities, events and interests with
people in their network. Some of the social network
sites commonly used are Facebook,  Google+,
YouTube,  LinkedIn and Twitter etc. Social media
adoption among internet users in India is around
84 per cent today. This translates to around 110
millionsocial network users in India. Adolescents
are the major group who use SNS.
Social networking sites offer a wide variety
of resources and services such as messaging,
blogging, sharing photos, audios and videos,
group discussion, and distribution of applications.
Youngsters, especially students, are the avid users
and share their identities and profiles that may
include personal information, pictures, blog entries,
videos and music clips. These sites provide an
online platform for students of diverse backgrounds
and nationalities. This study was conducted to find
out the purpose and preference of social network
sites by adolescents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out tostudy the
purpose of usage and rank order preference of SNS
sites among adolescents.Ex-post facto research
design was adopted for the present study. Hyderabad
and Secunderabad were purposively selected for
conducting the study. The sample of the study
was 200 adolescents between 18-20 years of age
group (100 professional and 100 non-professional
degree students). The questionnaire was developed
specifically for the present study. The data were

Corresponding Author’s Email: amrutagonal00@gmail.com

1
Teaching Associate, College of Home Science,Guntur,AcharyaN.G.Ranga Agricultural University
2
Assistant Professor, College of Home Science,Guntur,AcharyaN.G.Ranga Agricultural University

193 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 193-196

 Malatesh and Dhanasree

collected using the questionnaire. The collected data improving communicative efficiency, providing
were scored, tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted positive social transformations, facilitating
with appropriate statistical procedures. openness, and fostering learner participation,
community building, and social presence.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The internet, especially sites like Facebook and
Table 1.Rank order preference of respondents Myspace offer prominent places for youth to put
for usage of SNS N=200 themselves out there in a text/multimedia forum
Sr. Social Weighted Rank order for others to see. Subsequently, adolescents were
No networking site score able to garner an audience of as many or as few
1 Facebook 1859 I as they feel comfortable number with and also
2 YouTube 1796 II gain access to other teens with whom they would
never regularly have any interaction. They can also
3 Twitter 1356 III
experience self-disclosure effects via divulging
4 Google plus 1330 IV personal information about themselves to others
5 Skype 1009 V which can lead to development of interpersonal
6 Linked- inn 976 VI relationships varying degrees of intimacy, which
7 Yahoo 934 VII may not be possible in face to face situation.
(Schmitt et al, 2008).
8 Instagram 819 VIII
It was interesting to note that 98 per cent of
9 Google talk 727 IX
professional degree students and 97 per cent of
10 Orkut 574 X non-professional students used SNS for chatting.
The results indicated that among all available Another interesting finding of the study was that
social networking sites, Facebook was the most 81 per cent of professional and 73 percent non-
popular and widely used social media and ranked professional course students used SNS for gaining
I by the selected late adolescents. YouTube and knowledge and information. In contrast Non-
Twitter were ranked second and third respectively. professional course students used SNS for making
Google plus, Skype and Linked-Inn were ranked friends which was a major activity after chatting.
as IV, V and VI respectively. The other sites like The study revealed that majority of late adolescents
Yahoo, Instagram, Google talk and Orkut were less (77%) of both professional and non-professional
popular among late adolescents, hence they were courses use SNSfor entertainment. Among non-
ranked low. Varghese and Nivedhitha (2013) also professional students, 74 percent use SNS for
found that Facebook was the most popular social playing games whereas, it was only 59 percent in
networking site among the Indian teenagers. The case of professional students. It was surprising to
study by Stephen and Thanuskodi (2014) found top note that majority of (73 %) professional and (67
five commonly used SNSby the college students %) non-professional use SNS to update their profile.
were Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Orkut and Researchers Ellisonet al (2007) also affirmed that
LinkedIn Social networking sites. It has recently most of the adolescents use social networking as
been reported that nearly three out of four teens and a medium to build and maintain friendships. The
adult internet users between the ages of 18 and 29 use least important functions that SNS sites served were
an SNS (Lenhart et al, 2008), and Facebook alone updating profile, flirting, reading blogs and work.
boasts over 800 million active users (Facebook, Top three purposes for which SNS were used were
2011). The SNS have the potential to improve chatting, making friends and news with and user
learning experiences in a variety of ways, including preference respectively (Reema and Gopal,2014).

194 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 193-196

 Use of Social Networking Sites

Table 2. Purpose of usage of SNS by Adolescents. N=200

Sr.No Purpose Professional Non –professional
(N=100) (N=100)
1 Chatting 98 97
2 Making friends 79 91
3 Commenting on others update 39 50
4 Fun of others 40 31
5 Entertainment 77 77
6 Games 59 74
7 Simply browsing(time pass ) 59 57
8 Shares 67 69
9 Work related requests 59 68
10 Work related browsing 66 75
11 To gain knowledge / information 81 73
12 Reading blogs 39 56
13 Updating profile 73 67
14 News update 67 66
15 Flirting 41 15
16 Any other 19 12

CONCLUSION among the peer group. Other activities of adolescents

The study conducted that the most popular
and most used site for late adolescents was the
Facebook. All the selected samples have accounts
in Facebookbecause of its user friendly interface,
opportunity for relaxation and for maintaining
relationships and features it has like uploading
photos /status, comments, postings, sharing’s,
chatting, video calling, news updates, forming
groups, etc. The next popular sites were YouTube,
Google plus and Twitter. The most important
activity of late adolescents irrespective of their
course and gender was chatting in SNS. Another
important finding was that majority of adolescents Boyd D M and Ellison N B (2007). Social network sites:
pursuing professional courses used SNS to gain
knowledge whereas majority of non-professional
course adolescents used SNS to make friends. These Ellison NB, SteinfieldC and Lampe C (2008). Social capital,
findings clearly suggest that adolescents used SNS
for making new friends and spending most of their
time in strengthening their sense of belongingness
in SNS were playing games, and entertainment. As
more than 70 per cent of students were found to
be using SNS for gaining knowledge, government
officials who were at the helm of affairs, popular
movie actors, cricket stars, famous politicians etc.
can post messages in bullet form on burning issues
in the country such as anti-corruption, anti-ragging,
gender sensitivity, values and ethics, traffic rules,
employment or educational opportunities etc. This
helps to reform youth for a healthy nation.
REFERENCES
Definition, history, and scholarship. Computer-Mediated
Communication, 13(1).
self-esteem, and use of online social network sites:
A longitudinal analysis. Applied Develop Psychology
29:434–445.

195 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 193-196

 Malatesh and Dhanasree
Lenhart M and Madden M( 2007). Teens, Privacy and Schmitt DP, Realo A, Voracek Mand Allik J (2008). Why can’t
Online Social Networks. How teens manage their online a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five
identities and personal information in the age of Myspace. personality traits across 55 cultures.94(1):168-82.
Pew Internet & Am Life Project Report. Varghese T D,Nivedhitha and Pradeep K (2013). Teenagers
ReemaM Band Gopal C (2014). A qualitative analysis of Usage of Social Networking Media in a South Indian
social networking usage. Int J Res & Dev Health 2(1): State. Int of Sci & Eng Res 4(12):622-63.
34-44.
Received on 19/09/17 Accepted on 10/12/17
StephenG andThanuskodiS (2014) .Use of Social Networking
Sites among the Students of Engineering & Education
Colleges in Karaikudi. A Study. Advances in Library and
Information Sciences 3(4):306-31.1

196 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 193-196

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 197-200 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00040.5

Role of Women in Decision Making Regarding Agricultural

Activities in Sahibganj District of Jharkhand
Maya Kumari* ,Ashok Kumar** and Adarsh Kumar Srivastava***
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Birsa agricultural University), Kanke, Ranchi, 834 006, (Jharkhand)

ABSTRACT
The women’s contribution to the farming sector in respect of participation and decision making has
largely been ignored. Though women performed more than four-fifth of agricultural work, their decision
were accepted only less than one-third of the case. The present study was conducted in Sahibganj district
of Jharkhand. There are 9 block namely Rajmahal, Barharwa, Sahibganj, Taljhari, Borio, Barhet, Mandro,
Udhwa and Pathna. Twenty five women from each block were selected, thus making a total sample of 225. To
study the extent of decision by rural women in their family, structured interview schedule was administrated
in the year 2017 on 225 farm women, who have attended at least 3 training programme at KVK. It was found
that the farm women participated in decision making process in each and every farm activities and the elder
in the family mainly took decisions. This is not surprising because the joint family system is still prevalent
where women have no role to play in decision making. In case of selection of seeds, quality of seeds, type
of pesticide, time of harvesting, vaccination, calving of animals, AI, foods of animals, maintenance of
tractor/pump set, drudgery reducing implements, fertilizer in fruit plants, distance between two plants and
selection of fruit plants, all decision were taken by elder person of the family. In all these cases women’s
decision was almost negligible. Further, more than 50 per cent of decision in the area of home science
were taken by the women such as preservation of fruits and vegetables (84.44%) and food to be cooked
(88.44%). The data about income of the family (44.44%) and saving in the family (40.00%) showed that
although women earned and saved the money by working in the field but their decisions were still centered
to the kitchen only. It was also concluded that in financial matter, the involvement of women was less.
Key Words: Activities, Agricultural, Decision making, Empowerment, Women.

INTRODUCTION gives excellent performance most of the time.

The role of women has always been a multi-
dimensional and significant as women have
performed well in case of agricultural activities,
domestic activities, marketing activities, as far as
labour requirement is considered. The decision
making process is an important segment of every
household because the functioning of family
resources management depends on the efficiency
of decision-making progress. So, women’s
involvement in decision-making process has
been of great importance because women play an
important role in every household activities and
It may be related to household activity or for the
decision-making at household or any other level. In
rural society, there has been noticed a considerable
fluctuation regarding the decision making power
of women. The state like Punjab and Haryana
show positive role of women in decision-making
process in many of the families but it has become
insignificant and negligible in rural families due to
illiteracy of women. The contribution of women
has not taken seriously because it is considered
very disgraceful to accept the decision of women.
This is because the abilities of women have been

Corresponding author’s Email: mayabau@rediffmail.com

* Scientist (H. Sc.) K. V. K., Sahibganj, Jharkhand
** Scientist (Extension Education), K. V. K., Gaya, Bihar
***Scientist (Extension Education), K. V. K., Dhanbad, Jharkhand

197 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 197-200

 Kumari et al

Table1. Decision making role of women in the area of agriculture/plant protection/animal science/
agricultural engineering/horticulture (n=225)
Sr. Particular Self Per Joint Per Elder Per cent Not Per cent
No. cent cent Applicable
1. Selection of seeds 50 22.22 55 24.44 100 44.44 20 08.88
2. Quality of seeds 25 11.11 62 27.55 113 50.22 25 11.11
3. Types of pesticides 32 14.22 56 24.88 108 48.00 29 12.88
4. Time of harvesting 55 24.44 56 24.88 95 42.22 19 08.44
5. Vaccination 10 04.44 50 22.22 130 57.77 35 15.55
6. Calving of animals 25 11.11 52 23.11 103 45.77 45 20.00
7. AI 30 13.33 56 24.88 105 46.66 34 15.11
8. Feed for animals 50 22.22 53 23.55 102 45.33 20 08.88
9. Maintenance of tractor 10 04.44 55 24.44 125 55.55 45 20.00
10. Drudgery reducing 35 15.55 56 24.88 115 51.11 19 08.44
implements
11. Fertilizer in fruits plant 25 11.11 35 15.55 130 57.77 35 15.55
12. Planting distance 44 19.55 56 24.88 112 49.77 13 05.77
13. Selection of fruit plants 52 23.11 56 24.88 113 50.22 04 01.77

neglected and undermined as the responsibility Mandro, Udhwa and Pathna. Twenty five women
of forming the policies is always regarded the jobfrom each block were selected, thus making a total
of male traditionally. The study was, therefore, sample of 225 who have attended training during last
conducted to know the role of women in decision 4 years from 2013-2016. For studying the extent of
making in various activities in Sahibganj District of
decision by rural women in their family, structured
Jharkhand. interview schedule was administrated in the year
who have attended at least 3 training programme
MATERIALS AND METHODS at KVK. Trainees were those women who have
The study was conducted in Sahibganj district attended training of agriculture, horticulture,
of Jharkhand. There are 9 block namely Rajmahal, agriculture engineering and home science. Age,
Barharwa, Sahibganj, Taljhari, Borio, Barhet, education level, exposure to media, there past

Table 2. Decision making role of women in the area of home science (n=225)
Sr. No. Particular Self Per Joint Per Elder Per Not Applicable Per
cent cent cent cent
1. Preservation 190 84.44 10 04.44 15 06.66 10 04.44
of fruits and
vegetables
2. Food to be 199 88.44 12 05.33 10 04.44 04 01.77
cooked
3. Income of the 100 44.44 60 26.66 49 21.77 11 04.88
family
4. Saving in the 90 40.00 70 31.11 60 26.66 05 02.22
family

198 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 197-200

 Role of Women in Decision Making Regarding Agricultural Activities
Table 3. Correlation between knowledge, adoption and improvement in skill with independent
variables (n=225).
Sr. No. Independent variable Knowledge Adoption Improvement in skill
1 Age -0.215 0.017 0.010
2. Caste 0.844** 0.265 0.336*
3. Education 0.995** 0.846** 0.791**
4. Marital status 0.061 0.218 0.020
5. Family size -0.132 0.218 0.068
6. Occupation 0.950** 0.126 -0.086
7. Family type -0.183 0.133 0.013
8. Family income 0.941** 0.829** 0.808**
9. Size of land holding 0.965** 0.880** 0.799**
10. Cosmo politeness 0.933** 0.834** 0.798**
11 Social participation 0.918** 0.844** 0.703**
**Significant at 1 per cent level of significance (p≤0.01)
experience of the training, marital status, type and selection of seeds, quality of seeds, type of pesticide,
size of family, land holdings, and attendance in time of harvesting, vaccination, calving of animals,
the trainings were few variables of the study. For AI, foods of animals, maintenance of tractor/pump
interpretation of data frequencies, percentage, mean set, drudgery reducing implements, fertilizer in fruit
were calculated. plants, distance between two plants and selection of
fruit plants, all decision were taken by elder person
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of the family. In all these cases women’s decision
The data (Table 1) indicated that the elder in the was almost negligible. This findings were in line
family mainly took decisions. This is not surprising with the findings of Tiwari and Tripathi (2014).
because the joint family system is still prevalent Mishra et al (2009) also reported that husbands
where women have no role to play in decision consulted always their wives in respect of the
making. Khandari et al (2011) mentioned that this is a practices namely application of manure in the field,
unique situation of the rural Garhwal of Uttarakhand, type of vegetables, harvesting time and gardening.
where women perform more than 80 per cent Gondaliya (2012) mentioned that in case of
home and farm activities but their participation in major activities such as sowing practices, nutrient
decision making has been less than 20.91 per cent. management, crop protection, harvesting and post
It showed that there was a clear-cut gender bias in harvest activities , majority of the farm women have
the society, which explains traditionally subjugated taken joint decision with family members or with
status of women, as well as their role in decision husband while independent female decision was
making process. These gender biases shall improve negligible. Discussion of seeds, types of pesticides
with the improvement in the education of women in and time of harvesting but decision were mainly
rural areas of Uttarakhand. Middle age groups and taken by men.
above age groups participated more in the decision The data (Table 2) indicated that the more than
making process in different areas of agriculture and 50 per cent decision making role of farm women in
level of participation was also high as compared to the area of home science were taken by the women
younger age group. such as preservation of fruits and vegetables
The data (Table1) revealed that in case of (84.44%) and food to be cooked (88.44%). Income

199 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 197-200

 Kumari et al

of the family (44.44%) and saving in the family because the joint family system is still prevalent
(40.00%) showed that although women earned and where women have no role to play in decision
saved the money by working in the field but their making. In case of selection of seeds, quality
decision were still centered to the kitchen only. of seeds, type of pesticide, time of harvesting,
It was also concluded that in financial matter the vaccination, calving of animals, AI, foods of
involvement of women was less. animals, maintenance of tractor/pump set, drudgery
It was evident from the (Table 3) that the variables reducing implements, fertilizer in fruit plants,
viz., caste, education, family income, size of distance between two plants and selection of fruit
holdings, cosmo politeness, and social participation plants, all decision were taken by elder person of
were found to be positively and significantly the family. In all these cases women’s decision was
correlated with the level of knowledge. It showed almost negligible. It was found that the more than
that although women were having knowledge but 50 per cent decision making role of farm women in
the family members did not give them weight age the area of home science were taken by the women
to them to include in decision making. It was also such as preservation of fruits and vegetables
evident that the five variables, education, family (84.44%) and food to be cooked (88.44%). Income
income, size of land holding, cosmo politeness and of the family (44.44%) and saving in the family
social participation were significantly and positively (40.00%) showed that although women earned and
correlated with the level of adoption of advanced saved the money by working in the field but their
technologies of agriculture. It indicates women decision were still centered to the kitchen only.
who were exposed to T. V. and had some contacts
with the extension personnel, scientist, agriculture REFERENCES
Gondaliya R H and Patel J K (2012). Decision making pattern
supervisors etc. adopt the advanced technologies of of farm women in relation to selected different agriculture
agriculture more easily than others. activities. Asian Soc 7:78-81
In the case of skill the variables like caste, Dawit Tsegaye, Tadesse Dessalegn, Ahmad Yiman and Minilek
education, family income, size of land holdings, Kefale (2012). Extent of rural women participation and
cosmo politeness and social participation were decision making in seed production activities. Global Adv
Res J Agri Sci 1(7): 186-190
found to be positively and significantly correlated.
It indicates women exposed to T. V. & radio, Khanduri B K and Dev Chandra (2011). Participation of
women in decision making process in rural Garhwal of
conceptually listen the educational talks delivered Uttarakhand. J Hill Agri 2(1): 90-97
by the scientist of the centre and had intimacy
Mishra A, Mishra A and Dubey A K (2009). Participation of
with experts might be more motivated and showed rural women in decision making. Indian Res J Ext Edu 9
improvement in their skill, which definitely give (3):23-27
them exposure to take decision. Tiwari M and Tripathi N N (2014). Decision pattern among
women performing agricultural activities. Indian Res J
CONCLUSION Ext Edu 14 (3): 31-34
It may be concluded that high number of farm Bhattacharjee D (2015). Participation of women in agricultural
women were found to have overall high level of activities in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Indian Res J
participation in agricultural operations. On the Ext Edu 15 (3): 43-46.
other hand, the farm women participated in decision Sharma A, Singh D and Solanki G S (2014). Role of farm
making process in each and every farm activities. women in agricultural operations and decision making
pattern. Indian Res J Ext Edu 14 (2): 60-63.
The data clearly indicated that the elder in the
family mainly took decisions. This is not surprising Received on 09/12/17 Accepted on 31/12/17

200 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 197-200

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 201-204 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00086.7

Study on the Socioeconomic Profile and Knowledge Level of

Farm Women about Soybean Processing Techniques
Manisha Arya, V K Sachan, Pankaj Nautiyal and Gaurav Papnai
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR-VPKAS), Chinyalisaur- 249 196 (Uttarkashi) Uttarakhand

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted on 100 farm women to examine the impact of training programme on
knowledge level of farm women about soybean processing technologies. The respondents were trained at
KVK Uttarkashi in different aspect of home Science technologies. Pre and post training knowledge score were
calculated and analysed the data with the help of paired’t’ test and correlation studies. Significant differences
were found among pre and post training mean score of all the aspect of the training. The study revealed that
majority of respondents (72 %) had medium level of knowledge while 20 per cent of the respondents obtained
higher level of knowledge and 8 per cent had low level of knowledge score related to different aspects of
precision farming technologies. The attributes viz. education (r=0.2307), annual income (r=0.1807) and
social participation (r= 0.1968) had positive and highly significant correlation with knowledge of respondents,
however, age and marital status were found negatively correlated with the knowledge of respondents.
Key Words: Knowledge, Respondents, Home Science, Correlation ,Farm women.

INTRODUCTION Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttarkashi organised

Training is the process of improving the
knowledge, skills and changing the attitude of an
individual for doing a specific job. Along with the
changing situation, the people also need to acquire
new knowledge, skills and attitude to keep up with
the changing environment. Therefore training has
continued to be considered as the most important
device for developing an individual and improving
his/her work efficiency (Malabasari and Hiremath,
2016).The progresses in any field depend to a large
extent on quick and effective dissemination of new
practices or technologies among the beneficiaries
and bring back of their problems to the research
labs for their solution (Gupta and Verma, 2013).
In Uttarakhand, women play a crucial role in
all farm-related activities from land preparation to
marketing. They contribute a higher proportion of
labour in agricultural sector as compared to men, but
globally her hard work has mostly been unpaid. She
does the most tedious and back-breaking tasks in
agriculture, animal husbandry, horticultural crops,
caring and raring of children, and other domestic
activities (Sharma et al, 2013).
Corresponding Author’s Email:paran.arya@gmail.com
many training programmes exclusively for farm
women with the aim to make them competent in
performing various activities related to home
Science and agricultural sciences. Training of five
batches of 20 farm women (different villages of
Uttarkashi block) were conducted at KVK during
2013-15. Pre and post evaluation of the trainees
was done to find out the level of change in their
knowledge and skill after undergoing training on
technologies regarding processing of Soybean.
Hence, this study was conducted with the specific
objectives to study the socio personal profile,
knowledge level of respondents and relationship
between the dependent and independent variables.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was undertaken in two blocks
of the Uttarkashi district. The gain in knowledge
was estimated as difference between the knowledge
before and after the exposure of trainings. The
knowledge level of respondents in the present study
was measured with the help of a knowledge test
constructed and standardized by Borua and Brahma

201 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 201-205

 Arya et al

(2012). To measure the knowledge, a respondent Table 1. Socio Personal profile of the respondents.
was given a score of “one” for correct answer and N= 100
“zero” for wrong answer. Thus, the summation of all
scores treated as the knowledge of the respondents S r . Variable Category Per
at pre-exposure stage. Similarly post-training No. cent
knowledge score was calculated separately. A pre 1 Age 12-24 33
tested structured interview schedule was used to 25-36 25
collect data. On the basis of score the respondents 37-48 29
was classified as having high, medium and low >48 13
level of knowledge. 2 Marital status Married 66
Sample Size: A total of 100 farm women were Unmarried 34
selected from six villages randomly. These farm 3 Education Illiterate 15
women were trained in home Science on various level Primary 27
aspects of processing of soybean at KVK, Middle 25
Uttarkashi. A multi stage sampling technique was High school 16
adopted for sample selection. Intermediate 10
Data collection and analysis: The collected Graduation 7
data were computed and analyzed by frequency, 4. Income of the <5000 15
percentage analysis and suitable statistical tools. family 5001-10000 40
The findings were presented as per the expressed 10001- 20000 30
responses of the farm women. >20000 15
5. Family Size Nuclear 36
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Joint 48
Socio Personal Profile of the Respondents Extended 16
Age 6. Land holding Marginal 66
The Data (Table 1) reveal that majority of the Small (1-2ha) 29
respondents (33%) belong to age group between 12- Medium (2-4 ha) 05
24 yr followed by 37-48 yr (29). The above findings Large>4 ha 0
were in line with the study of Papnai et al (2015).
7. Mass media Radio 4
Marital status exposure TV 100
It was evident that 66 percent of the respondents News paper 2
were married, however 34 percent respondent were Mobile 78
unmarried. This may be because majority of the 8. Social Mahila mandal 3
respondents were from middle and old age group so participation Dairy/ cooperative 10
most of them were married. society
SHG 32
Education and family income
The data (Table 1) reveal that, 27 per cent of Panchayat 5
the respondents were educated up to primary level No membership 50
followed by middle (25%) whereas 15 per cent of The results of the study were in conformity with
the respondents were illiterate and only 7 per cent the finding of Kular (2014). The majority of the
had education up to graduation. respondents (40%) fall under the income group of

202 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 201-205

 Study on the Socioeconomic Profile
Rs. 5001 -10000 income group followed by 30 per
cent under Rs. 10001- 20000 income group. Fifteen
per cent of the respondents equally found under the
income category of Rs. <5000 and Rs. >20000.
The majority of respondents (48%) had joint
families followed by 36 per cent nuclear families
while only 16 per cent of the respondents belonged
to extended family. Sixty six per cent of respondents
were small farmers having land holding of one
to two hectares followed by marginal category
(29%). Very few farmers belonged to medium (5%)
category.
Social participation
It is evident from table 1 that 32.00 per cent of
the respondents were involved in SHGs followed
by 10.00 per cent Dairy/ co-operative societies,
05.00 per cent in social and political institutions
like Panchayat and 03.00 per cent in societies
were involved in Mahila/ Yuvati Mangal Dal. But
majority of the respondents (50 per cent) were not
having any involvement in any social institutions.
Mass media exposure
Regarding media exposure of farm women,
only 4 per cent of them had access to radio whereas
100 per cent watch television regularly, and
majority of them (78%) were having mobile phone.
The findings of the study were in line with that of
Shivraj and Philip (2016).
Knowledge level of farm women
Table 2. Pre and post training knowledge score
of the respondent. (N=100)
Sr. Knowledge Pre training Post Training
No. level (%) (%)
1. Low 95.0 8 need or knowledge level had positive and significant
2. Medium 5.0 72
3. High 0 20
The findings regarding pre- training knowledge
score of the respondent (Table 2) revealed that
the majority (95%) of the respondents had low
knowledge level followed by medium (5%) while
203 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 201-205
none of the respondents obtained high level of
knowledge score before participating in the training
programme. After acquiring trainings, majority
of the respondents (72%) had medium level of
knowledge score, followed by 20 per cent high
level of knowledge score while 8 per cent of the
respondents obtained lower level of knowledge
score related to different aspects of technologies.
Hence, there was a considerable change in the
knowledge level of trainees. Similarly, Gupta
(2013) reported that majority of farm women
(55.55%) had medium knowledge level with 28.08
average knowledge score. About 21.11 per cent of
them had low knowledge level with 16.52 average
knowledge score, whereas 23.33 per cent had high
knowledge level with 41.95 average score.
Extent of gain in knowledge of farm women
It was worth to mention that significant
differences were found among pre-and post training
mean scores of all the aspects of the training.
Thus, the respondents were able to gain sufficient
knowledge at post training programme.
Relationship between socio-personal
characteristics and knowledge gain on home
science technologies
The data (Table 5) show the correlation between
knowledge level and socio-personal characteristics
of trainees. The attributes like education (r=0.2307),
annual income (r=0.1807) and social participation
(r= 0.1968) had positive and highly significant
correlation with knowledge of respondents. Whereas
age (r= -0.2022), and marital status (r=0.1998) had
significantly negative correlation with knowledge
gain. Similarly, Yadav (2008) found that training
relationship with personal and socio economic
characteristics, viz. education(r=0.2895), social
participation(r=0.1795) and overall socio economic
status(r=0.2994).
CONCLUSION
It could be inferred that majority of the farm
women had shown the medium level of knowledge.
 Arya et al

Table 3. Comparative mean scores of pre training and post training knowledge of respondents
N= 100
Sr. Parameter Pre Post Difference t-value Mean of
No. training training difference +
1. Scientific name of the soybean 0.37 0.86 0.49 -7.3859 -0.45
2. Acid used to making soy Paneer 0.21 1.0 0.79 -19.298 -0.79
3. Quantity of Paneer obtained one kg 0.04 1.0 0.96 -48.744 -0.96
soybean
4. Use of water in 1 kg soybean 0.79 1.0 0.21 -5.13 -0.21
5. Enzymes found in the soybean 0.05 1.0 0.95 -43.37 -0.95
6. Grinding of the soybean 0 1.0 1.0 -48.744 -0.96
7. Nutritive value of soybean 0 0.93 0.93 -26.944 -0.88
8. Soybean soaked in the water 0 0.91 0.91 -25.74 -0.87
9. Soybean is cooked for 0 1.0 1.0 -48.744 -0.96
10. Soybean by product name is 0.03 1.0 0.97 -36.267 -0.93
11. Cooking temperature of soybean is 0.96 1.0 0.04 -2.031 -0.04
12. Soy Paneer name is 0.03 1.0 0.97 -36.267 -0.93
13. Making soy Paneer employment is 0.72 1.0 0.28 -6.2048 -0.28
14. The venue of the programme is 0.77 1.0 0.23 -5.2842 -0.22

Table 4. Correlation co-efficient between helped in capacity building of rural women by

knowledge of Home Science technologies and creating awareness, increasing the knowledge about
socio-personal characteristic. innovative technologies and practicing improved
Sr No. Variable Correlation
skills which will help in the empowerment as well
coefficient as generation of self employment for rural women.
1. Age -0.202279*
REFERENCES
2. Education 0.2307191* Borua S and Brahma A K (2012). A study on the knowledge
3. Marital status -0.199873* level and extent of adoption of selected technology by
4. Annual income 0.180753* rural youth trained in KVK of AAU in Assam. J Acad and
Indust Res 1(7): 374-378.
5. Family size -0.06526861
6. Land holding -0.04414382 Gupta S (2013). Knowledge level of the farm women in
improved home science technologies. Asian J Home Sci
7. Mass media exposure -0.06037303 8(2): 395-398.
8. Social participation 0.1968466* Gupta S and Verma S (2013). Impact of KVK on knowledge
*significance at (P<0.05) level of farm women. J Rural Agric Res 13(2): 87-89.
The significant increase of knowledge level of farm Kular S S (2014). A study on Anganwadi workers in rural
women may be due to the training methodology ICDS blocks in Punjab. Int J Humanities and Soc Sci
Intervention 3(9): 01-04.
adopted and also continuous effort made by the
trainers. Surely after the training programme, farm Kumar A (2014). A study of the development of primary
education in Uttarkashi district (Uttarakhand) from 2001
women will disseminate the technologies to the to 2014. Int J Humanities and Soc Sci Intervention 3(8):
other farm women at village level and solve the 16-24.
problems very efficiently. Training programme

204 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 201-205

 Study on the Socioeconomic Profile

Papnai G., Bhardwaj N., and Kashyap S.K. (2015). Farmers’
Media Preferences for Designing Agri-Based Distance
Learning Courses for Hill Region of Uttarakhand. Indian
J Open Learning 24 (3):103-114
Malabasari R T and Hiremath U S (2016). Effect of Krishi
Vigyan Kendra training programme on knowledge and
adoption of Home Science and agricultural technologies.
J Farm Sci 29 (2): 251-256.
Shivraj P and Philip H (2016). Role of mass media in changing
awareness level on climate change among small and
marginal paddy farmers of Tamil Nadu. Int J Humanities
and Soc Sci Interventions 5(4):45-50
Sharma P, Singh G P and Jha S K (2013), Impact of training
programme on knowledge and adoption of preservation
technologies among farm women- A comparative study.
Indian Res J Ext Edu 13(1): 96-100.
Yadav N (2008). Designing Training Module on
Entrepreneurship Behaviour for Women Engaged in
Sericulture: A Study in Uttarakhand. Ph. D. Thesis.
Department of Agricultural Communication, G. B. Pant
University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar.
Received on 16/10/2017 Accepted on 30/11/17

205 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 201-205

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00072.7

Simultaneous Selection for Yield and Stability in Sugarcane

Using AMMI Model
Gulzar S Sanghera1*, Arvind Kumar2 and Rajesh Kumar3
Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Kapurthala, 144 601 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
In present study, three early maturing clones CoPb 08211, CoPb 08212, CoS 08233 and two standards
viz., CoJ 64 and CoPant 84211 were evaluated in three crop cycles (I and II Plant crop and ratoon
crop) at seven locations in North West Zone during 2012-14. Data on CCS (t/ha), cane yield (t/ha) and
sucrose (%) were subjected to stability analysis using AMMI model and simultaneous selection of
high yielding and stable clones was done by estimated index value based ranking. Based on index of
simultaneous selection of high CCS (t/ha) and stable clones, it was found that the standard CoJ 64 and
clones CoPb 08212 and CoS 08233 were at first, second and third rank, respectively. Considering top
two high CCS (t/ha) and stable clones, CoPb 08212 and CoS 08233 were superior, but inferior to the
standard CoJ 64. Results based on stability value and rank based on estimated value for high cane yield
(t/ha) revealed that entries CoPb 08212 (80.39 t/ha) and CoS 08233 (76.02 t/ha) were at first and second
rank, respectively and better than both the standards CoJ 64 and CoPant 84211. Simultaneous selection
based on high sucrose (%) and stability revealed that the clones CoPb 08212 (18.10%), CoPb 08211and
CoS 08233 were at first, second and third rank, respectively. All these clones were better than both the
standards used. From the above analysis, it may be concluded that the entries CoPb 08212 and CoS
08233 were stable clones with high yield and sucrose (%) in early maturity group of North West Zone.
Key Words: AMMI Model, Sugarcane, Sucrose, Stability.

INTRODUCTION clone stability and identification of homogenous

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex)
is highly sensitive to environmental factors and
therefore selection of location specific varieties is
important aspect in its breeding programme (Anon,
2014). In recent past, a large number of improved
varieties have been identified through AICRP trials,
and some have occupied sizeable area in most parts
of the country. Such varieties have contributed in
improving the sugarcane productivity. Although
a wide range of techniques to analyze G x E
interactions are available, their application to
sugarcane is limited in comparison with other field
crops (Ramburan, 2012). The majority of studies of
G x E interactions (GEI) of sugarcane fall within
the empirical category, where the focus was on
*Corresponding author Email: sangheragulzar@pau.edu
1
Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Kapurthala, 144601, Punjab, India
2
UP Council of Sugarcane Research, Shahjahanpur, 242001, UP, India
3
ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002, UP, India
environments within breeding programs (Kang
and Miller, 1984; Tai et al, 1982). Jackson et al
(1995) used ANOVA, cluster analysis and PCA to
investigate G x E interactions of three datasets of
sugarcane pre-release trials in Australia. Stability
in performance is one of the most desirable
properties of a clone to be released as a variety
for cultivation. In case, the variance due to G x E
interaction is found significant, one of the various
approaches known for measuring the stability of
clones can be used and the variety may be ranked
accordingly (Singh and Chaudhary, 1977). For a
successful breeding of variety testing programme,
both stability and yield (or any other trait) must
be considered simultaneously. Under AICRP

206 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 Sanghera et al
on sugarcane, simultaneous selection indices
using Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative
Interaction (AMMI) model for Advanced Varietal
Trial was initiated (Kumar and Sinha, 2015). AMMI
model is a suitable technique to deal with multi-
location trials, compared to traditional methods
like ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) and linear regression. Currently, selection
of sugarcane clones is based on the performance
of cane yield in different locations across the zone
and ranking of clones is done on the basis of mean
data. The analysis and ranking of clones based on
simultaneous selection of high yielding and stable
clones give better and reliable picture in identifying
a variety for its release in a zone. The present study
summarizes the results obtained from Advanced
Varietal Trial (Early) conducted at seven locations
in North West Zone during 2012-14, using AMMI
model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The combined analysis of sets of experiments
conducted in a randomized complete block design
for three crop cycles (two plant crop and one ratoon)
over seven locations (Faridkot; Karnal; Kapurthala;
Lucknow; Muzaffarnagar; Shahjahanpur and
Sriganganagar) in North West Zone was performed
for cane yield (t/ha), commercial cane sugar
(CCS) yield (t/ha) and sucrose (%). Integration of
stability of performance with yield of clone through
suitable measures will help in appropriate selection
of a variety. One approach would be to integrate
measures of performance and stability as a most
informative index (Rao and Prabhakaran, 2005). A
brief outline of AMMI and bio-plots procedure is
discussed below.
AMMI and simultaneous selection procedure
The first part of AMMI uses the normal ANOVA
procedures to estimate the clone and environment
main effects. The second part involves the PCA
of the interaction residuals (residuals after main
effects are removed). The model formulation for
AMMI shows its interaction part consisting of
207 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213
summed orthogonal products. Because of this form
the interaction lends itself to graphical display in
the form of so called bi-plots (Gabriel, 1971). Here,
it is assumed that the first two PCA axes suffice for
an adequate description of the GxE interaction. It
is evident from earlier sections that the scope of bi-
plots is very much limited. The inferences drawn
from bi-plots would be valid only when the first
two PCAs explain a large portion of interaction
variation. In situations, where more than two PCA
axes are needed to accumulate considerable portion
of GEl variation, what should be the approach for
identifying varieties which are high yielding as
well as stable. Keeping this in mind, a new family
of simultaneous selection indices was proposed by
Rao and Prabhakaran (2005), which select varieties
for both yield and stability and was applied in the
present study. The proposed selection indices (Ii)
consists of (i) a yield component, measured as the
ratio of the average performance (i. Y) of the i-th
clone to the overall mean performance of the clones
under test, and (ii) a stability component, measured
as the ratio of stability information (l/ ASTABi) of
the i-th clone to the mean stability information of
all the clones under test. The simultaneous selection
index is given below:
Where ASTABi is the stability measure of the
i-th clone under AMMI procedure and Y is mean
performance of i-th clone. α is the ratio of the
weights given to the stability components (w2) and
yield (w1) with a restriction that w1 + w2= 1.
The weights considered in the index are, in
general, as per the plant breeders’ requirement. By
considering the values of a as 1.0 (w1= w2 =0.5),
0.66 (w1=0.6, w2=0.4), 0.43 (w1=0.7, w2=0.3)
and 0.25 w1 = 0.8, w2 = 0.2), a new family of
indices consisting of four indices I1, I2, I3 and I4
was proposed. Combination of two years of plant
crops (2012-13 and 2013-14) and one ratoon crop
 Yield and Stability in Sugarcane

during 2013-14 and seven locations were treated different locations were considered for AMMI
as 21 environments for stability analysis. At each and stability analysis. The significant interactions
location, the trial was conducted in randomized of clones × environments (locations and years
block design with four replications of gross plot size combination) suggest that cane yield (t/ha), sugar
8 rows of 6.0 m with 0.75 m row to row distance yield CCS (t/ha) and sucrose (%) of clones varied
and seed rate using 12 buds per meter. Planting of in plant and ratoon crop. Significant differences for
crop was done during the month of February/March clones, environments and clones x environments
for plant crop. Data on cane yield (t/ha), sugar interaction indicated the effect of environments in
yield CCS (t/ha) and sucrose (%) were recorded at the GxE interaction, genetic variability among the
harvest stage both in AVT (300 d after planting of entries and possibility of selection for stable clones
the crop) and in ratoon crop after 210 d of ratooning with respect to cane yield (Table 1.1), CCS (t/ha)
(after harvesting of plant crop. The planting and the (Table 2.1) and sucrose per cent in juice (Table 3.1).
harvesting were performed manually. For analysis The AMMI analysis of variance for yield under
of the data, the data of AVT- I were taken as AVT -
21 environments indicated that the effects of clone,
II for cane yield (t/ha), CCS (t/ha) and sucrose (%).
environment and their interaction on cane yield
AMMI analyses and simultaneous selection indices were significant, with the proportion of the total
analyses were performed with the help of SAS 9.3 treatment variation of 11.51per cent for clone, 47.57
(SAS Institute, 2002- 2010). per cent for the environment and 28.08 per cent for
interaction (G x E) (Table 1.1). Similarly for CCS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (t/ha), the effects of clone, environment and their
Analysis of Variance Studies Using AMMI interaction were significant, with the proportion
Model of the total treatment variation of 11.83 per cent
The mean data for combined analysis on cane for clone, 48.86 per cent for the environment
yield, CCS (t/ha) and sucrose content in juice of and 28.90 per cent for their interaction (Table
Table 1.1. AMMI analysis of cane yield (t/ha) of five clones/varieties over twenty one environments
in North West Zone
Source DF SS MSS F at 5% Per cent PCA PCA Cumulative
Contribution to Contribution Contribution
SS
Genotype 4 3061.12 765.28 31.41** 11.51
Env. 20 15862.98 793.15 76.60** 47.57
GxE 80 9114.72 113.93 7.18** 28.08
PCA1 18 5393.69 299.65 15.80** 53.62 57.62 57.62
PCA2 16 2482.66 155.17 7.55** 27.92 25.92 85.54
PCA3 14 651.38 46.53 2.94** 7.19 7.19 92.72
PCA4 12 448.47 37.37 2.27** 4.87 4.85 97.56
Residual 10 130.52 13.05
Average Error 225 3662.92 16.28 11.34
Total 399 40808.46
** - Significant at 1 % level of significance
DF-degree of freedom; SS- sum of square; MSS- mean sum of square; PCA- principal component analysis and
GxE- genotype into environment.

208 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 Sanghera et al

Table 2.1 AMMI analysis of commercial cane sugar (t/ha) of five clones/varieties over twenty one
environments in North West Zone
Source DF SS MSS F at 5% % Contribution PCA PCA
to Contribution Cumulative
SS Contribution
Genotype 4 81.50 20.38 71.09** 11.83
Env. 20 410.96 20.55 112.57** 48.86
GxE 80 245.00 3.06 12.62** 28.90
PCA1 18 174.06 9.67 36.54** 71.88 71.88 70.88
PCA2 16 38.71 2.42 10.58** 17.08 16.08 85.95
PCA3 14 17.10 1.22 4.46** 6.55 6.52 92.47
PCA4 12 10.99 0.92 3.56** 4.48 4.45 96.92
Residual 10 0.73 0.07
Average Error 225 58.30 0.26 7.08
Total 399 1037.55
** - Significant at 1 % level of significance
DF-degree of freedom; SS- sum of square; MSS- mean sum of square; PCA- principal component analysis and
GxE- genotype into environment

2.1). In case of sucrose (%), the effects of clone,
environment and their interaction were significant,
with the proportion of the total treatment variation
of 19.86 per cent for clone, 47.46 per cent for the
environment and 28.00 per cent for their interaction
(Table 3.1). Further, 48.86 per cent of the total SS
was attributable to environmental effects, 11.83 per
cent to genotypic effects and 28.90 per cent to G × E
interaction effects. Similar results in sugarcane crop
were obtained by Silveira et al (2013) who observed
that the AMMI analysis of variance of the variable
tons of pol per ha (TPH) across two cuttings and
seven environments, 73.36 per cent of the total SS
was attributable to environmental effects, 12.01 per
cent to genotypic effects and 14.63 per cent to G ×
E interaction effects.
For cane yield (t/ha), CCS (t/ha) and sucrose
(%), the significant effect of the G × E interaction
(Table 1.1, 2.1 and 3.1) revealed that the clones had
variable performance in the tested environments of
the Zone. Silveira et al (2013) also reported that a
change in the average rank of clones was verified
among the environments, justifying for more refined
analysis to increase the efficiency of the selection of
cultivars.
Based on the above conclusions, AMMI analysis
is more appropriate. In this sense, AMMI analysis
represents a potential tool that can be used for in-
depth understanding of the factors involved in the
manifestation of the G × E interaction. Silveira et
al (2013) also indicated that the AMMI method
allowed for easy visual identification of superior
clones for each set of environments. In this study
also, a large SS for environments indicated that
the environments were diverse with cane yield
ranging from 45.23 (CoPb 08211) to 109.99 t/
ha (CoPb 08212) for plant crop and 44.23 (CoPb
08211) to 122.41 (CoS 08233) for ratoon crop.
Similar observations were also noted for CCS (t/
ha) parameters. In case of sucrose (%), the variation
ranged from 16.20 per cent (CoPant 84211) to
19.62 per cent (CoPb 08211) for environments in
plant crop and 16.36 % (CoPant 84211) to 19.17
per cent (CoPb 08212) in ratoon crop. According to
Gauch and Zobel (1996), in standard multi-location
trials, 80 per cent of the total sum of treatments

209 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 Yield and Stability in Sugarcane

Table 3.1 AMMI analysis of sucrose (%) of five clones/varieties over twenty one environments in
North West Zone
Source DF SS MSS F at 5% Per cent PCA PCA
Contribution Contribution Cumulative
to SS Contribution
Genotype 4 51.17 12.79 274.94** 19.86
Env. 20 136.09 6.80 255.22** 47.46
GxE 80 81.23 1.02 39.42** 28.00
PCA1 18 41.60 2.31 61.81** 54.10 52.10 53.10
PCA2 16 14.54 0.91 21.46** 17.87 17.87 68.97
PCA3 14 11.43 0.82 24.57** 14.49 16.49 84.46
PCA4 12 8.48 0.71 19.68** 11.53 11.53 94.99
Residual 10 3.24 0.32
Average Error 225 8.47 0.04 3.08
Total 399 356.25
** - Significant at 1 % level of significance
DF-degree of freedom; SS- sum of square; MSS- mean sum of square; PCA- principal component analysis and
GxE- genotype into environment

is due to environment effect and 10 per cent due the number of multiplicative terms appropriate for
to G x E. Bissessur et al (2001) also showed that a given data set may also be determined by a test of
AMMI method was more effective than ANOVA significance. By using principal component analysis,
in identifying significant G x E interactions in a the first interaction axes contain a greater standard
study of final stage selection trials in Mauritius. percentage, with a decrease in the subsequent axes.
They found that AMMI method was effective Thus, as the number of selected axes increases,
at identifying cultivars with broad and specific the noise percentage also increases, reducing the
adaptation and recommended that the technique be predictive power of the analysis (Oliveira et al,
routinely used to obtain additional information on 2003). In this case we have retained four significant
clones prior to their commercial cultivation. axis in the model for cane yield (t/ha), CCS (t/ ha)
Similarly, in North West Zone, G x E interaction and sucrose (%).
portion is very high and significant which capture Ranking of Clones based on Stability and
more than 92.72 per cent for cane yield (t/ha), 92.47 Selection Criteria
for CCS (t/ha) and 84.46 per cent for sucrose (%) by For simultaneous selection criterion proposed
only three significant PCA axis (Tables 1.1, 2.1 and by Rao and Prabhakaran (2005) is used in this study
3.1). It indicated that non-linear component of G x which selects clones for both high yield and stability
E interaction in sugarcane is very high and routine in multi environmental trials using AMMI model
analysis is not appropriate for screening of clones at by assigning 80 per cent weight to yield and 20 per
final stage of selection. Hence, it is suggested that cent to stability value of the clones. Such weights
AMMI analysis and simultaneous selection of clones were assigned because Hogarth (1976) inferred that
is more appropriate in sugarcane. In this study, only 75 per cent of the gains in cane yield in Australia
two to four axis are appropriate for drawing the were attributed to the varietal improvement. Edme
conclusion. Cornelius (1993) also suggested that et al (2005) estimated that genetic improvement

210 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 Sanghera et al

alone contributed 69 per cent of sugarcane yield.
Simultaneous selection criterion as discussed
above has been used for selection of superior
clones evaluated in Advanced Varietal Trial (Early)
of I and II Plant and Ratoon crop in NWZ. Three
entries viz. CoPb 08211, CoPb 08212, CoS 08233
and two standards, CoJ 64 and CoPant 84211 were
evaluated during three crop cycles (I and II Plant
and Ratoon crop) at seven locations. The data on
cane yield (t/ha), sugar yield CCS(t/ha) and sucrose
(%) were subjected to stability analysis by the use of
additive main effects and multiplicative interaction
(AMMI) criterion and simultaneous selection of
high yielding and stable clones was done by the use
of index value based ranking proposed by Rao and
Prabhakaran (2005). Estimated Index value, yield
values and stability value of different clones for
cane yield (t/ha), sugar yield CCS (t/ha) and sucrose
(%) along with their ranks are presented in Tables
1.2, 2.2 and 3.2.
The results based on index of simultaneous
selection of high cane yield (t/ha) and stable
genotypes revealed that both the standards CoJ 64
and CoPant 84211 were at the first and second rank,
followed by the entries CoPb 08212 and CoS 08233.
Such a ranking differs with the ranking based only
on mean data (Table 1.2). Two entries namely CoPb
08212 (80.39 t/ha) and CoS 08233 (76.02 t/ha) were
better than the standards for this trait. Both these
standards were at rank one and two, respectively
in the trial. If clones are compared based on only
yield values, the entry, CoPb 08212 was found
top ranking in the trials with highest cane yield
of 80.39 t/ha, but was unstable entry in the trial.
Results based on index of simultaneous selection of
high CCS (t/ha) and stable genotypes revealed that
the standard CoJ 64 and the entries CoPb 08212
and CoS 08233 were at the first, second and third
rank, respectively. Such a ranking differs with the
ranking based only on mean data (Table 1.2) of
CCS (t/ha). Considering top two high CCS (t/ha)
and stable genotypes, CoPb 08212 (10.05 t/ha) and
CoS 08233 (9.29 t/ha) were superior, but inferior
to the best standard CoJ 64 (Table 2.2). Among
the entries, CoPb 08212 may be considered as the
best entry for CCS (t/ha). For sucrose, CoPb 08211
(18.20%) was high scoring clone. However, CoPb
08212 was second best clone in trial because it was
at first rank for index & stability value and second
for sucrose content (18.10%). It may be considered
as the best stable clone in the trial as it recorded
second best values of index and stability. Kumar
and Sinha (2015) have also identified high yielding
and stable clones viz. Co 06031 and CoC 09337 for
East Coastal Zone using similar selection criteria.
Based on above analysis, the entry CoPb 08212 may
be considered as good entry as it was at rank one for
CCS (t/ha) and cane yield (t/ha) and two for sucrose

Table 1.2. Ranking of AVT (early) genotypes of North West Zone according to their
(i) mean performance, (ii) stability and (iii) simultaneous indices in respect of cane
yield (t/ha).
Estimated value Rank based on estimated value PI (CI)
Variety Index cane yield Stability Index value cane yield Stability report
Value (t/ha) value based rank (t/ha) based rank based
value rank
based rank
CoPb 08211 1.07 65.84 228.36 5 5 5 - 
CoPb 08212 1.28 80.39 228.12 3 1 4 1
CoS 08233 1.26 76.02 173.42 4 2 3 2
Standards
CoJ 64 1.34 69.93 96.69 1 3 2 -
CoPant 84211 1.30 66.15 93.82 2 4 1 -

211 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 Yield and Stability in Sugarcane

Table 2.2. Ranking of AVT (early) genotypes of North West Zone according to their (i) mean
performance, (ii) stability and (iii) simultaneous indices in respect of CCS(t/ha) .
Estimated value Rank based on estimated value PI (CI)
Clone/ varieties Index CCS (t/ha) Stability Index value CCS (t/ha) Stability report
Value value value based rank based rank based rank based
rank
CoPb 08211 1.12 8.29 4.17 5 4 4 3
CoPb 08212 1.32 10.05 4.17 2 1 5 1
CoS 08233 1.24 9.29 3.96 3 2 3 2
Standards
CoJ 64 1.34 8.66 2.09 1 3 1 -
CoPant 84211 1.23 7.88 2.25 4 5 2 -
Table 3.2. Ranking of AVT (early) genotypes of North West Zone according to their (i) mean
performance, (ii) stability and (iii) simultaneous indices in respect of Sucrose (%)
Estimated value Rank based on estimated value PI (CI)
Variety Index Sucrose (%) Stabili- Index value Sucrose (%) Stability report
Value value ty value based rank based rank based rank based
rank
CoPb 08211 1.27 18.20 1.61 2 1 3 1
CoPb 08212 1.28 18.10 1.47 1 2 1 2
CoS 08233 1.24 17.71 1.56 3 4 2 -
Standards
CoJ 64 1.24 17.88 1.64 4 3 5 -
CoPant 84211 1.21 17.33 1.62 5 5 4 -
(%). Based on the consistent performance of clone The selection of sugarcane genotypes is based on
CoPb 08212 for cane yield, CCS (t/ha) and sucrose the performance of cane yield at different locations
(%) in 2 plant + ratoon crop across locations, it across the zone and ranking of genotypes is done
has been indentified for commercial cultivation in on the basis of mean data. Selection indices
North West Zone of the country. So, AMMI model using Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative
can be used as a suitable technique to deal with Interaction (AMMI) model has been applied for
multi-location trials, front line demonstrations, simultaneous selection of high yielding and stable
adaptive trials conducted by different extension sugarcane genotypes. Clones are considered best,
agencies in comparison to traditional methods for high yielding and stable, if their respective ranks
commercialization of any variety/ technology. were found better than the ranks of best standard
or at least one of the standards. If their ranks are
CONCLUSION inferior to the best standard, then top ranking ones
A successful evaluation of genotypes for among the tested clones are adjudged. Based on
stable performance under varying environmental the above analysis, the entry CoPb 08212 may be
conditions based on information on genotype × considered as good entry as it was at rank one for
environment interaction for yield is an essential part CCS (t/ha) and cane yield (t/ha) and two sucrose
of any sugarcane varietal development programme. (%) among the entries. Currently, selection of

212 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 Sanghera et al

any improved technology/ intervention / variety Hogarth D M (1976). New varieties lift sugarcane production.
is based on the performance over locations on Producers Rev, 66(10), 21-2.
the basis of mean data. The analysis and ranking Kang M S and Miller J D (1984). Clone x environment
of technologies/ varieties based on simultaneous interactions for cane and sugar yield and their implications
in sugarcane breeding. Crop Sci 24: 435-40.
selection using AMMI model give better and
reliable picture in identifying a variety/technology Kumar R and Sinha O K (2015). Simultaneous selection of
high yielding and stable mid-late maturing sugarcane
for its commercialization on large scale to achieve genotypes of East Coast Zone in India using AMMI
sustainable benefits. Model: A new approach. Indian J Sugarcane Tech 30(01):
19-27
REFERENCES Mitroviæ B, Mitroviæ B, Stanisavljev D, Tresk S, Stojakoviæ
Anonymous (1970). The first workshop on sugarcane M, Ivanoviæ M, Bekavac G and Rajkoviæ M (2012).
research workers, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Evaluation of experimental maize hybrids tested in multi-
Lucknow during January 15-18, 1970. location trials using AMMI and GGE bi-plot analyses.
Anonymous (2014). Principal Investigator’s Report (Varietal Turkish J Field Crops 17(1): 35-40.
Improvement Programme), All India Coordinated Oliveira B A, Duarte J B and Pinheiro J B (2003). Emprego
Research Project on Sugarcane, Sugarcane Breeding da análise AMMI na avaliação da estabilidade produtiva
Institute, Coimbatore. em soja. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 38: 357-64.
Bissessur D, Chong LC, Ramnawaz C and Ramdoyal K Prabhakaran V T and Jain J P (1994). Statistical techniques for
(2001). Analysing G x E interaction in sugar cane using studying clone x environment interactions. South Asian
the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction Publishers, New Delhi.
(AMMI) Model. Proceedings of the International Society
Rao A R and Prabhakaran V T (2005). Use of AMMI in
of Sugar Cane Technologists 24: 506-11.
simultaneous selection of clones for yield and stability. J
Cornelius P L (1993). Statistical tests and retention of terms in Indian Soc Ag Stat 59(1): 76-82.
the additive and main effect and multiplicative interaction
Sinha O K and Kumar R (2011). Sugarcane production
model for cultivars trials. Crop Sci 33: 1186-93.
constraints in East Coast Zone and Technologies for
Edme´ S J Mille J D, Glaz B, Tai Y P and Comstock J C improving cane productivity. Paper published in souvenir
(2005). Genetic contribution to yield gains in the Florida released during group meeting of All India Coordinated
sugarcane industry across 33 Years. Crop Sci 45: 92–7. Research Project on Sugarcane held at Orissa University
Gauch H G and Zobel R W (1996). AMMI analysis of yield of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa.
trials. In:Clone by environment interaction (eds. Kang, October 17-19, 2011.
M.S., Gauch, H.G.), 4 : 85–122, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Silveira L C I, Kist V, Paula T O M, Barbosa M.H.P, Peternelli
FL, USA. L A and Daros E (2013). AMMI analysis to evaluate the
Gauch H G (1992). Statistical analysis of regional yield trials: adaptability and phenotypic stability of sugarcane clones.
AMMI analysis of factorial designs. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Sci Agric 70(1): 21-25.
Jackson P, McRae T and Hogarth M (1995). Selection of Singh R K and Chaudhary B D (1977). Biometrical methods
sugarcane families across variable environments II. in quantitative genetics analysis Kalyani Publishers, New
Patterns of response and association with environmental Delhi.
factors. Field Crops Res 43: 119-30. Tai P Y P, Rice E R, Chew V and Miller JD (1982). Phenotypic
Gabriel K R (1971). The biplot-graphical display of matrices stability analyses of sugarcane cultivar performance tests.
with applications to principal component analysis. Crop Sci 22: 1179-84.
Biometrika 58: 453-67. Received on 16/11/17 Accepted on 10/12/17

213 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 206-213

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 214-217 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00021.1

Socio-economic Characteristics of Fishermen and Constraints

in Adoption of Information and Communication Technology in
Coastal Regions of Andhra Pradesh
Balaji Guguloth1, Ravi Gugulothu2, and B S Viswanatha3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mamnoor, Warangal Urban -506 166 (Telangana)

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in the East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh to determine
Socio-economic characteristics of fisher folk and to explore the constraints for adoption of Information
and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in marine capture fisheries. The data were collected through
personal interview technique from 120 fishermen, who were actively engaged in marine fishing. The results
revealed that the occupation of majority fisher folk was exclusively fishing. They spent 10-15 hr in fishing
on each fishing day, undertook fishing for more than 20-25d in a month and with an average of 8-10m
in a year. A majority of the respondents harvested more than 300kg of fish on a fishing day and sailing
20-60 Nm from the shore, operated their gears in the depth of 80-120 m and their vessels had more than
five tones of fish holding capacity. For a majority of the fisher folk, the annual income was more than
Rs.1.5 lakh, annual expenditure more than rupees one lakh and thus, the annual saving in the range of
Rs. 15,000-45,000/- annum. Most of the respondents have operated mechanized fishing vessels and gears
such as gillnet, hook and line and trawl net for fishing. The major constraints reported by the respondents
were financial support for the purchase of high cost ICT instruments (97.50%), the language problem in
understanding the application of ICT gadgets (91.67%) and lack of knowledge on operation of ICT tools.
Key Words: Constraints, Fisher folk, ICTs, Marine capture fisheries, Socio-economics.

INTRODUCTION annual marine fishery resources potential is 3.93mt

The information and communication technology
(ICTs) has ushered in an era of knowledge explosion
in all spheres of human development and has
further accelerated growth and development in all
sectors. Fisheries is one of the fastest growing sub-
sectors of agriculture, considered as sunrise sector
and holds the hope and promise for meeting out
the food and nutritional security of a vast majority
of the world’s population. Marine fisheries are
very important to the economy and well-being of
coastal communities, providing food security, job
opportunities, income and livelihoods as well as
traditional cultural identity. In India, the estimated
and provides a livelihood for 14.5m people (FAO,
2016). The modern technological equipment has
made a significant contribution to changing the
status of the marine fisheries sector in our economy
into a vibrant one. The study was intended to
address the constraints for adoption of ICTs in the
marine capture fisheries with reference to the socio-
economic profile of the fisher folk in the selected
coastal regions in Andhra Pradesh.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in the coastal regions
of East Godavari and Vishakapatnam in Andhra

Corresponding Author’s Email:gbalu002@gmail.com

1
Fisheries Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mamnoor, Warangal Urban,Tealngana-506166
2
Teaching Faculty, College of Fisheries Science, Pebbair, Wanaparthy, PV Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Telangana, India
3
Sceintist and Head, Matrix ANU Advanced Aquaculture Research Centre (MAAARC), Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra
Pradesh-522510, India

214 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 214-217

 Guguloth et al

Table 1. Socio-Economic Profile of Fisher folk.

Sr. No. Parameter Category Percentage
1. Occupational status Fishing as the only occupation 75.83
Fishing as primary occupation 16.67
Fishing as secondary occupation 7.50
2. Average duration of fishing on each ≤ 5 22.50
fishing day > 5 ≤ 10 21.67
>10 ≤ 15 55.83
3. Average number of fishing days per ≤ 20 45.00
month > 20 ≤ 25 55.00
4. Number of fishing months in a year ≤6 1.66
>6≤8 44.17
> 8 ≤ 10 54.17
5. Daily average fish catch ≤ 150 40.83
> 150 ≤ 300 5.83
> 300 ≤ 450 32.50
> 450 ≤ 600 14.17
> 600 6.67
6. Fish holding capacity ≤1 22.50
>1≤5 20.83
> 5 ≤ 10 49.17
> 10 7.50
7. Fishing distance ≤ 20 20.83
> 20 ≤ 40 42.50
8.> 40 ≤ 60 35.83
> 9.60 ≤ 80 0.84
8. Fishing depth ≤ 40 2.50
> 40 ≤ 80 35.83
> 80 ≤ 120 61.67
9. Annual income ≤ 50,000 35.83
> 50,000 ≤ 1,00,000 4.16
> 1,00,000 ≤ 1,50,000 5.00
> 1,50,000 ≤ 2,00,000 25.84
> 2,00,000 ≤ 2,50,000 17.50
> 2,50,000 11.67
10. Annual expenditure ≤ 50,000 38.34
> 50,000 ≤ 1,00,000 2.50
> 1,00,000 ≤ 1,50,000 14.16
> 1,50,000 ≤ 2,00,000 28.34
> 2,00,000 ≤ 2,50,000 13.33
> 2,50,000 3.33
215 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 214-217
 Socio-economic Characteristics of Fishermen

11. Annual saving No savings 15.00

≤ 15,000 10.00
> 15,000 ≤ 30,000 21.67
> 30,000 ≤ 45,000 32.50
> 45,000 ≤ 60,000 12.50
> 60,000 8.33
12. Type of craft Teppa 3.33
Catamaran 4.17
With inboard engine 5.00
With outboard engine 28.33
Trawler 21.67
Sona 37.50
13. Each type of gear possessed (n=120) Gill net 100.00
Hook and line 84.16
Trawl net 59.16
Trammel net 45.83
Purseseine 5.00

Pradesh as the majority of the fisher folk and
marine fisheries resources were available. The
taluks covered under this study were Kakinada
Rural and Kakinada Urban in East Godavari
district and Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam
in Visakhapatnam district. A sample size of 120
fisher folk were selected from12 fishing villages
by using simple random sampling method. A well-
structured, pre-tested interview schedule was used
for the purpose of data collection including 26
independent variables for study. The data collection
work was carried out during January to March 2016.
The standard statistical tools such as percentage
analysis, mean and standard deviation used with
help of SPSS (21.0 ver.) for the purpose of analysis
and interpretation of the data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Economic Profile of Fisher folk
The occupational status of the respondents had
reported that more than three-fourths (75.83%) of the
respondents keeping fishing as the sole occupation.
The remaining respondents (24.13%) have involved
in additional occupations (agriculture, backyard
poultry) besides fishing, of which 16.67 percent
of the respondents treated fishing as their primary
occupation and 7.50 percent treating fishing as their
secondary occupation. The average duration of
fishing on each fishing day revealed that a majority
of the respondents (55.83%) have engaged more
than 10-15 hr in fishing on each fishing day and
results were in accordance with the findings of
Chauvin et al (2010) and Sundaram (2011). The
majority of the fishermen (55.00%) were going for
fishing for 20-25d in a month, followed by 45 per
cent of them going for less than 20d for fishing in a
month which coincides with Sivaraman (2009) who
reported that 68 per cent of the fishermen undertook
21-25d of fishing in a month. About 53.34 per cent
of the respondents average fish catch was more than
300kg per fishing day. However, nearly two-fifths
(40.83%) of the respondents reported an average
fish catch of less than 150 kg/fishing day. It has
been found that more than three-fourths (78.33%)
of the respondents, the fishing distance fall in the
range of 20-60 Nm and only a meager proportion
of respondents (0.84%) were going beyond this
distance up to 80 Nm. The average annual income
below Rs. 50,000 per annum had the maximum

216 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 214-217

 Guguloth et al

Table 2. Constraints to the use of ICT tools in marine capture fisheries.

Sr. No Constraint in the use of ICT application Number Percentage
1. Finance constraints for the purchase of high cost ICT instruments 117 97.50
2. Language is the problem in understanding the application of ICT gadgets. 110 91.67
3. Lack of knowledge on operation of ICT tools 94 78.33
4. Non-availability of service centre and experts for the repairs works of 86 71.67
ICT gadgets in the fishing village.
5. Lack of training support on properly using ICT gadgets 78 65.00
6. Lack of service providers on ICT gadgets 75 62.50
proportion of respondents (35.83%), indicating that respondents felt the constraints like lack of training
about one-third of the respondents had an annual support on properly using ICT gadgets (65.00%) and
income of less than Rs. 50,000/-. (Table 1). lack of service providers on ICT gadgets (62.50%).
The majority of the respondents (55.00%)
incurred an annual expenditure up to Rs. 1,50,000/- CONCLUSION
with about two-fifths (38.34%) of the respondents The Fisher folk who engaged solely on fishing
incurring an annual expenditure up to Rs. 50,000/-. are subjected to risks such as natural calamities and
More than four-fifths (85.00%) of the respondents hence they need to be educated for overcoming the
made annual savings out of their income and the daily risks. ICTs has emerging as important practice
remaining 15 per cent did not have any annual for fisher folk in order to save them from various risks
savings. Majority of the respondents (59.17%) have such as natural calamities, locating potential fishing
operated mechanized vessels comprising trawlers zones, market information etc. Latest technological
(21.67%) and sona (37.50%) vessels followed by externalities like ICTs in the marine fisheries have
one-third of the respondents (33.33%) operating brought about a great transformation in fisher folk
motorized vessels comprising outboard (28.33%) population both in their personal life styles as well
and inboard (5.00%) engines. The maximum as in their livelihood activities. However, most
contribution to the total number was of gears of the fisher folk were still confronted with many
from trawl nets (32.56%), followed by hook and constraints to afford ICT tools and hence they
line (28.57%), gillnets (27.95%) and trammel net need to be linked with the concern departments for
(10.00%). overcoming their constraints.

Constraints
Most of the respondents felt the constraints
on financial support for the purchase of ICT tools
(97.50%), language problem in understanding
the application of ICT gadgets (91.67%), lack of
knowledge on operation of ICT tools (78.33%) and
no service centre and experts for the repair work
of ICT gadgets in the fishing villages (71.67%).
Removing these kinds of constraints could help
the fishermen to overcome the problems during
their fishing operation, these have to be addressed
properly to improve the application of ICT tools. In
addition to these, a considerable proportion of the
REFERENCES
Chauvin C, Morel G and Tirilly G (2010). The use of
Information and communication technology in the sea
fishing industry. Behaviour & Inf Tech 29(4): 403-413.
FAO ( 2016). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Sivaraman I (2009). Developing multimedia extension module
to educate the fishermen on conservation of biodiversity
of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Unpub. M.F.Sc.
Thesis, FC&RI, TANUVAS, Thoothukudi.
Sundaram S( 2011). Maharashtra’s Three Main Fish Landing
Centres. Fishing Chimes, 31(5).
Received on 08/02/18 Accepted on 15/02/18

217 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 214-217

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00060.0

Standardization of Technology for Preparing of Ready to Serve

Beverage from Pomegranate fruit
R S Gaikwad1 S S Thorat2 and J K Dhemre3
Department of Food Science and Technology
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722 (Maharashtra)

ABSTRACT
The present investigation was undertaken to extract juices from pomegranate fruit, standardize the process for
preparation of ready to serve beverage and to study the changes in quality during storage. The stored beverage
was evaluated periodically at an interval of one month for chemical and sensory properties. The juice cum pulp
extracted by four different methods showed that maximum recovery was obtained from TM3 (Screw type juice
extractor) in respect of pomegranate Cv. Bhagwa (48.35 %) and Cv. Ganesh( 49.93%). Extracted juice cum
pulp was clarified by using four clarification methods and TC4 (Pectinase enzyme 2 % and incubation at 30 ºC
for 4 hr and centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes) was found best for recovery of clear juice. Pomegranate
clarified juice recovery was observed in Cv. Bhagwa (91.97 %) and Cv. Ganesh (91.78% on w/w basis).
Keywords: Antioxidants, Beverage, Pomegranate, , Screw type pulper.

INTRODUCTION was thus, carried out to study the physiochemical

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L) juice has
shown a threefold higher antioxidant capacity than
red wine or green tea (Gil et al, 2000) and 2, 6 and
8 fold higher capacity than those detected in grape/
cranberry, grapefruit and orange juices, respectively
(Rosenblat and Aviram, 2006). Pomegranate has
gained popularity because of human health building
properties like anti-mutagenecity, anti-atherogenic,
antioxidant, anti-hypertensive due to its high
anthocyanin content (Basu and Penugonda, 2009).
The nutritive fortified drinks are now being
referred as health or sport drinks. In view of medicinal
and therapeutic properties of pomegranate, an
attempt was made to utilize pomegranate fruit juice
for preparation of ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage
and to exploit its nutritive and medicinal value.
Considering the increased cultivation and production
of these fruits; methods of their processing
technology and preservation methods were required
to be developed in order to regulate the prices of
produce during glut period and develop in efficient
and practical methodology from pomegranate with
the lowest possible cost. The present investigation
properties of pomegranate, to study the methods for
extraction and clarification of juice and standardize
the methods for the preparation of RTS beverage.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The matured, healthy, uniform medium sized
fruits of pomegranate Cv. Bhagwa and Ganesh were
collected from the Department of Horticulture,
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.
Standardization of juice extraction methods
Extraction of juice
Fully matured fruits were thoroughly washed
with tap water to remove surface dirt and microbial
flora if any. The flow sheet for preparation of RTS
beverage is given in Figure 1. Pomegranate fruits
were surface sterilized with 100 ppm chlorine for 5
minutes and surface dried as suggested by Church
and Parsons (1995). The pomegranate juice was
extracted by four different methods of extraction
such as TM1 (Manual separation), TM2 (Hydraulic
basket press separator), TM3 (Screw type juice
extractor) and TM4 (Brush type juice extractor).

Corresponding Author’s Email: jkdhemre71@gmail.com

218 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

 Gaikwad et al

The juice recovery and clarification + 50 ppm sodium benzoate + garlic 5ml + ginger
The pulp /juices obtained from different 5ml (juice extract / lt. RTS) and T8-Juice 20%+TSS
extraction methods were evaluated for quality and 16°B +acidity 0.3% + 50 ppm sodium benzoate +
best quality fruit juices/pulp samples obtained garlic 5ml + ginger 5ml (juice extract/ lt. RTS) were
from one of the methods were used for further analyzed for TSS, pH, acidity, total sugars, reducing
improvement of juice recovery and clarification by sugars, anthocyanins and tannins, total antioxidant
using different treatments such as TC1-Pectinase or scavenging activity (per cent) and micronutrients
enzyme (0.2%) and incubation at 30ºC for 4 h and like Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn.
Centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes, TC2
-Pectinase enzyme (0.2%) and incubation at 30ºC for Fig 1. Flow sheet for preparation of ready-to-
4 h and Centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes, serve beverages
TC3 - Pectinase enzyme (0.2%) and incubation
at 30ºC for 4 h and Centrifugation at 10000 rpm
for 10 minutes, TC4 - Pectinase enzyme (0.2%)
and incubation at 30ºC for 4 h and Centrifugation
at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes. The juice recovery
and clarification of fruit juices were performed as
per the method suggested by Kotecha, et al (1995).
Pectinase enzyme (0.2%) was mixed well with
pomegranate juice. The clarified juice samples
in the form of supernatant from two cultivars
of pomegranate fruits and were used for further
analysis and RTS beverage. The TC1 treatment was
used as a control.
Chemical analysis of freshly prepared
pomegranate fruit juice and RTS beverage
The treatments used for preparation of RTS
beverage were T0- Control (Juice 15% + TSS 12°B
+ acidity 0.3% + 150 ppm sodium benzoate, use
of chemical preservatives such as T1- Juice 15%
+TSS14 °B + acidity 0.3% + 150 ppm sodium
benzoate, T2-Juice 20% +TSS 14°B + acidity 0.3%
+ 150 ppm sodium benzoate are presented in table
3. Pomegranate juice and RTS beverage, T3 - Juice
15% +TSS 16°B + acidity 0.3 % + 150 ppm sodium
benzoate, T4 - Juice 20% +TSS 16°B + acidity
0.3 % + 150 ppm sodium benzoate and natural
Statistical analysis
preservatives such as T5-Juice 15%+TSS14°B
The data obtained in the present investigation
+acidity 0.3 % + 50 ppm sodium benzoate)+ garlic
were analyzed for the significance using Factorial
5ml + ginger 5ml (juice extract/lit RTS), T6-Juice
Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) and
20%+TSS 14°B +acidity 0.3% + 50 ppm sodium
procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme (1985).
benzoate + garlic 5ml + ginger 5ml (juice extract
/ lt.RTS), T7-Juice 15%+TSS 16°B +acidity 0.3%

219 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

 Standardization of Technology for Preparing
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION acidity 0.3 per cent. The low pH of fruits helps in
Physical characteristics of pomegranate fruits increasing the shelf life of product and good amount
The results of physical parameters of of sugar which provides better and quick source of
pomegranate fruit are presented in Table 1. It was energy. The total tannins, anthocyanin content and
observed that pomegranate fruits of Cv. Bhagwa antioxidant activity of Cv. Bhagwa were 254.71,
were red in colour and that of Cv. Ganesh were 85.77 mg/100 ml and 64.69 per cent where as in
yellowish pink in colour while both the varieties Cv. Ganesh, these were found to be 183.00, 81.22
had round shaped fruits. The average weight, length mg/100 ml and 61.53 per cent, respectively. The
and breadth of fruits of Cv. Bhagwa were 287.11 g, tannins present in these fruits have proven to impart
6.43 cm and 7.31 cm while that of Cv. Ganesh was several good health benefits, for instance, they are
322.50 g, 7.10 cm and 7.53 cm, respectively. Similar helpful in preventing coronary heart diseases and
results were recorded by Dhamane et al (2014). cancer. The minerals, such as Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in
The rind, seed and pulp cum juice recovery from Cv. Bhagwa were found to be 0.11, 0.27, 0.07 and
fruits of Cv. Bhagwa was 42.21, 12.03 and 45.76 0.32 mg/100 ml whereas in Cv. Ganesh these were
per cent while that of Cv. Ganesh was 40.38, 13.05 0.12, 0.29, 0.09 and 0.31 mg/100 ml, respectively.
and 46.57 per cent, respectively. The juice of Cv. Results indicated that pomegranate fruits are good
Bhagwa was very attractive in colour however the source of minerals and these minerals are helpful
yield of juice obtained was slightly lower than Cv. in maintaining and regulating various physiological
Ganesh. The present findings were in accordance processes in human body. These findings were in
with the results of Bakshi et al (2014). agreement with Opara et al(2009) and Fawole et al
(2011) reported for pomegranate Cvs. Arkta, Ruby
Chemical characteristics of pomegranate juice and Bhagwa.
The chemical composition of pomegranate
juice is presented in Table 2. It showed that the Effect of methods of extraction on physico-
TSS, pH, acidity, reducing sugars and total sugars chemical characteristics of pomegranate juice
of Cv. Bhagwa of pomegranate fruit were 14.30 Pomegranate is known to be a difficult fruit for
°B, 3.32, 0.39, 9.36 and 12.27 per cent, whereas processing due to the difficulty in its peeling as it
that of Cv. Ganesh were 14.10 °B, 3.10, 0.42, 9.63 is time consuming and irritating as the hands get
stained due to tannins and oxidative enzymes. The
and 12.13 per cent, respectively. Patil et al (2013)
also reported the TSS of Cv. Ganesh 15 °B and basic method for extraction of juice involves the cut
opening of the fruit, seed separation and pressing in
Table 1. Physical characteristics of pomegranate fruit.
Sr. Parameter Pomegranate fruit
No. Cv.Bhagwa Cv. Ganesh
1 Rind colour of the fruits Red Yellow pink
2 Shape of the fruits Round Round
3 Average wt. of fruit (g) 287.11 322.50
4 Av.fruit length (cm) 6.43 7.10
5 Av.fruit breadth(cm) 7.31 7.53
6 Rind/Peel/pomace (%) 42.21 40.38
7 Seed (%) 12.03 13.05
8 Pulp cum juice recovery (%) 45.76 46.57

220 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

 Gaikwad et al

Table 2. Chemical parameters of pomegranate juice.

Sr. No. Parameter Pomegranate Cv
Bhagwa Ganesh

1 TSS (° Brix) 14.30 14.10

2 pH
3 Acidity (%)
4 Reducing sugars (%)
5 Total sugars (%)
6 Tannins(mg/100ml)
7 Total anthocyanin content (mg/100ml)
8 Manganese(mg/100ml)
9 Iron (mg/100ml)
10 Copper (mg/100ml)
11 Zinc (mg/100ml)
12 Antioxidant activity (%)
screw press or basket press. The data on effect of
various juice extraction methods on quality of juice
is summarized in Table 3. The results showed that
among four extraction methods TM3 (Screw type
juice extractor) gave highest juice recovery on whole
fruit weight basis (48.35%) and per cent aril weight
basis (78.93) for Cv. Bhagwa and for Cv. Ganesh
these values were 49.93 and 80.20, respectively.
TM1 (manual separation) method resulted into
lowest juice recovery on both whole fruit basis and
aril basis. Notably, highest per cent pomace (18.25)
was obtained on fruit weight basis by TM1 (manual
separation) method for Cv. Bhagwa and 17.25
for Cv. Ganesh, however TM3 (Screw type juice
extractor) method gave lowest per cent pomace on
both weight and aril basis. Comparable results were
shown by Dhamane et al (2014). Interestingly, the
pomegranate fruit juice extraction method TM3
(screw type juice extraction) has better colour over
the juice obtained from other three methods in
terms of lightness L* value, redness a* value and
blueness b* value which were 42.42, 19.25 and
0.47, respectively for Cv. Bhagwa, whereas for Cv.
Ganesh these values were 52.14, 1.67 and 0.92,
respectively. This may be due to release of more
anthocyanins and other flavonoids in juice obtained
3.22 3.10
0.39 0.42
9.36 9.63
12.27 12.13
254.71 183.00
85.77 81.22
0.11 0.12
0.27 0.29
0.07 0.09
0.32 0.31
64.69 61.53
by TM3 method as reported by Miguel et al (2004)
in pomegranate juice.
The data presented in Table 4 indicated that the
juice obtained by TM3 (Screw type juice extractor)
method was nutritionally superior to juice obtained
from other methods. It was found that juice obtained
by TM3 (Screw type juice extractor) showed 14.60
°B TSS, 3.19 pH, 0.40, 10.43 and 12.50 per cent
acidity, reducing sugars, total sugars, respectively
and 242.3 and 44.41 mg/100ml tannins and total
anthocyanin in cultivar Bhagwa, whereas 14.30 °B
TSS, 3.12 pH, 0.44, 10.30 and 12.40 per cent acidity,
reducing sugars, total sugars, respectively along
with 175.40 and 75.40 mg/100ml tannins and total
anthocyanin in cultivar Ganesh. Expectedly, the high
total anthocyanin content was responsible to impart
dark colour to the juice extracted from Cv. Ganesh,
this observations was also reinforced by the enhanced
colour parameters compared to Cv. Bhagwa. Patil
(2009) clearly underline the great impact of extraction
methods on physico-chemical parameters of fruit
juice. The present findings were consistent with the
results reported by Dhamane et al (2014).
Effect of clarification treatments on physico-
chemical characteristics of pomegranate juice

221 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

 Table 3. Effect of extraction methods on physical parameters of pomegranate juice.

222
Treatment Juice recovery Pomace/seeds Juice colour
Whole fruit wt. Aril weight ba- obtained on fruit L* value a* value b* value
basis (%) sis (%) weight basis (%)
CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG
TM1 39.43 42.72 62.72 65.70 18.25 17.25 41.46 51.11 18.08 1.50 0.43 0.83
TM2 41.20 44.60 72.60 74.50 14.21 13.90 41.58 51.32 18.21 1.53 0.42 0.87
TM3 48.35 49.93 78.93 80.20 13.35 13.10 42.42 52.14 19.25 1.67 0.47 0.92
TM4 46.40 48.10 75.10 78.43 13.80 13.50 42.14 51.98 18.92 1.54 0.43 0.89
SE + 2.11 1.64 3.46 3.76 1.13 0.95 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.04 0.01 0.02
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

Table 4. Effect of extraction methods on chemical parameters of pomegranate juice.

Treatment TSS(ºB) pH Acidity Reducing Total sugars (%) Tannins Total anthocyanins
(%) sugars (%) (mg/100g) (mg/100g)
CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG
TM1 14.30 14.10 3.17 3.10 0.35 0.42 10.42 10..28 12.47 12.20 240.2 162.2 82.46 70.72
TM2 14.50 14.30 3.15 3.11 0.37 0.44 10.46 10.25 12.50 12.30 241.1 172.4 83.20 73.44
TM3 14.60 14.30 3.19 3.12 0.40 0.44 10.43 10.30 12.50 12.40 242.3 175.4 84.41 75.40

J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

TM4 14.50 14.20 3.13 3.10 0.39 0.40 10.56 10.25 12.40 12.40 215.4 146.8 81.20 71.43
SE + 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 6.46 6.45 1.20 1.06
Standardization of Technology for Preparing

CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
 Gaikwad et al
Clarification or fining is one of the most
important steps in fruit juice processing because
it helps to remove active haze precursors and thus
decrease the potential for haze formation during
storage. Pomegranate juice contains only trace
amount of pectin. Therefore, it can be filtered easily
after pressing without clarification. However,
clarification is necessary to prevent the formation
of cloudy appearance during storage and also to
improve the taste of the product. If the clarification
is not employed, the product has bitter taste due to
high tannin content. The data (Table 5) show that
juice clarified by TC4 treatment (Enzyme 0.2%
and incubated at 300C for 4 hr and centrifugation
at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes) gave highest juice
recovery (91.97 %) for Cv. Bhagwa and 91.78
per cent for Cv. Ganesh (on w/w basis). Notably,
minimum 7.13 per cent sediment was obtained
after clarification of juice by TC4 treatment for Cv.
Bhagwa and 8.22 per cent for Cv. Ganesh among all
treatments. Similar results were reported by Neifer
et al (2009) and Song-nian et al (2011).The colour
of juice obtained by treatment TC4 was superior
in terms of lightness and L* value (35.42) for Cv.
Bhagwa and 48.98 for Cv. Ganesh. Treatment TC3
was found superior in terms of redness among all
methods and a* and blueness b* values obtained
were 23.27and 0.40 for Cv. Bhagwa and 2.71 and
0.80, respectively for Cv. Ganesh. This could be due
to reduced turbidity and viscosity of juice by addition
of pectinase enzyme and its effects on pH of juice
that reduces stability of anthocyanins. Pectinase
enzyme plays important role in clarification of the
fruit juice by depectination.
The data (Table 6) indicates that the juice
obtained by clarification treatment TC1 (Enzyme
0.2% and incubated at 300C for 4 hr and
centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes), could
not conserve nutritional value unlike to the juice
obtained from clarification treatment TC2, TC3 and
TC4. It was found that TSS (14.12 °B) was highest
for Cv. Bhagwa by treatment TC2 whereas it was
highest for Cv. Ganesh (14.2) by method TC3. The
acidity was highest i. e. 0.39 per cent in clarified
223 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225
juice of for Cv. Bhagwa by treatment TC3 and for
Cv. Ganesh it was 0.46 per cents. Reducing sugars
were highest in juice clarified by treatment TC4
and total sugars were found highest 12.98 per cent
by treatment TC2 for Cv. Bhagwa. Tannin and
total anthocyanins content (mg/100ml) were 242.3
mg/100g and 82.4 mg/100g, respectively in the
juice of treatment TC3 for Cv. Bhagwa, whereas
for Cv. Ganesh it was 171.9 and 72.45, respectively.
These results were in confirmation with the results
presented by Patil et al (2013) and Dhamane et al
(2014).
Standardization of ingredients levels for freshly
prepared pomegranate RTS beverage
A separate trial was conducted to select
optimum level of juice, TSS and acidity of the
beverage. Based on sensory evaluation data for
pomegranate juice by panel of semi-trained judges,
the optimum level of juice, TSS and acidity were
found to be 15 per cent, 16 °B and 0.30 per cent,
respectively (Table 7). Various trials were made
with juice levels 15 and 20 per cent juice and TSS
having variation 14°B and 16 °B in either chemical
or natural preservative, shows the superiority of
treatments T3 and T7 with higher score for overall
acceptability 8.0 and 8.1 for Cv. Bhagwa and 7.8
and 7.9 for Cv. Ganesh, respectively as compared to
control which was 7.4 for Cv. Bhagwa and 7.3 for
Cv. Ganesh. Based on sensory evaluation by panel
of semi trained judges, the optimum level of juice,
TSS and acidity were found to be 15 per cent, 16 °B
and 0.30 per cent, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Thus it was concluded that the juice extracted
by Screw type juice extractor was highest in
pomegranate. Extracted juice clarified by Pectinase
enzyme 2 per cent and incubation at 30 ºC for 4 hr
and centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes was
best for recovery of clear juice. Based on sensory
properties fresh RTS beverages from pomegranate
juice containing 15%, TSS 14ºB and acidity 0.3%
were found best in this research finding.
 Table 5. Effect of clarification treatments on physical parameters of pomegranate juice.

224
Treatment Juice Recovery after Sediment obtained after Juice colour
clarification on w/w clarification of juice (%) a* value b* value
basis (%) L* value
CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG
TC1 85.42 84.62 14.58 15.38 35.14 46.11 21.25 2.24 0.33 0.72
TC2 87.48 86.17 12.52 13.43 34.58 47.32 22.22 2.37 0.36 0.75
TC3 91.43 91.10 8.57 8.90 32.65 48.14 23.27 2.71 0.40 0.80
TC4 91.97 91.78 7.13 8.22 35.42 48.98 21.95 2.56 0.38 0.81
SE + 1.58 10.87 1.72 1.74 0.62 0.61 0.42 0.10 0.01 0.02
CD at 5 % NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

Table 6. Effect of clarification treatments on chemical parameters of pomegranate juice

Treatment TSS(ºB) pH Acidity Reducing Total sugars (%) Tannin Total anthocyanins
(%) sugars (%) (mg/100g of (mg/100g )
fruit)
CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG
TC1 14.10 14.0 3.25 3.11 0.38 0.40 10.22 10.20 12.97 12.20 220.2 160.40 78.43 69.42
TC2 14.12 14.1 3.22 3.17 0.39 0.41 10.27 10.10 12.98 12.80 241.1 168.47 82.20 70.12

J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

TC3 14.05 14.2 3.10 3.14 0.39 0.46 10.32 10.05 12.90 12.00 242.3 171.90 82.41 72.45
TC4 13.90 14.0 3.12 3.10 0.35 0.42 10.37 10.65 12.40 12.40 235.4 164.8 79.20 72.36
Standardization of Technology for Preparing

SE + 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.17 5.08 6.45 1.02 0.77
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
 Gaikwad etal

Table 7. Sensory evaluation of freshly prepared RTS beverage from pomegranate juice.
Sr. No. Treatment Colour and Flavour Taste Overall
appearance acceptability
CB CG CB CG CB CG CB CG
1 T0 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.3
2 T1 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.5
3 T2 7.9 7.8 7.6 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.5
4 T3 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.6 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.8
5 T4 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.6
6 T5 7.9 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.7
7 T6 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.7
8 T7 8.1 7.9 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.9
9 T8 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.4 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6
SE + 0.054 0.049 0.071 0.065 0.080 0.080 0.070 0.060
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

REFERENCES Neifar M, Ellouze-Ghorbel, Kamoun A, Baklouti S,

Bakshi P, Bhushan B, Sharma A and Wali V ( 2014). Studies on
variability in physico-chemical traits and multiplication
of Daru (wild pomegranate) collections. Indian J Hort
71(1):12-15.
Basu A and Penugonda K (2009). Pomegranate Juice : A heart
healthy fruit juice. Nutr Rev 67(1): 49-56.
Church I J and Parsons A I (1995). Modified atmosphere
packaging technology: A review. J Sci Food Agric 67:
143-152.
Dhamane C V, Nikam V A, Pagare K H, Mahajani S U and
Kulkarni S S (2014). Standardization of pomegranate
wine production by using commercial strength of yeast.
Procedding of IRF International conference. 978-93-
82702-69-6.
Fawole O A, Opara U L and Theron K I ( 2011). Chemical
and phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities of
three pomegranate cultivars grown in South Africa. J Food
Bioprocess Technol DOI 10.1007/s11947-011-0533-7.
Gil M I, Tomas-Barberan F A, Hess-Pierce, B, Holcroft,
D M and Kader A A (2000). Antioxidant activity of
pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic
composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 48(10):
4581-4589.
Kotecha P M, Adsule R N and Kadam S S (1995). Preparation
of wine from over-ripe banana fruits. Beverage Food
World 21(5): 28-29.
Miguel G, Dandien S, Antunes D, Neves A and Martins D
(2004). The effect of two methods of pomegranate
(Punica granatum L.) juice extraction on quality during
storage at 40C. J Biomed Biotechnol 5: 332-337.
Mokni A, Jaouani A and Ellouze-Chaabouni S (2009).
Effective clarification of pomegranate juice using laccase
treatment optimized by response surface methodology
followed by ultrafiltration. J. Food Process Engg
DOI:10.1111/j.1745-4530. p.1-21.
Opara L U, Al-Ani M R and Al-Shuaibi Y S (2009). Physico-
chemical properties, vitamin-C content, and antimicrobial
properties of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.).
Food Bioprocess Technol 2: 315-321.
Panse V S and Sukhatme P V (1985). Statistical Method
for Agricultural Workers. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research Publication. New Delhi p.167-174.
Patil P, Sayed H, Joshi A, Jadhav B and Chilkwar P ( 2013).
Studies on effect of different extraction methods on the
quality of Pomegranate juice and preparation of spiced
pomegranate juice. Int Food Sci, Nut and Dietetics 2:5.
Patil R T (2009). Showcase of CIPHET developed technologies.
In: Post Harvest Engineering and Technology for Food
and Nutritional Security. From www.ciphet.in.
Rosenblat M and Aviram M (2006). Antioxidative properties
of pomegranate: In vitro studies. In Seeram, N. P and
Heber, D. (eds.) Pomegranate: Ancient roots to modern
medicine. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, USA, p.
31-43.
Song-nian G, Chil X, Quing D and Ying Z (2011). Optimization
of enzymatic clarification of pomegranate juice using
response surface methodology. Storage and Process 2:1-3.
Received on 24/06/17 Accepted on 20/11/17

225 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 218-225

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 226-228 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00053.3

Study on the Comparative Evaluation of Cashew Nut Shellers

S M Nalawade1 and V P Kad2
Department of Agricultural Process Engineering and Department of Farm Power
Dr B S Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri ( Maharashtra)

ABSTRACT
Cashew nut recovery remains major concern in the cashew nut production. The hand operated
portable cashew nut sheller was developed on the principle of shearing. The comparative
performance was tested for hand operated cashew nut sheller, hand and foot operated sheller
and manual shelling, the test results showed that hand operated sheller can shell 2.32 kg cashew/
hr with the whole kernel recovery of 86.26 per cent. The per cent whole kernel recovery for new
sheller was 86.26, while that for foot pedal operated sheller was 80.1 and hand shelling was 71.0.
Keywords: Cashew Nut, hand operated cashew nut sheller, hand and foot operated sheller

INTRODUCTION of knives, each shaped in the contours of the half a

In India only 1.2 % of the total Horticultural
product is processed. The losses of fruits and
vegetables are more than 30% due to non-
availability of cheaper and adaptable technology
for the farmers. Processing of cashew nut can
be defined as recovery of the kernel from raw
nuts by manual/mechanical means. It consists of
moisture conditioning, roasting, shelling, drying,
peeling, grading and packing. If output of cashew
nut shelling is not as whole kernel, price of kernel
decreases rapidly (Dhemre et al, 2016 and Kad et
al, 2017). The shelling aspect is mainly important
for improving the kernel price by recovering whole
kernel from the raw cashew nut (Jain et al, 2004).
In manual shelling process, nuts are placed on a
flat stone and cracked with wooden mallet. Because
some CNSL (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid) still
adheres to the shell, the sheller has to protect his
hands with gloves, for this nut may be dusted with
wood ash. The cashew nut sheller on principle of
centrifugal force was found out to be of processing
capacity of 18 kg/hr with end product of 70 per cent
shelling efficiency. The output of the machine was
50 per cent whole, 22 per cent split and 28 per cent
broken. The semi-mechanized process uses a pair
nut. When the knives come together by means of
foot-operated lever, they cut through the shell all
around the nut, leaving the kernel untouched. Two
person work at each table; the Sheller cuts the nuts
and second person opens them and separated kernel
and shell. The nuts have to be calibrated in to
various sizes, each size matching a pair of knives of
appropriated size. Daily production is about 15 kg
of kernels per team. Low cost cashew nut cracker
developed by Ajav (1996). Thivavarnvongs et al
(1995) evaluated optimum cashew nut pre-shelling
treatment as being 30 min boiling time and 24 h
drying time, with a sizing method based on width
and thickness parameters producing average whole-
kernel recovery of 82.7%. Nalawade et al (2007)
developed hand operated portable cashew sheller
based on properties of Indian cashews determined
by Aware et al (2007). Ojolo and Ogunsina (2007)
developed a prototype cashew nut cracking device.
The machine was tested with various cashew nut
sizes (30.40 mm in mean length) and placement
orientations. Uchiyama et al (2014) presented an
automatic cashew shelling system, which mainly
involved the vibrating cashew feeder, conveyor
belts, rollers, cashew milling cutter, and cashew

Corresponding Author’s Email: vikramkad2014@gmail.com

1
Associate Professor , 2Assistant Professor

226 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 226-228

 Nalawade and Kad

Table 1. The test results and economics of the different methods of cashew nut sheller
Sr. No. Particular H O* H F O* M*
1 Quantity of Cashew nuts, Nos. 500.83 738 175
2 Quantity of Cashew nuts, kg/hr 2.90 4.58 0.90
3 Time required for the shelling the cashew nuts, min 75.50 68.67 60
4 Whole kernel recovered, nos. 434.17 589 123
5 Half Split kernels, nos. 53.17 66 18.67
6 Broken nuts, nos. 13.50 82.67 33.17
7 Cost of Initial machine (Rs.) 100/- 1500/- 20/-
8 Operating cost (Rs/kg) 2.98 5.50 9.10
*H O = Hand Operated, H F O = Hand and Foot Operated, M = Manual Operated

shell splitter. Fu et al (2015) proposed an adaptive
cashew shelling cutter, consisting of the fixing
frame, spring, tool holder, upper cutter, lower cutter
and scraper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The scissor like equipment was developed that
can cut the outer shell without injury to the kernel
and open the shell by further movement of the levers.
Synchronous operations of cutting and opening of
outer shell in single action could eliminate the action
of foot and hand together. Experiment includes hand
operated cashew nut sheller (H O), hand and foot
operated cashew nut sheller (H F O) and manual
operated sheller (M). The tests were carried out at
six different locations to get the operators feedback
about the machine. Each test was carried out with
view to observe the maximum shelling of the nuts.
The nuts were previously steamed and dried for one
day before testing of the machines. While for the
manual shelling the drum roasted nuts were used.
The tests were conducted on hand operated cashew
nut sheller and hand and foot operated cashew nut
sheller to determine its shelling capacity, shelling
efficiency (η), per cent broken nuts (B), per cent
half split nuts (H) and per cent whole recovery (W).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the tests conducted are shown
in table 1. Average shelling capacity of the hand
operated cashew nut sheller, hand and foot operated
cashew nut sheller and manual operation was
observed as 2.9, 4.58 and 0.9 kg/hr, respectively.
The cost of operations was Rs. 2.98, Rs. 5.5 and
Rs. 9.1 for manual shelling, hand and foot operated
sheller and hand operated sheller, respectively.
Initial cost of the manual sheller was less the
operating cost was lower than other two methods
the sheller found to be economical (Table 1). The
hand operated machine is economical for small
scale production as compared to hand and foot
operated machine as well as manual shelling.

Table 2. Comparison of recovery (%) and machine capacity of three methods

Treatment Whole kernels Half split (%) Broken (%) Machine capacity
recovery (%) (kg/hr)
H O (Hand Operated) 86.257 10.598 3.147 2.318
H F O (Hand & Foot Operated) 79.840 8.947 11.210 4.005
M (Manual Operated) 70.418 10.615 18.967 0.903
CD (p=0.05) 2.586 NS 1.549 0.155

227 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 226-228

 Study on the Comparative Evaluation of Cashew Nut Shellers
The shelling capacity of hand-foot operated Dhemre J K, Kad V P, Ingale V M and Patil A P (2016).
sheller was more than that hand-operated sheller Effect of steaming pressures and exposure time on the
processing properties of cashewnuts. Multi logic in
(Table 2). Whole kernel recovery for new sheller Science 6(17): 69-72.
was 86.26 per cent, that for foot pedal operated
Fu Y F, Gong J, Huang H, Liu Y J, Zhu D M and Zhao P
sheller 79.84 per cent and hand shelling was 70.42 F (2015). Parameters optimization of adaptive cashew
per cent. The per cent half split was found at par in shelling cutter based on BP neural network and genetic
all machines where as broken nuts in case of hand algorithm. Am J Eng Appl Sci 8(4): 648–658.
operated sheller was significantly less than that of Jain S K, Kad V P, Dandekar S R, Salvi D A , Dekale J S
hand and foot operated sheller and manual shelling. and Powar A G (2004). Effect of direct steam roasting on
organoleptic properties of cashew kernel. The Cashew – J
CONCLUSION 18(1): 20-24.
The comparative trials showed that the Kad V P, Dhemre J K, Nimbalkar C A and Patil A P (2017).
percentage whole kernel recovery for hand Utilization of solar dryer for drying of cashew kernels.
Environ and Eco 35(2): 691-695.
operated sheller was 86.26 per cent followed by
Thivavarnvongs T, Sakai N and Kitani O (1995). Development
foot pedal operated sheller as 80.10 per cent and
of compact sized cashew nut shelling machinery (Part 2).
hand shelling as 71.00 per cent. The per cent half Testing and evaluation of manual and semi- automatic
split and broken nuts in case of hand operated shellers. J of Japanese Soc Agric Machinery 57(3): 85-
sheller were comparatively less than that of foot 93.
pedal operated sheller and hand shelling. The hand Nalawade S M, Gajakos A V, Aware V V and Powar A G
operated machine is more economical for small (2007). Design and development of hand operated cashew
scale production as compared to hand foot operated nut sheller. The Cashew 21(3): 13-19.
machine as well as manual shelling. Ojolo S J and Ogunsina B S (2007). Development of a cashew
nut cracking device. Agric Eng Int: The CIGR E journal.
Manuscript PM 06 030. Vol. IX.
REFERENCES
Ajav E A (1996). The design and testing of a low cost Uchiyama N, Ho P M, Yamanaka H, Sano S and Tran S D
cashewnut cracker for peasant farmers. Topical Agri (2014). Force control for automatic cashew shelling
73(3):180-186. considering size variance. J Adv Mech Des Syst Manuf
8(3): 1–9.
Aware V V, Nalawade S M, Powar A G, Chaudhari N C
and Jadhav S K (2007). Determination of physical – Received on 19/12/17 Accepted on 10/01/18
mechanical properties of raw and steamed cashewnut.
The Cashew 21(3): 6-12.

228 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 226-228

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 229-233 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00038.7

Study on the Consumer Preference for Detergent Powder in

Kapurthala District of Punjab
Avneet Kaur Ahuja and Manoj Sharma
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala-144 620 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted in five villages of district Kapurthala by selecting 20 farm women from
each village. Thus, a total of 100 farm women were interviewed to know the consumption pattern and
preference for different brands of detergent powder used, factors influencing the brand choice, how the
rural consumers get information regarding various brands and per capita consumption of detergent powder.
It was observed that 32 per cent of the respondents preferred Tide and 13 per cent unbranded detergents.
Farm women between the age group 21-30 yr had a preference for Surf Excel while those in the age group
of 41-50 yr and 51-60 yr liked Wheel and Tide, respectively. Majority of the respondents (51.0%) got
information regarding brand of detergent from television advertisements followed by newspaper and radio.
Per capita consumption of detergent per month was found to be 500g irrespective of the detergent brand.
Key Words: Detergent powder, detergent brand, per capita consumption.

INTRODUCTION area. Kulkarni (2011) found that the rural consumer

The consumer behaviour is directly involved in purchased only when it was extremely needed by
obtaining, consuming, and disposing of products them and not because of persuasive promotional
and services, including the decision process and offers. In the rural markets, the detergents were
follow action. Their expectations towards the more than just a fabric wash. Detergents were used
buying product change from time to time. Now for the various purposes by the rural respondents
a day, rural marketing is gaining a significant like utensil clearers, toilet cleaners, and floor
importance because it is one of the fastest growing cleaners’ and preferred low price brands. Katiyar
markets in India. The consumption pattern, lifestyle and Katiyar (2014) reported that rural market
of the people and the buying behaviour of the had performed well and would continue to grow,
people living in rural areas is also changing. The consumers were very cost conscious due to current
detergent powder is one of the most widely used economic circumstances and private label offerings
household items used by the people of all age groups were competing with branded offerings, promoting
and is needed on daily basis for cleaning clothes. similar benefits for a lower cost.
The preference of detergent generally depends on Thirumoorthy and Karthikeyan (2006) found
product quality, safety, functionality and packaging that the consumers were influenced by brand
of product. name, price, quality, availability, packaging,
Jha (2013) suggested that for rural consumers advertisements, etc. during the purchase decision.
the consumption pattern was influenced by family The study also suggested that advertisement plays
size and structure and all the selected brands an important role for selection of a particular brand
were acceptable to the rural consumer. The sellers of detergent. Phadatare and Haldar (2015) observed
need to start exhibitions, road shows and arrange that the consumers of Satara city purchased
product trials to attract more consumers in rural detergent on monthly basis. Most of the consumers

Corresponding Author’s Email:

229 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 229-233

 Ahuja and Sharma

used Surf Excel and Aerial. It is a known fact families to abroad in this region of Punjab may be
that purchasing of different detergent brand by the reason behind nuclear family system. It was
consumers is affected by various factors viz. found that most of the respondents were illiterate
family’s choice, brand advertisement on Television, (21%) and only 11 per cent were graduate. The
Radio, Newspaper etc., and various schemes like majority of the respondents (35%) were matriculate
discounts, offers, coupons etc. Thus, the study was or senior secondary whereas 33 per cent studied up
conducted to know the consumption pattern of to primary or middle level. Likewise, 48 per cent
detergent powder in rural consumers, identify the women belonged to farming community and 37 per
source of information of particular detergent brand, cent were serving as labourer in the agricultural
the factors influencing the brand choice and per fields of other farmers whereas 15 percent were
capita consumption per month. doing other works. This means that rural women are
helping their husbands in field whether in their own
MATERIALS AND METHODS farms or as labourer. They are still not economically
The present study was conducted in five villages independent. There is need to motivate them to
namely Bhagwanpur, Boolpur, Meripur, Miani adopt some skill which could be used as source of
Bakarpur and Swal in district Kapurthala during the income.
year 2016. Twenty farm families from each village
were purposefully selected and farm women in the
age group 20-60 yr were interviewed personally
to get the information through interview schedule
prepared for this purpose. Thus, a total of 100
farm women were interviewed for this study. The
interview schedule was divided into two parts. The
first part contained information related to socio-
economic indicators while second part consisted of
information related to detergent powder brand used,
frequency of buying the detergent powder, mode Fig. 1: Consumer Preference on the Brands:
of washing clothes etc. The collected data were It was found that Tide detergent powder was
analyzed with the help of statistical techniques. more popular when compared to other brands of
Co-efficient of correlation was calculated between detergent powder. Out of the total respondents,
number of family members and total consumption 32 preferred Tide, 28 preferred Wheel and 21
of detergent powder and education of respondents respondents preferred Ghadi detergent powder.
with brand of detergent. Thirteen respondents were not using branded
detergent while 6 respondents preferred Surf Excel.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Painoli (2015) in his study also found that majority
General information of the respondents of the respondents (23.33%) were using Tide
The data showed that most of the respondents detergent in Uttarakhand state.
(30%) belonged to age group of 20-30 yr and 40-
50 yr while 24 per cent were between 50-60 yr Effect of age on preference of the brands
and 16 per cent between age group 30-40 yr. The Age wise preference of brand of detergent
average family size of 58 per cent respondents is shown in Fig. 2. It can be concluded that farm
was 2 to 5 members while 42 per cent have 6 to women in the age group of 21-30 yr preferred to use
10 family members. This means that now a day Surf Excel followed by Wheel and Tide, whereas
nuclear family system is prevalent and shifting of those between 31-40 yr preferred Wheel followed

230 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 229-233

 Consumer Preference for Detergent Powder

by Tide. The respondents in the age group 41-50 The data (Table 2) revealed that respondents in
yr and 51-60 yr had a preference for Wheel and the age group of 21-30 yr and 31-40 yr preferred
Tide, respectively. This was in accordance with the to use Ghadi and Tide while those in the age group
findings observed by Goel and Kaur (2012). 41-50 yr and 51-60 yr preferred Wheel. Thus, it can
be inferred that with increase in the age the amount
of money spend on washing of clothes decreased. If
village wise mean score was compared respondents
in the villages Boolpur and Bakarpur had liking for
Ghadi detergent powder and those in Bhagwanpur,
Meripur and Swal liked Wheel the most.
The respondents using washing machine as
mode of washing clothes had a preference for
Tide detergent powder while those using washing
machine as well as hand washing preferred Wheel.
Ghadi detergent powder was being preferred by
those washing their clothes by hand. Thus, it can
Fig. 2: Age-wise preference of the Brand of Detergents be inferred that for washing the clothes in washing
The data (Table 1) depicted the mean score of machine people preferred good quality detergent
selection of brands on the basis of education level. It powder so that the washing machine could not get
indicated that illiterate respondents in all the villages damaged and those who washed their clothes by
were using Wheel detergent powder while those hand preferred cheap detergent powder.
literate up to primary used unbranded detergent The data (Table 4) showed the frequency of
powder. The respondents having education level up buying detergent powder. Respondents using
to middle and matriculation preferred Wheel and Wheel detergent powder bought it on weekly basis
Ghadi while graduate respondents preferred Tide and those using Tide bought after a fortnight. Ghadi
and Surf Excel. If mean score of respondents of detergent was bought after a month. Families with
all the villages is compared, they preferred to use less than five members preferred Wheel as well
Ghadi detergent powder. This shows that educated as Ghadi detergent powder while more than five
respondents like to use costly brand detergent family members preferred Ghadi detergent powder.
powder.

Table 1. Mean score of selection of brands on the basis of education level.

  Education level of the respondents  Mean
Village Illitrate Primary Middle Matric +2 B.A.  
Bhagwanpur 1.7 1.7 3.5 3.8 3.0 4.5 2.8
Meripur 2.2 1.8 3.5 3.8 2.5 4.5 2.9
Bakarpur 1.7 1.8 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 3.0
Boolpur 2.6 1.6 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.7 3.0
Swal 2.2 1.8 3.5 3.8 1.5 4.5 2.8
 Mean 2.1 1.7 3.5 3.8 2.9 4.5 2.9

231 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 229-233

 Ahuja and Sharma

Table 2. Mean score of preference for brands on the basis of age of respondents.
  Age of the respondents (Years) Mean
Village 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
Bhagwanpur 3.8 3.7 1.6 2.3 2.8
Meripur 3.3 4.0 2.2 2.6 2.9
Bakarpur 4.2 3.7 2.0 2.4 3.0
Boolpur 4.0 3.7 1.8 2.5 3.0
Swal 3.2 3.7 2.2 2.6 2.8
 Mean 3.7 3.7 2.0 2.5 2.9

Table 3. Mean score of preference of brands on the basis of method of washing clothes and fragrance
of detergent.
Fragrance of detergent Method of washing Mean
Hand wash Machine wash Machine + Hand
No smell 2.5 0.0 0.0 2.5
Lemon 3.0 4.0 2.6 3.1
Floral 4.0 0.0 2.7 3.2
Mean 2.9 4.0 2.7 2.9
The per capita consumption/month was found to strong co-relation between the two variables and
be 500 g irrespective of the brand of detergent used. as the number of family members increases the
The cost of detergent powder/head ranged between consumption of detergent powder also increases.
Rs. 14.90 to Rs. 98.00 with least cost Rs. 14.90 of Brand of detergent and educational qualification
unbranded detergent powder and maximum was were also strongly co-related (r= 0.72), it showed
Rs. 98.00 of Surf Excel. Thus, it can be concluded that education had great impact on preference of
that the rural people preferred low price detergent detergent brand and educated respondents preferred
brands. good quality detergent powder.
The majority of the respondents (51%) got
information from television followed by newspaper CONCLUSION
It was observed that Tide detergent powder was
(23%), radio (13%) and friends/relatives (09%). This
more popular when compared to other brands of
indicated that television advertising had a greater
detergent powder. The study showed that educated
impact on the minds of consumers irrespective of
and young respondents used costly brand detergent
the age. Patnaik et al (2011) had shown the same
powders like Surf Excel and Tide while illiterate
findings in Odisha. Hoardings had less impact; the
and older people had preference for Wheel and
reason may be the less number of hoardings in the
rural areas. Ghadi. Respondents used Tide detergent powder
for washing clothes in washing machines and
The value of Co-relation of family members Ghadi detergent powder when washing clothes
with the total consumption of detergent powder with hands. Television advertising was found
came out to be 0.89 which means there is a to be the most effective source of information

232 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 229-233

 Consumer Preference for Detergent Powder

Table 4. Mean score of preference for brands on the basis of number of family members and
frequency of buying detergent.
Frequency of buy- Number of family members Mean
ing detergent
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weekly 0.0 4.0 1.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 2.3
Fortnightly 0.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.8 3.3
Monthly 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.5 3.3 2.9
 Mean 2.9 3.2 2.5 3.0 3.2 2.6 3.3 2.9

Table 5. Mean score of selection of brands especially the ministry of trade as it would help in
in relation to cost per head and per capita understanding the expectations of the rural consumers.
consumption of detergents.
Brand Cost/head (Rs.) Per capita
REFERENCES
Goel G and Kaur Surinderjit (2012). A study on chemical
consumption (Kg) contamination of water due to household laundry
No 14.9 0.5 detergents. J Hum Ecol 38(1):65-69.
Brand Jha M (2013). A Study on the rural consumer buying behavior
Wheel 24.8 0.6 in Bihar. Int J Marketing Finan Services Manage Res.
Ghadi 21.9 0.5 2(2):172-182.
Katiyar A and Katiyar N (2014). An Empirical Study Of
Tide 50.9 0.6
Indian Consumer Buying Behavior Of FMCG Products
Surf 98 0.6 (With Special Reference Of Bathing Soap). Int J Manage
Excel Com Innovations. 2(1):211-217.
Mean 35.7 0.5 Kulkarni P M (2011). Study of rural consumer behavior in
relation with washing powder. Int J Res Com Manage.
Table 6. Source of information for brand 2(8): 108-110.
selection.
Painoli A K (2015). Buying influence on detergent in Rural
Sr. No. Particular Frequency market by different age group: - An empirical study with
(n=100) reference to Uttarakhand state in India. Int J Res Manage
Tech 5(5): 330-339.
1 Television 51
Patnaik B C M, Singh D K and Pradhan P K (2011). Behavior
2 Radio 13 influence on detergent powder in rural market by different
age group. Int J Markeing 2(2)12-18.
3 Newspaper 23
Phadatare S and Haldar O (2015). The study on consumer
4 Friends/Relatives 09 buying behavior towards detergents of few companies in
5 Hoardings 04 Satara city. Int e-Journal Ongoing Res Manage IT. 10(2):
77-88.
among all the consumers in rural area in all age
groups. Frequency of purchase in different age group Thirumoorthy P and Karthikeyan P (2006). A study on retailer
and customerattitude towards P&G detergent powder in
was different .Per capita consumption/month was Coimbatore city. Indian J Marketing. 46(9): 26-31.
500g irrespective of the detergent brand. Thus, the
Received on 13/02/18 Accepted on 20/02/18
results of the study may be of help to the Government

233 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 229-233

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 234-237 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00085.5

Time Spent in Various Activities and Cognitive Abilities of School

Going and Non School Going Children in Migrant Labour
Families
P S Sharma1, J K Gulati2, N B Jadav3, V S Prajapati4 and S V Undhad5
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TCD Farm, Pipalia, Rajkot ( Gujarat)

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to find out the correlation between time spent in various activities and
cognitive abilities of school going and non school going children in migrant labour families. A sample
of 120 mother-child dyads including children between 6-8 yr of age and mothers working as domestic
servants, were purposively selected from each chosen locality through snowball technique. Children were
approached to assess their cognitive abilities. Results revealed that school children’s extended involvement
in play activities enhanced their quantitative and motor skills but declined their verbal, memory and
general cognitive ability. Long involvement of non school going children in play significantly increased
their verbal, motor, quantitative, memory and general cognitive ability. Children’s of migrant families
spent more time in play activities which enhance their motor abilities but declined perceptual ability.
Key Words : Correlation, Cognitive abilities, Migrant labour families

INTRODUCTION agricultural operations in rural Punjab and Haryana

The cognitive development is the child’s ability
to learn and solve problems and also construction
of thought processes, including remembering,
problem solving and decision-making, from
childhood through adolescence to adulthood.
Cognition is, therefore, a very broad term that
covers a complicated mental process involving
such functions as perception, learning, memory, and
problem solving. Time is a practical convenience
in modern life and also an observed phenomenon
by means of which human beings sense and record
changes in the environment and in the universe.
Migration is a complex process that can
produce profound changes for individuals, families
and societies. It is a physical movement by humans
from one area to another, sometimes over long
distances or in large groups. The labour migrants
are less interested in agricultural activities, either
within the state or outside. They have shifted from
to construction activities in Delhi and urban Bihar
as well as factories in small-town Punjab. The
movement from the poor states to the big cities makes
it necessary for the women to join the workforce and
to go out to earn for meeting their basic needs. The
majority of the women in the economically weaker,
migrant families work to help their families to make
both ends meet, leaving their small children behind.
Because economic conditions of these families do
not allow them to put their child into any day care
facilities, the children keep wandering aimlessly
in or away from the neighborhood. People who
migrate are called migrants; migrant workers are
the backbone of both industry and agriculture in
Punjab. Therefore, a study was conducted to find
our correlation between time spent in various
activities and cognitive abilities of school going
and non school going children in migrant labour
families

Corresponding Author’s Email: pinkisharma@jau.in

1
Scientist (Home Science), 2Dean, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 3Senior Scientist and Head , 4Scientist
(Livestock Production Management), 5Scientist (Plant Protection)

234 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 234-237

 Sharma et al

Table 1. Correlation between times spent in various activities and cognitive abilities of school going
children.
Sr. Activity Cognitive Ability
No. Verbal Perceptual Quantitative Memory Motor General
1. Play 0.132 -0.045 0.251** -0.159 0.387*** 0.122
2. Market Work 0.132 0.110 0.148 0.168 0.045 0.167
3. Household chores -0.196 0.203 0.076 -0.162 0.180 0.046
4. Personal care 0.041 0.007 0.031 -0.181 -0.246 0.063
5. Academic 0.133 0.028 0.050 0.376*** -0.389*** 0.047
6. TV viewing -0.154 -0.367*** 0.071 0.151 -0.338*** -0.136
7. Family -0.221 -0.033 -0.004 -0.099 -0.381*** -0.263**

MATERIALS AND METHODS Statistical Analysis of the Data

The study was taken in six slum localities of
Ludhiana city. Six slum localities were selected
from the selected zone and 120 children with age
range of 6 to 8 yr and mothers working as domestic
servants, were purposively selected from each
chosen locality through snowball technique. In the
total sample, children were composed of two groups
on the basis of their school attendance including
attending school (n=60) and not attending school
(n=60). The children were selected keeping in view
that the child should be belonging to the family
migrated from Uttar Pradesh, in the age between
6-8 yr and mother working as domestic servant.
Research Instruments
Time use patterns of children of migrant
families were examined by using a self structured
interview schedule. The reliability of the instrument
was judged through test-retest method and was
calculated to be 0.79.
McCarthy Scales of Children’s Cognitive
Abilities (MSCA)
Children’s cognitive abilities were assessed
by using McCarthy Scales of Children’s Cognitive
Abilities (MSCA). Mean reliability of McCarthy
Scale of Children’s Cognitive Abilities MSCA ranges
from 0.79 to 0.88. Scoring of MSCA was done as per
the guidelines given in the manual of MSCA.
Correlation between time spent in hours in
various activities and cognitive abilities of school
going and non school going children of migrant
labour families were calculated separately for both
the groups.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results ( Table 1) revealed that children’s
time spent in play activities was significantly
positively correlated with their quantitative
(p<0.05) and motor (p<0.01) skills which reflects
that school going children’s longer involvement in
play activities improved their quantitative and motor
skills. Cognitive, social, and emotional skills have
the biggest impact on pretend play development,
with motor and sensor motor skills that enable the
child to manipulate objects in the environment
having a secondary role. The correlations between
children’s time spent in play and verbal abilities
and his general cognitive index was although non-
significant but positive whereas perceptual abilities
and memory were negatively correlated with time
spent in play. It reflects that again child’s longer
involvement in play slightly fostered their verbal
abilities and general cognition whereas it declined
their perceptual and memory abilities which was
contrary to the findings by Goldstein (2012) who
evaluated that children who show the highest levels

235 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 234-237

 Cognitive Abilities of Children

of play involvement and complexity score high on market work was significantly positively correlated
various assessments of cognitive functioning and with all the cognitive abilities. It means non school
good communication abilities. going children’s participation in play and market
Time spent in household chores was non- work tends to improve their cognitive abilities. The
significantly correlated with all the cognitive abilities correlation between time spent in household chores
but the relationship was positive with perceptual, was significant and positive with memory (p<0.01)
quantitative, motor and general cognition whereas and motor (p<0.01) abilities whereas it was non-
the correlation was negative between time spent in significant and negative with all other rest abilities.
household chores and verbal and memory abilities Children who spent time in the household chores
of school going children. Child’s time spent in possessed better memory and motor skills but
personal care was non-significantly correlated with showed poorer & negative with verbal, perceptual,
all the cognitive abilities however the association quantitative & general cognitive index. TV viewing
as negative correlated in their memory and motor was negatively non significantly correlated with all
abilities. It reflects that longer involvement in the cognitive abilities of non school going children.
personal care going to suppress the motor and Number of hours spent in personal care significantly
memory abilities of children. improved their verbal (p<0.01) & memory (p<0.01)
but significantly declined their motor (p<0.01) &
Time spent in academic work significantly general abilities (p<0.01).
improved memory (p<0.01) whereas it declines
motor skills of the sample. Number of hours spent The data (Table 3) interpret the correlation
in T.V viewing was negatively correlated with between time spent in various activities and
verbal, perceptual, motor and general cognition cognitive abilities of children of migrant families.
but the relationship was significant with perceptual It shows that time spent in academic activities
abilities (p<0.01) and motor skills (p<0.01). It was highly significantly associated with all the
may be concluded that children viewing television cognitive abilities except motor ability. It interprets
for longer time showed poorer perceptual, motor, that longer involvement of children in academic
verbal and general cognition abilities. The result related activities going to decline their motor
was supported by Vandewater and Schmidt (2008) abilities. Time involvement in playing significantly
who revealed that only high-quality educational going to increase the motor (p<0.01) ability of
television programs seem to have positive children of migrant labour families. Besides
effects for children’s learning, academic skills, motor ability, children of migrant labour families’
and academic engagement and their cognitive cognitive abilities were non significantly but
development. Child’s involvement with the family positively correlated with time spent in play related
was significantly negatively correlated with general activities. Market was directly and significantly
cognition (p<0.01) and motor abilities (p<0.01) of positively correlated with memory (p<0.01) and
school going children. motor ability (p<0.01). Time spent in household
chores and personal care activities were negatively
The data (Table 2) show that the time spent in correlated with verbal, quantitative, and general
play was significantly positively related with all cognitive index. Motor ability was significantly and
the cognitive abilities except perceptual abilities. positively correlated with time spent in household
Perceptual abilities were also positively correlated chores (p<0.01) and personal care (p<0.01)
with play hours though the relationship was non- both. Time spent with family going to increase
significant. When the data calculated on time spent significantly their verbal (p<0.01) ability. The
in market work, and cognitive abilities, it reflects results were in continuation with the findings of the
that non school going children’s involvement in Rowlands and Okein (2010) which indicated that

236 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 234-237

 Sahrma et al

Table 2. Correlation between times spent (hrs.) in various activities and cognitive abilities of non-
school going children of migrant labour families
Sr. Activity Cognitive Ability
No. Verbal Perceptual Quantitative Memory Motor General
1. Play 0.302** 0.104 0.300** 0.642*** 0.642*** 0.328***
2. Market Work 0.341*** 0.256** 0.336*** 0.629*** 0.644*** 0.420***
3. Household chores -0.249 -0.016 -0.175 0.428*** 0.446*** -0.218
4. Personal care 0.447*** -0.101 -0.226 0.397*** -0.279** -0.359***
5. TV viewing -0.143 -0.170 -0.141 -0.082 -0.114 -0.199
6. Family -0.144 0.013 -0.026 0.105 0.102 -0.076

Table 3. Correlation between times spent (hrs.) in various activities and cognitive abilities of children
of migrant labour families.
Sr. Activity Cognitive Ability
No. Verbal Perceptual Quantitative Memory Motor General
1. Academic 0.676*** 0.668*** 0.546*** 0.403*** -0.368*** 0.768***
2. Play 0.136 0.009 0.187 0.136 0.253** 0.132
3. TV viewing -0.175 -0.251** -0.100 -0.035 -0.223** -0.217
4. Market Work 0.017 -0.037 0.056 0.355*** 0.399*** -0.029
5. Household chores -0.175 0.028 -0.063 0.311*** 0.365*** -0.085
6. Personal care -0.094 0.002 -0.034 0.277*** 0.298*** -0.051
7. Family 0.433*** - 0.345*** -0.275*** -0.126 -0.167 -0.429***

there is a great significance of verbal, nonverbal abilities of children of migrant labour families.
and communication activities on the cognitive and Child’s time spent in the family as beneficial for
developmental stages and adapting to the specific their verbal abilities whereas it was detrimental for
needs of infants, children and teenagers. perceptual, quantitative and general abilities.

CONCLUSION
It may be concluded that school going and
non-school going children’s involvement in play
significantly improved their quantitative and
motor abilities. Longer involvement of school
going children in academic, TV viewing and with
family significantly going to decrease their motor
ability. Number of hours spent by non-school going
children in personal care significantly improved
their verbal and memory but significantly negatively
correlated with their motor and general cognition.
Long participation in play improved the cognitive
REFERENCES
Goldstein J (2012). Play in Children Development Health and
well Being. Cambridge University Press, New York Pp
16-17.
Rowland C and Oken F M (2010). Communication Matrix:
A clinical and research assessment                        tool
targeting children with severe communication disorders.
J Pediatric Rehabilitation Med 3, 319–29.
Vandewater E A and Schmidt M E (2008). Media and
Attention, Cognition and School Achievement. The
Future of children 18(1): 63-85
Received on 08/10/17 Accepted on 05/12/17

237 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 234-237

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00022.3

Training Strategies Preferred by the Horticulture Extension

Personnel in Jammu Region of Jammu and Kashmir State
Arvinder Kumar, S K Kher, Banarsi lal, Rakesh Nanda, Akash Sharma and Rakesh Kumar
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu (SKUAST-J

ABSTRACT
Training strategy is a vision, direction, action, planning for training and development in an organization
that requires implementation to achieve success. The study assessed the training strategies preferred by the
horticulture extension personnel for attending trainings in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir. A total
of 200 horticulture extension personnel (Horticulture development officers and horticultural technicians)
were sampled for obtaining training by proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Data were
analysed by using frequency and percentage. The finding of the study revealed that more than one half
(63%) horticulture development officers and 53 per cent horticulture technicians preferred 3-5 days
training programme. Majority (60%) Horticulture development officers (HDOs) preferred SKUAST- J
Chatha and about one half (45%) horticulture technicians preferred their respective district head office/
KVKs as venue for attending training programme. Both horticulture development officers and horticulture
technicians preferred to attend training programme in the month of October – December. Trainers for
training from outside state were preferred by more than one half (53%) horticulture development
officers where trainers out of their parent organisation but within the state were preferred by 3/4th of
the horticulture technicians for obtaining trainings, respectively. Method as well as result demonstration
techniques were perceived as very effective training methods. Major constraint expressed by horticulture
development officers was shortage of staff, where pay anomalies, excess work load and lack of promotional
avenues were major constraint expressed by the horticulture technicians in performing their job.
Key Words: Extension personnel, Horticulture, Preference, Strategy, Training.

INTRODUCTION personnel understand and make use of it to get an

Training is an important process of capacity appropriate training. Without a training strategy
building of an individual to improve his or her or an action plan, we do not have mechanism that
performance. Training and development in establishes for all our means to achieve goals. It
any organization require a training strategy to is essential that training strategy is aligned to the
achieve success and a method to make it happen organizations strategy and enables its vision to be
or implementation. Training strategy is vision, realized. Keeping in view the significance of the
focus, direction, action and planning for training training strategy, the present study was conducted
and development in an organization that requires to know about the preferred training strategies and
implementation to achieve success. It is a problems encountered by the horticulture extension
mechanism that establishes what competencies an personnel to perform their job efficiently.
organization requires in the future and a means
to achieve it. Developing a strategy for training MATERIALS AND METHODS
gives a competitive advantage to an organisation. The present study was carried out during the
Hence, it needs to be comprehensive and feasible year of 2015-16 in Jammu division of Jammu and
for extension personnel so that every extension Kashmir. Sample of 200 horticulture extension

238 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243

 Kumar et al

personnel (30 Horticulture Development Officers
and 170 horticulture technicians) were selected by
proportionate stratified random sampling method
from total population 302 after pre-testing of
interview schedule. Training strategy for obtaining
training by extension personnel were asked to
mention duration, venue, month, time and trainers
they preferred the most among the given categories
and preference rank was done accordingly.
Perceptions towards training methods were
measured on three point continuum scale i.e. not
effective, somewhat effective and very effective.
Problems encountered in their job performance
were ranked on the basis of percent personnel.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preferred Training Strategies of Horticulture
Extension Personnel
A. Duration and venue for training
The data (Table 1) revealed that more than one
half (63%) per cent horticulture development officers
and 53 per cent horticulture technicians preferred
to attend (3-5days) training programme. Both
horticulture development officers and horticulture
technicians feel that a period of 3-5 days training
programme is sufficient for updating the required
knowledge. Most of the horticulture extension
personnel opined that they avoid long duration
training programme because of their family and
other personnel commitment. This observation was
in accordance with Kumar et al (2013 ) who stated
that more than three fourth of the respondents were
in favour of short term residential programmes of
(1-7days) duration for which the respondent would
probably have to stay away from his/ her home.
SKUAST.J Chatha possess well qualified
and proficient experts of different disciplines as
resource persons for trainings along with suitable
physical environment and trainings material hence
majority (60%) of the horticulture development
officers preferred it as venue for attending training
programmes. In a descriptive study probed to in
service training needs of extension agents in west
Iran, Alibaygi and Zafrafshani (2008) indicated that
majority (81%) respondent would prefer to receive
in–service training at an agricultural college.
Similarly, in case of horticulture technicians about
one half (45%) technicians preferred to attend
trainings in their respective district head office/
KVKs followed by 37, 17 per cent who preferred
to attend trainings at SKUAST-J Chatha and

Table 1. Preferred duration and venue for training. N=200

Sr. Training Strategies Horticulture Development Horticulture technicians
No. Officers (n=30) (n=170)
A Duration of training Percentage Rank Percentage Rank

1. 1-2 days 0 V 15 III

2. 3-5 days 63 I 53 I
3. 6-10 days 3 IV 18 II
4. 1 month 27 II 9 IV
5. 6 month and above 7 III 5 V
B Venue for training
6. SKUAST-Jammu 60 I 37 II
7. Directorate of Horticulture 6 III 1 IV
8. District head office 17 II 45 I
9. Somewhere else 17 II 17 III

239 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243

 Training Strategies Preferred by the Horticulture Extension Personnel
other places (like horticulture nurseries, orchards/ planting, propagation, training and pruning etc.
farmers field). Horticulture technicians opined that Saleh et al (2016) reported that training should not
attending of training programmes outside their be conducted at the time of sowing and harvesting.
home or place of posting may not be convenient in Majority (87%) Horticulture development officers
view of domestic obligations as well as release of and (66%) horticulture technicians preferred to
travelling and dearness allowances by their parent attend training in morning session (9 AM to 1 PM),
organisation. respectively. Further, it was revealed that more than
one half (53%) Horticulture development officers
B. Preferred month, time and trainers for preferred trainers from outside the state and 3/4th
training technicians preferred trainers from out of their parent
The data (Table 2) show that more than half organisation but within the state. The respondent
(53%) Horticulture development officers and (57%) probably felt that interacting with experienced
horticulture technicians preferred training in the persons from outside the parent organisation and
month of October to December followed by 23, 13 outside the state would be more beneficial.
per cent Horticulture development officers and 18,
14 per cent technicians who preferred in the month C. Perception of horticulture extension
of April - June and January – march, respectively. personnel towards training methods
Preference of training in the month of October to It was evident (Table 3) that 70 per cent of the
December were may be due to reason that during horticulture development officers rated method
these months the horticulture extension personnel demonstration as very effective method for
do not have much workload as compared to other training followed by result demonstration (63.3%),
months of the year in which the horticulture extension Discussion (60%).workshop (56.6%) respectively.
personnel remain busy in one or other activity like The training method which were rated as Some what
Table 2. Preferred month, time and preference of trainers for training. N=200
Sr. Training Strategies Horticulture Horticulture technicians
No Development Officers (n=170)
(n=30)
A Month Percentage Rank Percentage Rank
1. January – March 13 III 14 III
2. April –June 23 II 18 II
3. July – September 10 IV 11 IV
4. October – December 53 I 57 I
B Time
5. Morning(9AM-1 PM) 87 I 66 I
6. Evening (2 PM-5 PM) 10 II 1 III
7. Full Day (Official time) 3 III 33 II
C Trainers
8. Expert from out of parent organization but 30 II 75 I
within the state
9. Expert from the parent organization (DOH) 17 III 23 II
10. Expert from outside state 53 I 2 III

240 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243

 Kumar et al

effective by HDOs were lecturer method (73.33%)
followed by role play and buzz group technique
(60%) each, and game cum exercise (53.3%). The
method of training which were rated as Not very
effective by the HDOs were game cum exercise
(26.6%) followed by lecture (23.3%), buzz group
technique (20%).
In case of horticulture technicians 85 per
cent of the technicians rated method demonstration
as very effective method for training followed by
result demonstration and role play (77%) each,
work shop (74%). The method which was rated
somewhat effective by the horticulture technicians
were lecture method (67%) followed by discussion
(56%), game cum exercise (52%) and buzz group
technique (51%). The method of training which
were rated as Not very effective by the horticulture
technicians were lecture method (22%) followed
by game cum exercise (5%) buzz group technique
(2%). Generally, all the methods were considered
effective in training programme. However, few of
them were considered very and somewhat effective
as compared to others. Demonstration techniques
were perceived as very effective training method
for training by both the horticulture extension
personnel (HDOs and horticulture technicians). It
is because demonstration technique is the technique
of learning by doing and seeing is believing. This
finding was in accordance with that of Khan et al
(2011).
Problems encountered by the horticulture
extension personnel in their job performance
The effective extension plays a very important
role in development. However, there are many
constraints to the extension and extension services
which hinder the job performance of the horticulture
extension personnel. Table 4 shows constraints
encountered by the horticulture extension personnel
in their job performance. In case of horticulture
development officer shortage of staff was the
main constraint ranked as first followed by lack of
infrastructure, non- availability of timely funds, lack
of departmental convenience/transport facility and
low education level of supporting staff rank fifth.
The findings were similar to those of Ahmed and
Khalid (2013) who reported that extension workers
were working under areas characterized by lack of
facilities, absence of number of extension workers,

Table 3. Perception of horticulture extension personnel towards training methods. N=200

Sr. Training HDOs (%) Horticulture technicians (%)
No. methods n =30 n=170
Very Somewhat Not very Very Somewhat Not very
effective effective effective effective effective effective

1. Lecture 3.3 73.3 23.3 11 67 22

2. Discussion 60 33.3 6.6 43 56 1
3. Method 70 26.6 3.3 85 14 1
demonstration
4. Result 63.3 30 6.6 77 22 1
demonstration
5. Workshop 56.6 30 13.3 74 25 1
6. Buzz group 20 60 20 47 51 2
technique
7. Role play 20 60 20 77 22 1
8. Games and 20 53.3 26.6 43 52 5
exercise

241 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243

 Training Strategies Preferred by the Horticulture Extension Personnel
absence of farmers in field, limited use of mass
media and non availability of agricultural inputs
at affordable price to the farmers as problems in
discharging their duties. The important constraints
considered by the functionaries of the KVK were
non availability of location specific and problem
oriented technologies, paucity of budget and lack
of transport facility was also reported by Pant and
Singh (2014)
Similarly, in case of horticulture technicians pay
anomalies was ranked as first constraint followed
by excess work load, inadequate promotion
policy, lack travelling and dearness allowances,
lack of adequate horticultural tools , lack of first
aid facilities in nurseries, excessive working
hours in nurseries, working at one place for long
period rank eighth. Lack of funding followed by
no encouragement from management and lack of
adequate working materials were also reported as
problems of extension workers by Jamagani (2013)
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above findings that
majority of the horticulture extension personnel
preferred 3-5 d training programme. More than
one half of the Horticulture development officers
preferred to attend trainings at SKUAST-Jammu
and about one half of the horticulture technicians
who preferred to attend trainings at their respective
district head office or at KVKs. Similarly, more
than half of the horticulture extension personnel
preferred that training should be conducted during
the months of October – December in the morning
session. Majority of the horticulture technicians
preferred trainers from out of their parent
organization but within the state where, majority
of the Horticulture development officers preferred
trainers only from outside the state. Both result
as well as skill demonstrations were perceived as
more effective teaching methods. Major constraint
expressed by Horticulture development officers was
lack of sufficient staff for performing the official
job. Similarly, for technicians pay anomalies,
excess work load and lack of promotional avenues
were major constraint in performing their job.

Table 4: Problems encountered by the horticulture extension personnel in their job

performance N= 200
Sr. No. Problems encountered by HDOs (n=30) Percent personnel Rank
1. lack of infrastructure 83 II
2. Shortage of staff/ Lack of manpower 87 I
3. Low education level of technical staff 32 V
4. Non- availability of timely funds 74 III
5. Lack of departmental convenience & transport facility 72 IV
Problems encountered by horticulture technicians (n=170)
6. Lack of adequate horticultural tools 27 V
7.. Excess working hours 19 VII
8. Excess work load 82 II
9.. Pay anomalies 84 I
10. Inadequate promotion policy 71 III
11. Lack of travelling allowances/dearness allowances 46 IV
12. Working at one place for long period 3 VIII
13. Lack of Ist aid facilities in nurseries 22 VI

242 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243

 Kumar et al

REFERENCES Khan M Z, Haq Z U, Khan N U, Pervez U and Khan M A

Ahmed M H E and Khalid A G A M (2013) Training needs
assessment of extensionists in Gezira scheme, Sudan.
Agri and Vety Sci 1: 52-60
Alibaygi A and Zarafshani K (2008) Training needs of Iranian
extension agents about sustainability: The use of Borichs
need assessment model. African Agri Res 3(10):681-687
Jamagani Z B (2013). Relationship between problems and
needs of extension workers: A case study of Maigana and
Samaru zone of Kaduna state agriculture development
project, Nigeria. IOSR J Agri and Vety Sci 3(5) 17-23
( 2011). Training needs of agricultural extension agents in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Sarhad. J Agric 27:133-137
Pant K and Singh U (2014). Need for revamped extension
approaches to overcome the constraints in transfer of
technologies. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu 14(1) 109-111
Saleh J M, Man N, Lafta A H, Saleh M H, Hassan S, Nawi N
M and Kshash B H (2016). A review: training requirement
of agriculture extension officers in Iraq. Asian J Appl Sci
9: 34-40.
Received on 06/01/18 Accepted on 20/01/18

243 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 238-243

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 244-246 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00023.5

Use of Information and Communication Technologies by the

Farmers of Hilly Areas of Jammu and Kashmir
Jagdish Kumar and Banarsi Lal
KVK, Tanda, Reasi- 182 301, SKUAST-Jammu ( Jammu and Kashmir)

ABSTRACT
Effective communication from different sources and channels are the essence of extension which provides
agricultural information and knowledge to the farmers. Keeping in mind the importance of Information
and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the transfer of agricultural technologies, a study on the use of
information and communication technologies (ICTs) by the Farmers of Hilly Areas was conducted in Reasi
District of Jammu and Kashmir. Out of 12 Blocks, 4 blocks namely Reasi, Arnas, Pouni and Painthal were
selected randomly. Twenty villages were selected randomly from these blocks and a total of 120 farmers
were selected randomly from these 20 selected villages. An index was developed for studying the use of
ICTs by the respondents. It was found that the majority of farmers were having television and mobile phones
and most of them were using the television for the entertainment purpose. Extension personnel’s were
considered as the most credible source of information followed by radio, television, newspaper and computer.
Key Words: Communication, Innovative Technologies, Hilly Areas, Credibility, ICT.

INTRODUCTION input dealers, traders and government agricultural

The communication is the core activity of extension personnel and scientists working at the
human association in general and progress as Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The other important sources
well as development in particular. People’s need of information were newspaper, radio and television.
for communication is as strong and as basic as The internet and helpline telephone number was
is need to eat, sleep and affection. For modern found to be least preferred sources among the farmer.
people, it is impossible to function without mass However, the perceived quality and relevance of the
media of communication, as they have become information provided by these sources was highly
the part of fabric of modern civilization. Effective variable (Sharma et al, 2012). Hence, in order to
communication from different sources and channels study the successful communication among the
are the essence of extension which provides farmers of the hilly areas of Jammu and Kashmir,
knowledge and information for rural women to it was necessary to know their communication
modify the behaviour in the ways that provide profile. Keeping in mind the importance of ICT, a
sustainable benefits to them. Useful information study on the use of information and communication
creates interest, promote understanding, assist in technologies by the farmers of hilly areas was
mental evaluation and ultimately motivate them for undertaken.
adoption. Hence, there is urgent need to disseminate
useful information among the farmers from hilly MATERIALS AND METHODS
areas through Information and Communication The present study was conducted in the hilly
Technologies (ICTs). district Reasi of Jammu and Kashmir which was
Sharma et al (2012) reported that most farmers selected purposively. Out of 12 Blocks, 4 blocks
accessed the information through cell phones namely Reasi, Arnas, Pouni and Painthal were
and called fellow progressive farmers, relatives, selected randomly. Twenty villages were selected
Corresponding Author’s Email:dr.banarsi2000@gmail.com

244 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 244-246

 Kumar and Lal

randomly from these blocks and a total of 120 Table 1. Distribution of respondents according
farmers were selected randomly from these 20 to the ownership of ICTs. N=120
selected villages. The data were collected through
Sr. Owner of ICT No. of re- Percentage
a semi-structured schedule and analyzed with the
No. source spondents
help of various statistical tools i.e. frequency and
percentage. 1. Radio 30 25.00
2. Mobile/Telephone 107 89.16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3. Newspaper 16 13.33
Ownership of ICT tools by the farmers 4. Television 102 85.00
The television set has become a common 5. Computer 8 6.66
place in homes, businesses and institutions,
particularly as a vehicle for advertising, a source Purpose of using ICT tools
of entertainment, and news. Similarly, keeping of The data (Table2) revealed that majority (77.50
a mobile phone by an individual can be considered %) of the respondents were using television for the
as a status symbol or a necessity as well. The data entertainment with very few (7.50%) were using
(Table 1) showed that 89.16 per cent of respondents it for the information purpose. Majority (89.16%)
owned mobile/telephone followed by television of the farmers were using mobile/telephone to talk
(85.00 %), radio (25.00 %), newspaper (13.33%) with their friends and relatives for their personal
and computer (6.66%). Similarly, It has been work whereas 10.83 per cent of the respondents
reported by Sharma et al (2012) that in the sample were reading newspaper for the information purpose
villages in Kapurthala district of Punjab, 98.3 per with only 2.50 per cent for the education purpose.
cent of the farmers possessed mobile phones and Similar type of findings were reported by Sharma
out of which , 78.0 per cent were using this device et al ( 2012).
for getting information from dealers, relatives, The data (Table3) revealed that the majority
scientists, extension workers, banks etc. However, (89.16%) of the respondents were regularly using
only 66.7 per cent of marginal farmers were using the mobile/telephone to talk to their friends/
it for agricultural purpose. It was also revealed that relatives etc. to discuss their personal problems.
57.5 per cent of farmers were possessing radio sets Majority (85.00%) of the respondents were viewing
but only 37.7 per cent amongst them were using television regularly.5.83 per cent of the respondents
this medium for getting information related to were reading newspapers occasionally while 4.16
agriculture. per cent were reading regularly and 3.33 per cent of

Table 2. Distribution of respondents according to the purpose of use of ICTs.

N=120
Sr. No. ICT source Information Entertainment Education Others
1. Radio 11(9.16) 9(7.50) 10(8.33) 0.0
2. Mobile/Telephone - - - 107(89.16)
3. Newspaper 13(10.83) - 3(2.50) -
4. Television 9(7.50) 93(77.50) - -
5. Computer 8(6.66) - - -
Figures in parentheses indicate percentage

245 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 244-246

 Use of ICT

Table 3. Distribution of respondents according to the use of ICTs.

N-120
Sr. ICT source Frequency of use
No.
Regularly Occasionally Rarely
N Percentage N Percentage N Percentage
1 Radio 5 4.16 12 10.00 13 10.83
2 Mobile/Telephone 107 89.16
3 Newspaper 5 4.16 7 5.83 4 3.33
4 Television 102 85.00
5 Computer 3 2.5 3 2.5 2 1.66
Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to the ICTs credibility.
N=120
Sr. No. ICT source Credible Less Credible
1 Radio 91.66 8.33
2 Newspaper 81.66 25.00
3 Television 83.33 16.66
4 Computer 79.16 20.83
5 Extension Personnel’s 95.83 4.16

the respondents were rarely reading the newspapers. credible source of information followed by radio,
Only 4.16 per cent of the respondents were listening television, newspaper and computer. Hence, the use
radio regularly while 10.00 per cent respondents of information and communication technologies is
were listening radio occasionally and 10.83 per cent necessary for the development of the society.
of the respondents were rarely listening. The results
were in accordance with the results of Singh and REFERENCES
Singh (1997). Sharma, A and Kumar B (2010). Audience profile of women
community radio listeners. J Commun Studies 28(3):50-
The values given in Table 4 reveal that 59.
majority (95.83 %) of the respondents were having Sharma M, Kaur G and Gill M S (2012). Use of information
credibility on the Extension Personnel followed by and communication technology in agriculture by farmers
radio (91.66%), television (83.33%), Newspaper of district Kapurthala. J Krishi Vigyan 1(1):83-89.
(81.66%) and computer (79.16%).The results were Singh, B B and Singh K (1997).Development Communication
in accordance with the results of Sharma and Kumar and Agricultural Extension: Interface. Frontier of Ext.
(2010). Edu. Fror 21st Century, ISEE:84.
Received on 06/01/18 Accepted on 20/01/18
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the majority of the
farmers were having television and mobile phones
at their homes. Majority of the farmers were
using the television for the entertainment purpose.
Extension personnel’s were considered as the most

246 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 244-246

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00069.7

Use of Pesticides in Agriculture by Different Categories of

Farmer in Punjab
Arjinder Kaur, Manoj Sharma1 and Gurmeet Singh2
Department of Economics and Sociology
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab)

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to know about the use, pattern of pesticide application, reasons for using non
recommended pesticides at higher doses and the suggestions to tackle this issue. It was found that the
average consumption of pesticides in Punjab agriculture was 0.53 kg/ha in1974-75 which increased to 0.94
kg/ha of gross cropped area in1994-95. It might have occurred due to severe pest attack on cotton crop
in the state during that period but it declined to 0.73 kg/ha in the year 2010-11. Thereafter, no increase in
pesticide consumption in the state was noticed up to the year 2015-16 rather it remained stagnant. Among
the various crops, the per cent area being treated by pesticides was calculated to be high in cotton (98.4%)
followed by sugarcane (96.3%), paddy (93.6%) and wheat (91.7%) while per cent area was calculated to
be lowest in case of maize crop (71.1%). The expenditure on pesticides usage was more or less same in
three zones of Punjab during rabi season but was different in kharif season with maximum in zone II (Rs.
5728/-ha) followed by zone III (Rs. 5163/-ha) and zone I (Rs.4000/-ha). Thirty four per cent of the total
sampled farmers were found to be using the recommended doses of pesticides. Amongst the various reasons
cited by the farmers for using higher doses of pesticides, spurious quality of pesticides has emerged as the
main reason, 100 per cent of the farmers were of the view that pesticide usage should decline in the state
because of the ill effects of pesticides on the human and animal health. Fifty per cent of the total sampled
farmers suggested that quality of the pesticides must be ensured for effective control of pests/diseases
while 26 per cent were in favour of developing new formulations of better quality than existing ones.
Key Words: Agriculture, Crops, Expenditure, Farmers, Paddy, Pesticides, Sugarcane, Wheat.

INTRODUCTION This large scale use of pesticides has caused

There are various methods to control pests
in different pest management systems, yet use of
pesticides continue to be the major component
of most of the pest control programmes and will
probably remain so in the near future. However,
several reports have highlighted the indiscriminate
and excessive use of insecticides by the farmers. The
probable reason may be that pesticides are easily
available and they can be used in any combinations
by the farmers. The dose, combinations and spraying
intervals are left to the fancy of farmers and anyone
can get any quantity of these lethal chemicals at any
time.
Corresponding Author’s Email: arjkaur@yahoo.com
1
Associate Director, KVK, Kapurthala
2
Assistant Professor (Plant Protection), KVK, Kapurthala
many environmental problems like pesticide
poisoning, insecticide resistance, resurgence of
pests and effect on non target organisms besides
accidents involving human deaths and injury. India
lacks accountability on the front of pesticide usage
especially when misbranded or spurious pesticides
are involved. The conviction in cases of pesticide
accidents is very low. One probable solution to
combat these problems is to use recommended
pesticide at the right time with the recommended
dose and not to make use of banned or restricted
pesticides at all. The reason is that the recommended
pesticides are good, less persistent and more toxic to

247 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252

 Kaur et al

the target species, thus provide required control of of agro-chemicals use as well as the constraints
insect pest or disease. It is pertinent to mention that faced by the farmers in its management through
before making any recommendation within a state, personal interview method. Suggestions were also
the state agricultural universities conduct a large sought from the respondents to deal with the issue.
number of experiments to test the brand developed The primary data were supplemented with latest
by a pesticide firm in the laboratory as well as at available secondary data on some parameters.
the farmers’ field. Later on, these recommendations Statistical techniques like percentage, average etc.
are passed on to farmers through various extension were worked out for the variables.
agencies including the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
working at the district headquarter in a district. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The availability, efficacy and suitability of Consumption of pesticides in Punjab
pesticides for the control of insects and disease are The data (Table 1) showed that the average
major factors considered while providing solution per hectare consumption of pesticides in Punjab
to the problems of farmers. Farmers are advised to agriculture was 0.53 kg/ha in 1974-75 which
use only the recommended dosages of insecticides increased to 0.94 kg/ha of gross cropped area in
or fungicides. However, during several interactions 1994-95. It might have occurred due to severe pest
with the farmers, it was observed that despite the attack on cotton crop in the state during that period
efforts of various extension agencies in educating the but it declined to 0.73 kg/ha in the year 2010-11.
farmers about the right use of pesticides, farmers are Thereafter, no increase in pesticide consumption in
still using non recommended insecticides and that the state was noticed up to the year 2015-16 rather
too at higher doses. Thus, a study was conducted to it remained stagnant (Table 1).
know about the use, pattern of pesticide application, Table1. Pesticides consumption in Punjab.
reasons for using non recommended pesticides at
higher doses and the suggestions to tackle this issue. Year Quantity (MT of Kilogram /
Technical Grade) hectare
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1974-75 3300 0.53
The study is based mainly on primary data 1980-81 3000 0.44
collected from farm households of different 1984-85 4800 0.67
categories in Punjab. The study was devised on 1990-91 6100 0.80
randomly selected 10 blocks from three agro- 1994-95 7300 0.94
economic zones viz. sub– mountainous zone, 2000-01 7005 0.93
central plain zone and south western zone of the
2010-11 5745 0.73
state. At second stage of sampling, two villages
2013-14 5725 0.73
were selected from each selected block and 25
farm households were selected from each village 2014-15 5699 0.73
based on size of their operational holding and were 2015-16 5721 0.73
divided into three categories i.e. small, medium and Source: Directorate of Plant Protection and Quarantine,
large. Thus, the ultimate sample consisted of 495 Government of India.
farm households in proportion to the size of holding
Crop wise consumption of pesticides
structure existing in that particular village.
The data (Table 2) showed that per cent
The data were collected from selected sample of consumption of pesticides in Punjab was high due
farm households across the state through structured to the fact that about 91% of the total cropped area
and pre-tested questionnaire to find out the extent is being treated by pesticides in Punjab. The per

248 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252

 Use of Pesticides in Punjab

cent area being treated by pesticides was calculated
to be high in cotton (98.4%) followed by sugarcane
(96.3), paddy (93.6) and wheat (91.7) while per
cent area was calculated to be lowest in case of
maize crop (71.1). In Maharashtra, the farmers
had resorted to heavy pesticide spraying due to the
persistent attack of pink bollworm on cotton crop
(Annon, 2018). Singh et al (2016) also reported
that out of a total of 606 farmers from different
villages and blocks of Kapurthala district during the
years 2013 to 2015, 212 farmers (35%) visited the
Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory related to the
problems of insect pests and diseases in paddy and
basmati only. This high level of footfall of farmers
in the KVK regarding solution of their problems
related to insect pest and diseases in paddy and
basmati showed that this crop is heavily sprayed
with pesticides.
Expenditure incurred on pesticides
The average expenses on pesticides were less
on small, medium and large farmers’ fields in zone
I as compared to zone II and III in kharif season.
On an average, expenditure of pesticides used was
Rs 4200/-ha in zone I which was Rs 5728/-ha and
Rs. 5163/-ha in zone II and III, respectively in
Kharif season. In Rabi season, the use of pesticides
was comparatively more among medium and
large farmers in zone III which constituted about
Rs 6100/-and Rs. 6108/-ha, respectively (Table
3). While on an average per hectare expenditure
incurred on pesticides during rabi season was more
or less same across the zones but in kharif season it
was less in zone I due to maize crop being the main
kharif crop in zone I.
A significant difference was found in the
pesticides consumption among three categories
of farmers. The pesticide consumption was found
to be directly related to the size of holding of the
farmer. The pesticides usage was more or less same
in three zones during rabi season but was different
in kharif season with maximum in zone II (5728/-
ha) followed by zone III (5163/-ha) and zone I
(4200/-ha). The reason was due to the difference
in cropping sequence being followed in the three
zones of the state. Wheat- maize is the main
cropping sequence in zone I while wheat-paddy in
zone II and wheat-paddy and wheat-cotton cropping
sequence is followed in zone III.
Use of recommended doses of pesticides
About 48 per cent small farms, 25 per cent
medium farms and 21 per cent large farms were
found to be using recommended doses of pesticides
(Table 4). In all, 34 per cent of the total sampled
farmers were found to be using the recommended
doses of pesticides.

Table 2. Gross cropped area and area under major crops treated with pesticides in Punjab.
(Per cent)
Category Gross cropped area Paddy Wheat Cotton Sugarcane Maize
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Marginal 84.0 90.6 86.2 95.8 100 69.9
Small 86.6 92.0 88.0 98.3 100 72.1
Semi-medium 89.3 93.5 90.4 98.0 96.2 67.3
Medium 91.6 93.3 92.2 99.9 97.0 72.1
Large 93.3 94.7 93.6 97.0 94.3 74.2
All Groups 90.9 93.6 91.7 98.4 96.3 71.1
Source: All India Report on Input Survey 2011-12. (Latest available information)

249 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252

 Kaur et al

Table 3. Expenditure incurred on Pesticides during Rabi and Kharif seasons (Rs/ ha).
Particular Rabi Kharif
Zone I Small 5360 4163
Medium 5765 4098
Large 5786 4400
Zone II Small 5418 5433
Medium 5780 5788
Large 5795 6110
Zone III Small 5068 4768
Medium 6100 5645
Large 6108 5288
Punjab Zone 1st 5533 4200
Zone 2nd 5623 5728
Zone 3rd 5673 5163
Table 4. Use of recommended doses of pesticides by sampled farmers (Number).
Zone Small Medium Large Total
I 25 (92.6) 8 (88.9) 6 (60.6) 39 (84.78)
II 40 (30.3) 9 (11.8) 5 (5.5) 54 (18.12)
III 41 (65.08) 14 (18.4) 21 (42.8) 76 50.33
Total 106 (47.74) 31 (25) 32 (21.47) 169 (34.14)

Figures in parenthesis indicate the percentage to total.

Eighty five per cent farmers in zone I responded
farmers for using higher doses of pesticides than
that only need based application of pesticides is
recommended, use of non recommended brands of
done by them. However, in zone II, only 18 per
pesticides and application not based on economic
cent were found to be using recommended dosesthreshold level. Of the various reasons cited by
of pesticides while rest of the farmers was using
the farmers for using higher doses of pesticides,
higher levels of agro-chemicals. In zone III, 50 per
spurious quality of pesticides has emerged as the
cent of the respondents used the pesticides as per
main reason as 32.32 per cent of sampled farmers
the recommended application. However, majority
said about spurious quality of pesticides as shown
of the small farmers were using recommended in Table 5. The incidence of more pest/disease
doses (65%) followed by large farmers (43%) and
attacks was also cited as a reason by 30.50 per cent
medium farmers (18%) in zone III. Singh et alof farmers, 16.5 per cent of the respondents used
(2013) have reported that in the market, only 17.3
pesticides as a measure to prevent the disease and
per cent insecticides and 22.8 per cent recommended
not to cure it. They also added that they do not want
fungicides were available and therefore, due to non
any kind of disease to appear in their field and hence
availability of the recommended pesticides, farmers
they go for spray of pesticides without bothering for
opted for higher doses as well as non recommended
economic threshold level of the pest. They were also
brands as per the advice of the dealer. of the opinion that disease can be managed easily
at the initial stage of infestation otherwise it would
Reasons for using higher doses of pesticides spread at a faster rate and would not be controlled
A number of reasons were cited by the easily. Similarly, 16 per cent of the sampled farmers

250 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252

 Use of Pesticides in Punjab

Table 5. Reasons for using higher dose of pesticides by sampled farmers (Multiple responses).
Sr. Particular Small Medium Large Total
No.
1. Lack of proper knowledge 0 (0) 2 (1.61) 0 (0) 2 (0.40)
2. Spurious quality 18 (8.1) 11(8.87) 12 (8.0) 40 (32.32)
3. To get higher yield 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.20)
4. More pest, diseases 55 (24.7) 39 (31.45) 57 (38.25) 151 (30.50)
5. Ineffective previous application 30 (13.5) 20 (16.12) 31 (20.80) 81 (16.36)
6. To cope with less rain/water 8 (3.60) 4 (3.22) 5 (3.35) 17 (3.43)
7. To cope with more rain/water 1 (0.45) 2 (1.60) 5 (3.35) 8 (1.61)
8. Unfavorable weather 17 (7.65) 19 (15.32) 20 (13.42) 56 (11.31)
9. Quick spread of diseases 29 (13.06) 19 (13.70) 34 (22.81) 82 (16.56)
Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to total.

in the state mentioned that the recommended dose that quality of the pesticides must be ensured for
of pesticide sprays were not effective, hence they effective control of pests/diseases, 26 per cent
applied higher doses. Likewise, 11 per cent of the were in favour of developing new formulations
respondents used pesticides to help the crop to cope of better quality than existing ones. A stringent
with variation in climate and water requirement. quality control was suggested by 21 per cent of the
The lack of proper knowledge about adequate levels farmers to check duplicity in the available spurious
or to get more yields did not emerge as a prominent pesticides, 6 per cent of the respondents in the
reason for higher use of agro-chemicals. It is worth state felt the need to encourage organic farming,
to mention that the farmers in the state were well which will abolish the need of agro-chemicals. The
aware about recommended doses of pesticide use cheaper substitutes of existing pesticides in the
for various crop but using higher levels of these due form of herbal compositions were suggested by 3
to some reasons as mentioned above. per cent of the sampled farmers. Two per cent of
the respondents were in favour of distribution of
Suggestions given by farmers to decrease pesticides through cooperative societies so as to
pesticide usage maintain the quality.
As we have already discussed the expenditure
incurred and constraints of the sampled farmers CONCLUSION
regarding higher use of agro chemicals as well as The quantity (0.73 kg/ha) of pesticides used
the hazards it is creating for health, pest resistance,
in Punjab is much higher as compared to other
environment etc. So, suggestions were sought from states. The use of pesticides was calculated to be
sampled farmers, to tackle the issue, as Punjab washigh in cotton (98.4%) followed by sugarcane
consuming 13 per cent of the total pesticides used (96.3%), paddy (93.6%) and wheat (91.7%) while
in India. The suggestions given by sampled farmers per cent area was calculated to be lowest in case
have been discussed in the table 6. of maize crop (71.1%). The reason might be their
All the participating farmers were of the view more susceptibility to the attack of insect pests and
that pesticide usage should decline in the state diseases due to more favourable climatic conditions.
because they were well aware of the ill effects of The expenditure on pesticides usage was more or
pesticides on the human and animal health. Fifty less same in three zones of Punjab during rabi season
per cent of the total sampled farmers suggested
251 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252
 Kaur et al

Table 6. Suggestions by sampled farmers zone wise and category wise (Multiple responses) .
Sr. No. Particular Small Medium Large Total

1. Should be used less 222 (100) 124 (100) 149 (100) 495 (100)

2. Substitute should be cheaper 6 (2.70) 5 (4.03) 6 (4.02) 17 (3.43)

3. Organic farming needs to be 10 (4.50) 11 (8.87) 9 (6.04) 30 (6.06)

followed
4. Better composition 105 (47.29) 64 (51.61) 78 (52.34) 247 (49.89)

5. Quality control 50 (22.25) 26 (20.96) 28 (18.79) 104 (21.01)

6. Invention of less harmful 63 (28.37) 28 (22.58) 39 (26.17) 130 (26.26)

7. Resistant varieties 1 (0.45) 1 (0.80) 2 (1.34) 4 (0.80)

8. Distribution only through society 3 (1.35) 4 (3.22) 5 (3.35) 12 (2.42)

Figures in parenthesis indicate the percentage to total.

but was different in kharif season with maximum
in zone II (Rs. 5728/-ha) followed by zone III (Rs.
5163/-ha) and zone I (Rs.4200/-ha). Thirty four per
cent of the total sampled farmers were found to be
using the recommended doses of pesticides. Of the
various reasons cited by the farmers for using higher
doses of pesticides, spurious quality of pesticides
has emerged as the main reason. All the sampled
farmers were of the view that pesticide usage
should decline in the state because of the ill effects
of pesticides on the human and animal health, 50
per cent of the total sampled farmers suggested
that quality of the pesticides must be ensured for
effective control of pests/diseases while 26 per cent
were in favour of developing new formulations of
better quality than existing ones.
REFERENCES
Annonymous (2018). Propagating safe pesticide use.
Agricultural Today, Vol 21 (2): 5, 12.
Dhaliwal G S, Singh Ram and Chhillar B S (2006). Essential
of Agricultural Entomology. In: Chemical control,
Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana: 187-189
Dhaliwal G S, Arora Ramesh, Dhawan A K and Singh
Balwinder (2002). Pests, Pesticides and Environment:
Options for Punjab Agriculture. Future of Agriculture in
Punjab. Eds. S S Johl and S K Rey, CRRID, Chandigarh:
215-248.
Singh Gurmeet, Kaur Gagandeep, Sharma Manoj, Kaur
Gurpreet and Singh Gobinder (2013). Use and availability
of recommended pesticides in district Kapurthala. J
Krishi Vigyan 2 (1): 64-72.
Received on 15/12/17 Accepted on 10/01/18

252 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 247-252

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 253-256 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00073.9

Yield Performance of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

in Madhya Pradesh
JagannathPathak
ICAR-AICRP (MSPE), Department of Botany University of Lucknow,
Lucknow, 226007 (Uttar Pradesh)

ABSTRACT
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Burhanpur conducted 60 demonstrations on soybean during 2010 to 2014 in four
adopted villages. The critical inputs were identified in existing production technology through farmers
meeting and group discussions with the farmers. Average higher yield (2009.6 kg/ha) was obtained in
demo plot over local check (1698.6 kg/ha) and an additional yield of 18.33 per cent was obtained in the
demonstration plot. Average yield gap and technology index were found 290 kg/haand 12.62 per cent,
respectively.Averages of gross and net returns of demonstration were 25.60 and 37.53 per cent higher
than the farmers’ practice, respectively.It was found that the percentage of damaged plant was lower
in demonstration compared to farmers’ practice. The seed treatment with thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 3g/
kgfollowed by spraying of thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 100 g/ha at the flowering and pod initiation stage inhibited
stem fly attackconsequently lesser premature shedding of pods as compared to farmers’ practice. Results
suggested economic viability and agronomic feasibility of the FLD technology for soybean cultivation.
Key Words: Front line demonstration, Intervention, Technology, Yield.

INTRODUCTION In general the productivity of oilseed crops

Among the oilseed crops, soybean has a great
importance because of its high protein content than
that of oil content. On account of high protein (40%)
and oil (20%) contents, it serves as an ideal crop
to provide these two vital constituents to human
body. Good quality of protein provided by soybean
is capable of alleviating the wide-spread protein
malnutrition in the country. The soybean oil is
highly digestible and devoid of cholesterol. Soybean
is a legume that grows in tropical, sub-tropical and
temperate climates. India ranked fifth in production
after United States, Brazil, Argentina, and China. In
spite of its high yield potential (4.5 t/ha), soybean
productivity was much less in India (1.07 t/ha) than
the world average of 2.43t/ha(FAOSTAT, 2011).
In India, Madhya Pradesh being a leading state
in soybean cultivation was renounced as soya
state based on its area and production viz., 5.51
mha(59.3%) of 6.10 Mt (60.2%),respectively.
in Madhya Pradesh is low because of least
technological backup, small and marginal land
holdings and poor adoption of improved package
of practices. Therefore, efforts have been made
through frontline demonstrations (FLDs) to
introduce innovative package of practices of
soybean with a view to increase its productivity
in the district. Hence, the present investigation has
been undertaken to evaluate the impact of front line
demonstration on yield enhancement of soybean,
technology adoption and the role of technology in
minimizing the disease and insect infestation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study was carried out under rainfed condition
and60 demonstrations were conducted in its adopted
villagesviz.,Dhoolkot, Harda, Hanumatkheda
and Umarda of Burhanpur district of Madhya
Pradeshduring kharif season of 2010to 2014. Before

Corresponding Author’s Email: jagannathpathak@yahoo.in

253 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 253-256

 Jagannath Pathak

Table1. Comparison between technological intervention and local check under FLDs.
Sr. Particular Technological Intervention local check Technological Gap
No. (Demonstration) (Farmers’ practice)
1. Farming situation Rainfed Rainfed No gap
2. Variety JS-9305 (new) JS-335 (old) Full gap (100%)
3. Land preparation Summer deep ploughing Summer deep ploughing No gap
followed by rotavator followed by rotavator
4. Time of sowing last week of June to first last week of June to first No gap
week of July week of July
5. Seed treatment 2g thirum+ 1g carbendazim/ No seed treatment Full gap (100%)
kg seed
6. Seed rate 75 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 25% more than
recommendation
7. Method of sowing Line sowing Line sowing No gap
8. Nutrients 20:60:20:20 kg NPKS/ha 18: 46:15:0 kg NPKS/ha Not as per
application recommendation
9. Weed management Imazethapyrfollowed by Only hoeing (No chemical) Full gap (100%)
hoeing
10. Plant protection Applied Trizophos 40 EC Use of Indiscriminate and Full gap (100%)
measures and Propenophos 50 EC @ non recommended pesticides
2.5 ml/liter water.
conducting the FLDs,a list of sample farmers was average yield under recommended practice was
prepared. The specific package of practices oriented 2009.6kg/ha (18.33% higher) as compared to the
training to be imparted to the selected farmers farmers’ practice 1698.8 kg/ha. Yield enhancement
(Kumar et al, 2010). The differences in between under recommended practice might be due to
demonstrated technology and existing farmers’ balanced nutrition as per soil testvalue, integrated
practices (local check) are mentioned in table 1. approach, involving fertilizers and biofertilizers
To study the yield and yield attributes,25 plants which play a vital role in making availability of
were selected by randomly placing of quadrate at plant nutrients. Similar results were observed by
five places in demo plots as well as in farmers’ Tomar et al (2003) and Tiwari et al(2003).
practice (FPs) plots after harvesting the crop. The Economical Assessment
economical assessment was done as per prevailing The cost of cultivation in demonstration was
market prices. The data were collected from both comparatively higher as compared to farmers’
demos as well as farmers’ practice plots and practice because of additional input applied in
analyzed for the yield gap, yield index (Samui et demonstration (Table 3). Average of gross and
al, 2003). net returns of demonstration was 25.60 and
37.53%higher than that of farmers’ practice,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respectively. It showed that the adoption of
Yield demonstrated technology by the farmers would be
The implementation of improved production economically gainful proposition. Similar results
technology remarkably increased theyield (16.90– were observed in B: C ratio. These results were in
20.33%) over farmers’ practice (Table 2). The conformity of the results as reported by Deshmukh
et al (2005).
254 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 253-256
 Yield Performance of Soybean

Table 2. Performance of technological intervention (FLDs) on yield and yield attributes.

Year Plant population ( Seed yield (kg/ha) Seed index Percent increase
No./ m2) (g/100 seed) over control (FP)
RP FP RP FP RP FP
2010-11 40 45 1896 1618 11.8 10.9 17.18
2011-12 42 45 2058 1743 11.8 10.9 18.07
2012-13 42 45 2158 1846 12.0 10.9 16.90
2013-14 42 45 1923 1598 11.8 10.9 20.33
2014-15 42 45 2013 1689 12.0 10.9 19.18
Average 41.6 45 2009.6 1698.8 11.88 10.9 18.33
RP: Recommended Practice FP: Farmers Practice
Disease incidence as compared to farmers’ practice (14.95). This
The data recorded on plants infested with could be ascribed toseed treatment followed by
wilt (Charcoal Rot and Collar Rot) caused by fungicide spray at 25 days after germination, which
Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii effectively reduced disease incidence. The findings
revealed that, incidence of disease was lower in were in line with the results reported by Mauncio et
demonstration plot as compared to farmers’ practice. al (2006).
The data(Table 4)reflected that the percentage of
damaged plant (11.10) was lower in demonstration Insect infestation
During the study,the data (Table 4) on
Table 3. Economical comparison between recommended practice and farmers practice.
Year Gross cost Gross return Net return B: C Ratio
( Rs./ha) ( Rs./ha) ( Rs./ha)
RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP
2010-11 16764 16290 56997 45612 40233 29322 3.40 2.80
2011-12 16820 16528 55001 45286 38181 28758 3.27 2.74
2012-13 17924 17276 61658 49754 43734 32478 3.44 2.88
2013-14 18542 17760 66009 52747 47467 34987 3.56 2.97
2014-15 18780 17834 65730 49756 46950 31922 3.50 2.79
Average 17766 17137 61079 48631 43313 31493 3.43 2.83

Table 4. Impact of technological intervention on pest infestation.

Year Disease affected Damage (%) Shading of pre mature Damage (%)
plants/m2 pods (No./pod)
RP FP RP FP RP FP RP FP
2010-11 5.2 7.5 11.55 14.15 6.0 11 21.42 34.37
2011-12 5.5 8.3 12.22 15.66 5.5 9 19.64 28.12
2012-13 4.8 8.0 10.66 15.09 5.0 8 17.85 25.0
2013-14 4.5 7.9 10.0 14.90 4.0 6 14.28 18.81
2014-15 5.0 7.8 11.07 14.95 5.1 8.5 18.26 26.50
Average 5.0 7.9 11.10 14.95 5.12 8.5 18.29 26.56

255 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 253-256

 Jagannath Pathak

infestation of stem fly (Melanagrous myzasajae)
caused premature shedding of pods. Seed treatment
with thiamethoxam 70% WS @ 3g/kgfollowed by
spraying of thiamethoxam 25%WG@ 100 g/ha at
the flowering and pod initiation stage caused lesser
premature shading of pods (5.12)as compared to
farmers’ practices (8.5). Similar results were quoted
by Savajji (2006) and reported control of stem fly
with application of thiamethoxam.
Yield gap and yield index
Variations in yield gap (142–404 kg/ha)
reflected the impact of recommended technology
used in FLDs in subsequent years. These results
were in close conformity with the findings of
Mitra and Samajdar (2010).The yield index
showed the feasibility of the evolved technology
at the farmers’ fields. Lower value of yield index
mean more feasibility of disseminated technology
(inverse relations). The reduction in yield index
(6.17) is good indicator of increased feasibility of
demonstrated technology in these demonstrations
and it can be gainful proposition for the farmers of
the district.
cultivation can reduce technology gap up to a certain
extent. Consequently it increased the productivity
of soybean in the Burhanpur district. However,
extension agencies in the district need to provide
proper technical support to the farmers through
different educational and extension methods with
a view to reduce the extension gap in soybean
production.
REFERENCES
Deshmukh K K, Saraiya A B and Dubey D P (2005).Effect of
integrated nutrient management on productivity trends,
economics and soil fertility in soybean-chickpea cropping
system. JNKVV Res J 39 (2): 29-32.
FAO STAT (2011).A publication of statistics division of Food
and Agriculture Organization, United Nations.
Kumar V R, Ramanarao S V, Padmaiah M and Madhuri P
(2010). Production constraints and information needs
growers in Andhra Pradesh. Agri Extn Review April-
June: 21-24.
Mauncio C, Meyere Cesar J, Bueno Nilton L, De Souza Joset
and Yorinon (2006).Effect of doses of fungicides and
plant resistant of Rhizoctonia foliar blight of soybean and
on Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 in vitro development. Crop
Prot 25 (8): 848-54.

Table 5:Impact of FLDs on yield gap and yield Mitra B and Samajdar T (2010). Yield gap analysis of
rapeseed- mustard through FLD. Agric Ext Rev 16 (1):
index 16-17.
Year Yield gap (kg/ Yield index (%) Samui S, Maitra K, Roy S, Mandal D K and Saha D (2003).
ha) Evaluation of front line demonstration on ground nut. J
Indian Soc Coastal Agric Res 18 (2): 180-183.
2010-11 404 17.56
Savajji K (2006). Biological and management of soybean
2011-12 242 10.52 stem fly Melanagro myzasojae (Zehnter). M. Sc. (Ag)
2012-13 142 6.17 Thesis. University of Agricultural Sciences, Dhrawad,
Karnataka.
2013-14 377 16.39
Tiwari R B, Singh V and Parihar P (2003).Role of FLD in
2014-15 287 12.47
transfer of gram production technology. Maharashtra J
Average 290 12.62 Ext Edu 22 (1): 19.
Tomer L S, Sharma B P and Joshi K (2003). Study on yield
CONCLUSION gap and adoption level of potato production technology
From the study, it might be concluded that in grid region. Maharashtra J Ext Edu 22 (1): 15-8.
the use of recommended practices for soybean Received on 13/04/17 Accepted on 13/08/17

256 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 253-256

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 257-258 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00089.2

Short Communication

Use of Organic Inputs on the Economics of

Scented Rice in Chhattisgarh
Lalita Ramteke, Ashish Banjare, Arvind Nandanwar, Arti verma and Vijay Jain
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pahanda (A) Durg,Chhattisgarh Pin code-490042

ABSTRACT
Organic farming performs major role in scented rice production. The experiment was conducted at
Sehradabri farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, district Dhamtari of Chhattisgarh State. The treatments wereT1
(1)control without use of organic manure or biofertilizer only use FYM and T2 (2) along with FYM 5t/
ha+ vermicompost as recommended rate i.e.5t/ha, T3 (3) along with FYM 5t/ha+ vermicompost as
recommended rate i.e.5t/ha and PSB culture + Azospirrillum@ of 3. 5kg/ha each .Results showed that the
application of vermicompost along with FYM ,PSB and Azospirrillum culture increased no. of tillers ,
panicle length ,weight of 1000 grain and increased the grain yield in scented rice cultivation. Similar trends
were reported in gross and net returns, showing better opportunities of organic agriculture in scented rice.
Key Words- Biofertilizer,Economic performance, Organic farming, Scented rice.

INTRODUCTION or biofertilizer, T2: application of FYM 5t/ha and

Chhattisgarh is also known to be the rice bowl T3: application of FYM 5t/ha+ vermicompost@
according their land situation and among all cultivars 5t/ha and PSB+Azospirrillum culture@ 3.5kg/ha
“Nagri Dubraj” more popular in Chhattisgarh state. each as seedling root dip with three replications for
Organic farming provides a way for continued rice scented rice variety Nagri Dubraj. Planted 16 days
production by resources poor Farmers and preserves old seedlings was planted at spacing 20x15 cm with
the local aroma of the particular area in the variety. 2-3 three seedlings per hill, t -Test and comparison
Organic manure have the capacity to fulfill nutrient between two variables were applied as values.
demands of the crops adequately and promotes the Table 1. Nutrient content of different organic
activity of macro and micro flora in the soil (Sharma, manures.
2005) under scented rice varieties increasing day
by day with the opening of the world market as Organic manure %N %P %K
well as increased domestic consumption due to FYM 0.91 0.42 0.57
their premium quality (Singh et al, 2008). Hence Vermicompost 0.5 1.5 0.5
experiment was planned to study the increased area Neem Leaf 2.40 0.64 1.29
of scented rice with combination of organic sources The seedlings of rice were transplanted
and suitable varieties for tribal zone. manually. FYM were incorporated in the soil 15
days prior to transplanting while vermicompost
MATERIALS AND METHODS and enriched compost were applied 2 days prior to
The experiment was conducted in kharif season transplanting of seedlings. Weeds were controlled
of 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Sehradabri farm by two hands weeding 20 and 40 Days. After
of KVK, Dhamtari, Chhattisgarh. The treatments transplanting, water was maintained at a depth of
were T1: control without use of organic manure 2cm up to one week before harvest. The field was
Correspondence Author’s email-lalitanages@rediffmail.com

257 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 257-258

 Ramteke et al

Table 2. Effect of organic inputs on quality parameters of rice.

Treatment No. of tillers/ Plant height(cm) Test weight (g) Grain yield/ha
plant
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
year year year year year year year year year year year year
T1(control) 12 14 14 90.1 90 90 21.8 20 21.0 12.50 15.5 25
T2(FYM)+ Vermi compost 14 16 15 90.3 92 92 22.1 21.1 21.8 15 20.5 27
@5t/ha)
T3(FYM+Vermicompost 16 18 20 90.5 91 91 22.3 22.3 23.3 17.5 23.5 29
@ 5t/ha+ PSB+
Azospirrillum culture @
of 3.5kg/ha
drained one week before harvest. The experiment can be applied for higher yield as well as higher
received uniform plant protection and cultural quality production of scented rice for fetching
management practiced throughout the crop period higher price to make it economically profitable.
with neem oil and pseudomonas was utilized for Organic agriculture is not new concept of India and
pest and dieses management. traditionally Indian farmers are organic farmers
basically. Using easily available local natural
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resources, organic farming can be practiced with a
Organic manure significantly increased the tillers view to protect /preserve/safe guard our own natural
production yield attributes and grain yield among resources and environment for a fertile soil. Healthy
the three treatments (Table 2). Result revealed that crop and quality food and let our future generations
T3 is having highest yield as compared to T1 & T2 enjoy the benefit of non-chemical agriculture. Now
respectively. Production was very low in 1st year a day’s organic farming is our basic need, from the
and it is gradually increasing year wise all the three above study we fulfill our primary requirements,
treatments due to the use of organic components. sustain the soil health and conserves the local
Economic analysis was done to understand variety of the schedule tribes.
relative profitability of different organic inputs by REFERENCES
analyzing cost of production, gross return, net return Sharma K A (2005). The potential for organic farming in dry
and B/C ratio (Table 3) among different treatments, lands of India. Arid land news letter (soil management
highest cost of cultivation (26250) recorded equally for dry lands ). http//ag.Arizona.Edu/OALSIAL
in enriched compost and vermicompost. homeLtml,:58.
Singh R P, Mehta S N and Godara A K (2008).Adoption of
CONCLUSION fertilizers and weedicide in basmati rice in kurukshetra
From the above study it was concluded Distt (Haryana). Agric Sci Digest 28(1):36-38.
that under organic farming situation among the Received on 15/11/17 Accepted on 10/12/17
different organic inputs enriched compost @5t/ha
Table 3. Effect of organic inputs on economics of rice Nagri dubraj .
Treatment Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha) Gross return(Rs./ha) Net return(Rs./ha) B/C Ratio
T1 22083.3 28750.0 6666.7 1.6
T2 24583.3 34500.0 9916.7 1.9
T3 26250.0 58500.0 32250.0 2.6

258 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 257-258

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 259-261 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00081.8

Short Communication

Management of Premature Leaf Fall in Apple by using Different

Combination of Fungicides
Usha Sharma, NS Kaith* and Bhupesh Gupta
Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station
Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,Mashobra-171 007 (Himachal Pradesh)

INTRODUCTION of fungal diseases in apple by the Department of

Apple is one of the most important temperate Horticulture, in collaboration with Dr YS Parmar
fruit crops in terms of land use efficiency with University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni,
better opportunities for higher returns, friendly Solan, HP recommending different fungicidal
environment and employment generation. In India, sprays at different stages. To validate various
it is commercially grown in the states of Jammu recommended fungicide combinations for the
& Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Kumaun and effective management of premature leaf fall,
Garhwal hills of Uttrakhand and parts of Sikkim multilocational trials were conducted, besides
and Arunachal Pradesh. In Himachal Pradesh, apple organization of field days and training programmes
cultivation has revolutionized the socio-economic on these sites to disseminate proper canopy and
conditions of farmers and it is a leading commercial orchard floor management practices for reduction
fruit crop being cultivated over 1.10 lakh ha with of primary inoculums.
annual production of 7.7 lakh mt (Anony, 2016).
However, during past two decades, Marssonina MATERIALS AND METHODS
blotch/ premature leaf fall caused by Marssonina A survey was conducted in different blocks of
coronaria has become a major bottleneck in the district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, to know the
successful apple cultivation in Shimla, Mandi, reasons for high incidence of premature leaf fall and
Kullu and Kinnaur districts of Himachal Pradesh. to select orchards to conduct location specific trials
Premature leaf shedding in apple has also been and demonstrations. Locations having the micro
reported from Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and climate of high humidity and temperature that
Bhutan (Sharma and Verma, 1999). The disease are pre-disposing factors for disease development
starts appearing in the months of May-June, and by were found to have high disease incidence. Other
the mid of August, most of ill managed orchards factors, which favored the spread of the disease in
are severely affected with typically leaf spotting, the orchard were:
yellowing and falling of leaves, ultimately, fruits Dense canopy favouring high humidity and poor
near maturity are generally seen hanging from aeration during fruiting period in the orchard and is
defoliated branches of affected trees (Sharma and major disposing factor for high disease severity.
Gautam, 1997).
The farmers were spraying fungicides up to
In Himachal Pradesh, every year an integrated drip-off situation and, not using prophylactic sprays
spray schedule is released for the management for the management of the disease.
Corresponding Author’s Email: ushampp@yspuniversity.ac.in
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shimla, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Rohru, Shimla-171207 HP

259 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 259-261

 Sharma et al

Moreover, farmers used mixtures of fungicides, for the management of the disease by using three
insecticides and nutrients on routine basis, which different combinations of fungicides selected from
contribute in aggravating the severity of disease. spray schedule of Department of Horticulture,
All important factors of the premature leaf fall/ Himachal Pradesh and Dr YS Parmar University
Marssonina leaf blotch development in apple were of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan released with
taken into consideration to manage the disease few modifications. The sprays were given as per
in different orchards representing the specific schedule given in Table 1 and farmers’ practice
microclimatic conditions. High humidity and poor i.e. sprays of fungicides (carbendazim, mancozeb,
aeration were the important pre-disposing factors in propineb, dodine etc.) without consideration of
disease development, aggravated by dense canopy proper fruit development stage, was kept as control.
and poor orchard floor management practices.
Therefore, to create awareness among farmers RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
about the proper management practices i.e. canopy The incidence of Marssonina blotch ranged
and orchard floor management, training programs between 50 to 95 per cent was recorded in
were organized with scientist of fruit science in different orchards. In management of Marssonina
the surveyed areas of the district. Demonstrations blotch, sprays of suitable fungicide combinations
on canopy management were given to farmers to at proper fruit development stage with canopy
enhance penetration of sunlight and aeration in tree and floor management gave excellent results in
canopy. Floor management by manual weeding in comparison to farmers’ practice. A spray schedule
the basin areas of the tree from time to time (May with fungicide combination of mancozeb 75 WP
to August) was also demonstrated, which helped in (500g) + carbendazim 50 WP (100g) at walnut
reducing the humidity in the canopy of the tree and stage, followed by propineb 70 WP (600g) at fruit
improving aeration in the orchard. development stage (20 days after previous spray,
dodine 65 WP (150g) at fruit development stage (20
Keeping in view the losses resulted due to the days after previous spray) and carbendazim 50WP
disease, on farm trials (OFTs) at five locations (two (100g) at preharvest stage (20-25 days before
in Rohru, one each at Chirgaon, Jubbal and Kotkhai) harvest) all per 200l of water, was found best
in district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh were conducted

Table1. Different fungicides spray schedule evaluated for management of Marssonina blotch /
premature leaf fall in apple
Stage Fungicide spray schedule
I II III
Walnut size Mancozeb 75 WP Zineb 75 WP(600 gm) Mancozeb 75 WP (500gm) +
(600gm)* carbendazim 50 WP(100 gm)

Fruit Development (20 Carbendazim 50 Thiophenate Methyl 70 WP Propineb 70 WP (600gm)

days after above) WP(100 gm) (100gm)
Fruit development Propineb 70 WP Mancozeb 75WP (600 gm) Dodine 65 WP (150gm)
(20 days after above) (600gm)
Preharvest (20-25 days Ziram 27 SL (600ml) Carbendazim 50 WP (100 Carbendazim 70 WP (100 gm)
before harvest) gm)
*quantity used per 200 liters of water

260 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 259-261

 Management of Premature Leaf Fall in Apple
Table 2. Efficacy of different fungicide combinations in controlling Marssonina coronaria causing
premature leaf fall in apple.
Treatment Percent Disease Incidence*
First year Second year
Schedule I 13.33 (21.34) 10.33 (19.79)
Schedule II 8.33 (16.71) 7.00 (15.83)
Schedule III 5.73 (13.77) 5.00 (13.13)
Control (Farmers’ practice) 79.77 (63.76) 60.77 (51.30)
C.D. 4.840 4.860
*Pooled data for ten locations
Figures in parentheses are Arc sine transformed values
with minimum disease incidence and at par with Sharma J N and Gautam D R ( 1997). Studies on premature
schedule followed by spray schedule I (Table 2). leaf fall of apple –a new problem. Plant Protection 25:
8-12.
The percent disease incidence in control treatment
(farmers’ practice) was very high. Sharma J N, Sharma Anita and Sharma Pankaj (2004).
Outbreak of Marssonina blotch in warmer climates
Earlier studies indicated that protective sprays of causing premature leaf fall problem of apple and its
mancozeb, carbendazim, dodine etc were effective management. Acta Horticulturae 662: 405-409.
for the management of premature leaf fall (Sharma Sharma J N and Verma L R (1999). Premature leaf fall
and Gautam, 1997; Sharma et al 2004; Thakur problem in apple: diagnosis and control. In: Diseases of
and Sharma, 2010). Similarly, integrated sprays Horticultural Crops- Fruits, (Eds. Verma L R and Sharma
R C). Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp.81-88.
of fungicides at different fruit development stages
have been found effective by Sharma and Bhardwaj Thakur V S and Sharma Nirupma (2010). Epidemic outbreak
of apple blotch disease: epidemiology and management
(2003) in management of premature leaf fall. in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Phytopath 63(2):141-144.
Received on13/07/17 Accepted on 13/12/17
REFERENCES
Anonymous. (2016). http//.hphorticulture.nic.in
Sharma I M and Bhardwaj S S ( 2003). Efficacy and economics
of different fungicide spray schedule in controlling
premature leaf fall of apple. Plant Disease Res 18: 21-24.

261 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 259-261

 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 262-263 DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00083.1

Short Communication

Rice-Fish Rotation in Valley District’s of Manipur

Yumnam Bedajit1, Sagolsem Sumangal2 and Thokchom Robindro3
Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur – 795004

ABSTRACT
First crop/ pre-kharif/ spring rice (February, March – June, July) is dying down in Manipur due to many
factors such as non-availability of suitable variety, susceptibility to lodging and sprouting because of rain
during harvest, meager irrigated area, submergence of shallow lake areas due to Loktak Hydel Power
Project, etc. and improper land preparation due to lack of time. A study was conducted during 2014 to
2016 at twelve farmers’ field under refined SRI method (without ploughing, fertilizer or manure). After
the harvest of fish in the month of February, rice nursery was raised and after the harvest of rice, fishes
raised from the previous years in a separate nursery pond was stocked in the ratio of grass carp (500 no.),
silver carp (500 no.), rohu (1000 no.), mrigal (1000 no.) and common carp (1000 no.). This practice has
enabled the farmers to earn an average annual gross income of Rs. 348850/ha giving a B: C ratio of 2.56.
Key Words: Benefit Cost ratio, Manipur, Refined SRI method, Spring rice.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Manipur is located in the north eastern part of
India. The people of North-East India depend on
diverse agricultural practices ranging from a variety
of shifting aquaculture systems, fallow systems,
home gardens and sedentary systems, such as wet-
rice cultivation (Ramakrishna, 1992). Manipur
is predominantly an agrarian state. However, the
area of first crop/ pre-kharif/ spring rice (February-
March to June-July) was decreasing in Manipur due
to many factors. The factors were non availability
of suitable, preferred rice variety, lodging and
sprouting of mature grains the existing rice variety
during harvest due to rain, out yielding of only one
proper main crop to the total of two crops i.e. first
and second crops, meagre area of irrigated fields,
expansion of Loktak and other major lakes due to
Loktak Hydel Power Project, conversion of rice
fields into fish ponds etc. Hence, the present study
was carried out to improve or alter the existing
practice to rice fish rotation.
The study was carried out for three consecutive
years (2014-2016) in the valley districts of Manipur
viz. Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and
Bishnupur districts. 20 fish farms with an area of
0.5 ha each was selected and studied under refined
system of rice intensification method (without
ploughing, fertilizer or manure). After the harvest
of fish in the month of February, rice nursery was
raised. As the nursery was ready by 15-17 days
(longer due to low temperature) the water from
the farm was completely removed and the soil bed
was allowed to settle down. Plots were made and
seedlings transplanted in the usual SRI manner. After
the harvest of rice, fishes raised from the previous
years in a separate nursery pond were stocked in the
ratio of grass carp (500 no.), silver carp (500 no.),
rohu (1000 no.), mrigal (1000 no.) and common
carp (1000 no.) in the month of July at the onset of
monsoon. Rice variety: PAC 807 (A short duration
hybrid of 120-125 days in spring) were used. Seed

Corresponding Author’s Email:

2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Thoubal, Wangbal, Manipur - 795 138
1, 3
Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur – 795004

262 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 262-263

 Bedajit et al

Table 1. Economics of Rice-Fish rotation

Parameter Rice Fish
2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016
Yield (t/ha) 9.42 9.58 9.62 2438.8 2470.75 2436.42
Gross return (Rs) 65940 77325 87925 275607 306715 332023.5
Cost of cultivation (Rs) 26530 30930 35170 104250 11574.5 131750
Net return (Rs) 39410 46395 52755 171357 295140.5 200273.5
B:C 2.49 2.50 2.56 2.64 2.65 2.52
Average B: C of Rice = 2.51, Average B: C of Fish = 2.60, Pooled B: C for rice and fish = 2.56
rate was 5Kg/ha and spacing was 25 x 25 cm. Beds/ fish did not have a close symbiotic relationship in
plots were prepared on the naturally leveled pond alternate farming systems. However, alternative rice
beds. The data was collected on cost of production, plantation and fish culture were beneficial to each
yield and selling cost from all the farms, averaged other in many aspects. Alternative rice-fish culture
and tabulated. was relatively easy and did not require extensive
earthwork to modify the structure of the field.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average Benefit Cost ratios for rice and fish CONCLUSION
were 2.51 and 2.60, respectively (Table 1). This In the shallow lake areas of Manipur, where
practice has enabled the farmer to earn an average the paddy fields had been converted into fish farms
annual gross income of Rs. 3,48,850/-ha giving rise there by reducing the area of rice, the farmers can
to a B: C to 2.56. An improvement in the existing profitably took up the practice of rice-fish rotation
production system in these areas was expected to and as a result the standard of living of these farmers
revive the decreasing trend of first crop. An average could be improved.
annual fish production from concurrent rice-fish
farming of 180 kg/ha has been reported although REFERENCES
fish yields exceeding 750 kg/ha can be achieved Choudhury P C (1995). Integrated rice-fish culture in Asia
(MacKay, 1995). Production was approximately with special reference to deepwater rice. FAN 10: 9-16.
twice as high in rotational rice-fish farming systems. FAO and NACA (1997). Survey and analysis of aquaculture
So, fish farming in rice fields is officially promotes development research priorities and capacities in
Asia. FAO Fish Circ: 930.
in National Aquaculture Development Plan in China
MacKay K T (1995). Rice-fish culture in China. Eds.
(FAO and NACA, 1997). In India, rice-fish farming
International Development Research Centre, Ottawa,
is considered particularly suitable for the less Canada.
productive rainfed areas. However, governments
Ramakrishna P S (1992). Shifting Agricultural and sustainable
focus on sustainable rural development, food development: An inter- disciplinary study from north
security, and poverty alleviation, rice-fish farming eastern India, MAB Book series, UNESCO (Paries and
systems had received a great deal of attention in Parthenen publishing group UK).
the recent past (Choudhury, 1995). Compared Received on 24/09/17 Accepted on 24/12/17
with concurrent rice-fish culture systems, rice and

263 J Krishi Vigyan 2018, 6(2) : 262-263

 Message
Dear readers,
Ushering this edition in the year 2017 with NAAS rating elevated from
2.77 to 4.41 in a year’s span itself is complimentary and commendable to
share. From the sidelines of political potpourri the drive which we all Indians,
must join being a citizen of India is “Swatch Bharat”.
I hereby do not endorse or promote any political agenda but believing
that it has become a must, since we are the second most populated nation for
the heck of good health of our future - for our children. We must have health
and hygiene as our principle responsibility in all its measures.
Do we not need to keep our environment clean! What about unhealthy
eating and littering habits! Government is trying through public media about
use of toilets and sanitation but how far is its implementation.
Should we not come forward to monitor at least in area where we are working, residing or even
commuting. Yes, Please lets be vigilant and police defaulters with bad habits of spitting on roads, puking
here and there, throwing eats and surplus out in open. Smoking of cigarettes, bidies, tobacco for that
matter must be banned if not possible then at least not be allowed in public. We need to leave a legacy of
good habits mainly of clean thoughts , clean mind and clean environment.
I humbly pray that all Indians give it a due thought and make the nation worth living atleast for our
future generations.
Wishing you all joining Swatch Bharat Campaign in your own way but to a meaning.
Thanks & Regards

Shabnam Sharma, Principal,

CBSE Senior Secondary School
Amritsar (Punjab)
sharma.shabnam46@gmail.com

264
 ARTICLE SUBMISSION CERTIFICATE

Manuscript Title:

Manuscript type: Review article/Full length paper/Short communication (Check one):

Name(s) of the author(s):

Name and address of

corresponding author :

Contact No. # :

E-mail:

I (we) affirm that:

1. The manuscript has been prepared in accordance with the latest “Instructions for author’s guidelines of
the Journal of Krishi Vigyan.
2. The article is original and has not been published previously, is not under consideration for publication
elsewhere, and if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same or, in English or any other
language. The submission of the article has the approval of the all the authors and the authorities of the
host institute where work had been carried out.
3. All the authors have made substantive and intellectual contributions to the article and assume full
responsibility for all opinions, conclusions and statements expressed in the articles.
4. I (we) agree to abide by the comments of referees/editorial board and will modify the article as per their
recommendations for publication in Journal of Krishi Vigyan.
5. If the above article is published in Journal of Krishi Vigyan, the copyright of this article will vest with the
Society of Krishi Vigyan, who will have the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in
India or abroad engaged in reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information contained
in it, and neither we nor our legal heirs will have any claims on royalty.

Name of the author(s) Designation Present official address Signature with date

1.

2.
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

The Journal of Krishi Vigyan, a peer-reviewed, half yearly, journal is being published by the
Society of Krishi Vigyan. The publication is aimed at providing access to academicians, researchers,
extension workers and industry professionals from across the globe to publish their work on all aspects
of agriculture and allied fields through research papers, short communications and review articles.
The editorial board of SKV welcomes the submission of manuscripts within the aim and scope of
the journal for publication. The articles may be submitted via regular mail in duplicate, each with a set
of original figures and photographs to the Editor, Journal of Krishi Vigyan electronically in MS WORD
format as e-mail attachments to the editoriskv@gmail.com or secretarykvk2011@gmail.com .
Please refer to the instructions for authors before submitting an article.

General guidelines
It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure that
1. Papers are submitted strictly as per the style and format of JKV. The articles not confirming fully
to the style and format of JKV will be returned to author(s) by the editorial office for
amendment, prior to a review for its scientific merit.
2. Submission of an article is understood to imply that the article is original and has not been published
previously, is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and if accepted, it will not be
published elsewhere in the same form, in English or any other language. The submission of
the article has the approval of the all co-authors and the authorities of the host institute where work
has been carried out.
3. The editorial board of JKV discourages the submission of more than one article dealing with
related aspects from the same study; this includes different aspects of data derived from one
particular experiment, or cases in which the analytical techniques, animals or experimental
procedures are common to all papers. If author(s) have valid reasons for separation of reports of
one particular experiment or study into more than one paper, these must be submitted simultaneously.
4. The Author(s) may suggest the names of at least three experts/reviewers, not from the host
organization/institute where the work had been carried out (along with their complete mailing
address, contact nos. and e-mail id) whom they feel qualified to evaluate their research article.
These suggestions will only be considered if e-mail Ids are also provided. Submission of such
names does not imply that they will definitely be used for scrutiny.
5. The “Article submission certificate” duly signed by all the authors/head of host department / institute
(optional) on a prescribed format must be furnished along with article at the time of submission. If
the article is sent through e-mail, the scanned copy of certificate (signed / stamped) may be attached.
6. For publication of articles in JKV, all the contributing authors has to be the member (either life or
annual) of Society of Krishi Vigyan.
7. The submitted manuscripts will be assessed from editorial points of view, at first, and if found
suitable for publication, it will be sent for peer-review. The review process will be a double-blind
process where author(s) and referees are unaware of each others’ name. The author(s) must abide
by the suggestions of referee and the editorial board of JKV. The final decision to publish an
article will lie with the Editor and Publisher of the journal.
8. The corresponding author will be sent the PDF file of his/her published article free of cost via e-
mail. No hard copies of the reprints will be provided.
9. Journal of Krishi Vigyan has no page charges.
10. For enquiries regarding submission, please contact the editorial office at
secretarykvk2011@gmail.com
Manuscript preparation
Language: Papers must be written in English. The text and all supporting materials must use UK
spelling conventions. It is up to the authors to make sure there are no typographical errors in the
manuscript.
Typescript: Manuscripts must be typed in Microsoft Word, using Times New Roman font at 12 points,
double spaced on one side of A4 size bond paper with 2.5 cm margin on all sides. All pages should be
numbered consecutively in the right corner on the top. Indent new paragraphs.
Words: Papers should not normally exceed up to 8000 words for review articles; 4000 words for
original full length papers and 1500 words for short communications.
Headings: Main Headings - Major headings are centered, all capitals, boldface in Times New Roman
font at 12 points, and consist of ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND MATHODS,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (optional) and
REFERENCES.
First subheadings are placed in a separate line, begin at the left margin, and are in italics. Text that
follows should be in a new paragraph.
Second Subheadings should begin with the first line of a paragraph, indented and in italic. The text
follows immediately after the second subheading.
Contents: The contents must be arranged in an orderly way with suitable headings for each subsection.
The recommended subdivision of contents is as follows:-
Running head: The running head or short title of not more than 50 characters, in title case and
centered should be placed above the main title of the study.
Title: The title must be informative and brief. The initials and name of the author(s), the address of the
host institution where the work was done must follow the title.
Superscripts (1,2,3) should be used in cases where authors are from different institutions. The
superscript # should be appended to the author to whom correspondence should be addressed, and
indicated as such together with an e-mail address in the line immediately following the keywords. The
present postal address of authors, if currently different from that of the host institution should also be
superscripted appropriately and inserted in the lines following the key words.
Abstracts: It must summarize the major objectives, methods, results, conclusions, and practical
applications of the study conducted. The Abstract must consist of complete sentences and use of
abbreviations should be limited.
Keywords: The Abstract is followed by three to five keywords from the title to be used for subject
indexing. These should be singular (e.g. paper, not papers). The abstract, including key words should
be separated by horizontal lines places before and after the text.
Introduction: This should include a statement of why the subject under investigation is considered to
be of importance, a concise indication of the status quo of published work in this field and a declaration
of the aims of the experiment or study i.e. the hypothesis.
Materials and Methods: These should be concise but of sufficient detail to enable the experiment to
be replicated by an outside party. Particular care should be taken to ensure that the appropriate
statistical analyses have been carried out. Specify the design used, factors tested or the statistical
model employed. Non significant differences (P> 0.05) should not be discussed.
Results and Discussion: Results and discussion should be combined to avoid repetition. It should be
presented in a logical sequence in the text, tables and figures. The repetitive presentation of the same
data in different forms should be avoided. The discussion should consider the results in relation to any
hypotheses advanced in the Introduction and place the study in the context of other work.
Conclusion: The conclusion should consist of a short integration of results that refer directly to the
stated aims of the experiment and a statement on the practical implications of the results.
Acknowledgements (optional): A brief and formal acknowledgment section, if desired, should follow
the conclusion statement. Do not include titles of persons; such as Dr., Mr., or Ms., use only initials
and surnames.
References: The existing relevant literature restricted to those with a direct bearing upon the findings
must be appropriately cited.
References appearing in the text – References in the text should be given as : Sharma and Rao
(1983). Use änd” and not “&”. A reference by three or more authors should be identified in the text
only by the first author followed by et al (in italic) and the year.
Where several references are quoted consecutively in the text, the order should be chronological or,
within a year, alphabetical (by first author or, if necessary, by first and second author(s).
Where references are made to several papers by the same author(s) in the same year, the year should
be followed by a, b, c, etc.
Personal communications and unpublished work should be cited in the text only and not in the reference
list, giving the initials, name: for example (M. S. Gill, unpublished), (M.S. Gill, personal
communication).
References to internet sites should be quoted in the normal way in the text e.g. FDA (2008). In the
reference list, the full URL must be given, followed by the date that the website was assessed.
References appearing in reference section : All publications cited in the text should be presented in
the list under Reference section, in alphabetical order. The title of the article should be given in the
reference and journal’s name should be cited in italic as abbreviated by the journal. It is the full
responsibility of the authors to cross check reference in the text of the article with those in the list of
references. In all cases, a reference must provide sufficient information to enables the reader to locate
it.
Examples of references – (Hanging indent 1 cm)
For journals/periodicals
Mufeed S (1998). Evaluating employee performance: A successful instrument for human resource
development. Indian J Trg and Dev 28 (2): 72-93.
For books
AOAC (1980). Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Washington, DC.

For Chapters in book

Barnabas A P and Lakshmiswaramma M (1980). “Assessment of Evaluation system for Rural
development”. In: Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Development: Some Asian Experiences.
(eds Kuldeep Mathu and Inayatulloah) Kuala Lumpur U.N. Asian and Pacific Development Centre.
Pp: 121-22.
Bray R A (1994). The leucaena psylid. In: Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture (eds. R C
Gutteridge and H M Shelton). CAB International, Oxford. Pp. 283-91.
For proceedings of conferences/symposia etc.

Vivero J L P (2002). Forest is not only wood: the importance of non-wood forest products for the food
security of rural households in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the Fourth, Annual Conference forestry
society of Ethiopia 14-15 January 2002, Ethiopia pp 102.
Elangovan A V ,Tyagi P K, Mandal A B and Tyagi P K (2007). Effect of dietary supplementation of
stain on egg production performance and egg quality of Japanese quail layers. Proceedings of
XXIV Annual Conference of Indian Poultry Science Association and National Symposium , 25-27
April, Ludhiana, India, pp. 158 (Abstr.).

For theses
Fayas A M (2003). Viability of self help groups in vegetables and fruit promotion council Keralam- a
multidimensional analysis, MSc (Ag.) thesis, Kerala Agricultural University.

For online (internet site) citation

FDA (2008). Effect of the use of antimicrobials in food producing animals on pathogen load: Systematic
review of the published literature. www.fda.gov/cvm/antimicrobial/PathRpt.PDF Accessed January
11, 2012.
Tables/Figures/Illustrations : Tables should be self contained and complement, but not duplicate
information contained in the text. The table number (given as an Arabic numeral) should be given at
the top, followed by a concise title. Give essential details as footnotes. Keep the number of columns to
a minimum. Column headings should be brief, with the units of measurement clearly stated in
parentheses. Where one unit applies to all the data in the body of the table include it in the title. Cite all
tables in the text, in numerical order at first mention. Significant differences between means in columns
or rows should be indicated by superscript letters, and accompanied by a standard statement underneath
the table, e.g. “Means in columns not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P<0.05)”.
Figures: Number all figures/illustrations consecutively, in order of appearance in the text, using Arabic
numerals. Keep lettering
on illustrations to a minimum and include essential details in the legend. Tables/Figures/illustrations
etc. should be submitted along with the main text of the paper with each on a new page, and should
take account of the page size of the journal. Wherever possible, figures should be suitable for subsequent
direct photographic reproduction.
Coloured figures : Use of coloured photographs is discouraged. If found necessary, the photographs
should be submitted as good quality, glossy colour prints.
Abbreviation and units: Use only standard abbreviations. The word ‘Figure’ should be shortened to
Fig. unless starting a sentence. SI units (metre, kilogram etc.) should be used wherever possible.
Statistics and measurements should always be given in figures; i.e. 15mm, except where the number
begins the sentence. When the number does not refer to a unit measurement (e.g. 15mm), it is spelt
out, except where the number is greater than nine.
Style and format of short communications: A short communication should be a maximum of 1500
words. It contains a very brief abstract followed by a brief introduction, text including tables and
figures and a brief conclusion followed by references. No subheadings are to be included except for
the abstract and reference section. Format, tables and figures must conform to the conventions of the
Journal.
 Secretarykvk2011@gmail.com
www.iskv.in

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM

1. Name in Capital letters

(Surname) (First Name) (Middle Name)

2. Membership Category (Please tick one)

For 1 year Rs.1000/- Life Member (10 years) Rs.7500/-

3. Designation

4. Date of Birth 5. Sex F M

DD MM Year
6. Organization currently attached to

7. Mailing Address & Contact Details

City Pin Code

State Country
Phone Off. Fax
Res.
E-mail
8. Academic Qualifications
Degree Institution Year Major field of study

9. Professional Experience (Scientific/ Technical/ Administrative/ Managerial)

Work period
Name of Organization Job Description/ Title
From To

10. Mode of Payment

Demand Draft/ Cash______________ dated_________ for Rs.________ favoring Treasurer,
Society of Krishi Vigyan, Payable at Ludhiana and/or
Funds Can Be Transferred Electronically In Society’s Saving Account No.29380100008424 In
Bank Of Baroda, Ludhiana and The IFSC Code of the Branch is BARBOPAULUD.

Please complete this form, and mail to:

Dr Manoj Sharma, Programme Coordinator
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala 144620 (Punjab)
E-mail: drmanojsh1@gmail.com
Call 09872745890
Signature of the Applicant