MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

UNIT
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
1 STRUKTUR ATOM

Concept Map / Peta Konsep

1
Atom Ion Molecule

UNIT
Atom Ion Molekul

Particle Theory of Matter Solid

Three states Pepejal
Three types of particle
of matter
Teori Zarah Jirim
Tiga keadaan
Tiga jenis zarah
jirim
Kinetic Theory of Matter
MATTER Teori kinetik jirim Liquid
JIRIM Cecair

Proton Nucleon Electron Gas

number number arrangement Gas
Nombor Nombor Susunan History of Atomic Model
Diffusion
proton nukleon Elektron Sejarah Model Atom
Resapan

Standard Example
representation of Contoh
A element Atom Meaning Isotope
Z X Perwakilan piawai Atom Maksud Isotop
unsur Uses
Kegunaan

Sub atomic particles

Three sub atomic particles
Zarah-zarah subatom
Tiga zarah subatom

Proton Neutron Electron

Proton Neutron Elektron

Note / Nota:
Learning objective / Objektif pembelajaran Differentiate between
Bezakan antara
• Analysing matter 1 State of matter / Keadaan jirim
Menganalisis jirim 2 Type of particles / Jenis zarah
• Synthesis the structure of atom 3 Sub atomic particles / Zarah subatom
Mensintesiskan struktur atom
• Understanding isotopes and evaluates its significance
Memahami isotop dan menilai kepentingannya
• Understanding the electron arrangement of atoms
Memahami susunan elektron bagi atom
• Appreciates orders and uniqueness of the structure of atoms
Menghargai ketertiban dan keunikan struktur atom

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Matter / Jirim

1 Particle theory of matter / Teori zarah jirim

What is matter? Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.
Apakah jirim? Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.

What is particle theory of matter? atoms ions

Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are ,
Apakah teori zarah jirim?
and molecules . / Jirim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah
atom , ion dan molekul .

Define element.
UNIT

A substance made from only one type of atom.

Takrifkan unsur.
Bahan yang terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja.
1

Define compound. two more

A substance made from or different elements which are bonded together.
Takrifkan sebatian.
Bahan yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.

Define atom and give example of The smallest neutral particle of an element / Zarah neutral yang paling kecil bagi suatu unsur
substance that made up of atom.
Example / Contoh:
Takrifkan atom dan berikan contoh
(a) Pure metal / Logam tulen:
bahan yang terdiri daripada atom.
– Copper, Cu
Kuprum, Cu
– Lead, Pb Copper, Cu
Plumbum, Pb Kuprum, Cu

(b) Non metal / Bukan logam:

– Carbon, C
Karbon, C
– Silicon, Si
Silikon, Si Carbon, C / Karbon, C

(c) Inert gases / Gas adi:

– Neon, Ne
Neon, Ne
– Helium, He
Helium, He Helium, He / Helium, He

Define molecule and give example A neutral particle consists of similar or different non metal atoms which are covalently bonded.
of substance that made up of Zarah neutral yang terdiri daripada atom-atom bukan logam yang serupa atau berlainan terikat secara
molecule. ikatan kovalen.
Takrifkan molekul dan berikan
Example / Contoh:
contoh bahan yang terdiri daripada
(a) Molecule of an element / Molekul unsur:
molekul.
– Oxygen, O2
Oksigen, O2
– Hydrogen, H2 Oxygen, O2 / Oksigen, O2
Hidrogen H2
(b) Molecule of a compound / Molekul sebatian:
– Carbon dioxide, CO2
Karbon dioksida, CO2
– Water, H2O Water, H2O / Air, H2O
Air, H2O

Define ion and give example of
substance that made up of ion.
Takrifkan ion dan berikan contoh
bahan yang terdiri daripada ion.
Positively or negatively charged particles, which are formed from metal atom and non metal atom
respectively. The force of attraction between the two oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond.
Zarah bercas positif atau negatif terbentuk daripada logam dan bukan logam yang terikat secara ikatan
ion. Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan ion.
Example / Contoh:
Sodium chloride, NaCl
Natrium klorida, NaCl
Sodium chloride, NaCl
Natrium klorida, NaCl

– Elements can be identified as metal or non metal by referring to the Periodic Table of Elements.
Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
– Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).
Pembentukan molekul dan ion akan dipelajari dalam Bab 4 (Ikatan Kimia).

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2 Conclusion / Kesimpulan:
Matter / Jirim

Element / Unsur Compound / Sebatian

Atoms / Atom Molecules

Atoms // Atom
Molekul Molecules / Molekul Ions / Ion

Cu, Ag, C, Ne, Ar O2, Br2, N2, C12 CO2, H2O, NO2 NaC1, KNO3, AgC1

1 UNIT
Exercise / Latihan
Determine the type of particles in the following substances:
Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:

Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle Substances Type of particle

Bahan Jenis zarah Bahan Jenis zarah Bahan Jenis zarah

Hydrogen gas (H2) Molecule Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Molecule Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) Molecule
Gas hidrogen (H2) Molekul Sulfur dioksida (SO2) Molekul Tetraklorometana (CCl4) Molekul

Copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4)

Ion Iron (Fe) Atom Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) Ion
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Ion Ferum (Fe) Atom Zink klorida (ZnCl2) Ion
(CuSO4)

Argon (Ar) Atom Carbon (C) Atom Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Molecule
Argon (Ar) Atom Karbon (C) Atom Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) Molekul

3 Kinetic theory of matter / Teori kinetik jirim

State kinetic theory of matter.
Nyatakan teori kinetik jirim.
The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving.
Zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang membentuk jirim adalah sentiasa bergerak.
Remark / Catatan:
Particles represent atoms, ions or molecules.
Zarah mewakili atom, ion atau molekul.

What is the significant of this
theory?
Apakah kepentingan teori ini?
This theory uses the particular model to explain the properties of matter. For example, diffusion and
change of physical state of matter with the energy change (melting, boiling, freezing and condensation).
Teori ini menggunakan model zarah untuk menerangkan sifat jirim. Sebagai contoh, resapan dan
perubahan keadaan fizikal bahan dengan perubahan tenaga (peleburan, pendidihan, pembekuan dan
kondensasi).

4 Diffusion / Resapan

Define diffusion. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance from an
Takrifkan resapan. area of high concentration (where there are lots of particles) to an area of low concentration (where there
are fewer particles).
Resapan berlaku apabila zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah bahan lain dari kawasan yang
berkepekatan tinggi (terdapat lebih banyak zarah) ke kawasan yang berkepekatan rendah (terdapat
kurang zarah).

Give example of diffusion in our
daily lives.
Berikan contoh resapan dalam
kehidupan seharian kita.
– Cooking aroma spreads from the kitchen to another part of the house.
Aroma memasak tersebar dari dapur ke bahagian lain rumah.
– Perfume smells spread from the bottle to surrounding.
Bau pewangi tersebar daripada botol ke persekitaran.
– Stinky odour of garbage permeates the air.
Bau busuk sampah meresap ke udara.

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Compare and explain the observation of diffusion in solid, liquid and gas.
Banding dan terangkan pemerhatian resapan dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas.
Diffusion in a gas Diffusion in a liquid Diffusion in a solid
Resapan dalam gas Resapan dalam cecair Resapan dalam pepejal

Experiment Water
Eksperimen Air Gel
After a few After a Agar-agar
A few drops of minutes few hours After a day
bromine liquid
Beberapa titis Selepas Selepas Copper(II)
cecair bromin beberapa jam Selepas
beberapa sulphate sehari
minit Potassium manganate(VII) Kuprum(II)
UNIT

Kalium manganat(VII) sulfat

Observation The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br2 The purple colour of solid potassium The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,
1

Pemerhatian spreads quickly throughout the manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads CuSO4 spreads very slowly
two jars. slowly throughout the water. throughout the gel.
Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak Warna ungu pepejal kalium Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
dengan cepat memenuhi manganat(VII), KMnO4 merebak merebak sangat perlahan di dalam
perlahan
kedua-dua balang gas. dengan di dalam air. agar-agar.

Explanation Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made Potassium manganate(VII) is made up Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made up
Penerangan molecules ions
up of . of potassium ions and manganate(VII) of copper(II) and sulphate
Bromine molecules move ions. The ions move slowly ions . The ions
move very
quickly between large between close space of water slowly between closely packed
space of air particles which is in gas particles which is in liquid form. space of gel particles which is in solid
form. form.
Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada
Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada
ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII).
molekul Ion-ion ion kuprum(II) dan ion
daripada . ini bergerak
Molekul perlahan sulfat. Ion-ion
ini bergerak
bromin bergerak antara ruang
pantas besar rapat dengan sangat perlahan antara
melalui ruang zarah air yang berbentuk
antara zarah-zarah udara yang ruang padat zarah agar-agar
cecair.
berbentuk gas. yang berbentuk pepejal.

5 Changes in the state of matter / Perubahan keadaan jirim

How does the matter exist? Matter exists in three different states which are solid , liquid and gas .
Bagaimanakah jirim wujud?
Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal , cecair dan gas .

Complete the following table to compare particles in solid, liquid and gas.
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah bagi membandingkan zarah dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas.
State of matter Solid Liquid Gas
Keadaan jirim Pepejal Cecair Gas

Draw the particles arrangement.

Each particle (atom/ ion/molecule)
is represented by
Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah
(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili
dengan ‘ ’

Particles arrangement Closely packed in orderly Closely packed Widely separated far apart
Susunan zarah not in orderly manner
manner. but . from each other.
Padat teratur Padat Terpisah jauh
dan . tetapi antara satu
tidak teratur . sama lain.

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Particles movement Vibrate and rotate at Particles can vibrate , Particles can vibrate ,
Pergerakan zarah rotate and move rotate move
their fixed position. and
Bergetar dan berputar throughout the liquid. freely.
pada kedudukan tetap. Zarah bergetar , berputar dan Zarah bergetar , berputar
bergerak dalam cecair. dan bergerak bebas.

Attractive forces between the Very strong . Strong Weak

particles kuat Kuat Lemah
Daya tarikan antara zarah Sangat .

1
Energy content of the particles Very low . Moderate Very high.
Kandungan tenaga zarah

UNIT
Sangat rendah . Sederhana Sangat tinggi.

Define melting point. The constant temperature at which a solid completely changes to become a liquid.
Takrifkan takat lebur.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal berubah sepenuhnya menjadi cecair.

Remark:

For the same pure substance, melting point = freezing point. For example, pure ice melts and freezes at 0°C (the melting
liquid freezing point
point of ice). The constant temperature at which a changes to a solid is called .

Catatan:

Untuk bahan tulen yang sama, takat lebur = takat beku. Sebagai contoh, ais tulen melebur dan membeku pada 0°C
cecair takat beku
(takat lebur ais). Suhu malar di mana perubahan kepada pepejal dipanggil .

Define boiling point. The constant temperature at which a liquid completely changes to become a gas.
Takrifkan takat didih.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecair berubah sepenuhnya menjadi gas.

Remark:
Pure water boils and condenses at 100°C (the boiling point of water).
Catatan:
Air tulen mendidih dan terkondesasi pada 100°C (takat didih air).

When does a substance change A substance changes its physical state when the temperature reaches the melting point and boiling point.
its physical state? Suatu bahan berubah sifat fizikalnya apabila suhunya mencapai takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
Bilakah suatu bahan berubah sifat
fizikalnya?

What causes a substance to
change its physical state?
Apakah yang menyebabkan suatu
bahan berubah sifat fizikalnya?
Matter undergoes changes of state when heat energy is absorbed or released :
haba serap
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga di atau dibebaskan :
(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles
increases and they vibrate faster.

Apabila tenaga haba diserap oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga kinetik zarah
bertambah dan zarah tersebut bergetar dengan lebih cepat.

(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles
decreases and they vibrate less vigorously.

Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah
berkurang dan zarah tersebut bergetar kurang cergas.

How does the energy cause a
substance to change its physical
state?
Bagaimanakah tenaga
menyebabkan suatu bahan
berubah keadaan fizikalnya?
Heat energy is absorbed to overcome the attractive forces between particles or released when the
attractive force between particles is formed.
Tenaga haba diserap untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah atau dibebaskan apabila daya tarikan
antara zarah terbentuk.

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State the change in heat energy – During melting, boiling and sublimation, heat energy is absorbed from the surrounding.
during physical state change. Semasa peleburan, pendidihan dan pemejalwapan, tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga haba – During freezing and condensation heat energy is given out to the surrounding.
semasa perubahan keadaan Semasa pembekuan dan kondensasi, tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran.
fizikal.
Sublimation / Pemejalwapan
Key / Pertunjuk:
Heat energy is
Melting Boiling absorbed from the
surrounding
Peleburan Pendidihan
Tenaga haba diserap
dari persekitaran
Freezing Condensation
Heat energy is released
Pembekuan Kondensasi to the surrounding
UNIT

Tenaga haba
Solid / Pepejal Liquid / Cecair Gas / Gas
dibebaskan ke
1

persekitaran
Sublimation / Pemejalwapan

What happen to the temperature
when a substance undergoes
changes in physical states?
Explain.
Apa yang terjadi kepada suhu
apabila suatu bahan mengalami
perubahan keadaan fizikal?
Terangkan.
– During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the
used
particles is to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid changes to a
liquid.
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan
untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair.
– During the freezing process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the
surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles attarct one another to
become a solid .
Semasa proses pembekuan, suhu adalah tetap kerana haba terbebas ke persekitaran diimbangi
oleh haba terbebas apabila zarah-zarah cecair menarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
pepejal

Why do different substance have
different melting and boiling
points?
Mengapakah bahan yang berbeza
mempunyai takat lebur dan takat
didih yang berbeza?
– When the force of attraction between particles is stronger, more heat needed to overcome the force.
The melting and boiling points are higher.
Apabila daya tarikan antara zarah lebih kuat, lebih banyak haba diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya itu.
Takat lebur dan takat didih adalah lebih tinggi.
– When the force of attraction between particles is weaker, less heat needed to overcome the force. The
melting and boiling points are lower.
Apabila daya tarikan antara zarah lebih lemah, kurang tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya itu.
Takat lebur dan takat didih adalah lebih rendah.
Remark / Catatan:
The strength of attractive force between particles is used to explain the difference in melting point and boiling point of
ionic and covalent compound in topic 4 (Chemical Bond)
Kekuatan daya tarikan antara zarah digunakan untuk menerangkan perbezaan dalam takat lebur dan takat didih sebatian
ion dan kovalen dalam topik 4 (Ikatan Kimia)

Describe experiment to determine the of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Huraikan ekxperimen bagi menentukan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water / Serbuk naftalena, air
Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand with clamp, thermometer 0 – 100°C, stopwatch, Bunsen burner,
wire gauze, tripod stand
Tabung didih, kelalang kon, bikar, kaki retort, termometer 0 – 100°C, jam randik, penunu Bunsen kasa dawai,
tungku kaki tiga

Procedure / Prosedur:
I. Heating of naphthalene
Pemanasan naftalena
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
(a) A boiling tube is filled 3 cm height with naphthalene powder and a thermometer is placed into it.
Tabung didih diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi 3 cm dan termometer diletakkan di dalammya.

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(b) The boiling tube is suspended in a water bath as shown in the diagram and make sure the water level in the water bath is
higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih diapitkan ke dalam kukus air seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih
tinggi daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
(c) The water is heated and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with Thermometer / Termometer
thermometer.
Air dipanaskan dan naftalena dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan Boiling tube / Tabung didih
termometer. Water / Air
(d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60°C, the stopwatch Naphthalene / Naftalena
is started. The temperature of naphthalene is recorded at 30 seconds

1
intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90°C.

UNIT
Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai 60°C, mulakan jam randik. Suhu Heat
naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 90°C. Haba

Result / Keputusan:

Time / s
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Masa / s

Temperature / °C
Suhu / °C

II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena

Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
(a) The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put
into a conical flask as shown in the diagram.
Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan
dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Naphthalene
(b) The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly Naftalena
with thermometer throughout cooling process to avoid
supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing
point, without the appearance of a solid).
Kandungan dalam tabung didih dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk
mengelakkan penyejukan lampau (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan pepejal).
(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops to 60 °C.
Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 60 °C.
(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.
Graf suhu melawan masa dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.

Result / Keputusan:

Time / s
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Masa / s

Temperature / °C
Suhu / °C

Temperature/°C / Suhu/°C Temperature/°C / Suhu/°C

X X

Time/s Time/s
Masa/s Masa/s

From the graph, the melting point of naphthalene is X°C From the graph, the freezing point of naphthalene is X°C
Daripada graf, takat lebur naftalena ialah X°C Daripada graf, takat beku naftalena ialah X°C

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Interpretation of heating curve  Tafsiran graf pemanasan

What is heating curve? It is a plot of the temperature against time to show how changes as a substance is heated up.
Apakah lengkung pemanasan? Satu plot suhu melawan masa untuk menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan apabila suatu bahan
dipanaskan.

Sketch the heating curve of a

substance with the melting point Temperature/°C
P°C and the boiling point Q°C Suhu/°C
from solid to gas.
Label the part on the graph where
melting point and boiling point Q
UNIT

take place.
Lakarkan lengkung pemanasan P
suatu bahan dengan takat lebur
1

P°C dan takat didih Q°C dari

pepejal kepada gas. Labelkan Time/s
bahagian pada graf di mana takat Masa/s
lebur dan takat didih berlaku.

Study the heating curve of a Temperature/°C Solid

substance. Suhu/°C AB
Pepejal
Kaji lengkung pemanasan suatu F
bahan. Solid and liquid
(a) State the physical state of the BC
D E Pepejal dan cecair
substance at the following
region: Liquid
CD
Nyatakan keadaan fizikal B C Cecair
bahan pada kawasan berikut:
AB, BC, CD, DE, EF Liquid and gas
DE
A Cecair dan gas
(b) Explain the changes in
Time/s Gas
physical state and temperature EF
Masa/s Gas
of the substance.
Terangkan perubahan keadaan AB
fizikal dan suhu bahan. absorbed solid
1 Heat energy is by the particles in the naphthalene.

2 The heat energy absorbed causes kinetic energy of the particles to increase and the
particles vibrate faster .

3 The temperature increases .

1 Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah pepejal naftalena.
2 Tenaga haba yang diserap menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan bertambah dan zarah
bergetar dengan lebih cepat .
3 Suhu semakin meningkat .

BC
1 Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene.

2 The heat energy absorbed is used to overcome forces of attraction between particles so that
the solid turns to liquid .

3 The temperature remains constant .

1 Tenaga haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena.

2 Tenaga haba yang diserapdigunakan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah
supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair .
3 Suhu adalah tetap .

DE
1 Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene.

2 The heat energy absorbed causes the kinetic energy of the particles to increase and the
particles move faster .

3 The temperature increases .

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1 Tenaga haba diserapoleh zarah-zarah cecair naftalena.

2 Tenaga haba yang diserap menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan bertambah dan zarah-
zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat .

3 Suhu semakin meningkat .

EF
1 Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the gas .

2 The heat absorbed causes their kinetic energy of the particles to increase and the
particles move faster .

3 The temperature increases .

1
diserap gas

UNIT
1 Tenaga haba oleh zarah-zarah .
2 Tenaga haba yang diserap menyebabkan tenaga kinetik zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-
zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat .
3 Suhu semakin meningkat

Remark / Catatan:
The diagram shows how the physical state of substance is related to its melting and boiling points.
Rajah menunjukkan bagaimana keadaan fizikal bahan berkait dengan takat lebur dan takat didih.
Melting point Boiling point
Takat lebur Takat didih

Temperature increase
Suhu meningkat
Solid Liquid Gas
Pepejal Cecair Gas

Solid + liquid Liquid + gas

Pepejal + cecair Cecair + gas

Interpretation of cooling curve  Tafsiran graf penyejukan

What is cooling curve? It is a plot of the temperature against time to show how temperature change as a substance is cooled.
Apakah lengkung penyejukan? Satu plot suhu melawan masa untuk menunjukkan bagaimana suhu berubah apabila suatu bahan
disejukkan.

Study the cooling curve of a Temperature/°C / Suhu/°C

substance.
Kaji lengkung penyejukan suatu P Liquid
bahan. PQ
Cecair

(a) State the physical state of the Q Liquid and solid

R QR
substance at the following Cecair dan pepejal
region:
Solid
Nyatakan keadaan fizikal S RS
Pepejal
bahan pada kawasan berikut:
PQ,QR, RS Time/s
Masa/s
(b) Explain the changes in PQ
physical state and temperature released liquid
of the substance. 1 Heat is to the surrounding by the particles in the naphthalene.
Terangkan perubahan keadaan liquid kinetic slower
fizikal dan suhu bahan. 2 The particles in the lose their energy and move .

3 The temperature decreases .

1 Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena.

2 Zarah dalam cecair naftalena kehilangan tenaga kinetik dan bergerak semakin
perlahan .

3 Suhu semakin menurun .

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

QR
1 Heat is released to the surrounding by the particles in liquid naphthalene.
2 The heat released is balanced by the heat energy released as the particles attract
one another to form a solid .
3 The temperature remains constant .

1 Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena.

2 Haba yang dibebaskan adalah diimbangi oleh tenaga haba yang terbebas

apabila zarah-zarah menarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk pepejal .
3 Suhu adalah tetap .
UNIT

RS
1 The particles in the solid naphthalene releases heat.
1

2 The heat released causes the particles vibrate slower .

3 The temperature decreases .

1 Zarah-zarah di dalam pepejal naftalena membebaskan haba.

2 Haba yang terbebas menyebabkan zarah-zarah bergetar semakin perlahan .

3 Suhu semakin menurun .

Exercise / Latihan
1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.

Substance / Bahan Chemical formula / Formula kimia Type of particle / Jenis zarah

Silver / Argentum Ag Atom / Atom

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O Ion / Ion

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 Molecule / Molekul

Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 Molecule / Molekul

(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.
Antara bahan tersebut, yang manakah merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of only one type of atom.
Argentum dan klorin. Argentum dan klorin terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja.

(c) Which of the substances are compound? Explain your answer.

Antara bahan tersebut, yang manakah merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements.
Kalium oksida dan ammonia. Kalium oksida dan ammonia terdiri daripada dua unsur yang berbeza.

2 The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substances P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.
Substance / Bahan Melting point / Takat lebur / °C Boiling point / Takat didih / °C
P –36 6
Q –18 70
R 98 230

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(a) (i) What is meant by ‘melting point’?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘takat lebur’?
The constant temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid at particular pressure.
Suhu tetap di mana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu.
(ii) What is meant by ‘boiling point’?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘takat didih’?
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure.
Suhu tetap di mana cecair berubah menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu.
(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.

1
Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.

UNIT
Substance P /PBahan P
Bahan Substance Q /QBahan Q
Bahan Substance R /RBahan R
Bahan

(c) (i) State the substance/substances that exist in the form of liquid at 0 °C.
Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0 °C.
P, Q
(ii) Give reason to your answer. / Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The temperature 0 °C is above the melting point of P and Q and below the boiling point of P and Q.
0 °C adalah suhu di atas takat lebur P dan Q dan di bawah takat didih P dan Q.
(d) (i) Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100 °C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating
of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100 °C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature / Suhu /°C

70

Time / Masa /s

(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70 °C? / Apakah keadaan fizik bahan Q pada 70 °C?
Liquid and gas / Cecair dan gas
(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The melting point of substance R is higher than substance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R is
stronger than substance Q. More heat is needed to overcome the forces between particles in substance R.
Takat lebur bahan R adalah lebih tinggi daripada bahan Q. Daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R lebih kuat
daripada bahan Q. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R.

Soalan Tambahan
Additional Question

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The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom

1 History of the development of atomic models:

Sejarah perkembangan model atom:
Scientist Atomic Model Discovery
Saintis Model atom Penemuan

(i) Matter is made up of particles called atoms .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil atom .
created destroyed divided
UNIT

(ii) Atoms cannot be , or .

Dalton dicipta
Atom tidak boleh , dimusnah atau dibahagi .
1

(iii) Atoms from the same element are identical .

Atom daripada unsur sama adalah sama .

Discovered the electrons , the first subatomic particle.

(i)
Positively charged sphere elektron
Menjumpai , zarah subatom yang pertama.
Sfera bercas positif
(ii) Atom is sphere of positive charge which is embedded with
Thomson
negatively charged particles called electrons .
Negatively charged electron positif
Atom adalah sfera yang bercas yang mengandungi
Elektron bercas negatif
zarah bercas negatif dipanggil elektron .

(i)
Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and
Electron moves outside
positively charged .
the nucleus
Menjumpai nukleus yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan
Elektron bergerak di
bercas positif .
luar nukleus
(ii) Proton is a part of the nucleus.
Rutherford Proton
Nucleus that contains adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.
proton (iii) Electron moves outside the nucleus.
Nukleus mengandungi Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.
proton nucleus
(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the .
Nukleus mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.

Shell / Petala

Nucleus that contains (i) Discovered the existence of electron shells .

proton petala
Menjumpai kewujudan elektron.
Neils Bohr Nukleus mengandungi
(ii) Electrons move in the shells around the nucleus .
proton
Elektron bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi nukleus .
Electron / Elektron

Shell / Petala (i) Discovered the existence of neutron .

Menjumpai kewujudan neutron .
Nucleus that contains (ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called neutron
proton and neutron proton
James and positively charged particles called .
Chadwick Nukleus mengandungi neutron
proton dan neutron Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil
dan zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil proton .
(iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.
Electron / Elektron
Jisim neutron dan proton adalah hampir sama.

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2 The structure of an atom / Struktur atom:

Describe atomic structure based
on history of the atomic structure. Shell / Petala
Huraikan struktur atom Nucleus that contains proton and neutron
berdasarkan sejarah struktur Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron
atom. Electron / Elektron

(a) An atom has a central nucleus and electrons that move in the shells around the
nucleus.
(b) The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
(c) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1.

1
(d) The mass of an atom is obtained mainly from the number of proton and neutron .

UNIT
(a) Atom mempunyai nukleus di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam petala
mengelilingi nukleus tersebut.
(b) Nukleus mengandungi neutron dan proton.
(c) Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1.
(d) Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan proton dan bilangan neutron .

What are the characteristics of the Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative mass Position
subatomic particles? Zarah subatom Simbol Cas Jisim relatif Kedudukan
Apakah ciri-ciri zarah subatom?
Electron – (negative) 1 In the shells
e ≈0
Elektron – (negatif) 1 840 Pada petala
Proton + (positive) In the nucleus
p 1
Proton + (positif) Pada nukleus
Neutron neutral In the nucleus
n 1
Neutron neutral Pada nukleus

Explain how the electrons are
filled in specific shells.
Terangkan bagaimana elektron
diisi dalam petala tertentu.
Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements with atomic numbers
1 – 20: / Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang
mempunyai nombor proton 1 – 20:
2
– First shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 2 elektron.
– Second shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.
– Third shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.

First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)
Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)
Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
Petala ketiga diisi 8 elektron (oktet)

What are valence electrons? Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Apakah elektron valens? Elektron valens ialah elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.

Atom or element? Example / Contoh:

Atom atau unsur?
Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na

Sodium element Sodium element Sodium element Sodium atom

Unsur natrium Unsur natrium Unsur natrium Atom natrium
Remark / Catatan:
1 Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element. / Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.
2 A substance made from only one type of atom.
satu
Suatu bahan yang terdiri daripada hanya jenis atom.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Define proton number. Proton number of an element is the number of proton in the nucleus of its atom .
Nyatakan maksud nombor proton.
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam nukleus suatu
atom .

Remark / Catatan:
Every element has its own proton number (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements).
Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur).

Define nucleon number. Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its
Nyatakan maksud nombor atom .
nukleon.
UNIT

Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
atom .
1

Remark / Catatan:
– Nucleon number is also known as mass number. (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements)
Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim. (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
– Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons.
Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.

Why atoms are neutral? – Each proton has charge of +1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of –1 . The
Mengapakah atom neutral?
neutron has no charge (it is neutral ).

Setiap proton bercas +1 . Setiap elektron bercas –1 . Neutron tidak mempunyai

cas (ianya adalah neutral ).

– An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of atom is zero .

Atom is neutral .

Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom

adalah kosong . Atom adalah neutral .

Remark / Catatan:
If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion – formation of ion will be studied in Chapter 4.
Jika suatu atom kehilangan atau menerima elektron, ia akan membentuk ion – pembentukan ion akan dipelajari dalam
Tajuk 4.

How to calculate the number of In an atom / Dalam suatu atom:

protons, neutrons and electrons in Proton number
Number of protons =
an atom?
Bagaimana untuk mengira nombor Bilangan proton = Nombor proton
proton, neutron dan elektron
Number of electrons = Number of proton
dalam satu atom?
Bilangan elektron = Bilangan proton

Number of neutrons = Nucleon number – Proton number

Bilangan neutron = Nombor nukleon – Proton number

Example (i) Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and
Contoh
19 electrons in the shells.

Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19. Atom kalium mempunyai 19 proton di dalam

nukleus dan 19 elektron di dalam petala.

(ii) Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen atom has 8 protons in the nucleus and
8 electrons in the shells.

Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8. Atom oksigen mempunyai 8 proton di dalam

nukleus dan 8 elektron di dalam petala.

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What is the symbol of an element?
Apakah simbol bagi suatu unsur?
The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it
must be a capital letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a
small letter.
Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf,
maka ia mesti ditulis menggunakan huruf besar. Jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf
pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.

Example / Contoh:

Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol

Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol Unsur Simbol

Oxygen Nitrogen Calcium

1
O N Ca
Oksigen Nitrogen Kalsium

UNIT
Magnesium Sodium Copper
Mg Na Cu
Magnesium Natrium Kuprum

Hydrogen Potassium Chlorine

H K Cl
Hidrogen Kalium Klorin

The first letter of each element is a capital letter to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when
writing a chemical formula. For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because
there are two capital letters represent potassium and chlorine.
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur
yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang
terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.

How to write the standard
representation of an element?
Bagaimanakah cara menulis
perwakilan piawai suatu unsur?
The standard representation of an atom of an element can be written as:
Perwakilan piawai bagi satu atom sesuatu unsur boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon A
X Symbol of an element / Simbol unsur
Proton number / Nombor proton Z

Example / Contoh: – The element is Aluminium.

Al
27 Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
13
– The nucleon number of Aluminium is 27 .
What information can be obtained
from the standard representation 27
Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah .
of the element?
Apakah maklumat yang boleh
– The proton number of Aluminium is 13 .
diperoleh daripada perwakilan
piawai unsur itu? 13
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah .

– Aluminium atom has 13 protons , 14 neutrons and 13 electrons.

Atom Aluminium mempunyai 13 proton , 14 neutron dan 13 elektron.

Define isotope. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Nyatakan maksud isotop. Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang
berbeza.
Or / Atau

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same proton number but different
nucleon number.

Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi nombor
nukleon yang berbeza.

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What causes atoms of the same
element to be isotopes?
Apakah yang menyebabkan atom
unsur yang sama menjadi isotop?
UNIT
1
Compare chemical properties and
physical properties of isotopes.
Bandingkan sifat kimia dan sifat
fizik isotop.
Give examples of the usage of
isotopes.
Berikan contoh kegunaan isotop.
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 16
Example / Contoh:
1 2
H H
1 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1 Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1 Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0 Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton
number or the same number of protons but different nucleon number because of the
difference in the number of neutrons .
Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 adalah isotop. Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton
atau bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang berbeza kerana
perbezaan bilangan neutron .
Isotopes have the same chemical properties because the atoms have the same electron
arrangements but different physical properties.
Isotop mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana atom-atom mempunyai susunan elektron
yang sama tetapi sifat fizik yang berbeza.
(i) Medical field
Bidang perubatan
– To detect brain cancer.
Untuk mengesan barah otak.
– To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
– Iodin-131 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Iodin-131
– Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60
– Cobalt-60 is used to kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan. Contoh: Kobalt-60
(ii) In the industrial field
Bidang industri
– To detect wearing out in machines.
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.
– To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
– Sodium-24 detect leakage of pipes underground.
Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah. Contoh: Natrium-24
– To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
(iii) In the agriculture field
Bidang pertanian
– To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. Example: phosphorus-32
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan. Contoh: fosforus-32
– To sterile insect pests for plants.
Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
(iv) In the archeology field
Bidang arkeologi
– Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.
Karbon-14 digunakan untuk menganggarkan usia sesuatu artifak.
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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

4 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:
Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan lengkapkan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Draw electron arrangement
Standard representation
of an atom Description
of an element
Lukiskan susunan elektron Penerangan
Perwakilan piawai unsur
bagi atom

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 1

Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 1

1
1 Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 0
H

UNIT
1
H Proton number/Nombor proton 1

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 1

Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron 1

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 11

Sodium Atom
Atom Natrium Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 11

23 Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 12

Na
11
Na Proton number/Nombor proton 11

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 23

Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron 2.8.1

(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X. / Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.

23
X
11

Statement Tick ( ✔ / ✘ )
Pernyataan Tanda ( ✔ / ✘ )
Element X has 11 proton number.
Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.
7
The proton number of element X is 11.
Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.
3
The proton number of atom X is 11.
Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.
3
The number of proton of element X is 11.
Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.
7
The number of proton of atom X is 11.
Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.
3
Nucleon number of element X is 23.
Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
3
Nucleon number of atom X is 23.
Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.
3
Number of nucleon of element X is 23.
Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
7
Atom X has 23 nucleon number.
Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.
7
Neutron number of atom X is 12.
Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.
7
Number of neutron of atom X is 12.
Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.
3
Number of neutron of element X is 12.
Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.
7

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Exercise / Latihan
1 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Standard Number of Number of Number of Proton Nucleon Electron Number of
Element representation for proton electron neutron number number arrangement of valence electron
Unsur an atom Bilangan Bilangan Bilangan Nombor Nombor atom / Susunan Bilangan
Perwakilan atom proton elektron neutron proton nukleon elektron atom elektron valens
Hydrogen 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Hidrogen 1H
Helium 4
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
Helium 2 He
UNIT

Boron 11
5 5 6 5 11 2.3 3
Boron 5 B
Carbon 12
1

6 6 6 6 12 2.4 4
Karbon 6 C
Nitrogen 14
7 7 7 7 14 2.5 5
Nitrogen 7 N
Neon 20
10 10 10 10 20 2.8 8
Neon 10 Ne
Sodium 23
11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1 1
Natrium 11 Na
Magnesium 24
12 12 12 12 24 2.8.2 2
Magnesium 12 Mg
Calcium 40
20 20 20 20 40 2.8.8.2 2
Kalsium 20 Ca

2 Draw the structure of sodium atom and electron arrangement of sodium atom
Lukiskan struktur atom dan susunan elektron atom natrium
23
Na
11
The structutre of sodium atom The electron arrangement of sodium atom
Struktur atom natrium Susunan elektron atom natrium

11 protons + 12 neutrons
Na
11 proton + 12 neutron

3 The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.
35 12 37
P R S
17 6 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number?
Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?
Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
Nombor nukleon suatu unsur adalah jumlah proton dan neutron dalam nukleus atomnya

(b) What is the nucleon number of P?

Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?
35

(c) State the number of neutron in atom P.

Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.
18

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(d) State number of proton in atom P.

Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.
17

(e) (i) What is meant by isotope?

Apakah maksud isotop?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons / Isotop
adalah atom-atom dari unsur yang sama dengan jumlah proton yang sama tetapi jumlah neutron yang berbeza
(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown.
Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.

1
P and S / P dan S

UNIT
(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii).
Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).
Atoms P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutrons / Atom P dan S
mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon//bilangan neutron yang berbeza
(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutrons. Write the symbol for the isotope R.
Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
14
R
6

4 The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element / Unsur Number of protons / Bilangan proton Number of neutrons / Bilangan neutron
P 1 0
Q 1 1
R 6 6

(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atoms P and Q have same number of protons but different number of neutrons // nucleon number.
P dan Q. Atom P dan Q mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza // nombor
nukleon berbeza

(b) (i) Write the standard representation of element Q. / Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
2
Q
1
(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
The proton number of element Q is 1. / Nombor proton bagi unsur Q adalah 1
Nucleon number of element Q is 2. / Nombor nukleon bagi unsur Q adalah 2
Number of neutron = 2 – 1 = 1 / Bilangan neutron = 2 – 1 = 1
Nucleus of atom Q contains 1 proton and 1 neutron / Nukleus mengandungi 1 proton dan 1 neutron

(c) (i) Draw atomic structure for atom of element R. / Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.

6 protons + 6 neutrons
6 proton + 6 neutron

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(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i).

Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).
The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell. The nucleus
consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral. The electrons are in two shells,
the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of four electrons. Electrons move around
nucleus in the shells.
Atom terdiri daripada 2 bahagian: bahagian tengah yang disebut nukleus dan bahagian luar yang disebut petala
elektron. Nukleus terdiri daripada 6 proton yang bercas positif dan 6 neutron yang neutral. Elektron berada dalam
UNIT

dua petala, petala pertama terdiri daripada dua elektron dan petala kedua terdiri daripada empat elektron. Elektron
bergerak di sekeliling nukleus pada petala.
1

(d) Element P reacts with oxygen and produces liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph
when liquid Z at room temperature, 27 °C is cooled to –5 °C.
Unsur P bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran
graf apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27 °C disejukkan sehingga –5 °C.
Temperature /°C / Suhu /°C

27

Time /s
0 Masa /s
t1 t2
−5

(i) What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z dari t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah dari t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange
themselves to become solid. / Cecair dan pepejal. Haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang
dibebaskan apabila zarah-zarah dalam cecair menyusun semula menjadi pepejal.

(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles Z at 20 °C.

Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20 °C.

(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to –5 °C.
Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke –5 °C.
The particles move slower / Zarah bergerak semakin perlahan

Soalan Tambahan
Additional Question

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