SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.

1 Distinguishing among Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Practice Exercise 1

Which of the following is correct description of a cube of material cut from the inside of an apple?

(a) It is a pure compound.

(b) It consists of a homogenous mixture of compounds.

(c) It consists of a heterogenous mixture of compounds.

(d) It consists of a heterogeneous mixture of elements and compounds

(e) It consists of a single compound in different states.

Answer: Correct answer is (c). Answer (a) is incorrect because there are many compounds, not just one,
making up the apple. Answer (b) is incorrect because the material is not homogeneous. There are clearly
liquid and solid components. Answer (d) is incorrect because there are no elements present, although there
might possibly be components of air in the apple. Answer (e) is incorrect because many different chemical
substances make up the apple.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.2 Using SI Prefixes

Practice Exercise 1

(a) Which of the following weights would you expect to be suitable for weighing on an ordinary bathroom
scale? (a) 2.0 × 107 mg, (b) 2500 µg, (c) 5 × 10-4 kg, (d) 4 × 106 cg, (e) 5.5 × 108 dg.
Answers: (a) corresponds to about 44 lb; (b) corresponds to about 5 × 10-6 lb, (c) corresponds to about 10-3
lb, (d) corresponds to about 88 lb, (e) corresponds to about 1.2 × 104 lb. Thus, only (a) and (d) are weights
that could be properly weighed on a bathroom scale.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.3 Converting Units of Temperature

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Using Wolfram Alpha (http://www.wolframalpha.com/) or some other reference, determine which of these
elements would be liquid at 525 K (assume samples are protected from air): (a) bismuth, Bi; (b) platinum,
Pt; (c) selenium, Se; (d) calcium, Ca; (e) copper, Cu.

<Answer: Only selenium, (c), is liquid at 525 K; its melting point is 490 K . Bismuth, Bi, melts at 544 K;
platinum, Pt, melts at 2041 K; calcium, Ca, melts at 1115 K; and copper, Cu, melts at 1357 K.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to Determine Volume or
Mass
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Platinum, Pt, is one of the rarest of the metals. Worldwide annual production is only about 130 tons. (a)
Platinum has a density of 21.4 g/cm3. If thieves were to steal platinum from a bank using a small truck with
a maximum payload of 900 lb, how many 1 L bars of the metal could they make off with? (a) 19 bars, (b)
2 bars, (c) 42 bars, (d) 1 bar, (e) 47 bars.
<Answer: The correct answer is (a).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.5 Relating Significant Figures to the Uncertainty of a

Measurement
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Mo Farah won the 10,000 meter race in the 2012 Olympics with an official time of 27 minutes, 30.42 s. To
the correct number of significant figures, what was Farah’s average speed in m/sec?
(a) 0. 6059 m/s. (b) 6.05906 m/s, (c) 6.059064 m/s, (d) 1.65042 m/s, (e) 6.626192 m/s.

<Answer: The correct answer is (b), 6.05906 m/s. Answer (a) has too few significant figures, (c) has too
many. Answer (d) is just the number of seconds times 10-3. Answer (e) is Farah’s speed in yd/sec.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.6 Assigning appropriate significant figures

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following numbers in your personal life are exact numbers?
(a) Your cell phone number, (b) your weight, (c) your IQ, (d) your driver’s license number (e), the
distance you walked yesterday.

<Answer: The exact numbers are: (a), your cell phone number and (b), your driver’s license number. Your
weight, IQ and the distance you walked yesterday are not exact quantities.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.7 Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a

Measurement
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Sylvia feels as though she may have a fever. Her normal body temperature is 98.7 oF. She measures her
body temperature with a thermometer placed under her tongue, and gets a value of 102.8 o F. How many
significant figures are in this measurement?
(a) 3, the number of degrees to the left of the decimal; (b) 4, the number of digits in the measured
reading; (c) 2, number of digits in the difference between her current reading and her normal body
temperature; (d) 3, the number of digits in her normal body temperature; (e) 1, the number of digits to
the right of the decimal point in the measured value.

<Answer: The correct answer is (b), the number of digits in the measured reading.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.8

Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Calculated Quantity

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Ellen recently purchased a new hybrid car and wants to check her gas mileage. At an odometer setting of
651.1 mi., she fills the tank. At 1314.4 mi she requires 16.1 gal to refill the tank. Assuming that the tank is
filled to the same level both times, how is the gas mileage best expressed?
(a) 40 mi/gal, (b) 41 mi/gal, (c) 41.2 mi/gal, (d) 41.20 mi/gal; mi/gal.
<Answer: The correct answer is (c), 41.2 mi/gal. The other answers represent incorrect assignments of
significant figures.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.9 Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Calculated

Quantity
Practice Exercise 1

Which of the following numbers is correctly rounded to three significant figures, as shown in brackets? (a)
12556 [12500], (b) 4.5671 × 10-9 [4.567 × 10-9], (c) 3.00072[3.001], (d) 0.006739 [0.00674], (e) 5.4589
× 105 [5.459 x 105] .
<Answer: (d) is correctly rounded. (a) should be 12600, (b) should be 4.57 x 10-9, (c) should be 3.00, and
(e) should be 5.46 x 105.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.10 Converting Units

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

At a particular instant in time the Earth is judged to be 92,955,000 miles from the sun. To four significant
figures, what is this distance in km? (See inside back cover for conversion factor).
(a) 5763 x 104 km, (b) 1.496 x 108 km, (c) 1.49596 x 108 km, (d) 1.483 x 104 km, (e) 57,759,000 km.

<Answer: (b), 149,600,000 km, or 1.496 x 10 8 km. is correct. The other numbers either have the incorrect
number of significant figures or were obtained by multiplying or dividing incorrectly.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.11 Converting Units Using Two or More Conversion Factors
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Fabiola, who lives in Mexico City, fills her car with gas, paying 357 pesos for 40.0 L. What is her fuel cost
in dollars per gallon, if 1 peso = 0.0759 dollars?
(a) $1.18/gal, (b) $3.03/gal, (c) $1.47/gal, (d) $9.68/gal, (e) $2.56/gal.
<Answer: The correct answer is (e), $2.56 /gal.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.12 Converting Volume Units

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A barrel of oil as measured on the oil market is equal to 1.333 U.S. barrels. A U.S. barrel is equal to 31.5
gal. If oil is on the market at $94.0 per barrel, what is the price in dollars per gallon?
(a) $2.24/gal, (b) $3.98/gal, (c) $2.98/gal, (d) $1,05/gal, (e) $ 8.42/gal.

<Answer: The correct answer is (a), $2.24/gal.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.13 Conversions Involving Density

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
 Trex is a manufactured substitute for wood compounded from post-consumer plastic and wood. It is
frequently used in outdoor decks. Its density is reported as 60 lb/ft 3. What is the density of Trex in kg/L?

<UNF 1.10 adjacent, in minor col>

<caption for UNF 1.10> A Trex deck.

(a) 0.106 kg/L, (b) 0.960 kg/L, (c) 0.803 kg/L (d) 0.672 kg/L (e) 1.24 kg/L.

Answer: The correct answer is (b), 0.960 kg/L.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.1 Atomic Size

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Which of the following factors determines the size of an atom?

(a) The volume of the nucleus, (b) The volume of space occupied by the electrons of the atom, (c) The
volume of a single electron, multiplied by the number of electrons in the atom, (d) The total nuclear charge,
(e) The total mass of the electrons surrounding the nucleus.

<Answer: (b).

<FEEDBACK FOR WRONG ANSWERS: The volume of the nucleus is tiny and plays no direct role.
Neither does the volume of a single electron. The total nuclear charge affects the total attraction of the
electrons, but does not directly affect the volume in which they move. The mass of the electrons plays no
role in determining the volume they occupy around the nucleus.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.2 Determining the Number of Subatomic Particles in Atoms

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Which of these atoms has the largest number of neutrons in the nucleus? (a) 148 Eu ,(b) 157 Dy , (c) 149 Nd ,
162
(d) Ho , (e) 159 Gd .
162
<Answer: 157 Dy has 91 neutrons, 149 Nd has 89, 148 Eu has 85, Ho has 95, and 159 Gd has 95. Therefore
162 159
Ho and Gd have the largest number of neutrons, 95, even though they have different atomic
numbers. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.3 Writing Symbols for Atoms

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
6 13 63
Which of the following is an incorrect representation for a neutral atom: (a) 3 Li , (b) 6 C , (c) 30 Cu , (d)
30 108
15 P , (e) 47 Ag ?
<Answer: Answer (c) is incorrect; Cu has 29 protons, not 30.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.4 Calculating the Atomic Weight of an Element from Isotopic
Abundances

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

The atomic weight of copper, Cu, is listed as 63.546. Which of the following statements are untrue:
(a) Not all the atoms of copper have the same number of electrons.
(b) All the copper atoms have 29 protons in the nucleus.
(c) The dominant isotopes of Cu must be 63Cu and 64Cu.
(d) Copper is a mixture of at least two isotopes.
(e) The number of electrons in the copper atoms is independent of atomic mass.

<Answer: Answers (a) and (c) are untrue. All atoms of copper must have 29 electrons, regardless of the
number of neutrons in the nucleus.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.5 Using the Periodic Table

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

A biochemist who is studying the properties of certain sulfur (S)-containing compounds in the body
wonders whether trace amounts of another nonmetallic element might have similar behavior. To which
element should she turn her attention?
(a) O, (b) As, (c) Se, (d) Cr, (e) P.

<Answer: The correct answer is (c). She should look for trace amounts of selenium-containing
compounds. Se is in Group 6A along with S, and thus would possess many similar chemical properties. <

Feedback for (a)> Oxygen (O) is also in Group 6A, but oxygen is much more abundant in living systems (
ooo Figure 1.6) and would not behave like a trace element. <Feedback for b, d, e> This element is in a
different group of the table and would not be so closely similar in chemical properties to sulfur. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.6 Relating Empirical and Molecular Formulas

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Tetracarbon dioxide is an unstable oxide of carbon with the following molecular structure:
<UNF 2.3 centers here>

What are the molecular and empirical formulas of this substance?

(a) C2O2, CO2, (b) C4O, CO, (c) CO2, CO2, (d) C4O2, C2O, (e) C2O, CO2.

<Answer: The correct answer is (d). The molecular formula is C4O2 ; the empirical formula is C2O.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.7 Writing Chemical Symbols for Ions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

In which of the following species is the number of protons less than the number of electrons?

(a) Ti 2  , (b) P3 , (c) Mn , (d) Se24  , (e) Ce4

<Answer: The number of protons is less than the number of electrons only in the negatively charged
species, P3 and Se24  .>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.8 Predicting Ionic Charge

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
While it is helpful to know that many ions have the electron arrangement of a noble gas, many elements,
especially among the metals, form ions that do not have a noble gas electron arrangement. Use the
periodic table, Figure 2.14, to determine which of the following ions has a noble gas electron arrangement,
and which do not. For those that do, indicate the noble gas arrangement they match. (a) Ti4+, (b) Mn2+, (c)
Pb2+, (d) Te2-, (e) Zn2+.

<Answers: Ti4+ (Ar), and Te2- (Xe) have noble gas electron arrangements. Mn2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ do not. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.9 Identifying Ionic and Molecular Compounds

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these compounds are molecular: CBr4 , FeS, P4O6 , PbF2?

<Answer: CBr4 and P4O6. The compounds are formed between nonmetals.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.10 Using Ionic Charge to Write Empirical Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

For the following ionic compounds formed with S2-, what is the empirical formula for the positive ion
involved? (a) MnS, (b) Fe2S3, (c) MoS2, (d) K2S, (e) Ag2S.

<Answers: (a) Mn2+ , (b) Fe3+, (c) Mo4+ , (d) K+, (e) Ag+.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.11 Determining the Formula of an Oxyanion from Its Name
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
ClO2 IO 4
Which of the following oxyanions is incorrectly named? (a) , chlorate; (b) , periodate; (c)
SO32  NO SeO24
sulfite; (d) , hyponitrite; (e) , selenate.

<Answer: (a) is incorrect. ClO2 is the chlorite ion. >
SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.12 Determining the Names of Ionic Compounds from Their
Formulas
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Which of the following ionic compounds is incorrectly named? (a) Zn(NO3)2, zinc nitrate; (b) TeCl4,
tellurium(IV) chloride; (c) Fe2O3, diiron oxide; (d) BaO, barium oxide; (e) Mn3(PO4)2, manganese (II)
phosphate.

<Answers: All but (c) are correct. In (c), the correct response is iron(III) oxide.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.13 Relating the Names and Formulas of Acids

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
<Please base align chemical terms. There is a problem with the alignment of embedded objects in this
file.>
Which of the following acids are incorrectly named? For those that are, provide the correct name. (a)
hydrocyanic acid, HCN ; (b) nitrous acid, HNO3 ; (c) perbromic acid, HBrO4 ; (d) iodic acid, HI ; (e)
selenic acid, HSeO4 .

HNO2 HNO3
<Answers: Incorrect names are: (b) Nitrous acid is . is the formula for nitric acid; and (d)
HI is the formula for hydrogen iodide, or hydriodic acid. The formula for iodic acid is HIO3 .>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.14 Relating the Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular
Compounds
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Give the name for each of the following binary compounds of carbon: (a) CS2 , (b) CO, (c) C3O2,, (d)
CBr4, (e) CF .

<Answers: (a) carbon disulfide, (b) carbon monoxide, (c) tricarbon dioxide, (d) carbon tetrabromide, (e)
carbon monofluoride. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.15 Writing Structural and Molecular Formulas for Hydrocarbons

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
(a) What is the molecular formula of hexane, the alkane with six carbons? (b) What are the name and
molecular formula of an alcohol derived from hexane?

<Answers: (a) C6 H14 , (b) hexanol, C6 H14O or C6 H13OH

>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.1 Interpreting and Balancing Chemical Equations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In the following diagram, the white spheres represent hydrogen atoms and the blue spheres represent
nitrogen atoms.
<UNF 3-2 centers here>
The two reactants combine to form a single product, ammonia, NH 3, which is not shown. Write a balanced
chemical equation for the reaction. Based on the equation and the contents of the left (reactants) box how
many NH3 molecules should be shown in the right (products) box? (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 6, (e) 9.

<Answer: (d) 6.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The unbalanced equation for the reaction between methane and bromine is:

__ CH4(g) + __ Br2(l)  __ CBr4(s) + __ HBr(g)

Once this equation is balanced what is the value of the coefficient in front of bromine Br 2?
(a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, (e) 6.

<Answer: (d) 4.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.3 Writing Balanced Equations for Combination and

Decomposition Reactions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following reactions is the balanced equation that represents the decomposition reaction that
occurs when silver (I) oxide is heated? (a) AgO(s)  Ag(s) + O(g), (b) 2AgO(s)  2 Ag(s) + O2(g), (c)
Ag2O(s)  2 Ag(s) + O(g), (d) 2 Ag2O(s)  4 Ag(s) + O2(g), (e) Ag2O(s)  2 Ag(s) + O2(g).

<Answer: (d) 2 Ag2O(s)  4 Ag(s) + O2(g).>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) The formulas for silver (I) oxide, Ag2O, and oxygen, O2, are incorrect. (b)
The formula for silver (I) oxide should be Ag2O because oxygen forms ions with a –2 charge and two Ag+
cations are needed for charge balance. (c) Oxygen exists as a diatomic gas so it’s formula should be O2. (e)
This reaction has the correct reactants and products but it is not balanced.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.4 Writing Balanced Equations for Combustion Reactions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when ethylene glycol, C 2H4(OH)2, burns in air. (a)
C2H4(OH)2(l) + 5/2 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g); (b) 2 C2H4(OH)2(l) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 6
H2O(g); (c) C2H4(OH)2(l) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g); (d) C2H4(OH)2(l) + 5 O(g)  2 CO2(g) + 3
H2O(g); (e) 4 C2H4(OH)2(l) + 10 O2(g)  8 CO2(g) + 12 H2O(g).

<Answer: (b) 2 C2H4(OH)2(l) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g).>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This reaction is not correct because not all of the coefficients are integers.
(c) This equation is not balanced for oxygen. You may have mistakenly thought an ethylene glycol
molecule has only one oxygen atom. (d) This reaction is balanced but incorrect because oxygen exists as
diatomic molecule O2(g) not O(g). (e) This equation is balanced but the coefficients are not the smallest set
of integers that can balance the equation.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.5 Calculating Formula Weights

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following is the correct formula weight for calcium phosphate? (a) 310.2 amu, (b) 135.1 amu,
(c) 182.2 amu, (d) 278.2 amu, (e) 175.1 amu.

<Answer: (a) 310.2 amu.>

<Wrong answer feedback. (b) This is the formula weight for CaPO4, but this empirical formula is incorrect
because the charge of the cation, Ca2+, and the anion, PO43–, are not balanced. (c) This is the formula
weight for calcium phosphide, Ca3P2. (d) This is the formula weight for calcium phosphite, Ca3(PO3)2. (e)
This would be the formula weight for Ca2PO4 but that is not the correct empirical formula for calcium
phosphate.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.6 Calculating Percentage Composition

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the percentage of nitrogen, by mass, in calcium nitrate? (a) 8.54%, (b) 17.1%, (c) 13.7%, (d)
24.4%, (e) 82.9%.

<Answer: (b) 17.1%>

<Wrong answer feedback (a) Incorrect; this is the mass percent nitrogen you would get if there were only
one nitrogen in the empirical formula. (c) This is the mass percent nitrogen if the empirical formula were
CaNO3, but the 1– charge of the nitrate ion does not balance out the 2+ charge of the calcium ion. (d) This
is the mass percentage of calcium in calcium nitrate. (e) This is the mass percentage of everything else but
nitrogen.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.7 Estimating Numbers of Atoms

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Determine which of the following samples contains the fewest sodium atoms? (a) 1 mol sodium oxide, (b)
45 g sodium fluoride, (c) 50 g sodium chloride, (d) 1 mol sodium nitrate?

<Answer: (c) 50 g sodium chloride.>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) The empirical formula for sodium oxide is Na2O, so there are two moles of
sodium atoms in this sample. Of the four samples given, this sample has the largest number of sodium
atoms.o (b) One mole of NaF has a mass of 42 g, so this sample contains just over 1 mol of sodium, which
is the second largest amount of sodium. (d) Given the empirical formula NaNO3, this sample has exactly
one mol of sodium; this sample has the second-smallest amount of sodium..>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.8 Converting Moles to Number of Atoms

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many sulfur atoms are in (a) 0.45 mol BaSO4 and (b) 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide?

<Answers: (a) 2.7 × 1023, (b) 1.99 × 1024. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.9 Calculating Molar Mass
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A sample of an ionic compound containing iron and chlorine is analyzed and found to have a molar mass of
126.8 g/mol. What is the charge of the iron in this compound? (a) 1+, (b) 2+, (c) 3+, (d) 4+.

<Answer: 2+>

<Wrong Answer Feedback (a) If the charge were 1+ the empirical formula would be FeCl and the molar
mass would be 91.3 g/mol, (c) If the charge were 3+ the empirical formula would be FeCl3 and the molar
mass would be 162.2 g/mol, (d) If the charge were 4+ the empirical formula would be FeCl4 and the molar
mass would be 197.6 g/mol.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.10 Converting Grams to Moles

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many moles of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ) are in 508 g of NaHCO3?

<Answer: 6.05 mol NaHCO3 >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.11 Converting Moles to Grams

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the mass, in grams, of (a) 6.33 mol of NaHCO3 and (b) 3.0 105 mol of sulfuric acid?

<Answers: (a) 532 g, (b) 2.9 103 g >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.12 Calculating Numbers of Molecules and Atoms from Mass
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many chlorine atoms are there in 12.2 g of CCl4? (a) 4.77 × 1022, (b) 7.34 × 1024, (c) 1.91 × 1023, (d)
2.07 × 1023.

<Answer: (c) 1.91 × 1023 >

<Wrong Answer Feedback (a) This is the number of CCl4 molecules, not the number of Cl atoms. (b) This
is the answer you would obtain if you forgot to convert from grams to moles. (d) This is the answer you
would obtain if you used the atomic weight of chlorine instead of the molar mass of CCl4.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.13 Calculating an Empirical Formula

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A 2.144-g sample of phosgene, a compound used as a chemical warfare agent during World War I, contains
0.260 g of carbon, 0.347 g of oxygen, and 1.537 g of chlorine. What is the empirical formula of this
substance? (a) CO2Cl6, (b) COCl2, (c) C0.022O0.022Cl0.044, (d) C2OCl2
<Answer: (b) COCl2>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This formula is close to the ratio that would be obtained if you did not carry
out Step 2 and convert from grams to moles. (c) This formula is what you would get if you did not carry out
the last step and calculate the mole ratio. The non-integer subscripts should tell you that this is not the
correct answer. (d) This formula is what you would obtain if you used the molar mass of molecular oxygen
O2 (32.0 g/mol) and molecular chlorine Cl2 (70.9 g/mol) instead of the atomic molar masses.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.14 Determining a Molecular Formula

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Cyclohexane, a commonly used organic solvent, is 85.6% C and 14.4% H by mass with a molar mass of
84.2 g/mol. What is its molecular formula? (a) C6H, (b) CH2, (c) C5H24, (d) C6H12, (e) C4H8.

<Answer: (d) C6H12>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This is the empirical formula you get if you forget to convert from masses to
moles. (b) This is the empirical formula but not the molecular formula. (c) This formula has the correct
molar mass but the wrong ratio of carbon to hydrogen. (e) This formula has the correct empirical formula
but the wrong molecular formula.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.15 Determining an Empirical Formula by Combustion Analysis

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
(a) The compound dioxane, which is used as a solvent in various industrial processes, is composed of C, H,
and O atoms. Combustion of a 2.203-g sample of this compound produces 4.401 g CO2 and 1.802 g H2O. A
separate experiment shows that it has a molar mass of 88.1 g/mol. Which of the following is the correct
molecular formula for dioxane: (a) C2H4O, (b) C4H4O2, (c) CH2, (d) C4H8O2?

<Answer: (d) C4H8O2.>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This is the empirical formula, not the molecular formula. (b) This close to
the formula you would get if you forget to take into account that there are 2 mol H per mole of H2O. (c)
This is the empirical formula, if you overlook that part of the mass of the sample is oxygen.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.16 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate and water:

2 NaOH(s) + CO2(g)  Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

How many grams of Na2CO3 can be prepared from 2.40 g of NaOH: (a) 3.18 g, (b) 6.36 g, (c) 1.20 g, (d)
0.0300 g?

<Answer: (a) 3.18 g>

<Wrong answer feedback. (b) This answer is what you would get if you forgot to take into account 1:2
ratio of NaOH consumed to Na2CO3 produced (Step 2). (c) This answer is what you would get if you forgot
to convert from grams to moles (Steps 1 and 3). (d) This answer is what you would get if you forgot to
convert from moles of Na2CO3 to grams of Na2CO3 (Step 3).>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.17 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Propane, C3H8 (Figure 3.8), is a common fuel used for cooking and home heating. What mass of O 2 is
consumed in the combustion of 1.00 g of propane: (a) 5.00 g, (b) 0.726 g, (c) 2.18 g, (d) 3.63 g?

<Answer: (d) 3.63 g>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) You'd get this answer if you forgot to convert from grams to moles (Steps 1
and 3). (b) You'd get this answer if you forgot to take into account the molar ratio of C 3H8 to O2 (Step 2) or
did not balance the equation. (c) This is one possible answer that could result if you incorrectly balanced
the equation.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.18 Calculating the Amount of Product Formed from a Limiting
Reactant
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
(a) When 24 mol of methanol and 15 mol of oxygen combine in the combustion reaction
2 CH3OH(g) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) , what is the excess reactant and how many moles of it
remain at the end of the reaction? (a) 9 mol CH3OH(g), (b) 10 mol CO2(g), (c) 10 mol CH3OH(g), (d) 14
mol CH3OH(g), (e) 1 mol O2.

<Answer: (d) 14 mol CH3OH(g).>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) We start with 9 mol more CH3OH than O2 but this would only be the amount
of excess reactant if the stoichiometric ratio were 1 mol CH3OH ¦ 1 mol O2, which it is not. (b) This is the
theoretical yield of CO2 not the amount of excess reactant. (c) This is the amount of CH3OH consumed, not
the amount that is left unreacted, (e) This is the amount of excess O2 you get by subtracting the coefficients
in the balanced equation but it does not take into account the amount of each starting material. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.19 Calculating the Amount of Product Formed from a Limiting
Reactant
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Molten gallium reacts with arsenic to form the semiconductor, gallium arsenide, GaAs, used in light
emitting diodes and solar cells :
Ga(l) + As(s)  GaAs(s)
If 4.00 g of gallium is reacted with 5.50 g of arsenic how many grams of the excess reactant are left at the
end of the reaction: (a) 4.94 g As, (b) 0.56 g As, (c) 8.94 g Ga, or (d) 1.50 g As?

<Answers: (b) 0.56 g As.>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) Arsenic is the excess reactant but 4.94 g is the amount of arsenic consumed,
not the amount left over. (c) This is the amount GaAs produced, plus it is not possible to have more Ga left
over than you start with. (d) Although we start with 1.50 g more arsenic than gallium this is not the correct
answer because it neglects the molar masses of Ga and As.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.20 Calculating Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If 3.00 g of titanium metal is reacted with 6.00 g of chlorine gas, Cl2, to form 7.7 g of titanium (IV)
chloride in a combination reaction, what is the percent yield of the product: (a) 65%, (b) 96%, (c) 48%, or
(d) 86%?

<Answers: (b) 96%>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This is the percent yield you would get if you incorrectly assume that
titanium is the excess reactant. (c) This is the percent yield if you would get if you forgot to balance the
equation. (d) This is the percent yield you would get if you divide the mass of the products (7.7 g) by the
mass of the reactants (3.00+6.00 = 9.00 g). However, this approach is not valid because not all of the
excess reactant is used up during the reaction.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.1 Relating Relative Numbers of Anions and Cations to Chemical
Formulas
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

If you have an aqueous solution that contains 1.5 moles of HCl, how many moles of ions are in the
solution? (a) 1.0, (b) 1.5. (c) 2.0, (d) 2.5, (e) 3.0

<Answer: (e) 3.0>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) How can 1.5 moles of a compound give you only 1.0 mole of ions? Try
again! (b) Are you assuming HCl does not break up into ions in water? Are you sure about that? (c) Is HCl
a strong electrolyte? If so, should it break up into more ions? (d) Is HCl a strong electrolyte? If so, should it
break up into more ions?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.2 Using Solubility Rules

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following compounds is insoluble in water? (a) (NH4)2S, (b) CaCO3, (c) NaOH, (d) Ag2SO4,
(e) Pb(CH3COO)2.

<Answer: (b) CaCO3>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) Sulfides are usually insoluble, but there are exceptions. Check Table
4.1! (c) Aren't sodium salts usually soluble? (d) Sulfates are frequently insoluble, but there are exceptions.
Check Table 4.1! (e) Lead salts can be insoluble. Check Table 4.1!>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.3 Predicting a Metathesis Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Yes or No: Will a precipitate form when solutions of Ba(NO3 )2 and KOH are mixed?

<Answer: No. The products, barium hydroxide and potassium nitrate, are both soluble.>

< Wrong answer feedback for Yes: Are you thinking Ba(OH2) is insoluble? Check Table 4.1.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.4 Writing a Net Ionic Equation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What happens when you mix an aqueous solution of sodium nitrate with an aqueous solution of barium
chloride? (a) There is no reaction; all possible products are soluble. (b) Only barium nitrate precipitates. (c)
Only sodium chloride precipitates. (d) Both barium nitrate and sodium chloride precipitate. (e) Barium
chloride is not soluble and it stays as a precipitate.

<Answer: (a)>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (b) Recall that many nitrates are soluble. (c) Isn't NaCl very soluble in
water? (d) Recall that many nitrates are soluble, and isn't NaCL very soluble in water? (e) We were told
that barium chloride is already in solution.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.5 Comparing Acid Strengths

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A set of aqueous solutions are prepared containing different acids at the same concentration: acetic acid,
chloric acid and hydrobromic acid. Which solution(s) are the most electrically conductive? (a) chloric acid,
(b) hydrobromic acid, (c) acetic acid, (d) both chloric acid and hydrobromic acid, (e) all three solutions
have the same electrical conductivity.

<Answer: (d)>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) Chloric acid is indeed a strong acid and therefore a strong electrolyte; is
it the only one?. (b) Hydrobromic acid is indeed a strong acid and therefore a strong electrolyte; is it the
only one? (c) To make an electrically conductive solution, the compound has to be a strong electrolyte. Is
acetic acid a strong electrolyte? (e) If you think all solutions have the same electrical conductivity, then you
must think that all of these acids dissociate into ions to the same extent. Are you sure about that?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.6 Identifying Strong, Weak, and Nonelectrolytes

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these substances, when dissolved in water, is a strong electrolyte? (a) ammonia, (b) hydrofluoric
acid, (c) folic acid, (d) sodium nitrate, (e) sucrose

<Answer: (d)>
<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) To be a strong electrolyte, ammonia needs to form a lot of ions in water.
Is this the case? (b) This sounds like a strong acid and therefore a strong electrolyte, but recall that there are
only a few strong acids; is this one on the list? (c) Is this on the list of strong acids? If not, what does that
mean for this molecule's ability to act as a strong electrolyte? (e) Sucrose is indeed very soluble in water,
but does it form ions?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.7 Writing Chemical Equations for a Neutralization Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous ammonia with nitric acid? (a) NH4+(aq)
- - -
+ H+(aq) --> NH52+(aq), (b) NH3 (aq) + NO3 (aq) --> NH2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq), (c) NH2 (aq) + H+ (aq) --
-
> NH3 (aq), (d) NH3 (aq) + H+(aq) --> NH4+ (aq), (e) NH4+(aq) + NO3 (aq) --> NH4NO3 (aq).

<Answer: (d)>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) Do you know what the chemical formula for ammonia is? Ammonia is
supposed to be a reactant. (b) Is ammonia acting like an acid or a base here? (c) Do you know what the
chemical formula for ammonia is? Ammonia is supposed to be a reactant. (e) Do you know what the
chemical formula for ammonia is? Ammonia is supposed to be a reactant. >
SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.8 Determining Oxidation Numbers
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In which compound is the oxidation state of oxygen -1? (a) O2, (b) H2O, (c) H2SO4, (d) H2O2, (e)
KCH3COO.

<Answer: (d).>

<FEEDBACK FOR WRONG ANSWERS: (a) If oxygen had -1 oxidation states in this compound, what
would the overall charge on the molecule be? Is that possible? (b) Recall what the usual oxidation state of
H is. Then what would O be? (c) Look back in the Sample Exercise to check on the sulfate ion. (e) This
formula looks strange, but it is potassium acetate, a salt of acetic acid. Is there a good reason to think
oxygen would have the unusual oxidation state of -1 in this compound?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.9 Writing Equations for Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following statements is true about the reaction between zinc and copper sulfate? (a) Zinc is
oxidized, and copper ion is reduced. (b) Zinc is reduced, and copper ion is oxidized. (c) All reactants and
products are soluble strong electrolytes. (d) The oxidation state of copper in copper sulfate is 0. (e) More
than one of the previous choices is true.

<Answer: (a).>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (b) What is the oxidation state of zinc? Can it be further reduced? (c) Is zinc
soluble in water? (d) What is the overall charge of the sulfate ion? Then, what must copper's oxidation state
be? (e) No, only one is correct. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.10 Determining When an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Can Occur

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these metals is the easiest to oxidize? (a) gold, (b) lithium, (c) iron, (d) sodium, (e) aluminum.

<Answer: (b)>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) Where is gold in the activity series? What does its position there mean?
(c) Yes, you can oxidize iron, but are other metals of these choices easier to oxidize, based on the activity
series? (d) Yes, you can oxidize sodium, but are other metals of these choices easier to oxidize, based on
the activity series? (e) Yes, you can oxidize aluminum, but are other metals of these choices easier to
oxidize, based on the activity series? >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.11 Calculating Molarity

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the molarity of a solution that is made by dissolving 3.68 g of sucrose (C 12H22O11) in sufficient
water to form 275.0 mL of solution? (a) 13.4 M, (b) 7.43 x 10-2 M, (c) 3.91 x 10-2 M (d) 7.43 x 10-5 M (e)
3.91 x 10-5 M.

<Answer: (c)>

<Feedback for wrong answers:(a) This is a large number. Watch your units! (b) Check the molar mass of
sucrose. (d) Watch your exponents and check the molar mass of sucrose. (e) Watch your exponents!>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.12 Calculating Molar Concentrations of Ions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the ratio of the concentration of potassium ions to the concentration of carbonate ions in a 0.015 M
solution of potassium carbonate? (a) 1:0.015, (b) 0.015:1, (c) 1:1, (d) 1:2, (e) 2:1.

<Answer: (e).

Wrong answer feedback: (a) You are saying that there is 1 potassium ion for every 0.015 carbonate ion in
solution. Does that seem right? (b) You are saying there is 0.015 potassium ions in solution for every 1
carbonate ion. Does that seem right? (c) This answer means that the ions must have the same charge. Is
that correct? (d) This answer means that there is one potassium ion for every two carbonates. Does that
make sense, based on the charges of these ions?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.13 Using Molarity to Calculate Grams of Solute

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the concentration of ammonia in a solution made by dissolving 3.75 g of ammonia in 120.0 L of
water? (a) 1.84 x 10-3 M, (b) 3.78 x 10-2 M, (c) 0.0313 M, (d) 1.88 M, (e) 7.05 M.

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) If you got this answer, you divided the wrong way in getting to moles of
ammonia. (c) You did not calculate the moles of ammonia. (d) You multiplied by something when you
should have divided! (e) You multiplied and divided numbers incorrectly. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.14 Preparing a Solution by Dilution

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What volume of a 1.00 M stock solution of glucose must be used to make 500.0 mL of a 1.75 x 10 -2 M
glucose solution in water? (a) 1.75 mL, (b) 8.75 ml, (c) 48.6 mL, (d) 57.1 mL, (e) 28,570 mL.

<Answer: (b).>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) Did you take into account the volume of the dilute solution? (c) You
probably switched numerators and denominators in your mathematical manipulations. (d) You probably
typed a number into your calculator incorrectly. (e) You want to make 500.0 mL of solution. Does it make
sense to use 28,750 mL of another solution to do so? >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.15 Using Mass Relations in a Neutralization Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many milligrams of sodium sulfide are needed to completely react with 25.00 mL of a 0.0100 M
aqueous solution of cadmium nitrate, to form a precipitate of CdS (s)? (a) 13.8 mg, (b) 19.5 mg, (c) 23.5
mg, (d) 32.1 mg, (e) 39.0 mg.

<Answer: (b).>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) What is the chemical formula for sodium sulfide? (c) You input
numbers incorrectly into your calculator. (d) You input numbers incorrectly into your calculator. (e) Check
the stoichiometry of your reaction. >
SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.16 Determining Solution Concentration by an Acid–Base Titration

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the molarity of an HCl solution if 27.3 mL of it neutralizes 134.5 mL of 0.0165 M Ba(OH) 2? (a)
0.0444 M, (b) 0.0813 M, (c) 0.163 M, (d) 0.325 M, (e) 3.35 M.

<Answer: (c).>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Is this moles or acid or molarity of acid? (b) What is the balanced reaction
for HCl with Ba(OH)2? (d) What is the balanced reaction for HCl with Ba(OH) 2? (e) Watch mL and L
units.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.17 Determining the Quantity of Solute by Titration

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A mysterious white powder is found at a crime scene. A simple chemical analysis concludes that the
powder is a mixture of sugar and morphine (C17H19NO3), a weak base similar to ammonia. The crime lab
takes 10.00 mg of the mysterious white powder, dissolves it in 100.00 mL water, and titrates it to the
equivalence point with 2.84 mL of a standard 0.0100 M HCl solution. What is the percentage of morphine
in the white powder? (a) 8.10%, (b) 17.3%, (c) 32.6%, (d) 49.7%, (e) 81.0%.

<Answer: (e).>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Make sure you distinguish percent from milligrams. (b) Check the molar
mass of morphine. (c) Check the molar mass of morphine. (d) Check the molar mass of morphine.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.1 Describing and Calculating Energy Changes

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following objects has the greatest kinetic energy? (a) a 500-kg motorcycle moving at 100
km/h, (b) a 1,000-kg car moving at 50 km/h, (c) a 1,500-kg car moving at 30 km/h, (d) a 5,000-kg truck
moving at 10 km/h, (e) a 10,000-kg truck moving at 5 km/h.

< Answer: (a) based on Ek = mv2; because the velocity is squared, it has a larger impact in these particular
calculations than mass does >

<Feedback for wrong answers: Even though the masses are larger in (b)-(e), remember that the speed is
squared in the calculation. A calculation in each case shows (a) to be largest. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.2 Relating Heat and Work to Changes of Internal Energy
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following four cases
(i) A chemical process in which heat is absorbed.
(ii) A change in which q = 30 J, w = 44 J.
(iii) A process in which a system does work on its surroundings with no change in q.
(iv) A process in which work is done on a system and an equal amount of heat is
withdrawn.
In how many of these cases does the internal energy of the system decrease?
(a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, (e) 4
< Answer: (b); in (i) absorbing heat increases internal energy; in (ii) E = 74 J, the
positive sign indicating that the internal energy increases..>

<Feedback for wrong answers: For (iii), doing work on the surroundings causes internal
energy to decrease; for (iv) if equal amounts of work are done on the system and
withdrawn as heat, there is no net change in the internal energy. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.3

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If a balloon is expanded from 0.055 L to 1.403 L against an external pressure of 1.02 atm, how many L-atm
of work is done? (a) -0.056 L-atm, (b) -1.37 L-atm, (c) 1.43 L-atm, (d) 1.49 L-atm, (e) 139 L-atm

< Answer: (b); the work must have a negative sign because the volume is expanding. >

<Feedback for wrong answers: in (a) only Vinitial is used and not V; (c), (d), and (f) involve various
calculation errors, but none of them can be correct because they are positive quantities. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.4 Determining the Sign of H

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A chemical reaction that gives off heat to its surroundings is said to be ____________
and has a ____________ value of H.
(a) endothermic, positive (c) exothermic, positive
(b) endothermic, negative (d) exothermic, negative

<Answer: (d) >

<Feedback for wrong answers: The correct answer depends on knowing the definitions
of exothermic (loss of heat) and endothermic (gain of heat) and their sign
conventions. A process that gives off (loses) heat to its surroundings is exothermic,
choices (c) and (d); giving off heat is indicated by a negative value for H. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.5 Relating H to Quantities of Reactants and Products

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH (FW = 46.0 g/mol), proceeds as follows:
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) H = 555 kJ
What is the enthalpy change for combustion of 15.0 g of ethanol?
(a) 12.1kJ (b) 181 kJ (c) 422 kJ (d) 555 kJ (e) -1700 kJ

< Answer: (b); 15.0 g   1 mol   2 555 kJ 

   2 181 kJ . >
 460 g CH 4   1 mol 

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.6 Relating Heat, Temperature Change, and Heat Capacity
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Suppose you have equal masses of two substances, A and B. When the same amount of
heat is added to samples of each, the temperature of A increases by 14 oC whereas that of
o
B increases by 22 C. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) The heat capacity of B is greater than that of A.
(b) The specific heat of A is greater than that of B.
(c) The molar heat capacity of B is greater than that of A.
(d) The volume of A is greater than that of B.
(e) The molar mass of A is greater than that of B.

< Answer: (b), because a higher specific heat leads to a lower temperature change as seen
in Equation 5.22. >

< Feedback for wrong answers: (a) and (c) If B had a higher heat capacity or molar heat
capacity, it would undergo the lower temperature change. (d) and (e) Volume and molar
mass are not part of Equation 5.22. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.7 Measuring H Using a Coffee-Cup Calorimeter

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
When 0.243 g of Mg metal is combined with enough HCl to make 100 mL of solution in a constant-
pressure calorimeter, the following reaction occurs:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
If the temperature of the solution increases from 23.0 oC to 34.1 oC as a result of this reaction, calculate H
in kJ/mol Mg. Assume that the solution has a specific heat of 4.18 J/g-oC.
(a) −19.1 kJ/mol (b) −111 kJ/mol (c) −191 kJ/mol (d) −464 kJ/mol (e) −961 kJ/mol
<Answer: (d); T = 11.1oC, so qP = H = 4.18 x 100 x 11.1 J = 4,640 J = 4.64 kJ; because 0.0100 mol of
Mg is used, we have 4.64 kJ/0.0100 mol = 464 kJ/mol.>

<Feedback for wrong answers: If you got (a), you forgot to convert grams Mg to moles; (b) you forgot the
specific heat; (e) you used the initial temperature instead of the temperature change. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.8 Measuring qrxn Using a Bomb Calorimeter

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The combustion of exactly 1.000 g of benzoic acid in a bomb calorimeter releases 26.38 kJ of heat. If the
combustion of 0.550 g of benzoic acid causes the temperature of the calorimeter to increase from 22.01 oC
to 24.27oC, calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter.
(a) 0.660 kJ/oC (b) 6.42 kJ/oC (c) 14.5 kJ/oC (d) 21.2 kJ/g-oC (e) 32.7 kJ/oC

<Answer: (b); Ccal = q/T = (0.550)(26.38 kJ)/2.36 oC = 6.42 kJ/oC.>

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a): If you got this answer, you used Tinitial instead of T. (c) Did you
overlook the fact that 0.550 g was combusted? (d) It appears you mistakenly divided by 0.550 instead of
multiplying. (e) Did youmultiplyed by T instead of dividing?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.9 Using Hess’s Law to Calculate H

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
 Calculate H for 2NO(g) + O2(g)  N2O4(g), using the following information:
N2O4(g)  2NO2(g) H = +57.9 kJ
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g) H = –113.1 kJ
(a) 2.7 kJ (b) –55.2 kJ (c) –85.5 kJ (d) –171.0 kJ (e) +55.2 kJ
<Answer: (d); You have to reverse the first equation and change the sign of the
associated H value, then add to the second equation. H = –57.9 kJ – 113.1 kJ = –171.0
kJ. >
<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Incorrectly doubled H for first equation; (b) It seems you
forgot to reverse first equation and change sign for its H; (c) It appears you incorrectly
took ½ of each H; (e) This incorrect answer was obtained because you reversed both
equations and changed signs for both Hs. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.10 Using Three Equations with Hess’s Law to Calculate H
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
We can calculate H for the reaction
C(s) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + H2(g)
using the following thermochemical equations:
<two columns of equations align on operators (reaction arrows and equals signs, respectively>
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H1 = 393.5 kJ
2 CO(g) + O2(g)  2 CO2(g) H2 = 566.0 kJ
2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g) H3 = 483.6 kJ
By what coefficient do you need to multiply H2 in determining H for the target equation?
(a) –1/2 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) 1/2 (e) 2
<Answer: (a)>

<Feedback for wrong answers: There is one CO on the product side of the target equation, so the second
equation needs to be reversed and the coefficients multiplied by ½. Thus, the sign of H2 must be changed
and the quantity multiplied by ½. These two operations are the same as multiplying H2 by –1/2.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.11 Equations Associated with Enthalpies of Formation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If the heat of formation of H2O(l) is -286 kJ/mol, which of the following
thermochemical equations is correct?

(a) 2H(g) + O(g)  H2O(l) H = 286 kJ

(b) 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) H = 286 kJ
(c) H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) H = 286 kJ
(d) H2(g) + O(g)  H2O(g) H = 286 kJ
 (e) H2O(l)  H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H = 286 kJ
<Answer: (c); the correct thermochemical equation will have one mole H2O(l) as the sole
product and its constituent elements in their common forms (H2 and O2 with appropriate
coefficients) as reactants. >

<Feedback for wrong answers: (a) The common forms of the elements are not used, (b)
two moles of H2O are formed where there should only be one. (d) The water product is a
gas, which is not its standard state. (e) H2O should be the product of the reaction, not a
reactant. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.12 Calculating an Enthalpy of Reaction from Enthalpies of

Formation
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
2H2O2(l)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)
using enthalpies of formation:
H f (H2O2) = −187.8 kJ/mol H f (H2O) = −295.8 kJ/mol

(a) −108.0 kJ, (b) −216.0 kJ, (c) +108.0 kJ, (d) +216.0 kJ, (e) more information
needed
< Answer: (b); 2(-295.8 kJ) – 2(-187.8 kJ) = -216.0 kJ.>

<Feedback for wrong answers: In (a) and (c) the H f values were not multiplied by the
coefficients in the balanced equation. In (d) the H f values of reactants were subtracted
from those of products. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.13 Calculating an Enthalpy of Formation Using an Enthalpy of

Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Given 2 SO2 (g )  O2 ( g )  2 SO3 (g ) , which of the following equations is correct?
(a) H f (SO3 )  H rxn  H f (SO2 )
 

(b) H f (SO3 )  H rxn


 H f (SO2 )

(c) 2H f (SO3 )  H rxn


 2H f (SO2 )

(d) 2H f (SO3 )  H rxn


 2H f (SO2 )
(e) 2H f (SO3 )  2H f (SO2 )  H rxn

 
<Answer: (c) based on applying Equation 5.31, H rxn  2H f (SO3 )  2H f (SO2 ) . >

<Feedback for wrong answers: In (a) and (b) the coefficients from the balanced
equation have been forgotten; (d) and (e) arise from bad algebra.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.14 Estimating the Fuel Value of a Food from Its Composition
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A stalk of celery has a caloric content (fuel value) of 9.0 kcal. If 1.0 kcal is provided by fat and there is
very little protein, estimate the number of grams of carbohydrate and fat in the celery.
(a) 2 g carbohydrate and 0.1 g fat, (b) 2 g carbohydrate and 1 g fat, (c) 1 g carbohydrate and 2 g of fat,
(d) 2.2 g carbohydrate and 0.1 fat, (e) 32 g carbohydrate and 10 g fat

< Answer: (a) grams carbohdrate = (9.0 – 1.0) kJ × (1g/4 kJ) = 2 g; grams fat = 1.0 kJ × (1 g/10 kJ) = 0.1
g. >

<Feedback for wrong answers: (b) calculation error giving 1 g fat instead of 0.1 g fat; (c) reversed
identities of carbohydrate and fat; (d) used total caloric content (9.0 kcal) instead of content due to
carbohydrate (8.0 kcal); (e) multiplied by conversion factors instead of dividing>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.1 Concepts of Wavelength and Frequency

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A source of electromagnetic radiation produces infrared light. Which of the following could be the
wavelength of the light?

(a) 3.0 nm (b) 4.7 cm (c) 66.8 m (d) 34.5 m (e) 16.5 Å

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: From Figure 6.4, we see that infrared light is in the range of 10 -4 to 10-6 nm in
wavelength. Answers (a), (b) and (c) are wavelengths much too long to be in this range, whereas answer (e)
is a wavelength much too short for the range.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.2 Calculating Frequency from Wavelength

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following three statements: (i) For any electromagnetic radiation, the product of the
wavelength and the frequency is a constant; (ii) If a source of light has a wavelength of 3.0 Å, its frequency
is 1.0 1018 Hz; (iii) The speed of ultraviolet light is greater than the speed of microwave radiation. Which
of these three statements is or are true?

(a) Only one statement is true; (b) Statements i and ii are true; (c) Statements i and iii are true; (d)
Statements ii and iii are true; (e) All three statements are true.

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Only statement (iii) is false. The speed of light is a constant regardless of the
type of electromagnetic radiation.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.3 Energy of a Photon
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following expressions correctly gives the energy of a mole of photons with wavelength  ?

h  hc h hc
(a) E  (b) E  N A (c) E  (d) E  N A (e) E  N A
 h   
<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Wrong conversion of  to  , and forgot to make it a molar quantity; (b)
Wrong conversion of  to  ; (c) Forgot to make it a molar quantity; (d) Wrong conversion of  to  .>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.4 Electronic Transitions in the Hydrogen Atom

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In the top part of Figure 6.11, the four lines in the H atom spectrum are due to transitions from a level for
which ni > 2 to the n f = 2 level. What is the value of ni for the blue-green line in the spectrum?

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The smallest energy transition is ni = 3 to n f = 2, so that corresponds to the
longest wavelength. That is the red line at 656 nm. The blue-green line (486 nm) is the next lowest in
energy and corresponds to ni = 4 to n f = 2 (the correct answer). Answers (c), (d), and (e) correspond to
more energetic (shorter wavelength) lines; we see two of them in Figure 6.11, and the third has a
wavelength too short for the visible portion of the spectrum.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.5 Matter Waves

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following three moving objects: (i) A golf ball with a mass of 45.9 g moving at a speed of
50.0 m/s; (ii) An electron moving at a speed of 3.50 105 m/s; (iii) A neutron moving at a speed of
2.3 102 m/s. List the three objects in order from shortest to longest de Broglie wavelength.

(a) i < iii < ii (b) ii < iii < i (c) iii < ii < i (d) i < ii < iii (e) iii < i < ii

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: From Equation 6.8, we see that  is inversely proportional to mv. Thus, the
longest wavelength corresponds to the smallest value of mv and the shortest wavelength corresponds to the
largest value of mv. For (i), the mass of the golf ball is more than 10 20 times greater than that of an electron
or neutron, so mv will be largest. Thus, (i) will have the shortest de Broglie wavelength, ruling out answers
(b), (c), and (e). mv is larger for (iii) than for (ii), making (d) incorrect.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.6 Subshells of the Hydrogen Atom
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
An orbital has n  4 and ml  1. What are the possible values of l for this orbital?
(a) 0, 1, 2, 3 (b) -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 (c) 1, 2, 3 (d) -3, -2 (e) 1, 2, 3, 4

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) If l were equal to 0, then ml would have to equal 0; (b) Values of l can’t
be negative. In addition, if l were equal to 0, then ml would have to equal 0; (d) Values of l can’t be
negative; (e) The maximum value of l is n – 1.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.7 Orbital Diagrams and Electron Configurations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many of the elements in the second row of the periodic table (Li through Ne) will have at least one
unpaired electron in their electron configurations?

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Table 6.3 shows the electron configurations for Li, Be, B, C, N, and Ne. We see
that Li, B, C, and N have unpaired electrons, so (a) is incorrect. The Sample Exercise gives the electron
configuration for O, and it has unpaired electrons, so (b) is incorrect. F has an odd number of electrons so at
least one must be unpaired, so (c) is incorrect. (e) is incorrect because we have already seen that two of the
eight elements do not have unpaired electrons.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.8 Electron Configurations for a Group

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A certain atom has an ns 2 np6 electron configuration in its outermost occupied shell. Which of the
following elements could it be?

(a) Be (b) Si (c) I (d) Kr (e) Rb

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The electron configuration indicates eight valence electrons. (a) Only two
valence electrons; (b) Four valence electrons; (c) Seven valence electrons; (e) One valence electron.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 6.9 Electron Configurations from the Periodic Table

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A certain atom has an [noble gas]5s 2 4d10 5 p4 electron configuration. Which element is it?

(a) Cd (b) Te (c) Sm (d) Hg (e) More information is needed

<Answer: (b)>
<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Corresponds to [noble gas]5s 2 4d10 ; (c) Wrong row of the table; (d) Wrong
row of the table; (e) There is sufficient information to determine the element.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.1 Bond Lengths in a Molecule

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Hypothetical elements X and Y form a molecule XY2, in which both Y atoms are bonded to atom X (and
not to one another). The X–X distance in the elemental form of X is 2.04 Å and the Y–Y distance in
elemental Y is 1.68 Å. What would you predict for the X–Y distance in the XY2 molecule?

(a) 0.84 Å (b) 1.02 Å (c) 1.86 Å (d) 2.70 Å (e) 3.72 Å

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Answers (a) and (b) are half the bond distances in Y2 and X2, and are therefore
the bonding atomic radii. Answer (d) is the bonding atomic radius of X plus two times the bonding atomic
radius of Y. Answer (e) is the sum of the bond distances in Y 2 and X2. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.2 Predicting Relative Sizes of Atomic Radii

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
By referring to a periodic table, but not to Figure 7.7, place the following atoms in order of increasing
bonding atomic radius: N, O, P, Ge.

(a) N < O < P < Ge (b) P < N < O < Ge (c) O < N < Ge < P
(d) O < N < P < Ge (e) N < P < Ge < O

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Using the two periodic trends we can see that O < N and N < P. Ge is to the left
of As, so As < Ge. As is below P, so P < As and therefore P < Ge. Only answers (c) and (d) have O < N,
but answer (c) has the wrong order for Ge and P.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.3 Predicting Relative Sizes of Atomic and Ionic Radii
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Put the following atoms and ions in order of increasing ionic radius: F, S 2-, Cl, and Se2-.

(a) F < S2- < Cl < Se2- (b) F < Cl < S2- < Se2- (c) F < S2- < Se2- < Cl

(d) Cl < F < Se2- < S2- (e) S2- < F < Se2- < Cl

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Using the periodic trends in atomic radii, we see that F < Cl, From periodic
trends in ionic radii, we see that S2- < Se2-. Answers (d) and (e) don’t reflect these trends. We know that Cl
< S and S < S2-, therefore Cl < S2-. Thus, answers (a) and (c) are incorrect.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.4 Ionic Radii in an Isoelectronic Series

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Put the following atoms and ions in order of increasing ionic radius: Br -, Rb+, Se2-, Sr2+, and Te2-.

(a) Sr2+ < Rb+ < Br- < Se2- < Te2- (b) Br- < Sr2+ < Se2- < Te2- < Rb+

(c) Rb+ < Sr2+ < Se2- < Te2- < Br- (d) Rb+ < Br- < Sr2+ < Se2- < Te2-

(e) Sr2+ < Rb+ < Br- < Te2- < Se2-

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Sr2+, Rb+, Br-, and Se2- are part of an isoelectronic series. Hence the radii
increase in the order written, so answers (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect. Te is below Se in the periodic table,
so Te2- has a larger radius than Se2-. That makes (e) incorrect.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.5 Trends in Ionization Energy

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The third ionization energy of bromine is the energy required for which of the following processes?

 Br  (g )  e
(a) Br(g )  (b) Br  (g ) 
 Br 2 (g )  e

 Br 2 (g )  2e
(c) Br(g )   Br3 (g )  3e
(d) Br(g ) 

(e) Br 2 (g ) 
 Br3 (g )  e

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: All ionization energies involve the removal of one electron, so (c) and (d) are
incorrect. By definition, the third ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the third electron from
the atom. (a) defines the first ionization energy and (b) defines the second ionization energy.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.6 Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following statements about first ionization energies:

I. Because the effective nuclear charge for Mg is greater than that for Be, the first ionization energy
of Mg is greater than that of Be.

II. The first ionization energy of O is less than that of N because in O we must pair electrons in the 2p
orbitals.

III. The first ionization energy of Ar is less than that of Ne because a 3p electron in Ar is farther from
the nucleus than a 2p electron in Ne.

Which of the statements I, II, and III is or are true?

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Statement I is false; the first ionization energy of Mg is smaller than that for Be
because the Mg 3s electrons are farther from the nucleus than are the Be 2s electrons. Thus, answers (b),
(c), and (e) are incorrect. Statements II and III are both true, so answer (a) is incorrect.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.7 Electron Configurations of Ions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The ground electron configuration of a Tc atom is [Kr]5s 2 4d 5 . What is the electron configuration of a
Tc3 ion?

(a) [Kr]4d 4 (b) [Kr]5s 2 4d 2 (c) [Kr]5s1 4d 3 (d) [Kr]5s 2 4d 8 (e) [Kr]4d 10

<Answer: (a)>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.8 Properties of Metal Oxides

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Suppose that a metal oxide of formula M2 O3 were soluble in water. What would be the major product or
products of dissolving the substance in water?

(a) MH3 (aq) + O2 ( g ) (b) M(s) + H2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) (c) M3 (aq)  H2O2 (aq)
(d) M(OH)2 (aq) (e) M(OH)3 (aq)

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The reaction of a metal oxide with water produces the metal hydroxide, so
answers (a), (b), and (c) are incorrect. The compound contains 3+ ions, so answer (d) (whichhas 2+ ions) is
incorrect.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.9 Reactions of Nonmetal Oxides

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following oxides: SO2 , Y2O3 , MgO, Cl2O, and N2O5 . How many are expected to form
acidic solutions in water?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Y and Mg are metals while S, Cl, and N are nonmetals. We expect metal oxides
to be basic and nonmetal oxides to be acidic. Thus, three of the compounds are expected to form acidic
solutions.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 7.10 Reactions of an Alkali Metal

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following three statements about the reactivity of an alkali metal M with oxygen gas:

I. Based on their positions in the periodic table, the expected product is the ionic oxide M2 O.

II. Some of the alkali metals produce metal peroxides or metal superoxides when the react with
oxygen.

III. When dissolved in water, an alkali metal oxide produces a basic solution.

Which of the statements I, II, and III is or are true?

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: All three statements are true!>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Without looking at Table 8.2, predict which one of the following orderings of lattice energy is correct for
these ionic compounds.
(a) NaCl > MgO >CsI > ScN, (b) ScN > MgO > NaCl > CsI, (c) NaCl > CsI >ScN > CaO, (d) MgO >
NaCl > ScN > CsI, (e) ScN > CsI > NaCl > MgO.

<Answer: (b). Higher charges on the ions lead to larger lattice energies; after that, smaller ions lead to
larger lattice energies.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.2 Charges on Ions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these elements is most likely to form ions with a 2+ charge?
(a) Li, (b) Ca, (c) O, (d) P (e) Cl

<Answer: (b)

<Wrong answer feedback: (a): In what column of the periodic table does Li fall? c, d, e: Does this element
tend to form cations or anions?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.3 Lewis Structure of a Compound

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these molecules has the same number of shared and unshared electron pairs? (a) HCl, (b) H2S, (c)
PF3, (d) CCl2F2 (e) Br2.
<Answer: (b). H2S has two lone pairs and two shared pairs.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.4 Bond Polarity

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following bonds is the most polar? (a) H−F, (b) H−I, (c) Se−F, (d) N−P, (e) Ga−Cl.
<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Where are these atoms in the periodic table? What is the correlation of
differences in electronegativity between two atoms with the polarity of their bond?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.5 Dipole Moments of Diatomic Molecules

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Calculate the dipole moment for HF (bond length 0.917 Å), assuming that the bond is
completely ionic.
(a) 0.917 D, (b) 1.91 D, (c) 2.75 D, (d) 4.39 D, (e) 7.37 D

<Answer: (d). Other answers are derived from plugging in numbers incorrectly and
randomly multiplying things until the final numbers come out between 1 and 10>.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.6 Drawing a Lewis Structure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these molecules has a Lewis structure with a central atom having no nonbonding electron pairs?
(a) CO2, (b) H2S, (c) PF3, (d) SiF4, (e) more than one of a, b, c, d.

<Answer: e: Both a and d have central atoms with no nonbonding electron pairs>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.7 Lewis Structure with a Multiple Bond

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Draw the Lewis structure(s) for the molecule with the chemical formula C2H3N, where
the N is connected to only other atom. How many double bonds are there in the correct
Lewis structure ?
(a) zero, (b) one, (c) two, (d) three, (e) four.

<Answer: (a).>

<Wrong answer feedback for b, c, d, e: Look over your structures. Do they satisfy the
octet rule?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.8 Lewis Structure for a Polyatomic Ion

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many nonbonding electron pairs are there in the Lewis structure of the peroxide ion, O2 2-?
(a) 7, (b) 6, (c) 5, (d) 4, (e) 3.

<Answer: (b). >

<Wrong answer feedback: Other answers are for miscounting electrons by 1–2.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.9 Lewis Structures and Formal Charges

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Phosphorus oxychloride has the chemical formula POCl3, with P as the central atom. In order to minimize
formal charge, how many bonds does phosphorus make to the other atoms in the molecule? (Count each
single bond as one, each double bond as two, and each triple bond as three).
(a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 5, (d) 6, (e) 7

<Answer: (c) 5, three P-Cl bonds and a double P=O bond.

Wrong answer feedback: (a): You have to make bonds to 4 atoms. (b): What is the formal charge on P? Can
it be reduced? (d) and (e): Count bonds, not electrons. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.10 Resonance Structures

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these statements about resonance is true?
(a) When you draw resonance structures, it is permissible to alter the way atoms are connected.
(b) The nitrate ion has one long N-O bond and two short N-O bonds.
(c) "Resonance" refers to the idea that molecules are resonating rapidly between different bonding patterns.
(d) The cyanide ion has only one dominant resonance structure.
(e) All of the above are true.

<Answer: (d)>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a): Do you move atoms when you draw resonance structures? (b): Does nitrate
have resonance? If so, what does this mean about bond lengths? (c) This is false! Do you know why? (e)
No, only one of these five statements is true.>.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.11 Lewis Structure for an Ion with More than an Octet of Electrons
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In which of these molecules or ions is there only one lone pair of electrons on the central sulfur atom?
(a) SF4, (b) SF6, (c) SOF4, (d) SF2, (e) SO42-?
<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Wrong answers derive from wrong electron counts or drawing incorrect Lewis
structures>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 8.12 Using Average Bond Enthalpies

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Using Table 8.4, estimate ∆H for the "water splitting reaction": H2O(g) --> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g).
(a) 242 kJ, (b) 417 kJ, (c) 5 kJ, (d) -5 kJ, (e) -468 kJ

<Answer: (a).>

< Wrong answer feedback: b is for using single OO bond strength; c is for forgetting to multiply OO bond
by 1/2; d for doing same as c but wrong signs; e is all wrong signs>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.1 Using the VSEPR Model

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following AB3 molecules and ions: PCl3 , SO3 , AlCl3 , SO32 , and CH3 . How many of
these molecules and ions do you predict to have a trigonal-planar molecular geometry?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: For AB3 molecules that have an octet or fewer of electrons around A, there are
two possible molecular geometries. Those with three electron domains will exhibit a trigonal-planar
molecular geometry whereas those with four electron domains will exhibit a trigonal-pyramidal geometry.
Of the molecules and ions listed, SO3 , AlCl3 , and CH3 have three electron domains and will therefore
exhibit a trigonal-planar geometry. The other two will be trigonal pyramidal.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.2 Molecular Geometries of Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A certain AB4 molecule has a square-planar molecular geometry. Which of the following statements about
the molecule is or are true?:

I. The molecule has four electron domains about the central atom A.

II. The B — A — B angles between neighboring B atoms is 90.

III. The molecule has two nonbonding pairs of electrons on atom A.

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true
(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: We recognize that a square-planar shape dictates 90 angles between
neighboring B atoms, so statement II is true. We also recognize that a square-planar geometry can result
only from an octahedral electron-domain geometry in which there are two nonbonding domains (Table
9.3). Hence the molecule must have six electron domains and two of them must be nonbonding, so
statement I is false and statement III is true.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.3 Predicting Bond Angles

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The atoms of the compound methylhydrazine, CH6 N2 , which is used as a rocket propellant, are
connected as follows:
<UNF 9-22>

What do you predict for the ideal values of the C— N — N and H — N — H angles, respectively?

(a) 1095 and 1095 (b) 1095 and 120 (c) 120 and 1095

(d) 120 and 120 (e) None of the above

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: We need to determine the requested angles by using theVSEPR model. The
Lewis structure of the molecule shows that each N atom has three bonding and one nonbonding electron
domain. We therefore expect both N atoms to have a tetrahedral shape with ideal bond angles of 109.5. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.4 Polarity of Molecules

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider an AB3 molecule in which A and B differ in electronegativity. You are told that the molecule has
an overall dipole moment of zero. Which of the following could be the molecular geometry of the
molecule?

(a) trigonal pyramidal (b) trigonal planar (c) T-shaped

(d) tetrahedral (e) More than one of the above

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The trigonal-pyramidal and T-shaped geometries will have bond dipoles that
don’t cancel, so an AB3 molecule with either of these geometries would be polar. The tetrahedral shape is
one for AB4 molecules rather than AB3 Thus, only the trigonal-planar geometry will lead to a nonpolar
molecule.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.5 Describing the Hybridization of a Central Atom

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For which of the following molecules or ions does the following description apply: “The bonding can be
explained using a set of sp 2 hybrid orbitals, with one of the hybrid orbitals holding a nonbonding pair of
electrons.”?

(a) CO2 (b) H 2S (c) O3 (d) CO32

(e) More than one of the above

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) CO2 is linear and will therefore involve sp hybrids. (b) H 2S has a
tetrahedral electron-domain geometry and will involve sp3 hybridization. (d) CO32 does use sp 2 hybrid
orbitals, but there are no nonbonding electrons around the C atom. (e) Only one of the answers is correct.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.6 Describing  and  Bonds in a Molecule

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
We have just arrived at a bonding description for the formaldehyde molecule. Which of the following
statements about the molecule is or are true?:

I. Two of the electrons in the molecule are used to make the p bond in the molecule.

II. Six of the electrons in the molecule are used to make the  bonds in the molecule.

III. The C— O bond length in formaldehyde should be shorter than that in methanol, H3COH.

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The molecule has 12 valence electrons. Two are used to form the p bond, so
statement I is true. Six are used to make the three  bonds (one C— O and two C— H ), so statement II
is true. The remaining four electrons are in the two nonbonding pairs on O. The C— O bonds in
formaldehyde and methanol are double and single, respectively, so we expect the C— O bond in
formaldehyde to be shorter than the C— O bond in methanol. Statement III is therefore also true.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.7 Delocalized Bonding
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many electrons are in the p system of the ozone molecule, O3 ?

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 14 (e) 18

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) accounts for the single  bond in one of the localized resonance structures,
but does not include the nonbonding pair that is part of the  system. (c) is the number of  electrons in
benzene and the nitrate ion, which we discussed earlier. (d) is the number of electrons involved in forming
 bonds and in nonbonding electrons in the sp 2 hybrids. (e) is the total number of valence electrons in the
molecule.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.8 Bond Order

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many of the following molecules and ions have a bond order of 1:
2
H2 , H2 , H2 , and He22 ?

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 4

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: As discussed in the text, H 2 has a bond order of 1. He22 has two electrons and
is expected to have a bond order of 1. Both H 2 and H 2 both have a bond of 1.>
2

SAMPLE EXERCISE 9.9 Molecular Orbitals of a Period 2 Diatomic Ion

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Place the following molecular ions in order from smallest to largest bond order: C22 , N2 , O2 , and F2
(a) C22 < N2 < O2 < F2 (b) F2 < O2 < N2 < C22

(c) O2 < C22 < F2 < N2 (d) C22 < F2 < O2 < N2

(e) F2 < C22 < O2 < N2

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: We can use Figure 9.43 to predict the bond order upon the addition or removal
of electrons to or from the period 2 diatomics. The resulting bond orders are
F2 ( 12 ) < C22 (1) < O2 (1 12 ) < N2 (2 12 ). >
SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.1 Torricelli’s Barometer
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What would be the height of the column if the external pressure was 101 kPa and water (d = 1.00 g/cm3)
was used in place of mercury? (a) 0.0558 m, (b) 0.760 m, (c) 1.03 × 104 m, (d) 10.3 m, (e) 0.103 m.

<Answer: (d) 10.3 m>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) Because water is less dense than mercury it doesn’t make sense that the
height of the water column would be less than the height of the mercury column, 0.760 m. Check your
algebra. (b) This is the height of the column for a mercury barometer, but the height of the water column
will be higher because water is less dense than mercury. (c) This value is too large. Check to make sure
that your units cancel properly. (e) Because water is less dense than mercury it doesn’t make sense that the
height of the water column would be less than the height of the mercury column, 0.760 m. Check your
algebra.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.2 Using a Manometer to Measure Gas Pressure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If the gas inside the flask in the above exercise is cooled so that its pressure is reduced to a value of 715.7
torr what will be the height of the mercury in the open-end arm? (Hint: The sum of the heights in both arms
must remain constant regardless of the change in pressure.) (a) 49.0 mm, (b) 95.6 mm, (c) 144.6 mm, (d)
120.1 mm.
<Answer: (b) 95.6 mm>
<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This is the difference in height between the two columns of mercury, not the
height of the mercury in the open-end arm. (c) This is the height of the mercury in the arm in contact with
the gas. (d) If the open-end arm had this height the other arm would have to have the same height. This
would only be realized if the pressure inside the flask and the atmospheric pressure were equal, which is
not the case.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.3 Evaluating the Effects of Changes in P, V, n, and T on a Gas

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A helium balloon is filled to a volume of 5.60 liters at 25C. What will the volume of the balloon become
if it is put into liquid nitrogen to lower the temperature of the helium to 77 K? (a) 17 L, (b) 22 L, (c) 1.4 L,
(d) 0.046 L, (e) 3.7 L.

<Answer: (c) 1.4 L>

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) It would go against the principle of Charles’ law for the volume to increase
when the temperature decreases. Did you remember to convert your temperatures to the Kelvin scale? (b)
It would go against the principle of Charles’ law for the volume to increase when the temperature
decreases. Did you correctly manipulate the variables in Charles law? (d) Did you use Charles law to solve
this problem? If so double check your manipulation of the variables. (e) This is the absolute value of the
answer you would get if you used temperatures in degrees Celsius. The gas laws only work if you convert
the temperatures to Kelvin.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.4 Using the Ideal-Gas Equation
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The Goodyear blimp contains 5.74 × 106 L of helium at 25 °C and 1.00 atm. What is the mass in grams of
the helium inside the blimp? (a) 2.30 × 107 g, (b) 2.80 × 106 g, (c) 1.12 × 107 g, (d) 2.34 × 105 g, (e) 9.39 ×
105 g.

<Answer: (e) 9.39 × 105 g >

<WRONG ANSWER FEEDBACK. (a) This answer is just the volume times the molar mass of He. (b)
Did you forget to convert temperature from Celsius to kelvins, and forget to convert from moles of He to
grams of He? (c) Did you forget to convert temperature from Celsius to kelvins? (d) Did you forget to
convert from moles He to grams He?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.5 Calculating the Effect of Temperature Changes on Pressure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If you fill your car tire to a pressure of 32 psi (pounds per square inch) on a hot summer day when the
temperature is 35 °C (95 °F), what is the pressure (in psi) on a cold winter day when the temperature is –
15 °C (5 °F)? Assume no gas leaks out between measurements and the volume of the tire does not change.
(a) 38 psi, (b) 27 psi, (c) –13.7 psi, (d) 1.8 psi, (e) 13.7 psi.

<Answer: (b) 27 psi >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) You appear to have manipulated the ideal gas equation incorrectly. Recheck
your algebra. (c) A negative pressure does not make physical sense. Did you remember to convert from
Celsius to Kelvin? (d) You appear to have manipulated the ideal gas equation incorrectly. Recheck your
algebra. (e) Did you remember to convert from Celsius to Kelvin? >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.6 Using the Combined Gas Law

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A gas occupies a volume of 0.75 L at 20 C at 720 torr. What volume would the gas occupy at 41 C and
760 torr? (a) 1.45 L, (b) 0.85 L, (c) 0.76 L, (d) 0.66 L, (e) 0.35 L.

<Answer: (b) 0.76 L >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) Did you remember to convert from Celsius to Kelvin? (b) You appear to
have manipulated the combined gas equation incorrectly. Recheck your algebra. (d) You appear to have
manipulated the combined gas equation incorrectly. Recheck your algebra. (e) You appear to have
manipulated the combined gas equation incorrectly and forgot to convert from Celsius to Kelvin. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.7 Calculating Gas Density

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the density of methane, CH4, in a vessel where the pressure is 910 torr and the temperature is 255
K? (a) 0.92 g/L, (b) 697 g/L, (c) 0.057 g/L, (d) 16 g/L, (e) 0.72 g/L.

<Answer: (a) 0.92 g/L >

<Wrong answer feedback. (b) Did you remember to convert the pressure to atm? (c) This is the number of
moles per liter. Did you forget to multiply by the molar mass of methane? (d) This is the molar mass of
methane, not the density of methane under these conditions. (e) This is the density of methane at STP, not
under the conditions given in this problem. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.8 Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the molar mass of an unknown hydrocarbon whose density is measured to be 1.97 g/L at STP? (a)
4.0 g/mol, (b) 30 g/mol, (c) 44 g/mol, (d) 48 g/mol.

<Answer: (c) 44 g/mol >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) How could a hydrocarbon have a molar mass less than the element carbon?
Did you remember to use a temperature in K rather than °C? (b) This is incorrect. Check your algebra and
the values of P and T that you used for STP. (d) Did you use a temperature of 298 K? Remember, the
temperature at STP is 273 K. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.9 Relating Gas Variables and Reaction Stoichiometry

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
When silver oxide is heated it decomposes according to the reaction:


2 Ag2O(s)   4 Ag(s) + O2(g)
If 5.76 g of Ag2O is heated and the O2 gas produced by the reaction is collected in an evacuated flask,what
is the pressure of the O2 gas if the volume of the flask is 0.65 L and the gas temperature is 25 °C? (a) 0.94
atm, (b) 0.039 atm, (c) 0.012 atm, (d) 0.47 atm, (e) 3.2 atm.

<Answer: (d) 0.47 atm >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) Did you remember to take the reaction stoichiometry into account? There is
1 mol of O2 produced for every 2 mol of Ag2O that decomposes. (b) Did you remember to convert your
temperature from °C to K? (c) This is the number of moles O2 produced, not its pressure. (e) This is
incorrect. Check your algebra and make sure your units cancel correctly. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.10 Applying Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A 15 L cylinder contains 4.0 g of hydrogen and 28 g of nitrogen. If the temperature is 27 C what is the
total pressure of the mixture? (a) 0.44 atm, (b) 1.6 atm, (c) 3.3 atm, (d) 4.9 atm, (e) 9.8 atm.

<Answer: (d) 4.9 atm >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) Did you remember to convert your temperature from °C to K? (b) This is the
partial pressure of nitrogen, not the total pressure. (c) This is the partial pressure of hydrogen, not the total
pressure. (e) Did you forget that hydrogen and nitrogen are both diatomic gases? >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.11 Relating Mole Fractions and Partial Pressures

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A 4.0 L vessel containing N2 at STP and a 2.0 L vessel containing H2 at STP are connected by a valve. If
the valve is opened allowing the two gases to mix, what is the mole fraction hydrogen in the mixture? (a)
0.034, (b) 0.33, (c) 0.50, (d) 0.67, (e) 0.96.

<Answer: (b) 0.33 >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This is the mass percent H2, not the mole fraction. (c) This is would be
correct if the two vessels had the same volume, but they do not. (d) This is the mole fraction N2. (e) This is
the mass percent N2.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.12 Applying the Kinetic-Molecular Theory

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider two gas cylinders of the same volume and temperature, one containing 1.0 mol of propane, C 3H8,
and the other 2.0 mol of methane, CH4. Which of the following statements is true? (a) The C3H8 and CH4
molecules have the same urms, (b) The C3H8 and CH4 molecules have the same average kinetic energy, (c)
The rate at which the molecules collide with the cylinder walls is the same for both cylinders, (d) The gas
pressure is the same in both cylinders.

<Answer: (b) The C3H8 and Ne molecules have the same average kinetic energy >
<Wrong answer feedback. (a) To have the same urms both gases have to have the same temperature and the
same molar mass. In this case the lighter CH4 molecules will have a higher urms. (c) The CH4 molecules are
lighter, which means they will have a faster average speed, and there are more molecules per unit volume
in the CH4 cylinder. Consequently the CH4 molecules will have a higher rate of collisions with the cylinder
walls. (d) Both gases have the same volume and temperature, but different number of moles. Both the ideal
gas law and kinetic-molecular theory tell us that the cylinder that contains twice as many moles must have
twice the pressure.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.13 Calculating a Root-Mean-Square Speed

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks for the following statement: The rms speed of the molecules in a sample of H2 gas at 300
K will be ____ times larger than the rms speed of O2 molecules at the same temperature, and the ratio
urms(H2)/urms(O2) _____ with increasing temperature. (a) four, will not change, (b) four, will increase, (c)
sixteen, will not change, (d) sixteen, will decrease (e) Not enough information is given to answer this
question.

<Answer: (a) four, will not change >

<Wrong answer feedback. (b) The rms speed for both gases will change by the same factor if the
temperature changes. (c) O2 molecules are 16 times heavier than H2 molecules, but in equation 10.18 the
rms speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass. (d) O2 molecules are 16 times
heavier than H2 molecules, but Equation 10.18 shows the rms speed is inversely proportional to the square
root of the molar mass. Furthermore, equation 10.18 shows that the rms speed for both gases will change
by the same factor if the temperature changes. (e) All that is needed to answer this question is the
temperature and the molar mass of each gas, both of which are given.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.14 Applying Graham’s Law

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In a system for separating gases a tank containing a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is connected
to a much larger tank where the pressure is kept very low. The two tanks are separated by a porous
membrane through which the molecules must effuse. If the initial partial pressures of each gas are 5.00 atm,
what will be the mole fraction of hydrogen in the tank after the partial pressure of carbon dioxide has
declined to 4.50 atm? (a) 52.1%, (b) 37.2%, (c) 32.1%, (d) 4.68%, (e) 27.4%.

<Answer: (b) 37.2% >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) H2 is lighter and should effuse faster than CO2 so it does not make sense that
the mole fraction of H2 would increase. Did you manipulate equation 10.20 correctly? (c) This is not
correct; double check your algebra. (d) H2 will effuse 4.68 times faster than CO2 but this is not the mole
fraction of H2 remaining in the mixture. (e) Did you forget that hydrogen is a diatomic gas and its molar
mass is 2.016 g/mol?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 10.15 Using the van der Waals Equation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Calculate the pressure of a 2.975 mol sample of N2 in a 0.7500 L flask at 300.0 C using the van der Waals
equation and then repeat the calculation using the ideal gas equation. Within the limits of the significant
figures justified by these parameters will the ideal gas equation overestimate or underestimate the pressure,
and if so by how much? (a) Underestimate by 17.92 atm, (b) Overestimate by 21.87 atm, (c)
Underestimate by 0.06 atm, (d) Overestimate by 0.06 atm.

<Answer: (c) Underestimate by 0.06 atm >

<Wrong answer feedback. (a) This would be the answer if you neglect the correction to the pressure of a
real gas in the van der Waals equation (if you set b = 0). (b) This would be the answer if you neglect the
correction to the volume of a real gas in the van der Waals equation (if you set a = 0). (d) The magnitude of
the difference is correct, but the direction is not. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 11.1 Identifying Substances That Can Form Hydrogen Bonds
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following substances is most likely to be a liquid at room temperature?
(a) formaldehyde, H2CO, (b) fluoromethane, CH3F, (c) hydrogen cyanide, HCN, (d) hydrogen peroxide,
H2O2, (e) hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

<Answer: (d). The fact that a low-molecular weight substance is a liquid at room temperature suggests the
presence of hydrogen bonding. To find a compound that can form hydrogen bonds, we look for H−F, H−O
or H−N bonds. In (a), (b), and (c) H is bonded to C in every case; in (e) it is bonded to S. In (d), however,
there is a O−H bond. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 11.2 Predicting Types and Relative Strengths of Intermolecular

Attractions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
List the substances Ar, Cl2, CH4, and CH3COOH, in order of increasing strength of intermolecular
attractions.
(a) CH4 < Ar < CH3COOH < Cl2, (b) CH4 > Ar > CH3COOH > Cl2, (c) CH4 < Ar < Cl2 < CH3COOH, (d)
CH4 > Ar > Cl2 > CH3COOH, (e) Ar < Cl2 < CH4 < CH3COOH
< Answer: (c). All the compounds except CH3COOH are nonpolar and therefore have only dispersion
forces. The dispersion forces increase in strength in order of increasing molecular weight (in parentheses):
CH4 (16) < Ar (40) < Cl2 (71); CH3COOH (70) has about the same molecular weight as Cl2 but can
participate in hydrogen bonding, giving it the strongest attractions. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 11.3 Calculating H for Temperature and Phase Changes

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What information about water is needed to calculate the enthalpy change for converting 1 mol H 2O(g) at
100 oC to H2O(l) at 80 oC?
(a) heat of fusion, (b) heat of vaporization, (c) heat of vaporization and specific heat of H2O(g), (d)
heat of vaporization and specific heat of H2O(l), (e) heat of fusion and specific heat of H2O(l)

< Answer: (d). To calculate the enthalpy change associated with converting vapor to liquid, we need the
heat of vaporization. To calculate the enthalpy change associated with cooling the liquid from 100 oC to 80
o
C, we need the specific heat of the liquid >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 11.4 Relating Boiling Point to Vapor Pressure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In the mountains, water in an open container will boil when
(a) its critical temperature exceeds room temperature
(b) its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure
(c) its temperature is 100oC
(d) enough energy is supplied to break covalent bonds
(e) none of these is correct
<Answer: (b); liquids boil when their vapor pressure equals the external pressure above the liquid. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 11.5 Interpreting a Phase Diagram

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Based on the phase diagram for methane (Figure 11.30), what happens to methane as it is heated from
−250 oC to 0 oC at a pressure of 10-2 atm?
(a) It sublimes at about −200 oC, (b) It melts at about −200 oC, (c) It boils at about −200 oC, (d) It
condenses at about −200 oC, (e) reaches the triple point at about −200 oC.
< Answer: (a); when we move left to right across the phase diagram at 10-2 atm, we cross the line
separating solid from gas at about −200 0C. This phase transition is sublimation. >
<Feedback for wrong answers: TO COME>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 11.6 Properties of Liquid Crystals

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Liquid crystalline phases are produced by
(a) short, flexible molecules, (b) complete lack of order among molecules, (c) Three dimensional order
among molecules, (d) highly branched molecules, (e) rod-shaped molecules
< Answer: (e); the molecules have some order, but not in all three dimensions as in crystalline solids. Thus
we can eliminate (b) and (c). >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 12.1 Calculating Packing Efficiency

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the two-dimensional square lattice of Figure 12.4. The "packing efficiency" for a two-
dimensional structure would be the area of the atoms divided by the area of the unit cell, times 100%. What
is the packing efficiency for a square lattice for atoms of radius a/2 that are centered at the lattice points?
(a) 3.14%, (b) 15.7% , (c) 31.8% , (d) 74.0% , (e) 78.5%

<Answer: (e).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a): used wrong formula for area of circle or forgot to divide by 4; (b): divided
by 2 and 10x to get a reasonable number; (c) is inverse of a times 100%; (d) is if they think 74% is a
theoretical limit.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 12.2 Calculating the Density of an Ionic Solid

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Given the ionic radii and molar masses of Sc3+ (0.88 Å, 45.0 g/mol) and F– (1.19 Å, 19.0 g/mol) what value
do you estimate for the density of ScF3, whose structure is shown in Figure 12.27? (a) 5.99 g/cm3, (b) 1.44
× 1024 g/mol, (c) 19.1 g/cm3, (d) 2.39 g/cm3, (e) 5.72 g/cm3.
<Answer: (d) 2.39 g/cm3>

<wrong answer feedback. (a) Did you assume there were 4 Sc and 4 F per unit cell as in NaCl? This is a
different structure so you need to correctly identify the number of cations and anions per unit cell. (b) Did
you forget to divide the molar masses by Avogadro’s number? (c) Did you take the cell edge to be r(Sc) +
r(F) rather than 2r(Sc) + 2r(F). (e) This answer is wrong, check your calculations)>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 12.3 Qualitative Comparison of Semiconductor Band Gaps

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these statements is false?
(a) As you go down column 4A in the periodic table, the elemental solids become more electrically
conducting, (b) As you go down column 4A in the periodic table, the band gaps of the elemental solids
decrease, (c) The valence electron count for a compound semiconductor averages out to 4 per atom, (d)
Band gap energies of semiconductors range from ~ 0.1 – 3.5 eV, (e) In general, the more polar the bonds
are in compound semiconductors, the smaller the band gap.

<Answer: (e).>

<Wrong answer feedback. Statement (e) is false because the reverse is true: more polar bonds are
correlated with a larger band gap>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 12.4 Identifying Types of Semiconductors
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these doped semiconductors would yield a p-type material? (These choices are written as host
atom: dopant atom).
(a) Ge:P, (b) Si:Ge, (c) Si:Al, (d) Ge:S, (e) Si:N.

<Answer: (c).>

< Wrong answer feedback for rest: compare the valence electron count of the host atom with the dopant
atom. The dopant atom should have fewer valence electrons than the host for a p-type material.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.1 Predicting Solubility Patterns

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following solvents will best dissolve wax, which is a complex mixture of
compounds that mostly are CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2------?
<UNF 13-2(1)>

<Answer: (a).>

<Wrong answer feedback for others: Which one of these molecules looks most like the structure of wax?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.2 A Henry’s Law Calculation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
You double the partial pressure of a gas over a liquid at constant temperature. Which of these statements is
then true?
(a) The Henry’s Law constant is doubled, (b) The Henry’s Law constant is decreased by half, (c) There are
half as many gas molecules in the liquid, (d) There are twice as many gas molecules in the liquid, (e)
There is no change in the number of gas molecules in the liquid.

<Answer: (d). >

<Wrong answer feedback: a and b: How is Henry’s Law constant defined? c and e: How does solubility
relate to the number of gas molecules in the liquid?>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.3 Calculation of Mass-Related Concentrations
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Calculate the mass percentage of NaCl in a solution containing 1.50 g of NaCl in 50.0 g of water.
(a) 0.0291% , (b) 0.0300%, (c) 0.0513%, (d) 2.91% , (e) 3.00%.

<Answer: (d).>

<Wrong answer feedback for a, b: Did you forget to multiply by 100%? c: Did you calculate molarity
instead of mass percentage? e: Recall the definition of mass percentage.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.4 Calculation of Molality

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Suppose you take a solution and add more solvent, so that the original mass of solvent is doubled. You
take this new solution and add more solute, so that the original mass of the solute is doubled. What
happens to the molality of the final solution, compared to the original molality?
(a) It is doubled, (b) It is decreased by half, (c) It is unchanged, (d) It will increase or decrease depending
on the molar mass of the solute, (e) There is no way to tell without knowing the molar mass of the solute.

<Answer: (c).>

< Wrong answer feedback for a, b, d: Recall the definition of molality. e: If you doubled the moles of the
solute, doesn't that mean you doubled the grams of solute?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.5 Calculation of Mole Fraction and Molality

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The solubility of oxygen gas in water at 40 ˚C is 1.0 mmol per liter of solution. What is this concentration
in units of mole fraction?
(a) 1.00 x 10-6, (b) 1.80 x 10-5, (c) 1.00 x 10-2 (d) 1.80 x 10-2,(e) 5.55 x 10-2

<answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a): Did you forget to convert to moles of water?; (c): Check your units!; (d):
Did you forget about mmol, of oxygen?; (e) : you multiplied when you should have divided.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.6 Calculation of Molarity Using the Density of the Solution
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Maple syrup has a density of 1.325 g/mL, and 100.00 grams of maple syrup contains 67 mg of calcium in
the form of Ca2+ ions. What is the molarity of calcium in maple syrup?
(a) 0.017 M, (b) 0.022 M , (c) 0.89 M , (d) 12.6 M , (e) 45.4 M
<answer: (b).>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a): Did you remember to take into account the density of maple syrup? (c): Did
you remember to take calcium’s atomic weight into account?; (d), (e): Watch your units!>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.7 Calculation of Vapor Pressure of a Solution

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The vapor pressure of benzene, C6H6, is 100.0 torr at 26.1 ˚C. Assuming Raoult’s law is obeyed, how many
moles of a nonvolatile solute must be added to 100.0 mL of benzene to decrease its vapor pressure by
10.0% at 26.1 ˚C? The density of benzene is 0.8765 g/cm3. (a) 0.011237, (b) 0.11237, (c) 0.1248, (d)
0.1282, (e) 8.765.
<answer: (c).>
<Wrong answer feedback: (a): Check the final vapor pressure of the solution; (b): Check your math; (d):
You forgot about the density of benzene; (e):You forgot to include benzene’s molar mass>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.8 Calculation of Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point

Depression
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which aqueous solution will have the lowest freezing point? (a) 0.050 m CaCl2, (b) 0.15 m NaCl, (c) 0.10
m HCl, (d) 0.050 m CH3COOH, (e) 0.20 m C12H22O11.

<answer: (b).

<Wrong answer feedback in general: You need to compare how many solute particles are formed for each
solution, and find which solution has the largest.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.9 Osmotic Pressure Calculations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following actions will raise the osmotic pressure of a solution? (a) decreasing the solute
concentration, (b) decreasing the temperature, (c) adding more solvent, (d) increasing the temperature, (e)
none of the above.

<answer: (d).>

<Wrong answer feedback for (a) and (b): Recall the equation for osmotic pressure; (c): Does adding
solvent decrease or increase the solute concentration? (e): Check the osmotic pressure equation.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.10 Molar Mass from Freezing-Point Depression

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A mysterious white powder could be powdered sugar (C12H22O11), cocaine (C17H21NO4), codeine
(C18H21NO3), norfenefrine (C8H11NO2), or fructose (C6H12O6). When 80 mg of the powder is dissolved in
1.50 mL of ethanol (d = 0.789 g/cm3, normal freezing point −114.6 ˚C, Kf = 1.99 ˚C/m), the freezing point
is lowered to −115.5 ˚C. What is the identity of the white powder? (a) powdered sugar, (b) cocaine, (c)
codeine, (d) norfenefrine, (e) fructose.

<answer: (d).>

<wrong answer feedback: Check your math and check the molar masses of the possible white powders.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 13.11 Molar Mass from Osmotic Pressure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Proteins frequently form complexes in which 2, 3, 4 or even more individual proteins (“monomers”)
interact specifically with each other via hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions. The entire assembly
of proteins can act as one unit in solution, and this assembly is called the “quaternary structure” of the
protein. Suppose you discover a new protein whose monomer molar mass is 25,000 g/mol. You measure
an osmotic pressure of 0.0916 atm at 37 ˚C for 7.20 g of the protein in 10.00 mL of an aqueous solution.
How many protein monomers form the quaternary protein structure in solution? Treat the protein as a
nonelectrolyte. (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4 , (e) 8.

<Answer: (e). >

<Wrong answer feedback: Watch your units. The molar mass of the protein you calculate is for the
quaternary structure; if you divide the molar mass you calculate by the molar mass of the monomer, you
will find how many monomers make up the complex.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.1 Calculating an Average Rate of Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If the experiment in Figure 14.3 is run for 60 s, 0.16 mol A remain.. Which of the following statements is
or are true?

I. After 60 s there are 0.84 mol B in the flask.

II. The decrease in the number of moles of A from t1 = 0 s to t2 = 20 s is greater than that for t1 = 40
to t2 = 60 s.

III. The average rate for the reaction from t1 = 40 to t2 = 60 s is 7.0 x 10-3 M/s.

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: All three statements are true. For I, the increase in mol B must equal the
decrease inmol A. For II, we see that the number of moles of A decreases by 0.46 mol from 0 s to 20 s,
whereas the decrease from 40 s to 60 s is 0.14 mol. For III, we calculate the average rate as –(0.30 M – 0.16
M)/(60 s – 40 s) = 7.0 x 10-3 M/s.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.2 Calculating an Instantaneous Rate of Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of thefollowing could be the instantaneous rate of the reaction in Figure 14.4 at t = 1000 s? <run in
anwers below to save space; if set as list, omit punctuation>

(a) 1.2 x 10-4 M/s , (b) 8.8 x 10-5 M/s , (c) 6.3 x 10-5 M/s ,

(d) 2.7 x 10-5 M/s, (e) More than one of these.

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The point for t = 1000 s is not on the graph so we can’t easily calculate the
actual instantaneous rate. But we can figure out which of these is an acceptable value. As we see in the
figure, the instantaneous rate decreases as t increases. Thus, the instantaneous rate at t = 1000 s must be less
than that at t = 600 s, which we saw to be 6.3 x 10-5 M/s . Only answer (d) is less than this value.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.3 Relating Rates at Which Products Appear and Reactants
Disappear
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
At a certain time in a reaction, substance A is disappearing at a rate of 4.0 x 10-2 M/s, substance B is
appearing at a rate of 2.0 x 10-2 M/s, and substance C is appearing at a rate of 6.0 x 10 -2 M/s. Which of the
following could be the stoichiometry for the reaction being studied?
<set answers in tabular list as shown here>
(a) 2A  B 
 3C (b) A 
 2B + 3C (c) 2A 
 B + 3C

(d) 4A 
 2B + 3C (e) A + 2B 
 3C

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Substance A is disappearing and substances B and C are appearing; thus A is a
reactant and B and C are products. Hence (a) and (e) can’t be correct. The rate that A is disappearing is
twice as great as the rate that B is appearing, so the coefficient for A must be twice as great as that for B,
thus eliminating answer (b). Finally, we see that C is appearing 1.5 times as fast as A is disappearing, so the
coefficient on C must be 1.5 times as great as that on A, eliminating (d).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.4 Relating a Rate Law to the Effect of Concentration on Rate
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Suppose the rate law for the reaction in this Sample Exercise were rate  k[A]2 [B]. What would be the
ordering of the rates for the three mixtures shown above, from slowest to fastest?

(a) 1 < 2 < 3 (b) 1 < 3 < 2 (c) 3 < 2 < 1 (d) 2 < 1 < 3 (e) 3 < 1 < 2

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: We use the same expressions as above except we now square the number of red
spheres and not the number of purple spheres. Box 1 gives the same result as before: 125k. Boxes 2 and 3
will switch values, namely 147k for Box 2 and 63k for Box 3. Thus the order from slowest to fastest is 3 <
1 < 2.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.5 Determining Reaction Orders and Units for Rate Constants
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for Equation 14.11?

(a) M  2 s1 (b) M  2 s s1 (d) M  2 s1 (e) M  2 s

1 1 1 1 3 3 1
2 (c) M 2 2

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Answers (b) and (d) are incorrect because the exponent on seconds is always
1 for rate constants. The overall reaction order is 3/2, so the units of the rate constant have to “cancel”
M  2 . Answers (c) and (e) have the correct exponent on seconds, but incorrect exponents on M.>
1

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.6 Determining a Rate Law from Initial Rate Data
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A certain reaction X  Y   Z is described as being first order in [X] and third order overall. Which of
the following statements is or are true?:

I. The rate law for the reaction is: Rate  k[X][Y]2 .

II. If the concentration of X is increased by a factor of 1.5, the rate will increase by a factor of 2.25.

III. If the concentration of Y is increased by a factor of 1.5, the rate will increase by a factor of 2.25.

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Statement I gives a rate law that is first order in [X] and third order overall. It is
therefore true. Because the reaction is first order in [X], increasing [X] by a factor of 1.5 will increase the
rate by the same factor. Statement II is therefore false. Because the reaction is second order in [Y],
increasing [Y] by a factor of 1.5 will increase the rate by (1.5) 2 = 2.25, so Statement III is true.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.7 Using the Integrated First-Order Rate Law

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
At 25°C, the decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5(g), into NO2(g) and O2(g) follows first-order
kinetics with k = 3.4 x 10-5 s-1. A sample of N2O5 with an initial pressure of 760 torr decomposes at 25°C
until its partial pressure is 650 torr. How much time (in s) has elapsed?

(a) 5.3 x 10-6 (b) 2000 (c) 4600 (d) 34,000 (e) 190,000

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You multiplied rather than divided by k. (b) You used log rather than ln. (d)
Remember to take the ln of the pressures. (e) You used ln(650) but forgot ln (760).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.8 Determining Reaction Order from the Integrated Rate Law
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For a certain reaction A 
 products, a plot of ln[A] vs. time produces a straight line with a slope of
3.0 102 s1. Which of the following statements is or are true?:

I. The reaction follows first-order kinetics.

II. The rate constant for the reaction is 3.0 102 s1.

III. The initial concentration of [A] was 1.0 M.

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Because the plot of ln[A] vs. t is linear, the reaction is first order and Statement
I is true. The slope of the line is the negative of the rate constant, so Statement II is true. No information is
given about the initial concentration of [A] nor do we know the y-intercept of the plot, so Statement III is
false.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.9 Determining the Half-Life of a First-Order Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
We noted in an earlier Practice Exercise that at 25°C the decomposition of N 2O5(g) into NO2(g) and O2(g)
follows first-order kinetics with k = 3.4 x 10-5 s-1. How long will it take for a sample originally containing
2.0 atm of N2O5 to reach a partial pressure of 380 torr?

(a) 5.7 hr (b) 8.2 hr (c) 11 hr (d) 16 hr (e) 32 hr

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You only considered one half-life instead of two. (b) You used only one
half-life and forgot the ln(2) factor. (d) You forgot the ln(2) factor. (e) Check your math—you squared a
number instead of adding.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.10 Activation Energies and Speeds of Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following statements is or are true?

I. The activation energies for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction can be different.

Ea
II. Assuming that A is constant, if both and T increase, then k will increase.

Ea
III. For two different reactions, the one with the smaller value of will necessarily have the larger
value for k.
(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The drawings with this exercise demonstrate that Statement I is true. Because
the exponential term in the Arrhenius equation is  Ea / RT , if both Ea and T increase, the term can get
larger or smaller, depending on the actual changes. Thus, Statement II is false. Different reactions can have
different values for the frequency factor A, so it is possible for one reaction to have a larger value of Ea but
to have the larger value of k. Statement III is therefore false.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.11 Determining the Activation Energy

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Using the data in Sample Exercise 14.11, which of the following is the rate constant for the rearrangement
of methyl isonitrile at 320C?

15 1 13 1 9 1
(a) 8.110 s (b) 2.2 10 s (c) 2.7 10 s

1 1 3 1
(d) 2.3 10 s (e) 9.2 10 s

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Check your use of the equation—did you insert temperatures correctly? (b)
You forgot to convert 320C to K. (c) Check your algebra—you lost a minus sign somewhere. (e) You
calculated the exponential part correctly, but forgot to multiply by the value of the rate constant at another
temperature.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.12 Determining Molecularity and Identifying Intermediates

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following two-step reaction mechanism:

A( g )  B(g ) 
 X( g )  Y(g )
X( g )  C(g ) 
 Y( g )  Z(g )

Which of the following statements about this mechanism is or are true?

I. Both of the steps in this mechanism are bimolecular.

II. The overall reaction is A( g )  B(g )  C(g ) 

 Y( g )  Z(g ).

III. The substance X(g) is an intermediate in this mechanism.

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true
(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Both elementary reactions involve the collision of two molecules, so Statement I
is true. The overall reaction is A( g )  B(g )  C(g )   2 Y( g )  Z(g ), so Statement II is incorrect.
Substance X is produced in the first step and consumed in the second. It does not appear in the overall
reaction so it is an intermediate. Statement III is therefore correct.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.13 Predicting the Rate Law for an Elementary Reaction
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following reaction: 2 A  B   X  2 Y. You are told that the first step in the mechanism
of this reaction has the following rate law: Rate = k[A][B]. Which of the following could be the first step in
the reaction mechanism (note that substance Z is an intermediate)?

(a) A  A 
YZ (b) A 
XZ (c) A  A  B 
XYY

(d) B 
XY (e) A  B 
XZ

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The rate of the first step tells us that it must be a bimolecular reaction that
involves a molecule of A and a molecule of B. Only (e) has A and B reacting by themselves.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.14 Determining the Rate Law for a Multistep Mechanism
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Let’s consider a hypothetical reaction similar to that in Practice Exercise 1 of Sample Exercise 14.13:
2 C  D   J  2 K. You are told that the rate of this reaction is second order overall and second order in
[C]. Could any of the following be a rate-determining first step in a reaction mechanism that is consistent
with the observed rate law for the reaction (note that substance Z is an intermediate)?

(a) C  C 
KZ (b) C 
JZ (c) C  D 
JZ

(d) D 
JK (e) None of these are consistent with the observed rate law.

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: The first thing we need to realize is that the rate law is Rate = k[C]2. We
therefore need an elementary reaction that is bimolecular and involves two molecules of C reacting with
one another. Only answer (a) fits this requirement, so (b), (c), and (d) are wrong. Because (a) is consistent
with the observed rate law, (e) is incorrect.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 14.15 Deriving the Rate Law for a Mechanism with a Fast Initial Step
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following hypothetical reaction: 2 P  Q 
 2 R  S. The following mechanism is proposed
for this reaction:
 P+P T (fast)

Q + T 
 R  U (slow)
U 
 R  S (fast)

Substances T and U are unstable intermediates. What rate law is predicted by this mechanism?

(a) Rate  k[P]2 (b) Rate  k[P][Q] (c) Rate  k[P]2 [Q]

(d) Rate  k[P][Q]2 (e) Rate  k[U]

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) would be the correct answer if the first step were the rate-determining step.
(b) is not correct because there is not bimolecular step involving P and Q. (d) can’t be correct because
there is only one molecule of Q in the mechanism. (e) would be the rate law if the third step were rate
determining, and we would then have to solve for [U] because it is an unstable intermediate.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.1 Writing Equilibrium-Constant Expressions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

For the reaction 2 SO2 (g)  O2 ( g ) 2 SO3 (g ) which of the following is the correct equilibrium-
constant expression?
2 2
[SO 2 ] [O 2 ] 2[SO 2 ][O 2 ] [SO3 ] 2[SO3 ]
(a) K C  2
, (b) K C  , (c) K C  2
, (d) K C 
[SO3 ] 2[SO3 ] [SO 2 ] [O 2 ] 2[SO 2 ][O 2 ]

2
[SO3 ]
<Answer: (c) K C  2
>
[SO 2 ] [O 2 ]

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Remember that it is products over reactants in the equilibrium-constant
expression. (b) Remember that it is products over reactants in the equilibrium-constant expression and that
the concentrations are raised to the power of the coefficients in the balanced equation. (d) Remember that
the concentrations are raised to the power of the coefficients in the balanced equation.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.2 Converting between Kc and K p

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For which of the following reactions is the ratio Kp/Kc largest at 300 K? (a) N2 (g )  O2 (g ) 2 NO(g ) ,
(b) CaCO3 (s) CaO(s)  CO2 (g ) , (c) Ni(CO)4 (g ) Ni(s)  4 CO(g ) , (d) C(s)  2 H2 (g ) CH4 (g ) ?

<Answer: (c) Ni(CO)4 (g ) Ni(s)  4 CO(g ) >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) The number of moles of gas does not change, Δn = 0, so Kp/Kc = 1, which is
not as large as some other choices. (b) Δn = 1, so Kp/Kc will be greater than 1 for all temperatures above
12.2 K, but this ratio is not as large as some other choices, (c) Δn = −1, so Kp/Kc will be less than 1 for all
temperatures above 12.2 K.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.3 Interpreting the Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The equilibrium constant for the reaction N2 O4 ( g ) 2 NO2 ( g ) at 2 °C is K c = 2.0. If each yellow

sphere represents 1 mol of N2O4 and each brown sphere 1 mol of NO2 which of the following 1.0 L
containers represents the equilibrium mixture at 2 °C?

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Did you forget to take into account the stoichiometry of the reaction? (c)
Remember that the concentrations of products and reactants are raised to the power of the coefficient in the
balanced chemical equation, not multiplied by that coefficient. (d) Remember that the equilibrium-constant
expression is products over reactants.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.4 Combining Equilibrium Expressions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Given the equilibrium constants for the following two reactions in aqueous solution at 25 °C,
   
HNO2 (aq) H (aq)  NO2 (aq) Kc = 4.5 × 10−4 H2SO3 (aq) 2 H (aq)  SO3 (aq)
Kc = 1.1 × 10−9
what is the value of Kc for the reaction
2 
2 HNO2 (aq) + SO3 (aq) H2SO3 (aq)  2 NO2 (aq)
(a) 4.9 × 10−13, (b) 4.1 × 10 5, (c) 8.2 × 105, (d) 1.8 × 102, (e) 5.4 × 10−3?

<Answer: (d) 1.8 × 102>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) It looks like you have multiplied the two equilibrium constants that are
given. That would only give the correct answer if the two equations added together to give the new
equation, but they do not. (b) Did you forget that the coefficients of the nitrous acid equation must be
multiplied by 2? (c) When you multiply the coefficients of a balanced equation by 2 you must square the
equilibrium constant, not multiply the equilibrium constant by 2. (e) Check the direction of the balanced
equation that you have obtained by manipulating the two given equations.
SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.5 Writing Equilibrium-Constant Expressions for Heterogeneous
Reactions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the equilibrium that is established in a saturated solution of silver chloride,
 
Ag (aq)  Cl (aq) AgCl(s) . If solid AgCl is added to this solution what will happen to the
concentration of Ag and Cl− ions in solution? (a) [Ag+] and [Cl−] will both increase, (b) [Ag+] and [Cl−]
+

will both decrease, (c) [Ag+] will increase and [Cl−] will decrease, (d) [Ag+] will decrease and [Cl−] will
increase, (e) neither [Ag+] nor [Cl−] will change.

<Answer: (e) neither [Ag+] nor [Cl−] will change >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a-d) The activity of AgCl(s) does not show up anywhere in the equilibrium
constant expression so changing the amount of AgCl(s) does not change the equilibrium concentrations of
either Ag+ or Cl−.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.6 Analyzing a Heterogeneous Equilibrium

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If 8.0 g of NH4HS(s) is placed in a sealed vessel with a volume of 1.0 L and heated to 200 °C the reaction
NH4 HS(s) NH3 ( g )  H2S( g ) will occur. When the system comes to equilibrium, some NH4HS(s)
is still present. Which of the following changes will lead to a reduction in the amount of NH4HS(s) that is
present, assuming in all cases that equilibrium is re-established following the change? (a) Adding more
NH3(g) to the vessel, (b) Adding more H2S(g) to the vessel, (c) Adding more NH4HS(s) to the vessel, (d)
Increasing the volume of the vessel, (e) decreasing the volume of the vessel.

<Answer: (d) increasing the volume of the vessel.>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Adding more NH3 to the vessel will lead to the formation of more NH 4HS(s)
in the process of re-establishing equilibrium. (b) Adding more H2S to the vessel will lead to the formation
of more NH4HS(s), which is necessary to re-establish equilibrium. (c) Adding more NH4HS(s) will only
add to the amount of NH4HS(s) present in the vessel, and will not change the equilibrium. (e) Decreasing
the volume of the vessel will increase the concentrations of the gases and they will have to react to form
more NH4HS(s) to reduce the concentrations back to the equilibrium values.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.7 Calculating K When All Equilibrium Concentrations Are Known
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A mixture of gaseous sulfur dioxide and oxygen are added to a reaction vessel and heated to 1000 K where
they react to form SO3(g). If the vessel contains 0.669 atm SO2(g), 0.395 atm O2(g), and 0.0851 atm
SO3(g) after the system has reached equilibrium, what is the equilibrium constant K p for the reaction

2 SO2 (g )  O2 (g ) 2 SO3 (g ) ? (a) 0.0410, (b) 0.322, (c) 24.4, (d) 3.36, (e) 3.11.

<Answer: (a) 0.410>

<Wrong answer feedback: (B) Did you forget to take into account the coefficients in the balanced chemical
equation when writing the equilibrium constant expression? (c) Check your equilibrium constant
expression; do you have the products in the numerator and the reactants in the denominator? (d) This is Kc,
not Kp. (e) Did you forget to take into account the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation and that
the products go in the numerator and the reactants in the denominator?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.8 Calculating K from Initial and Equilibrium Concentrations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In Section 15.1 we discussed the equilibrium between N2O4(g) and NO2(g). Let’s return to that equation in
a quantitative example. When 9.2 g of frozen N2O4 is added to a 0.50 L reaction vessel and the vessel is
heated to 400 K and allowed to come to equilbirum, the concentration of N2O4 is determined to be 0.057 M.
Given this information what is the value of Kc for the reaction N2O4(g)  2 NO2(g) at 400 K? (a) 0.23, (b)
0.36, (c) 0.13, (d) 1.4, (e) 2.5.

<Answer: (d) 1.4>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Did you assume that the [NO2]/[N2O4] ratio is always 2? That assumption is
not correct. (b) Did you forget to take into account that 2 mol of NO2 are formed for each mol of N2O4 that
decomposes? (c) Did you forget to convert the initial amount of N 2O4 from moles to concentration in
molarity? (e) Did you forget to square the concentration of NO2 in the equilibrium constant expression?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.9 Predicting the Direction of Approach to Equilibrium

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following statements accurately describes what would happen to the direction of the reaction
described in the sample exercise above, if the size of the container were different from 2.00 L? (a) The
reaction would proceed in the opposite direction (from right to left) if the container volume were reduced
sufficiently. (b) The reaction would proceed in the opposite direction if the container volume were
expanded sufficiently. (c) The direction of this reaction does not depend on the volume of the container.

<Answer: (c) The direction of this reaction does not depend on the volume of the container.>

<Wrong answer feedback: Try rewriting the equilibrium expression with concentrations where the volume
of the container is represented as a variable, say V. When you do it in this way you can see that the
numerator has a (1/V2) term, as does the denominator, so the container volume cancels out.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.10 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
At 500 K the reaction 2 NO( g )  Cl2 ( g ) 2 NOCl( g ) has K p  51. In an equilibrium mixture at 500
K, the partial pressure of NO is 0.125 atm and Cl2 is 0.165 atm. What is the partial pressure of NOCl in the
equilibrium mixture? (a) 0.13 atm, (b) 0.36 atm, (c) 1.0 atm, (d) 5.1 × 10–5 atm, (e) 0,125 atm.

<Answer: (b) 0.36 atm>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Did you forget to square PNOCl2? (c) Did you forget to take the coefficients in
the balanced equation into account when writing the equilibrium constant expression? (d) Did you write the
products over the reactants when writing the equilibrium constant expression? (e) This would be the answer
if you started with the pressures given in the problem and treated it like a theoretical yield problem rather
than an equilibrium problem.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.11 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations from Initial

Concentrations
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For the equilibrium Br2 ( g )  Cl2 ( g ) 2 BrCl( g ) the equilibrium constant K p is 7.0 at 400 K. If a
cylinder is charged with BrCl(g) at an initial pressure of 1.00 atm and the system is allowed to come to
equilibrium what is the final (equilibrium) pressure of BrCl? (a) 0.57 atm, (b) 0.22 atm, (c) 0.45 atm, (d)
0.15 atm, (e) 0.31 atm.

Answer: (a) 0.57 atm

<Wrong Answer Feedback: (b) This is the equilibrium partial pressure of Br2 and Cl2 not BrCl. (c) Did you
consider that 2 moles of BrCl are formed for each mole of Cl2 or Br2 that react? (d) This is incorrect, check
your math. (e) Did you forget to multiply the concentrations of Br2 and Cl2 in the numerator of your
equilibrium constant expression? >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.12 Using Le Châtelier’s Principle to Predict Shifts in Equilibrium

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For the reaction
4 NH3 ( g )  5 O2 ( g ) 4 NO( g )  6 H2O( g ) H  904 kJ

which of the following changes will shift the equilibrium to the right, toward the formation of more
products? (a) Adding more water vapor, (b) Increasing the temperature, (c) Increasing the volume of the
reaction vessel, (d) Removing O2(g), (e) Adding 1 atm of Ne(g) to the reaction vessel.

Answer: (c) Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel.

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Water is a product so adding more water vapor will shift the equilibrium to
the left. (b) ΔH° < 0, so this is an exothermic reaction which means that increasing the temperature will
shift the equilibrium to the left. (d) O2 is a reactant so removing it will shift the equilibrium toward the left
to produce more reactants. (e) Ne does not participate in the reaction, so increasing the pressure by adding
Ne will not change the equilibrium.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.13 Predicting the Effect of Temperature on K

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The standard enthalpy of formation of HCl(g) is –92.3 kJ/mol. Given only this information, in which
direction would you expect the equilibrium for the reaction H2 ( g )  Cl2 ( g ) 2 HCl( g ) to shift as the
temperature increases: (a) to the left, (b) to the right, (c) no shift in equilibrium?

<Answer: (a) to the left>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) & (c) The standard enthalpies of formation for H2(g) and Cl2(g) are both
zero because they are elements in their standard state, hence this is an exothermic reaction. For exothermic
reactions we treat heat as a product and increasing the temperature will shift the equilibrium toward the
reactants, to the left.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.1 Identifying Conjugate Acids and Bases

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following equilibrium reaction:
HSO4 (aq)  OH (aq) SO42 (aq)  H2O(l )
Which substances are acting as acids in the reaction?
(a) HSO4 and OH (b) HSO4 and H2O (c) OH and SO42

(d) SO42 and H2O (e) None of the substances are acting as acids in this reaction.

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) and (c) OH  accepts a proton in the reaction, so it serves as a base. (d)
SO42 accepts a proton in the reaction, so it is also a base. Notice that there is one acid and one base on
each side of the equilibrium. (e) The reaction does involve proton transfer, so these substances are acting as
acids.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.2 Writing Equations for Proton-Transfer Reactions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The dihydrogenphosphate ion, H2 PO4 , is amphiprotic. In which of the following reactions is this ion
serving as a base?
I. H3O (aq)  H2 PO4 (aq) H3PO4 (aq)  H2O(l )
 2
II. H3O (aq)  HPO4 (aq) H2 PO4 (aq)  H2O(l )
III. H3PO4 (aq)  HPO42 (aq) 2 H2 PO4 (aq)
<array answers as a tabular list, minimum 2-em space between items>
(a) I only (b) I and II (c) I and III (d) II and III (e) I, II, and III

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a): The H2 PO4 ion is accepting a proton in Equation I, so it is serving as a
base. Answer (a) would be correct if this were the only reaction in which the ion is serving as a base. (b),
(d) and (e): In Equation II, the H2 PO4 ion donates a proton in the reverse reaction, so it is acting as an
acid. In Equation III, H2 PO4 acts as both an acid and a base (note that in the reverse reaction it is
donating a proton to another H2 PO4 ion). So (c) is correct.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.3 Predicting the Position of a Proton-Transfer Equilibrium

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Based on information in Figure 16.4, place the following equilibria in order from smallest to largest value
of Kc :
I. CH3COOH(aq)  HS (aq) CH3COO (aq)  H2S(aq)
II. F (aq)  NH4 (aq) HF(aq)  NH3 (aq)

III. H2CO3 (aq)  Cl (aq) HCO3 (aq)  HCl(aq)

<array answers below as a tabular list>

(a) I < II < III (b) II < I < III (c) III < I < II (d) II < III < I (e) III < II < I
<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: We recognize first that Equation III involves the Cl ion as a base in the
forward direction. Because Cl has negligible strength as a base, this equilibrium lies essentially entirely
to the left, with a predicted value of K c very close to zero. For Equation I, the base on the left side, HS ,
is stronger than the base on the right side, CH3COO , so this equilibrium will have Kc  1. For Equation
II, the stronger base is on the right, so this equation will have Kc  1 but greater than zero. Thus, the
predicted order from smallest to largest is answer (e).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.4 Calculating [H+ ] for Pure Water

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In a certain acidic solution at 25C , [H  ] is 100 times greater than [OH  ]. What is the value for [OH  ]
for the solution?
<array answers as a tabular list with 2-em between items>
(a) 1.0 108 M (b) 1.0 107 M (c) 1.0 106 M (d) 1.0 102 M (e) 1.0 109 M

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) If [OH ]  1.0 107 M , then the solution is neutral and [OH ]  [H ]. (c)
This is the value of [H  ] for the solution. (d) The value is 0.01, which is one one-hundredth, but that is the
ratio of the concentrations. (e) Check your math—this solution would have [H ]  104  [OH ]. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.5 Calculating [H  ] from [OH  ]

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A solution has [OH ]  4.0 108. What is the value of [H  ] for the solution?
<Array answers in tab format>
(a) 2.5 108 M (b) 4.0 108 M (c) 2.5 107 M
(d) 2.5 106 M (e) 4.0 106 M

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Check your math! The correct answer is obtained by dividing 1.0 1014 by
4.0 108. You can double-check your answer by multiplying [OH  ] and [H  ]. The product should give
1.0 1014. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.6 Calculating pH from [H  ]

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A solution has [OH ]  6.7 103. What is the pH of the solution?

(a) 0.83 (b) 2.2 (c) 2.17 (d) 11.83 (e) 12

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You have calculated log(6.7). (b) You have calculated log [OH  ] rather
than log [H  ]. Further, you do not have the correct number of significant figures. (c) You have calculated
log [OH  ] rather than log [H  ]. (e) Remember that only digits to the right of the decimal are significant
for logarithms. Because the concentration has two significant figures, your answer should have two digits
to the right of the decimal.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.7 Calculating [H  ] from pOH

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A solution at 25 C has pOH = 10.53. Which of the following statements is or are true?

I. The solution is acidic.

II. The pH of the solution is 14.00 – 10.53.

III. For this solution, [OH ]  1010.53 M .

(a) Only one of the statements is true (b) Statements I and II are true

(c) Statements I and III are true (d) Statements II and III are true

(e) All three statements are true

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: All three statements are true: I. If pOH > 7, then pH < 7 and the soluteion is
acidic. II. The relationship between pOH and pH is Equation 16.20. III. This is a correct calculation of
[OH  ] from pOH. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.8 Calculating the pH of a Strong Acid

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Order the following three solutions from smallest to largest pH:
<set I-III and (a)-(e) as tabular lists with no ending punctuation>
I. 0.20 M HClO3 II. 0.0030 M HNO3 III. 1.50 M HCl

(a) I < II < III (b) II < I < III (c) III < I < II (d) II < III < I (e) III < II < I.

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: All three acids are strong acids, so the molarity of each solution is the value of
[H  ] for that solution. The greater the value of [H  ], the smaller the pH. Thus, solution of greatest
molarity will have the smallest pH, and so forth.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.9 Calculating the pH of a Strong Base

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Order the following three solutions from smallest to largest pH:
I. 0.030 M Ba(OH)2 II. 0.040 M KOH III. pure water

(a) I < II < III (b) II < I < III (c) III < I < II (d) II < III < I (e) III < II < I.

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Solutions I and II are basic and will have pH > 7. Solution III has pH = 7, so it
has the smallest pH. Solution I has [OH ]  2  (0.030M )  0.060M , so it is the most basic and has the
highest pH.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.10 Calculating from Measured pH

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A 0.50 M solution of an acid HA has pH = 2.24. What is the value of K a for the acid?

(a) 17 1012 (b) 3.3 105 (c) 6.6 105 (d) 5.8 103 (e) 12 102

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) This is [OH  ] in the solution. (b) You forgot to divide by the concentration
of the solution (0.50 M). (d) This is [H  ] in the solution. (e) You forgot to square in the numerator of the
equilibrium-constant expression.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.11 Calculating Percent Ionization

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A 0.077 M solution of an acid HA has pH = 2.16. What is the percentage of the acid that is ionized?

(a) 0.090% (b) 0.69% (c) 0.90% (d) 3.6% (e) 9.0%

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You forgot to multiply by 100. (b) You forgot to divide by the initial
concentration. (c) You probably divided by 0.77 rather than 0.077. (d) You are probably guessing based on
the answer to the Sample Exercise!>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.12 Using K a to Calculate pH

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the pH of a 0.40 M solution of benzoic acid, C6 H5COOH? (The K a value for benzoic acid is
given in Table 16.2.)

(a) 2.30 (b) 2.10 (c) 1.90 (d) 4.20 (e) 4.60

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) You forgot to multiply by 0.40 before taking the square root. (c) You divided
rather than multiplied by 0.40. (d) You calculated –log K a , not the pH. (e) You forgot to take the square
root when solving for x.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.13 Using the Quadratic Equation to Calculate pH and Percent
Ionization
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the pH of a 0.010 M solution of HF?

(a) 1.58 (b) 2.10 (c) 2.30 (d) 2.58 (e) 2.64

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You took the square root of K a , rather than solving the quadratic equation.
(b) You chose the same value as above for 0.10 M HF. (c) You calculated –log K a , not the pH. (d) You
assumed you didn’t need to use the quadratic equation when solving for x.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.14 Calculating the pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the pH of a 0.28 M solution of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)? (See Table 16.3 for K a1 and K a 2 .)

(a) 2.04 (b) 2.32 (c) 2.82 (d) 4.65 (e) 6.17

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You forgot to multiply by 0.28 before taking the square root. (c) You
multiplied by 0.028 rather than 0.28. (d) You forgot to take the square root. (e) You used the value of K a 2
in your calculation instead of K a1. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.15 Using to Calculate OH

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the pH of a 0.65 M solution of pyridine, C5 H5 N? (See Table 16.4 for Kb .)

(a) 4.48 (b) 8.96 (c) 9.52 (d) 9.62 (e) 9.71

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) It does not make sense for the solution of a weak base to be acidic (pH <
7)—this is pOH, not pH. (b) Check your math—you forgot to take a square root. (d) You forgot to multiply
by 0.65. (e) You divided by 0.65 rather than multiplying.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.16 Using pH to Determine the Concentration of a Salt

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The benzoate ion, C6 H5COO , is a weak base with Kb  1.6 1010. How many moles of sodium
benzoate are present in 0.50 L of a solution of NaC6 H5COO if the pH is 9.04?

(a) 0.38 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.76 (d) 1.5 (e) 2.9

<Answer: (a)>
<Wrong answer feedback: (b) You calculated the reciprocal of the molarity. (c) You forgot to multiply the
molarity by the volume of the solution. (d) You divided rather than multiplied the molarity by the volume.
(e) Check your math—you used the pH rather than pOH in your calculation.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.17 Calculating K a or K b for a Conjugate Acid–Base Pair

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
By using information from Appendix D, put the following three substances in order of weakest to strongest
base: I. (CH3 )3 N, II. HCOO , III. BrO .

(a) I < II < III (b) II < I < III (c) III < I < II (d) II < III < I (e) III < II < I.

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: For the two ions (II and III), we need to calculate Kb from the listed K a values
of their conjugate acids. When we do so, we find that Kb for II is smaller than that for III, and that both of
these are smaller than the value listed Kb value for I.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.18 Determining Whether Salt Solutions Are Acidic, Basic, or
Neutral
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Order the following solutions from lowest to highest pH: I. 0.10 M NaClO, II. 0.10 M KBr, III. 0.10 M
NH4ClO4 .

(a) I < II < III (b) II < I < III (c) III < I < II (d) II < III < I (e) III < II < I.

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Solution I contains the conjugate base of a weak acid and a cation that does not
react with water. It is therefore a basic solution. Both the cation and anion of Solution II are nonreactive, so
the solution will be neutral. Solution III contains the conjugate acid of a weak base and an anion that does
not react with water. It is therefore an acidic solution. The acidic solution will have the lowest pH and the
basic solution will have the highest.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.19 Predicting Whether the Solution of an Amphiprotic Anion Is

Acidic or Basic
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many of the following salts are expected to produce acidic solutions (see Table 16.3 for data):
NaHSO4 , NaHC2O4 , NaH2 PO4 , and NaHCO3?

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 4

<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback: Each of the salts contains an amphiprotic anion, so for each we must compare
the magnitudes of K a and Kb for each anion. For the first three salts, Ka  Kb , and for the fourth salt
Kb  Ka . >
SAMPLE EXERCISE 16.20 Predicting Relative Acidities from Composition and Structure
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Arrange the following substances in order from weakest to strongest acid:
HClO3 , HOI, HBrO2 , HClO2 , HIO2

(a) HIO2 < HOI < HClO3 < HBrO2 < HClO2
(b) HOI < HIO2 < HBrO2 < HClO2 < HClO3
(c) HBrO2 < HIO2 < HClO2 < HOI < HClO3
(d) HClO3 < HClO2 < HBrO2 < HIO2 < HOI
(e) HOI < HClO2 < HBrO2 < HIO2 < HClO3

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: For a given type of oxyacid, acid strength increases as the electronegativity of
the halogen increases. Thus, for the three HXO2 acids, strength increases from I to Br to Cl. For a given
halogen, the acid strength increases as the number of oxygen atoms increases. Thus, HClO3 is a stronger
acid than is HClO2 . Each of the incorrect answers has at least one acid out of order with respect to these
two trends.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.1 Calculating the pH When a Common Ion Is Involved

PRACTICE EXERCISE I

For the generic equilibrium HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A−(aq), which of these statements is true? (a) The
equilibrium constant for this reaction changes as the pH changes, (b) If you add the soluble salt KA to a
solution of HA that is at equilibrium, the concentration of HA would decrease, (c) If you add the soluble
salt KA to a solution of HA that is at equilibrium, the concentration of A− would decrease, (d) If you add
the soluble salt KA to a solution of HA that is at equilibrium, the pH would increase.

<Answer: (d).>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) As long as you are at constant temperature and pressure, the equilibrium
constant for a reaction does not change. (b), (c): Consider how LeChatelier’s principle applies.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.2 Calculating Ion Concentrations When a Common Ion Is Involved
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Calculate the concentration of the lactate ion in a solution that is 0.100 M in lactic acid
(CH3CH(OH)COOH, pKa = 3.86) and 0.080 M in HCl. (a) 4.83 M, (b) 0.0800 M, (c) 7.3 × 10-3 M, (d)
3.65 × 10-3 M, (e) 1.73 × 10-4 M.

<Answer: (e).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a): You used pKa instead of Ka in your calculations.(b) You calculated H+ ion
concentration instead of lactate ion. (c): You did not use the proper initial acid concentration and made a
mistake in using the quadratic equation. (d) you did not use the proper initial acid concentration.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.3 Calculating the pH of a Buffer

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If the pH of a buffer solution is equal to the pKa of the acid in the buffer, what does this tell you about the
relative concentrations of the acid and conjugate base forms of the buffer components? (a) The acid
concentration must be zero, (b) The base concentration must be zero, (c) The acid and base concentrations
must be equal, (d) The acid and base concentrations must be equal to the Ka, (e) the base concentration
must be 2.3 times as large as the acid concentration.

<Answer: (c).>

< Wrong answer feedback: Review the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the rules for use of
logarithms>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.4 Calculating pH When the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation May Not Be
Accurate

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1 A buffer is made with sodium acetate (CH3COONa) and acetic acid
(CH3COOH); the Ka for acetic acid is 1.80 x 10-5. The pH of the buffer is 3.98. What is the ratio of the
equilibrium concentration of sodium acetate to that of acetic acid? (a) -0.760, (b) 0.174 (c) 0.840, (d) 5.75,
(e) Not enough information is given to answer this question.

<Answer: (b). >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a): Check to see whether you took the antilog properly. (c): Did you just
divide the pH by the pKa without finishing your math properly? (d) The answer has been inverted. (e)
Since we are looking for equilibrium concentrations, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is fine to use,
and you do have enough information.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.5 Preparing a Buffer

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Calculate the number of grams of ammonium choride that must be added to 2.00 L of a 0.500 M ammonia
solution to obtain a buffer of pH = 9.20. Assume the volume of the solution does not change as the solid is
added. Kb for ammonia is 1.80 x 10-5. (a) 60.7 g, (b) 30.4 g, (c) 1.52 g, (d) 0.568 g, (e) 1.59 x 10-5 g.

<Answer: (a).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (b) Did you forget about the volume of the solution? (c) You used the
concentration of protons instead of concentration of hydroxide, and are off orders of magnitude. (d) You
need to convert concentration to grams. (e) This is the concentration of hydroxide, not grams of ammonium
chloride.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.6 Calculating pH Changes in Buffers

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these statements is true? (a) If you add strong acid or base to a buffer, the pH will never change,
(b) In order to do calculations in which strong acid or base is added to a buffer, you only need to use the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, (c) Strong bases react with strong acids, but not weak acids, (d) If you
add a strong acid or base to a buffer, the buffer’s pKa or pKb will change, (e) In order to do calculations in
which strong acid or base is added to a buffer, you need to calculate the amounts of substances from the
neutralization reaction and then equilibrate.
<Answer: (e).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a) This is incorrect. In Sample Exercise 17.6, we just calculated that the pH did
change a little bit. (b) No, you need to neutralize first. (c) Strong bases can react with weak acids too. (d)
The presence of strong acid or base does not change equilibrium constants.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.7 Calculations for a Strong Acid–Strong Base Titration

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
An acid-base titration is performed: 250.0 mL of an unknown concentration of HCl (aq) is titrated to the
equivalence point with 36.7 mL of a 0.1000 M aqueous solution of NaOH. Which of the following
statements is not true of this titration? (a) The HCl solution is less concentrated than the NaOH solution,
(b) The pH is less than 7 after adding 25 mL of NaOH solution, (c) The pH at the equivalence point is
7.00, (d) If an additional 1.00 mL of NaOH solution is added beyond the equivalence point, the pH of the
solution is more than 7.00, (e) At the equivalence point, the OH− concentration in the solution is 3.67 x
10-3 M.

<Answer: e.>

<Wrong answer feedback: a, b, c, d: No, this statement is true! Check your work.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.8 Calculations for a Weak Acid–Strong Base Titration

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If you think carefully about what happens during the course of a weak acid-strong base titration, you can
learn some very interesting things. For example, let’s look back at Figure 17.9 and pretend you did not
know that acetic acid was the acid being titrated. You can figure out the pKa of a weak acid just by thinking
about the definition of Ka and looking at the right place on the titration curve! Which of the following
choices is the best way to do this? (a) At the equivalence point, pH = pKa. (b) Halfway to the equivalence
point, pH = pKa. (c) Before any base is added, pH = pKa. (d) At the top of the graph with excess base
added, pH = pKa.
<Answer: (b).>
< Wrong answer feedback for all: Think about the definition of Ka. What do the relative concentrations of
weak acid and its conjugate base need to be for pH to be equal to pKa? Where on the titration curve would
this be true?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.9 Calculating the pH at the Equivalence Point

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Why is pH at the equivalence point larger than 7 when you titrate a weak acid with a strong base? (a) There
is excess strong base at the equivalence point, (b) There is excess weak acid at the equivalence point, (c)
The conjugate base that is formed at the equivalence point is a strong base, (d) The conjugate base that is
formed at the equivalence point reacts with water, (e) This statement is false: the pH is always 7 at an
equivalence point in a pH titration.

<Answer: (d).>
<Wrong answer feedback> (a), (b): There are equal amounts of the strong base and weak acid titrants at
the equivalence point. (c): The conjugate base is a weak base.(e): This statement is only true for strong
acids and strong bases.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.10 Writing Solubility-Product (K sp ) Expressions

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these expressions correctly expresses the solubility-product constant for Ag3PO4 in water? (a)
[Ag][PO4], (b) [Ag+][PO43-], (c) [Ag+]3[PO43-], (d) [Ag+][PO43- ]3, (e) [Ag+]3[PO43- ]3.

<Answer: (c).>

< Wrong answer feedback for all: Write out the reaction and raise equilibrium concentrations to the power
of the coefficient in the balanced reaction.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.11 Calculating K sp from Solubility

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
You add 10.0 grams of solid copper(II) phosphate, Cu 3(PO4)2, to a beaker and then add 100.0 mL of water
to the beaker at T = 298 K. The solid does not appear to dissolve. You wait a long time, with occasional
stirring and eventually measure the equilibrium concentration of Cu2+(aq) in the water to be 5.01 x 10-8 M.
What is the Ksp of copper(II) phosphate?
(a) 5.01 x 10-8, (b) 2.50 x 10-15, (c) 4.20 x 10-15, (d) 3.16 x 10-37, (e) 1.40 x 10-37.

<answer: (e).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a): Solubility and Ksp are not the same thing. (b) You need to calculate the
concentration of phosphate (which is not the same as copper) and raise concentrations to the correct
power;.(c) Did you forget to raise phosphate to its proper power? (d) The concentration of phosphate is not
the same as the concentration of copper(II) in solution.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.12 Calculating Solubility from K sp

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Of the five salts listed below, which has the highest concentration of its cation in water? Assume that all
salt solutions are saturated and that the ions do not undergo any additional reactions in water.
<set as tabular list>
(a) lead (II) chromate, Ksp = 2.8 x 10-13
(b) cobalt(II) hydroxide, Ksp = 1.3 x 10-15
(c) cobalt(II) sulfide, Ksp = 5 x 10-22
(d) chromium(III) hydroxide, Ksp = 1.6 x 10-30
(e) silver sulfide, Ksp = 6 x 10-51
<answer: (b) >

< Wrong answer feedback for all:Take into account the stoichiometry of the reaction as well as the Ksp>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.13 Calculating the Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider a saturated solution of the salt MX3, which M is a metal cation with a 3+ charge and X is an anion
with a 1− charge, in water at 298 K. Which of the following will affect the Ksp of MX3 in water? (a) the
addition of more M3+ to the solution, (b) the addition of more X− to the solution, (c) diluting the solution,
(d) raising the temperature of the solution, (e) more than one of the above factors.

<answer: (d)>

< Wrong answer feedback for all: Ksp is an equilibrium constant and is not affected by absolute
concentrations (although solubility is); like all equilibrium constants, Ksp is affected by temperature.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.14 Predicting the Effect of Acid on Solubility

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following actions will increase the solubility of AgBr in water? (a) Increasing the pH, (b)
Decreasing the pH, (c) Adding NaBr, (d) Adding NaNO3, (e) None of the above.
<answer: (e).>

< Wrong answer feedback :(a) and (b): The solubility of AgBr, like AgCl, is not affected by pH; (c): adding
NaBr will decrease AgBr solubility; (d) Why would this have an effect?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.15 Evaluating an Equilibrium Involving a Complex Ion

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
You have an aqueous solution of chromium(III) nitrate that you titrate with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide. After a certain amount of titrant has been added, you observe a precipitate forming. You add
more sodium hydroxide solution and the precipitate dissolves, leaving a solution again. What has
happened?
<set answers as list>
(a) The precipitate was sodium hydroxide, which re-dissolved in the larger volume. (b) The precipitate
was chromium hydroxide, which dissolved once more solution was added, forming Cr 3+(aq). (c) The
precipitate was chromium hydroxide, which then reacted with more hydroxide to produce a soluble
complex ion, Cr(OH)4-. (d) The precipitate was sodium nitrate, which reacted with more nitrate to produce
the soluble complex ion Na(NO3)2-.

<Answer: (c). >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Sodium hydroxide is very soluble in water and would not precipitate under
these conditions.(b) Once chromium hydroxide is formed, adding more base would only make it less
soluble, if no other equilibria were involved. (d) This ion does not exist.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.16 Predicting Whether a Precipitate Forms

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
An insoluble salt MX has a Ksp of 1.0 x 10-16. Two solutions, MNO3 and NaX are mixed, to yield a final
solution that is 1.0 x 10-8 M in M+(aq) and 1.00 x 10-7 M in X−(aq). Will a precipitate form?
(a) Yes, (b) No.

<Answer: (a).>

< Wrong answer feedback: What does Q equal? If it is larger than Ksp, a precipitate will form.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 17.17 Selective Precipitation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Under what conditions does an ionic compound precipitate from a solution of the constituent ions? (a)
Always, (b) When Q = Ksp, (c) When Q exceeds Ksp, (d) When Q is less than Ksp, (e) Never, if it is very
soluble.

<Answer: (c).>
< Wrong answer feedback: Think about the definitions of Q and Ksp.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 18.1 Calculating Concentration from Partial Pressure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

From the data in Table 18.1, the partial pressure of argon in dry air at an atmospheric pressure of 668 mm
Hg is (a) 3.12 mm Hg; (b) 7.09 mm Hg; (c) 6.24 mm Hg; (d) 9.34 mm Hg; (e) 34,6 mm Hg.

<Answer (c). >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Did you erroneously halve the partial pressure because Ar is monatomic?
(b) Incorrect. You likely used 760 mm Hg as total pressure. (d) You need to take account of the total
pressure of 668 mm Hg. (e) Incorrect. To get this answer did you take the total pressure to be 1000 mm
Hg?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 18.2 Calculating the Wavelength Required to Break a Bond

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

The bond dissociation energy of the Br Br bond is 193 kJ/mol. What wavelength of light has just
sufficient energy to cause Br Br bond dissociation?

(a) 624 nm; (b) 142 nm; (c) 481 nm; (d) 1420 nm; (e) 62.4 nm.
<Answer (a). >

<Wrong answer feedback: Answers (b), (c), (d) and (e). Are the result of numerical errors, including
misplaced decimal place. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.1 Identifying Spontaneous Processes

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The process of iron being oxidized to make iron(III) oxide (rust) is spontaneous. Which of these statements
about this process is/are true? (a) The reduction of iron(III) oxide to iron is also spontaneous, (b) Because
the process is spontaneous, the oxidation of iron must be fast, (c) The oxidation of iron is endothermic, (d)
Equilibrium is achieved in a closed system when the rate of iron oxidation is equal to the rate of iron(III)
oxide reduction, (e) The energy of the universe is decreased when iron is oxidized to rust.
<Answer: (d).>
<Wrong answer feedback: (a): If the forward reaction is spontaneous, how can the reverse also be
spontaneous? (b): Spontaneous does not mean fast. (c): Just knowing a process is spontaneous does not
give us enough information to decide about enthalpy. (e): What about the First Law of Thermodynamics?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.2 Calculating S for a Phase Change

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Do all exothermic phase changes have a negative value for the entropy change of the system? (a) Yes,
because the heat transferred from the system has a negative sign. (b) Yes, because the temperature
decreases during the phase transition. (c) No, because the entropy change depends on the sign of the heat
transferred to or from the system. (d) No, because the heat transferred to the system has a positive sign. (e)
More than one of the previous answers is correct.
<Answer: (a)

<Wrong answer feedback: (b): Incorrect. The temperature is constant during a phase change. (c): Incorrect.
If a process is exothermic, we know that the sign of the system’s q. (d): Are you confusing the terms
exothermic and endothermic? (e): No, only one answer is correct.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.3 Predicting the Sign of S

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Indicate whether each process produces an increase or decrease in the entropy of the system:

(a) CO2 (s) 

 CO2 ( g )
(b) CaO(s)  CO2 ( g ) 
 CaCO3 ( s)
(c) HCl(g )  NH3 ( g ) 
 NH4Cl(s)
(d) 2 SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g ) 
 2 SO3 ( g )

<Answers: (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) decrease, (d) decrease>

<Feedback: (a), (b), (c): look at the phases of the reactants and products. (d): look at the number of moles
of gas molecules on either side of the chemical equation>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.4 Predicting Relative Entropies
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which system has the greatest entropy? (a) 1 mol of H2 (g ) at STP, (b) 1 mol of H2 (g ) at 100 C and
0.5 atm, (c) 1 mol of H2 O(s) at 0 C , (d) 1 mol of H2O(l ) at 25 ˚C.

<Answer: (b)

<Wrong answer feedback for all: Consider the degrees of motion possible for the molecules under the
different conditions.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.5 Calculating S from Tabulated Entropies

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Using the standard molar entropies in Appendix C, calculate the standard entropy change,
S  , for the “water-splitting” reaction at 298 K:
2 H2O(l)  2 H2(g) + O2 (g)
<Array answers in tabular list with 2-em space between items, no ending punctuation>
(a) 326.9 J/K (b) 265.7 J/K (c) 163.2 J/K (d) 88.5 J/K (e) −326.3 J/K.
<Answer: (a)>
<Wrong answer feedback: (b): Check the coefficients. (c): You used the wrong coefficients. (d): Your
calculation has water in the gas phase, not in the liquid phase. (e) This is the answer for a calculation of
the entropy change for the reverse reaction.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.6 Calculating Free-Energy Change from H, T, and S

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of these statements is true? (a) All spontaneous reactions have a negative enthalpy change, (b) All
spontaneous reactions have a positive entropy change, (c) All spontaneous reactions have a positive free
energy change, (d) All spontaneous reactions have a negative free energy change, (e) All spontaneous
reactions have a negative entropy change.

<Answer: (d).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a) Plenty of endothermic reactions are spontaneous. (b), (d): The entropy of
the system alone is not the determining factor in spontaneity. (c): Positive free energy change means
nonspontaneous.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.7 Calculating Standard Free-Energy Change from Free Energies
of Formation
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The following chemical equations describe the same chemical reaction. How do the free energies of these
two chemical equations compare?
1. 2 H2O(l)  2 H2(g) + O2 (g)
2. H2O(l)  H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)
(a) ∆G˚1 = ∆G˚2, (b) ∆G˚1 = 2 ∆G˚2, (c) 2∆G˚1 = ∆G˚2, (d) None of the above.

<answer: (b). >

<Wrong answer feedback for all: Free-energy changes are in units of J or kJ; how do they scale with
amounts?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.8 Predicting and Calculating G

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

If a reaction is exothermic and its entropy change is positive, which statement is true? (a) The reaction is
spontaneous at all temperatures, (b) The reaction is nonspontaneous at all temperatures, (c) The reaction is
spontaneous only at higher temperatures, (d) The reaction is spontaneous only at lower temperatures.

<answer: (a).>

< Wrong answer feedback for all: Recall the definition of free-energy change with respect to enthalpy and
entropy changes for a reaction, and what the sign of the enthalpy change is for an exothermic reaction. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.9 Determining the Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the temperature above which the Haber ammonia process becomes non-spontaneous?
(a) 25 ˚C, (b) 47 ˚C, (c) 61 ˚C, (d) 193 ˚C, (e) 500 ˚C.

<answer:(d).>

<Wrong answer feedback for all: If a reaction is spontaneous, ∆G˚ is less than zero. Therefore, the
crossover from nonspontaneous to spontaneous happens when ∆G˚ is zero. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.10 Relating ∆G to a Phase Change at Equilibrium

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If the normal boiling point of a liquid is 67 ˚C, and the standard molar entropy change for the boiling
process is +100 J/K, estimate the standard molar enthalpy change for the boiling process.
<Set answers as tablular list with 2-em space between items, no ending punctuation>
(a) +6700 J (b) -6700 J (c) +34,000 J (d) -34,000 J

<Answer: (c)

< Wrong answer feedback: (a): You forgot to convert to Kelvin. (b): You forgot to convert to Kelvin and
your sign is wrong, ( d): Your sign is wrong.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.11 Calculating the Free-Energy Change under Nonstandard
Conditions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following statements is true? (a) The larger the Q, the larger the ∆G˚. (b) If Q = 0, the system
is at equilibrium. (c) If a reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions, it is spontaneous under all
conditions. (d) The free-energy change for a reaction is independent of temperature. (e) If Q > 1, ∆G >
∆G˚.

<Answer: (e).>
<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Q influences ∆G, not ∆G˚.(b) Can Q = 0? (c), (d) ∆G depends on
temperature.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 19.12 Calculating an Equilibrium Constant from G

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The Ksp for a very insoluble salt is 4.2 x 10-47 at 298 K. What is ∆G˚ for the dissolution of the salt in water?
(a) -265 kJ/mol, (b) -115 kJ/mol, (c) -2.61 kJ/mol, (d) +115 kJ/mol, (e) + 265 kJ/mol.

<answer: (e).>

< Wrong answer feedback: (a) Check the sign. (b): You used log not ln and forgot the sign. (c): This
calculation uses the wrong R and overlooks the sign.(d): Use log, not ln.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.1 Identifying Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the reducing agent in the following reaction?

2 Br  (aq)  H2O2 (aq)  2 H (aq) 

 Br2 (aq)  2 H 2O(l)
–
(a) Br (aq), (b) H2O2(aq), (c) H+(aq), (d) Br2(aq), (e) Na+(aq)?

–
<Answer: (a) Br (aq)>

<Wrong Answer Feedback: (b) The oxidation numbers of the atoms in H2O2 are +1 for H and −1 for O. In
the products the oxidation state of H remains the same, but O is −2 in H 2O. Since oxygen gains an electron
it is the oxidizing agent. (c) The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 in all reactants and products, and
therefore is neither a reducing or oxidizing agent. (d) The reducing agent must be a reactant. (e) The
reducing agent must be a reactant.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.2 Balancing Redox Equations in Acidic Solution

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If you complete and balance the following equation in acidic solution
 Mn 2 (aq)  NaBiO3 (s) 
 Bi3 (aq)  MnO4 (aq)  Na  (aq)
how many water molecules are there in the balanced equation (for the reaction balanced with the smallest
whole-number coefficients)? (a) Four on the reactant side, (b) Three on the product side, (c) One on the
reactant side, (d) Seven on the product side, (e) Two on the product side.

<Answer: (d) Seven on the product side.>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Incorrect. Four is the number of water molecules in the oxidation half-
reaction. (b) Incorrect. This is the number of water molecules in the reduction half-reaction. (c) Did you
forget to multiply the half-reactions by integers so that the number of electrons in each half-reaction is
equal? (e) This is incorrect, check your work.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.3 Balancing Redox Equations in Basic Solution

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If you complete and balance the following oxidation-reduction reaction in basic solution

NO2 (aq)  Al(s) 

 NH3 (aq)  Al(OH)4 (aq)
how many hydroxide ions are there in the balanced equation (for the reaction balanced with the smallest
whole-number coefficients)? (a) One on the reactant side, (b) One on the product side, (c) Four on the
reactant side, (d) Seven on the product side, (e) None.

<Answer: (a) One on the reactant side.>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) This is incorrect; check your work. (c) This is the number of hydroxide ions
in the oxidation half-reaction. (d) This is the number of hydroxide ions in the reduction half-reaction. (e)
This is incorrect; check your work.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.4 Describing a Voltaic Cell

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The following two half-reactions occur in a voltaic cell:

 Ni 2 (aq)  2 e
Ni(s)  (electrode = Ni)
2  
Cu (aq)  2 e 
 Cu( s)  2 e (electrode = Cu)

Which one of the following descriptions most accurately describes what is occurring in the half cell
containing the Cu electrode and Cu2+(aq) solution?
(a) The electrode is losing mass and cations from the salt bridge are flowing into the half cell. (b) The
electrode is gaining mass and cations from the salt bridge are flowing into the half cell. (c) The electrode is
losing mass and anions from the salt bridge are flowing into the half cell. (d) The electrode is gaining mass
and anions from the salt bridge are flowing into the half cell.

<Answer: (b) The electrode is gaining mass and cations from the salt bridge are flowing into the half cell.>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) In the net reaction Cu2+ is being reduced to Cu metal, so the Cu electrode
will gain mass as the reaction proceeds. (c) In the net reaction Cu2+ is being reduced to Cu metal, so the Cu
electrode will gain mass as the reaction proceeds. Furthermore, as the Cu2+ ions are reduced to Cu metal at
the cathode, the solution loses positive charge and cations from the salt bridge must flow into the solution
to maintain charge balance. (d) As Cu2+ ions are reduced to Cu metal the solution loses positive charge and
cations from the salt bridge must flow into the solution to maintain charge balance.>

 
SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.5 Calculating Ered from E cell

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A voltaic cell based on the reaction 2 Eu 2 (aq)  Ni 2 (s)  2 Eu3 (aq)  Ni( s) generates Ecell

=
2+
0.07 V. Given the standard reduction potential of Ni given in Table 20.1 what is the standard reduction
potential for the reaction Eu3+(aq) + e−  Eu2+(aq)? (a) −0.35 V, (b) 0.35 V, (c) −0.21 V, (d) 0.21 V, (e)
0.07 V.

<Answer: (a) −0.35 V >

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) and (d) It looks like you have incorrectly manipulated equation 20.8 or
incorrectly identified the anode and cathode half-reactions, or both. (c) You have incorrectly identified the
anode and cathode reactions. (e) This is the cell emf not the Eu3+ standard reduction potential.>

 
SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.6 Calculating E cell from Ered

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
 ) for a voltaic cell
Using the data in Table 20.1 what value would you calculate for the standard emf ( Ecell
that employs the overall cell reaction 2 Ag (aq)  Ni(s)   2 Ag( s)  Ni 2 (aq) ?
(a) +0.52 V, (b) −0.52 V, (c) +1.08 V, (d) −1.08 V, (e) +0.80 V.

<Answer: (c) +1.08 V>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You appear to have added the two standard reduction potentials. Remember
that you must subtract the reduction potential of the anode half-reaction. (b) For a voltaic cell the value of

Ecell must be a positive number. Check to see that you have correctly identified the anode and cathode

half-reactions and that you have correctly used Equation 20.8. (d) For a voltaic cell the value of Ecell must
be a positive number. Check to see that you have correctly identified the anode and cathode half-reactions.

(e) This is the standard reduction potential of Ag+(aq), not Ecell .>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.7 Determining Half-Reactions at Electrodes and Calculating Cell

Potentials
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider three voltaic cells, each similar to the one shown in Figure 20.5. In each voltaic cell one half-cell
contains a 1.0 M Fe(NO3)2(aq) solution with an Fe electrode. The contents of the other half-cells are as
follows:
<vertical list>
Cell 1: a 1.0 M CuCl2(aq) solution with a Cu electrode
Cell 2: a 1.0 M NiCl2(aq) solution with a Ni electrode
Cell 3: a 1.0 M ZnCl2(aq) solution with a Zn electrode

In which voltaic cell(s) does iron act as the anode? (a) Cell 1, (b) Cell 2, (c) Cell 3, (d) Cells 1 and 2, (e)
All three cells.

<Answer: (d) Cells 1 and 2>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) This is not the only reaction where the Fe2+/Fe half-cell acts as the anode. (b)
This is not the only reaction where the Fe2+/Fe half-cell acts as the anode. (c) The Fe2+/Fe half-cell would
act as the cathode in this voltaic cell. (e) The Fe2+/Fe half-cell acts as an anode in some of the cells and as a
cathode in others.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.8 Determining Relative Strengths of Oxidizing Agents

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Based on the data in Table 20.1 which of the following species would you expect to be the strongest
oxidizing agent? (a) Cl−(aq), (b) Cl2(g), (c) O2(g), (d) H+(aq), (e) Na+(aq).

<Answer: (b) Cl2(g)>

<Wrong answer feedback; (a) Although Cl2(g) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents, the Cl−(aq) ions that
are formed with Cl2 are exceedingly weak oxidizing agents. If Cl−(aq) ions were to oxidize a substance the
product would be Cl2−. (c) O2(g) is located below Cl2(g) in Table 20.1 and is a weaker oxidizing agent than
chlorine. (d) H+(aq) is located below Cl2(g) in Table 20.1 and is a weaker oxidizing agent than chlorine. (e)
Na+(aq) is located near the bottom of Table 20.1 and is a very weak oxidizing agent.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.9 Determining Spontaneity

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following elements is capable of oxidizing Fe 2+(aq) ions to Fe3+(aq) ions: oxygen, chlorine,
bromine, iodine? (a) O2 and I2, (b) only Cl2, (c) Cl2, Br2 and O2, (d) Cl2 and Br2, (e) all four elements.

<Answer; (d) Cl2 and Br2>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) These elements have standard reduction potentials less positive than the
Fe3+(aq) + e−  Fe2+(aq) standard reduction potential and therefore cannot oxidize Fe2+(aq). (b) Cl2 is not
the only element in this list that can oxidize Fe2+(aq). (c) Only two of these elements are capable of
oxidizing Fe2+(aq). (e) Only two of these elements are capable of oxidizing Fe2+(aq).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.10 Using Standard Reduction Potentials to Calculate G and K
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For the reaction

3 Ni2 (aq)  2 Cr(OH)3 ( s)  10 OH (aq) 

 3 Ni(s)  2 CrO4 2(aq)  8 H 2O(l )

G = +87 kJ/mol. Given the standard reduction potential of Ni 2+(aq) in Table 20.1, what value do you
calculate for the standard reduction potential of the half-reaction
CrO42−(aq) + 4 H2O(l) + 3 e−  Cr(OH)3(s) + 5 OH−(aq)?
<Set answers as tabular list, with min 2-em space between answers>
(a) −0.43 V (b) −0.28 V (c) 0.02 V (d) −0.13 V (e) −0.15 V

<Answer: (d) −0.13 V >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You appear to have incorrectly identified the oxidation and reduction half-
reactions. (b) You appear to have forgotten to convert the units of G from kJ to J. (c) You may have
incorrectly identified the number of electrons transferred in this reaction, in the half-reaction n = 3. To
balance the equation you must multiply the half-reaction by two, so you should be using n = 6. (e) This is
E for the overall reaction, not the reduction potential of the oxidation reaction.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.11 Cell Potential under Nonstandard Conditions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider a voltaic cell whose overall reaction is Pb 2+(aq) + Zn(s) → Pb(s) + Zn2+(aq). What is the emf
generated by this voltaic cell when the ion concentrations are [Pb 2+] = 1.5 × 10−3 M and [Zn2+] = 0.55 M?
(a) 0.71 V, (b) 0.56 V, (c) 0.49 V, (d) 0.79 V, (e) 0.64 V.

<Answer: (b) 0.56 V >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You appear to have inverted the reaction quotient. Remember Q =
products/reactants. (c) You may have either forgotten to include n in the Nernst equation, or incorrectly
assumed that n = 1. (d) You appear to have inverted the reaction quotient, and either forgot to include n in
the Nernst equation, or incorrectly assumed that n = 1. (e) This is the standard cell potential, which only
applies when [Pb2+] = [Zn2+] = 1.0 M.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.12 Calculating Concentrations in a Voltaic Cell

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider a voltaic cell where the anode half-reaction is Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2 e– and the cathode half-
reaction is Sn2+(aq) + 2 e–  Sn(s). What is the concentration of Sn2+ if Zn2+ is 2.5 × 10−3 M and the cell
emf is 0.660 V? Use the reduction potentials in Appendix E that are reported to three significant figures.
(a) 3.3 × 10−2 M, (b) 1.9 × 10−4 M, (c) 9.0 × 10−3 M, (d) 6.9 × 10−4 M, (e) 7.6 × 10−3 M.

<Answer: (a) 3.3 × 10−2 M>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) You appear to have inverted the reaction quotient. Remember Q =
products/reactants. (c) You may have either forgotten to include n in the Nernst equation, or incorrectly
assumed that n = 1. (d) You appear to have inverted the reaction quotient, and either forgot to include n in
the Nernst equation, or incorrectly assumed that n = 1. (e) Did you use the natural logarithm, ln, instead of
the base 10 logarithm?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.13 Determining pH Using a Concentration Cell

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A concentration cell constructed from two hydrogen electrodes, both with PH2  100 . One electrode is
immersed in pure H2O and the other in 6.0 M hydrochloric acid. What is the emf generated by the cell and
what is the identity of the electrode that is immersed in hydrochloric acid? (a) −0.23 V, cathode, (b) 0.46
V, anode, (c) 0.023 V, anode, (d) 0.23 V, cathode, (e) 0.23 V, anode.

<Answer: (d) 0.23 V, cathode >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) The emf of a voltaic or concentration cell cannot be negative; you appear to
have incorrectly identified the anode and cathode. (b) You appear to have used n = 1, but two electrons are
transferred in this reaction. (c) You may have assumed an incorrect [H+] concentration for pure water. [H +]
= 1.0 × 10−7 M not 1.0 M. (e) This is the correct emf, but you have incorrectly identified the electrode
immersed in HCl(aq).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 20.14 Relating Electrical Charge and Quantity of Electrolysis

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How much time is needed to deposit 1.0 g of chromium metal from an aqueous solution of CrCl3 using a
current of 1.5 A? (a) 3.8 × 10−2 sec, (b) 21 min, (c) 62 min, (d) 139 min, (e) 3.2 × 103 min,
<Answer: (c) 62 min>
<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You appear to have forgotten to use the Faraday constant to convert from
moles of electrons to coulombs. (b) Incorrect. Did you use the correct stoichiometry from the half-reaction
Cr3+(aq) + 3 e−  Cr(s)? Did you mistakenly use the formula weight of CrCl3 instead of atomic weight of
Cr?(d) You appear to have incorrectly manipulated the equation coulombs = amps × seconds. (e) You
appear to have forgotten to convert from grams of chromium to moles of chromium. >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.1 Predicting the Product of a Nuclear Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The plutonium-238 that is shown in the chapter-opening photograph undergoes alpha decay. What product
forms when this radionuclide decays?

(a) Plutonium-234 (b) Uranium-234 (c) Uranium-238

(d) Thorium-236 (e) Neptunium-237

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You have the correct mass number but forgot that the atomic number
changes as well. (c) You have the correct atomic number but forgot that the mass number changes. (d)
You subtracted 2 from the mass number and 4 from the atomic number instead of the other way around.
(e) You subtracted 1 from both the mass number and the atomic number instead of 4 and 2, respectively.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.2 Writing Nuclear Equations

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The radioactive decay of thorium-232 occurs in multiple steps, called a radioactive decay chain. The
second product produced in this chain is actinium-228. Which of the following processes could lead to this
product starting with thorium-232?

(a) Alpha decay followed by beta emission

(b) Beta emission followed by electron capture
(c) Positron emission followed by alpha decay
(d) Electron capture followed by positron emission
(e) More than one of the above is consistent with the observed transformation

<Answer: (a)>

<Wrong answer feedback: We need processes that lead to a decrease in atomic number by 1 and a
decrease in mass number by 4. By looking at Table 21.3, we see that only answer (a) satisfies these
criteria.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.3 Predicting Modes of Nuclear Decay

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following radioactive nuclei is most likely to decay via emission of a   particle?

(a) nitrogen-13 (b) magnesium-23 (c) rubidium-83 (d) iodine-131

(e) neptunium-237
<Answer: (d)>

<Wrong answer feedback <first line of feedback applies to all>: Beta emission is most likely to occur for a
nucleus that is neutron rich relative to an isotope in the belt of stability. In each case we need to look at the
neutron-to-proton ratio of the particular nucleus. (a) and (b) The nuclei have a neutron-to-proton ratio that
is less than one. These nuclei are therefore proton rich and will decay by positron emission or electron
capture. (c) The neutron-to-proton ratio is smaller than that on the belt of stability (we might expect that
given the average atomic weight of the element). It decays by electron capture. (e) For actinide elements,
we will most likely see alpha emission in order to decrease the atomic number and the mass number.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.4 Writing a Balanced Nuclear Equation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Consider the following nuclear transmutation: 238
92 U(n,   )X. What is the identity of nucleus X?

238 239 239  235 239

(a) 93 Np (b) 92 U (c) 92 U (d) 90 Th (e) 93 Np

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You forgot to increase the mass number after the neutron was captured. (b)
You forgot to increase the atomic number after beta emission. (c) Remember that beta emission changes the
identity of the nucleus and does not create an ion. (d) You ejected an alpha particle rather than a beta
particle.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.5 Calculation Involving Half-Lives

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A radioisotope of technetium is useful in medical imaging techniques. A sample initially contains 80.0 mg
of this isotope. After 24.0 h, only 5.0 mg of the technetium isotope remains. What is the half-life of the
isotope?

(a) 3.0 h (b) 6.0 h (c) 12.0 h (d) 16.0 h (e) 24.0 h

<Answer: (b)>

<Wrong answer feedback: You should recognize that 5.0 mg is 1/16th of the original 80.0 mg. A amount
of sample that decays by first-order kinetics will decrease to 1/16th of its initial value after four half-lives
1 16  1 2 4  . Thus, 24.0 h corresponds to four half-lives, so the half-life is 6.0 h. Any other answer is the
 
result of either bad reasoning or bad mathematics.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.6 Calculating the Age of Objects Using Radioactive Decay
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Cesium-137, which has a half-life of 30.2 yr, is a component of the radioactive waste from nuclear power
plants. If the activity due to cesium-137 in a sample of radioactive waste has decreased to 35.2% of its
initial value, how old is the sample?

(a) 1.04 yr (b) 15.4 yr (c) 31.5 yr (d) 45.5 yr (e) 156 yr

<Answer: (d)>
<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You forgot to multiply by 1/k. (b) You used 0.352 rather than ln(0.352) in
your calculation. (c) You forgot the factor of ln 2 in your calculation of k for the decay. (e) You used 35.2
rather than 0.352 in your calculation (and you dropped a negative sign).>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.7 Calculations Involving Radioactive Decay and Time

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
As mentioned in the previous Practice Exercise 1, cesium-137, a component of radioactive waste, has a
half-life of 30.2 yr. If a sample of waste has an initial activity of 15.0 Ci due to cesium-137, how long will
it take for the activity due to cesium-137 to drop to 0.250 Ci?

(a) 0.728 yr (b) 60.4 yr (c) 78.2 yr (d) 124 yr (e) 179 yr

<Answer: (e)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You forgot to take the ln of (0.250/15.0). (b) This answer is two half-lives.
The activity has decreased by more than a factor of four, so this can’t be correct. (c) You use 2.50 instead
of 0.250 in your calculation. (d) You forgot the factor of ln 2 in calculating the value of k.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 21.8 Calculating Mass Change in a Nuclear Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
The nuclear reaction that powers the radioisotope thermoelectric generator shown in the chapter-opening
94 Pu 
photograph is 238  234
92 U  2 He. The atomic masses of plutonium-238 and uranium-234 are
4

238.049554 amu and 234.040946 amu, respectively. The mass of an alpha particle is 4.001506 amu. How
much energy in kJ is released when 1.00 g of plutonium-238 decays to uranium-234?

(a) 2.27 106 kJ (b) 2.68  106 kJ (c) 3.10  106 kJ

(d) 3.15  106 kJ (e) 7.37  108 kJ

<Answer: (c)>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) You adjusted for the masses of the electrons incorrectly. (b) You forgot that
the number of electrons on the two sides of the equation is different. (d) You divided the molar energy by
the mass of uranium-234 rather than by the mass of plutonium-238. (e) This is the energy released per
mole of plutonium-238 rather than 1.00 g.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.1 Identifying Elemental Properties

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which description correctly describes a difference between the chemistry of oxygen and sulfur?
(a) Oxygen is a nonmetal and sulfur is a semimetal; (b) oxygen can form more than four bonds whereas
sulfur cannot; (c) sulfur has a higher electronegativity than oxygen; (d) oxygen is better able to form pi
bonds than sulfur.
<Answer: (d); for (a) both are nonmetals; for (b) sulfur is able to have more than four bonds; for (c) oxygen
has the greater electronegativity (electronegativity decreases going down the group)>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.2 Predicting the Products of Chemical Reactions
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
When CaC2 reacts with water, what carbon-containing compound forms?
(a) CO; (b) CO2, (c) CH4; (d) C2H2; (e) H2CO3
<Answer: (d); the reaction is likely to be a proton-tranfer reaction rather than a combustion or oxidation.
Thus, we would expect the carbon to be associated with H atoms. In CaC 2, the Ca has a 2+ oxidiation state,
and the anion based on C2 therefore has a -2 charge. By adding two H+ ions from water, we get C2H2.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.3 Predicting a Molecular Structure

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Compounds containing the XeF3+ ion have been characterized. Describe the electron-domain geometry and
molecular geometry of this ion.
(a) trigonal planar, trigonal planar; (b) tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal; (c) trigonal bipyramidal, T shaped;
(d) tetrahedral, tetrahedral; (e) octahedral, square planar;
<Answer: (c). There are 28 electrons in the valence shells of Xe and 3 F. Of these, 18 are nonbonding
electrons on F. Thus, there are 10 valence-shell electrons associated with Xe. These are distributed in 3
bonding electron domains (because of three bonds to the 3 F) and 2 nonbonding electron domains. As a
result the electron-domain geometry is trigonal bipyramidal and the molecular geometry is T-shaped (see
Table 9.3). The usual source of error is miscounting electrons including forgetting that the positive charge
of the ion means the removal of one valence electron. Choices (d) and (e) are nonsensical because they
imply four bonds to Xe when there are only three bonds in XeF 3+.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.4 Predicting Chemical Reactions among the Halogens

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which is (are) able to oxidize Cl?
(a) F2; (b) F; (c) both Br2 and I2; (d) both Br and I

<Answer: (a). A halide ion is oxidized by the halogens above it in the group. Oxidation is the loss of
electrons, and the electrons move to the smaller, more electronegative halogen. If you selected (b), you
forgot that oxidation is the loss of electrons, and that the oxidizing agent gains those electrons; F  can’t
gain additional electrons.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.5 Writing a Balanced Chemical Equation

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following are oxidized by H2SO4?
(a) Cl; (b) Cl and Br; (c) Br and I; (d) Cl2; (e) Br2 and I2

<Answer: (c)>

<Feedback for wrong answers: . It is easier to oxidize a halide ion than to oxidize a neutral halogen
molecule. Thus, we can eliminate (d) and (e) from consideration. The larger halides are move easily
oxidized (more easily lose electrons) than the smaller ones. Thus, (c) is the logical choice.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.6 Writing a Balanced Equation
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In power plants, hydrazine is used to prevent corrosion of the metal parts of steam boilers by the O 2
dissolved in the water. The hydrazine reacts with O 2 in water to give N 2 and H2 O. Write a balanced
equation for this reaction.

< Answer: N2 H4 (aq)  O2 (aq) 

 N2 ( g )  2 H2O(l ) >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 22.7 Determining an Empirical Formula

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In the mineral beryl, six silicate tetrahedra are connected to form a ring as shown here. The negative
charge of this polyanion is balanced by Be2+ and Al3+ cations. If elemental analysis gives a Be:Si ratio of
1:2 and an Al:Si ratio of 1:3 what is the empirical formula of beryl: (a) Be 2Al3Si6O19, (b) Be3Al2(SiO4)6, (c)
Be3Al2Si6O18, (d) BeAl2Si6O15?

<UNF 22-9>
<Answer: (c) Be3Al2Si6O18>

<Wrong Answer Feedback: Each SiO4 tetrahedron has 2 unshared oxygens and 2 shared oxygens, to give a
stoichiometry of 1 Si: 2(1) + 2(1/2) = 3 O, or SiO 32− just like the silicate chains. To maintain the proper
ratios of Be:Si and Al:Si we need a ratio of 3 Be:2 Al:6 Si. This the empirical formula should be
Be3Al2(SiO3)6 or Be3Al2Si6O18. We can check to see that charge balance is maintained.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.1 Identifying the Coordination Sphere of a Complex

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
When the compound RhCl3·4 NH3 is dissolved in water and treated with excess AgNO3(aq) one mole of
AgCl(s) is formed for every mole of RhCl3·4 NH3. What is the correct way to write the formula of this
compound? (a) [Rh(NH3)4Cl3], (b) [Rh(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, (c) [Rh(NH3)4Cl]Cl2, (d) [Rh(NH3)4]Cl3, (e)
[RhCl3](NH3)4.

<Answer: (b) [Rh(NH3)4Cl2]Cl >

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) Incorrect. This formula indicates that all three chloride ions in the empirical
formula are coordinated to rhodium. If this were the case, no AgCl would precipitate when AgNO3 is
added. (c) Incorrect. This formula indicates that two of the three chloride ions in the empirical formula are
not coordinated to rhodium. If this were the case, two moles of AgCl would precipitate for every mole of
the coordination compound. (d) Incorrect. This formula indicates that none of the chloride ions in the
empirical formula is coordinated to rhodium. If this were the case, three moles of AgCl would precipitate
for every mole of the coordination compound. (e) Incorrect. The neutral ammonia molecules would not be
considered part of the compound if they did not coordinate to the rhodium ion, so they must be written
inside the square brackets. Additionally as written here all three chloride ions in the empirical formula are
coordinated to rhodium. If this were the case, no AgCl would precipitate when AgNO3 is added.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.2 Determining the Oxidation Number of a Metal in a Complex
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
In which of the following compounds does the transition-metal have the highest oxidation number? (a)
[Co(NH3)4Cl2], (b) K2[PtCl6], (c) Rb3[MoO3F3], (d) Na[Ag(CN)2], (e) K4[Mn(CN)6].

<Answer: (c) Rb3[MoO3F3]>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) The oxidation number of cobalt is +2; this is not the highest among the
available choices. (b) The oxidation number of platinum is +4; this is not the highest among the available
choices. (d) The oxidation number of silver is +1; this is the lowest value among the available choices. (e)
The oxidation number of manganese is +2; this is not the highest among the available choices.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.3 Naming Coordination Compounds

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the name of the compound [Rh(NH3)4Cl2]Cl? (a) Rhodium(III) tetraamminedichloro chloride, (b)
Tetraammoniadichlororhodium(III) chloride, (c) Tetraamminedichlororhodium(III) chloride, (d)
Tetraamminetrichlororhodium(III), (e) Tetraamminedichlororhodium(II) chloride.

<Answer: (c) Tetraamminedichlororhodium(III) chloride>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) The name of the metal comes at the end of the complex ion containing the
metal not at the beginning. (b) The name ammine not ammonia is used for the ligand NH3. (d) The third
chloride ion is written outside the square brackets and therefore acts as an anion rather than part of the
complex cation. (e) The oxidation number of rhodium is +3 not +2 in this compound.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.4 Determining the Number of Geometric Isomers

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following molecules does not have a geometric isomer?

<UNF 23-11>

(a) [MX3Y] (b) [MX2Y2] (c) [MX4Y2] (d) [MX3Y3]

<Answer: (a) The tetrahedral MX3Y complex>

<Wrong answer feedback: (b) Incorrect; a MX2Y2 square planar complex will have cis and trans isomers.
(c) Incorrect; a MX4Y2 octahedral complex will have cis and trans isomers. (d) Incorrect; a MX3Y3
octahedral complex has two isomers, one isomer is shown here where only one of the X ligands is on the
opposite side of the central metal ion as one of the Y ligands, and one isomer where each Y ligand is
located on the opposite side of an X ligand. The second isomer is called a fac-isomer because it has one
triangular face of the octahedron with only X ligands and an opposite triangular face that has only Y
ligands. The other isomer is called a mer-isomer.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.5 Predicting Whether a Complex Has Optical Isomers
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following complexes has optical isomers? (a) Tetrahedral [CdBr2Cl2]2–, (b) Octahedral
[CoCl4(en)]2–, (c) Octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]2+, (d) Tetrahedral [Co(NH3)BrClI]–, (e) Octahedral
[Co(NH3)4(en)]2+.

<Answer: (d) Tetrahedral [Co(NH3)BrClI]–>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) This compound has neither optical isomers nor geometric isomers. (b) This
compound has neither optical isomers nor geometric isomers. (c) This compound has cis and trans
geometric isomers, but neither geometric isomer has an optical isomer. (e) This compound has neither
optical isomers nor geometric isomers.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.6 Relating Color Absorbed to Color Observed

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A solution containing a certain transition-metal complex ion has the absorption spectrum shown here.
<UNF 23-14>
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Absorbance

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm)

What color would you expect a solution containing this ion to be? (a) violet, (b) blue, (c) green, (d) orange,
(e) red.

<Answer: (d) orange>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) The peak of the absorption spectrum falls near 450 nm, which is in the blue
region of the spectrum. Violet is not the complementary color of blue. (b) The complex absorbs blue light,
therefore it will not appear blue. (c) The peak of the absorption spectrum falls near 450 nm, which is in the
blue region of the spectrum. Green is not the complementary color of blue. (e) The peak of the absorption
spectrum falls near 450 nm, which is in the blue region of the spectrum. Red is not the complementary
color of blue.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.7 The Spectrochemical Series, Crystal Field Splitting, Color and
Magnetism
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which of the following octahedral complex ions will have the fewest number of unpaired electrons? (a)
[Cr(H2O)6]3+, (b) [V(H2O)6]3+, (c) [FeF6]3–, (d) [RhCl6]3–, (e) [Ni(NH3)6]2+.
<Answer: (d) [RhCl6]3–>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) This complex ion has three unpaired electrons, which is not the lowest
among the choices. (b) This complex ion has two unpaired electrons, which is not the lowest among the
choices. (c) Because fluoride is a weak field ligand this complex ion is likely to be a high spin complex.
Because Fe3+ has five d-electrons a high spin complex would have five unpaired electrons, which is the
highest possible number. Even if this complex were low spin it would have one unpaired electron, which is
still not the lowest amongst the available choices. (e) This complex has two unpaired electrons, which is
not the lowest among the choices.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 23.8 Populating d Orbitals in Tetrahedral and Square-Planar

Complexes
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many unpaired electrons do you predict for the tetrahedral [MnCl 4]2– ion? (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, (e)
5.

<Answer: (e) 5>

<Wrong answer feedback: (a) This would be the number of unpaired electrons if the complex ion were a
low-spin complex, but low-spin complexes are not seen for the tetrahedral geometry. (b) Incorrect. Have
you counted the number of unpaired electrons correctly? (c) This would be correct if the electron
configuration for the Mn2+ ion were [Ar] 4s23d3, but remember that transition metals lose their valence s
electrons when they form complex ions. (d) Incorrect. Have you counted the number of unpaired electrons
correctly? >

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.1 Naming Alkanes

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What is the proper name of this compound?
<UNF 24-92; need to draw in CH3CH2C(CH3)(CH2CH3)CH3>

(a) 3-ethyl-3-methylbutane, (b) 2-ethyl-2-methylbutane, (c) 3,3-dimethylpentane, (d) isoheptane, (e) 1,2-
dimethyl-neopentane.

<Answer: c. Wrong answer feedback for a and b: there is a longer carbon chain than 4; d: are there really 7
carbons in a line? e: neopentane is not a proper name>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.2 Writing Condensed Structural Formulas

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many hydrogen atoms are in 2,2-dimethylhexane?
(a) 6, (b) 8, (c) 16, (d) 18, (e) 20.

<Answer: d. Wrong answer feedback: a: oops. Are you thinking of the carbons in hexane? b: are you
counting carbons rather than hydrogens? c: Did you include all the H’s on the end carbons? e: Did you
make sure that all carbons only have 4 bonds?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.3 Drawing Isomers

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
Which compound does not exist?
(a) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-octaheptaene, (b) cis-2-butane, (c) trans-3-hexene, (d) 1-propene, (e) cis-4-decane.

<Answer: b. Wrong answer feedback: a: if you draw octane, then make 7 double bonds, are any bonding
rules violated? c, d, e: if you draw the structure properly, are any bonding rules violated?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.4 Naming Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
If a compound has two carbon-carbon triple bonds and one carbon-carbon double bond, what class of
compound is it?
(a) an eneyne, (b) a dieneyne, (c) a trieneyne (d) an enediyne, (e) an enetriyne.
<Answer: d. Wrong answer feedback a: this name implies one triple and one double bond. b: this name
implies two double bonds and one triple bond; c: this name implies three double bonds and one
triple bond; e: this name implies one double bond and three triple bonds.>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.5 Predicting the Product of an Addition Reaction

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
What product is formed from the hydrogenation of 2-methylpropene? (a) propane, (b) butane, (c) 2-
methylbutane, (d) 2-methylpropane, (e) 2-methylpropyne.

<Answer: d. Wrong answer feedback: a, c: your carbon atom count is wrong; b: you have the wrong
isomer; e: do you really think you made a triple bond?>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.6 Naming Esters and Predicting Hydrolysis Products

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
For the generic ester RC(O)OR’, which bond will hydrolyze under basic conditions,?
(a) the R-C bond, (b) the C=O bond, (c) the C-O bond, (d) the O-R’ bond, (e) more than one of the above.

<answer: d. Wrong answer feedback for all: think about how the ester is formed from an acid and an
alcohol; this is the reverse reaction>

SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.7 Drawing the Structural Formula of a Tripeptide

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many nitrogen atoms are in the tripeptide Arg-Asp-Gly? (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 5, (d) 6, (e) 7.

<answer: d. Wrong answer feedback for all: make sure you draw all the atoms in the peptide.>
SAMPLE EXERCISE 24.8 Identifying Functional Groups and Chiral Centers in
Carbohydrates
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
How many chiral carbon atoms are there in the open-chain form of fructose (Figure 24.20)? (a) 0, (b) 1, (c)
2, (d) 3, (e) 4

<Answer: d. Wrong answer feedback for all: carefully look at the structure and count how many carbons
have 4 different group around them>