Main

Division of Science
1. Physical Science – deals with the study of
matter, force and energy apart from life.
2. Biological Science – deals with the study of
living things.
3. Social Sciences – deals with the study man
SCIENCE
— Body of systematized facts and
knowledge as tested and verified by
human experiences. It embraces
imperfectly comprehended truths,
probabilities, theories, and hypothesis.
 Science

Prepared by: Mr. Edmerson B. Geronimo 5

 THE MAJOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES

THE
SCIENCES
NATURAL SOCIAL
SCIENCES SCIENCES
PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES SCIENCES

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY ASTRONOMY METEOROLOGY GEOLOGY

Physical Science
1. Astronomy
Astronomy
— The science which investigates all the matter-
energy in the universe: its distribution,
composition, physical states, movements, and
evolution.
Physical Science
2. Physics

A magnet levitating above high temperature semi-conductor

Physics
— The science of matter and energy and of
interactions between the two, grouped in traditional
fields such as acoustics, optics, mechanics,
thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, as well as
in modern extensions including atomic and nuclear
physics, cryogenics, solid-state physics, particle
physics, and plasma physics.
Physical Science
3. Chemistry
Chemistry
— a science that dealing with the structure,
composition and properties of items and with
the transformations that they undergo - the
composition and chemical properties of a
substance.
Physical Science
4. Geology
Geology
— The science which deals with: (a) the structure and
mineral constitution of the globe (structural
geology); (b) its history as regards rocks, minerals,
rivers, valleys, mountains, climates, life, etc.
(historical geology); (c) the causes and methods by
which its structure, features, changes, and
conditions have been produced (dynamical
geology).
Physical Science
5. Meteorology
Meteorology
— the interdisciplinary scientific study of the
atmosphere that focuses on weather processes
and forecasting
Physical Science
Mineralogy/Petrology
Physical Science
Geography
Physical Science
Soil Science
Physical Science
Oceanography
 ON PHYSICS & GEOLOGY
1. Devastating tsunamis could be halted before hitting
Earth's shoreline by firing deep-ocean sound waves at the
oncoming mass of water, new research has proposed. Dr
Usama Kadri, from Cardiff University's School of
Mathematics, believes that lives could ultimately be
saved by using acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) against
tsunamis that are triggered by earthquakes, landslides
and other violent geological events. In a paper published
in the journal Heliyon, Dr Kadri proposes that if we can
find a way to engineer these waves, they can be fired at an
incoming tsunami and will react with the wave in such a
way that reduces its amplitude, or height, and causes its
energy to be dissipated over a large area.
 ON ASTRONOMY
2. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh,
who was using the Lowell Observatory in Arizona.Textbooks were
swiftly updated to list this ninth member in the club. But over
subsequent decades, astronomers began to wonder whether Pluto
might simply be the first of a population of small, icy bodies
beyond the orbit of Neptune. Because Pluto shares its orbital
neighbourhood with other icy Kuiper Belt Objects, the resolution
effectively stripped the distant world of a planetary designation it
had held for some 76 years. It was immediately relegated it to the
distinct category of "dwarf planet", alongside the biggest body in
the asteroid belt, Ceres, and other large Kuiper Belt Objects such as
Eris, Quaoar and Sedna.
 ON METEOROLOGY
3. Global climate changes have been far more intense (12 to 20 times as
intense in some cases) than the global warming of the past century, and
they took place in as little as 20–100 years. Global warming of the past
century (0.8° C) is virtually insignificant when compared to the
magnitude of at least 10 global climate changes in the past 15,000 years.
None of these sudden global climate changes could possibly have been
caused by human CO2 input to the atmosphere because they all took
place long before anthropogenic CO2 emissions began. The cause of the
ten earlier ‘natural’ climate changes was most likely the same as the cause
of global warming from 1977 to 1998.
Now a decade later, the global climate has not warmed 1° F as
forecast by the IPCC but has cooled slightly until 2007-08 when global
temperatures turned sharply downward. In 2008, NASA satellite imagery
(Figure 6) confirmed that the Pacific Ocean had switched from the warm
mode it had been in since 1977 to its cool mode, similar to that of the
1945-1977 global cooling period. The shift strongly suggests that the next
several decades will be cooler, not warmer as predicted by the IPCC.
 ON GEOLOGY
4. The earthquake with the magnitude-7.2 earthquake
that rocked Cebu and Bohol on Oct. 15 2013 caused a
reverse fault in Bohol, with an increase in elevation of
about three meters in Barangay (village) Anonang,
Inabanga, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (Phivolcs) reported.
The fault line is located in the towns of Inabanga, Loon
and Maribojoc, three municipalities that were badly hit
by the earthquake that killed at least 200 people.
Phivolcs said the earthquake had caused a general uplift
of three-fourths of Bohol island and pushed the
southwestern part of the province toward Cebu by 55
centimeters.
 ON CHEMISTRY
5. Alkaline water is the opposite of acidic water. It has a
higher pH level than plain water.
Claims of health benefits have helped increase the
popularity of alkaline diets and sales of machines that turn
water alkaline. Ionizing machines are one example of these
products, which can cost over a thousand dollars.
Some research has been done into effects of alkaline
intake on bones. Bone resorption is the process where old
bone cells are broken down and replaced by new ones. Less
bone resorption and more mineral density result in better
bone strength.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY
— application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes.

— KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY:

1. Machine
2. Product
3. Process

28
CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY

1. ACCOMPLISHED TECHNOLOGY- completed and

widely used.
— Machine- X-ray, photocopying machine, android cellular
phones, telescopes, battery operated fans
— Product- chemical fertilizers, pesticides, alkaline ionized
water, whitening soaps
— Process- tissue culture, artificial insemination, virtual
reality simulation, vertical farming

29
 CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY

2. PROBABLE TECHNOLOGY- completed but not widely

used.
— Machine- nuclear reactors, solar-powered cars, Iphone 7 &
X, atomic force microscope, unmanned nuclear powered
probes, driverless cars, drones
— Product- synthetic human blood, artificial arteries, insulin
sprays, vaccine for malaria and dengue (multi-strain)
— Process- cryogenics and modern plant biotechnology
(GMO), stem cell therapy, 3D printing

30
 CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY

3. FEASIBLE TECHNOLOGY- completed or nearing

completion but needs further testing and improvement
(experimental stage).
— Machine- car engine that runs efficiently on water
— Product- human clones and vaccine for certain cancers
and/or medicine for AIDS
— Process- production of human-compatible organs from pigs,
Arcology, brain transplantation

31
Concept design for the NOAH (New Orleans Arcology
Habitat) proposal, designed by E. Kevin Schopfer.[1]
 CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY

4. REMOTE TECHNOLOGY- on the process of

conceptualization and development.
— Machine- Habitats for living things on outer space
— Product- vaccine for some forms of cancer.
— Process- computer simulations to replace animals on
researches, human cloning

33
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
PREHISTORIC AGE
— beginning of science when prehistoric man discovered fire to do crude
metallurgy
— Babylonians and Egyptians were able to record observations and were able to
discover that physical phenomena followed definite patterns from which they
could predict future events.
— Eclipses occurred in definite intervals of time, thus, they were able to predict
future eclipses
— Ardent students of astronomy compiled list of stars and noticed that some of
them(planets) did not remain fixed in the sky.
— They were able to establish the units of time.
— Developed the theory of astrology (the character of a person born was molded
by the constellation of the stars in which the sun was then located) by the
Babylonians
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
PREHISTORIC AGE
— mathematics was highly developed as found in Babylonian
rule
— 4,200 B.C. – Egyptians devised a calendar of 365 days.
— they were more interested in medicine than in astronomy
— their learning were extensive and highly organized as
authenticated by two papyri (middle of 19th and 17th century
B.C.) to test to the remarkable intellectual activity and the
mathematical and engineering skills of Egyptians.
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
— GREEK CIVILIZATION (GOLDEN AGES)
— 15th century B.C. –Babylonian and Egyptian civilization declined
— learning of both was passed on to the Greeks who employed the knowledge so
well that they cultivated many of the sciences and made their greatest contribution
to astronomy, mathematics, botany, physics, structure of matter, and medicine.
— Democritus –(Greek philosopher) theorized that everything in the universe was
made of invisible, indestructible particles called atoms (atomos, uncut) which were
alike in substance but different in shape and size.
— Aristotle– most important Greek scientific thinker and philosopher
— his views on scientific subjects were accepted without questions for nearly 2,000
years .
— Archimedes – only true Greek experimentalist who based this conclusions upon
experimental evidence.
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
— ALEXANDRIAN SCIENCE
— 4th century B.C. – a great museum and an outstanding library were
founded in Egypt by Alexander the Great in the city of Alexandria, which
became the scientific center of the world (300B.C. – 400A.D.) where
many scientists and mathematician studied there .
— Claudius Ptolemy – greatest of the Alexandrian scholars who was an
astronomer developed in detail the geocentric (earth-centered) model of
the planetary model
— Alchemy – concerned with the transmutation (changing) of one element
to another
— hoped to change base metals (Fe and Cu) into gold
— originated in China and reached Europe
— Accomplishments of Alchemists
— development of crude apparatus (retort and crucible)
— preparation and recognition of P, H2 SO4 , CuSO4 , CaO
— interest in experimentation
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
— DARK AGES
— 4TH CENTURY B.C. –Barbarians from the
north overran the Roman Empire, destroying
most of the intellectual activity on the
European continent
— 1,000 A.D. – Christian church survived this
ordeal that started building universities in
Europe to educate its leaders
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
— BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE
— 16th century – reformation started in the sciences
— Nicholas Copernicus – (Polish monk) suggested heliocentric system (sun -
centered) much simpler theory of planetary motions than those proposed by
Ptolemy
— William Gilbert – (physician to Queen Elizabeth I) experimented with electricity
and magnetism by means of his terella showing that the compass needle
indicates direction because of the magnetic properties of the earth.
— Galileo Galilei – carried out famous experiment in mechanics to establish the
laws of accelerated motion by timing the movements of balls rolling down the
inclined plane (Newton later used this law to formulate his three basic laws of
motion).
— as a result of his experiment , he rejected Aristotle’s theory that heavy objects fall faster
than light ones
— Johannes Kepler and Galileo – verified Copernicus hypothesis of heliocentricity.
— experimental method was recognized as an effective means of investigation and
was considered essential in the forming and testing of hypothesis for physical
phenomena.
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
— 17th and 18th CENTURY
— development of instruments of greater precision for more
meaningful measurements
— Antoine Laurant Lavoisier – used the analytical balance to
dethrone the phlogiston theory of combustion and thus put
chemistry on a quantitative basis.
— John Dalton (1802) – an English schoolmaster, developed
his Atomic Theory and placed chemistry on a firm basis
— he stated that all substances are made of many different kinds
of atoms, which combine in ratios of whole numbers to form the
substances
— Meyer and Mendeleev- working independently, classified all
the known elements into families, resulting in our present-
day periodic table.
 THE DAWN OF SCIENCE
— ATOMIC AND SPACE AGES
— 1895 - start of atomic age in physics and chemistry
— research has shown the following:
— molecules are made up of atom
— atoms consists of nuclei and surrounding electrons .
— nucleus consist of a no. of + - charged protons and neutrons .
— by splitting heavy nuclei and fusing lighter nuclei, tremendous
amounts of energy can be released (thermonuclear
reactions).
— 1957 – Russians put the first man-made satellite,
Sputnik, into orbit around the earth which began the
Space Age
 Scientific Method
—The scientific method illustrates
the way in which science is done.
 The Scientific Approach: Developing a
Model

Scientific Method
— Not a stepwise checklist
— A flexible process of creative thinking and
testing aimed at objective verifiable
discoveries about how nature works.
— No typical scientist and no single method.
— Luck can and has played a key role in scientific
discovery.
 Aspects of The Scientific
Approach

1. Quantitative, reproducible measurements.

2. Theories that explain these, and thus hope

to reveal the mysteries of how nature works.

3. Testing of these theories (esp. convincing

when making accurate predictions of new
behavior).
 PURPOSE
Application
Curiosity driven: driven:
— desire to — desire to improve a
understand how product or process
nature works (basic or to cure a
or fundamental problem (applied
research) research)
 Scientific Method
Observations
— This simplified
flow diagram of
the scientific
method shows Hypothesis
the important
components
involved in a Conclusion
Experiment/
scientific study. Observations

Scientific
Theory
 Scientific Method
— First is the observation phase, where new
observations are made.
— This is also the time where previous data are
examined.
 Scientific Method
— Next, a hypothesis is formulated to attempt to
explain the available data and observations.
— A hypothesis must be testable!!!
— Tentative statement that proposes a possible
explanation to some phenomenon or event
— A useful hypothesis is a testable statement which
may include a prediction
Key Info
— Most of the time, a hypothesis is written like this:
— “If____(I do this)____, then___(this) will
happen.”
— Must be worded so that it can be tested in your
experiment.
Hypothesis: an educated guess or prediction; an “if,
then” statement

If ____independent variable______
then__dependent variable_______
 Kinds of Variable
— Independent- the variable you change or alter during
your experiment
— Dependent- the variable you observe changes or the
result
— Control variable (or scientific constant)- experimental
element which is constant and unchanged throughout
the course of the investigation.
— strongly influences experimental results, and it is held
constant during the experiment in order to test the
relative relationship of the dependent and independent
variables.
— The control variable itself is not of primary interest to
the experimenter.
Kinds of Variable
— Example: If I open the faucet, then it will increase the
flow of water.

— Independent variable- opening the faucet

— Dependent variable- flow of water
— Control variable- type/design of faucet, tube
diameter, water pressure, etc.
Experimental group (treatment group) - group in
an experiment that receives the variable being
tested.
— One variable is tested at a time.
— The experimental group is compared to a control
group, which does not receive the test variable.
— In this way, experimental groups are used to find
answers in an experiment.
Example:
Independent Variable:
I feed my cat a lot of food
Dependent Variable
she will get fat

If ___________________________
then _________________________
Remember
Try to use INCREASE and DECREASE
in your hypothesis!

Ex. IF I increase the amount of food I give

my cat, THEN she will increase her weight
Now Try it on Your
Own!
‘Writing a Good Hypothesis”
Just ‘plug and chug’ in your variables!
Writing a good hypothesis
— Directions:
— Use the following statements and write a good
hypothesis – think about how one thing will affect
the other and use your ‘if, then’ statements. Try
using the words “increase” and “decrease”
Practice on Writing
Hypothesis
— 1) Chocolate may cause pimples.

— If I eat chocolate, then I will get pimples.

— 2) Salt in soil may affect plant growth.

Formalized hypothesis
— If I increase the amount of salt in soil then it may
increase plant growth

— 3) Plant growth may be affected by the color of

the light.
Practice. . . practice
— 4) Bacterial growth may be affected by
temperature.

— 5) Sunlight may cause skin cancer.

More practice. . . .
— 6) Temperature may cause leaves to change color.

— 7) Amount of reading that you do may affect your

intelligence.
 Scientific Method
— The hypothesis is then tested through a series of
experiments and/or observations.
— These experiments and observations must be
repeatable!
— The factual information resulting from these
experiments and observations are called data.
— An important part of an experiment is the
control, which is a replicate set up exactly like
the experiment, except it does not have the
factor being tested.
 Scientific Method
— Scientists can then draw a conclusion based on the
data.
— The conclusion may involve accepting or
rejecting the initial hypothesis.
— Further experiments may require an adjustment
to the conclusions.
— Hypotheses are said to be supported, but not
proven.
 Scientific Method
— New hypotheses are generated from the
conclusions, and the process starts again.
— A theory results when a group of related
hypotheses are supported by many experiments
and observations.
— Theories are the ideas that scientists are MOST
SURE OF!
— Theory of gravity
— Theory of evolution
 Scientific Method
— The previous model
is very simplified
and the result is too
linear.
— The ‘activity
model’ for the
process of scientific
inquiry shows the
more complex
interactions that are
really involved.
Harwood, W. S. 2004. A new Model for Inquiry: is the Scientific Method Dead?
Journal of College Science Teaching. 33(7): 29-33.
Hypotheses & models are mental pictures that are changed to match the
observations and experimental results, not the other way around.
Activity
Read and understand the scenario. After
reading, determine the following:
a. Problem
b. Observations
c. Hypothesis
d. Experiments
e. Results
f. Conclusion
 Acids and Bases
Billy wanted to prove that lemon juice is acidic, glass
cleaner is basic, and water is neutral. He placed two
tablespoons of each liquid into separate beakers. Then
he took three strips of red and blue Litmus paper and
dipped one into each beaker then laid them out to dry.
When they dried, he then recorded the color of the
paper and whether it was an acid or a base.
 Set-up Observations
1. Lemon juice Red to red, blue to red
2. Glass cleaner Red to blue, blue to blue
3. Water Red to red, blue to blue

Positive Results Red Litmus Paper Blue Litmus paper

1. Basic liquid change to blue no reaction
2. Acidic liquid no reaction change to red
3. Neutral liquid no reaction no reaction
 The Scientific Approach: Developing a
Model
Parts:
1. Observations
— Facts that ideas must explain.
— Quantitative are the most useful for comparison
and for trends to be seen.
Data- pieces of quantitative information.
Natural Law- mathematical terms that are
summaries of same observations made by many
investigators in many situations.
 The Scientific Approach: Developing a
Model

2. Hypothesis
— A proposal made to explain an observation
derived from actual observation or from a
“spark of intuition”.
— Needs not be correct but must be testable.
— If inconsistent with the experimental results,
it must be revised or discarded.
 The Scientific Approach: Developing a
Model
3. Experiment
— Clear set of procedural steps that tests a hypothesis.
— Connection between our hypotheses about nature and
nature itself.
— Hypotheses can be altered but the results of an
experiment cannot.
Variables- quantities that can have more than a single value.
Controlled experiment- it can measure the effect of one
variable on another while keeping others constant.
— Experimental results must be reproducible to be
accepted.
— Skill and creativity play a part.
 The Scientific Approach: Developing a
Model
4. Model (Theory)
— Experiment-based
— Gradually emerges as hypotheses and are revised
according to experimental results & describes how
the observed phenomenon occurs.
— Not an exact representation of nature but a
simplified version of nature that can be used to
make predictions about a related phenomena.
— Further investigation refines it by testing its
predictions and altering it to account for new facts.
 Facts
— particularly truths that are recognized such
without fear or doubt. They are actual
occurrences which are usually
comprehended as a result of observations
and experimentations.
 Hypotheses
— suppositions or generalizations which are
likely explanation of definite series of facts.
They are not mere speculations for they are
based on careful observations and
experiments. They are the first set of
conclusion leading to the establishment of
principles.
 Theories
— conclusions based upon facts as far as
they are known. They have greater
certainty than hypothesis and try to
explain observe phenomena and
relationship between them.
— Principles – conclusion or general truths
which are established with certainty by
inferences from adequate and
apparently through facts.