CHAPTER 1
(week 1-3)
Strain Analysis
What is plane stress?
• Thin plate loaded parallel to the plane
• Uniform over the thickness
• No stress along z-axis
What is plane strain?
• Perpendicular force applied on a
surface
• With a very large z-axis dimension
• Æ plane strain
GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION
ƒ Transform normal & shear
strain
ƒ x, y component to x’, y’
ƒ SIGN CONVENTION!!
ƒ strain Hx and Hy are positive
if cause elongation along x
and y axis
ƒ Shear strain Jxy is positive
if the interior angle AOB
become smaller than 900.
ƒ T0 will be positive
counterclockwise
 Normal
al Strains
ns, Hx , Hy Normal Strains, Hx , Hy
• Similiar for Hy
• In Fig a : Hy = Gy/dy
dx dx' cosT
dy dx' sin T
• cause line dy’ to
elongated
Hx = Gx/dx
Hy dy sin T
• Positive Hx occur line dx
elongated Hx dx
• which cause line dx’ to
elongated
Hx dx cos T.

Shear strain, Jxy

Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

• Shear strain, is angle in radian

• Adding all the elongations
• For small angle Ætan J J
Gx ' H x dx cosT  H y dy sin T  J xy dy cosT
• Shear strain Jxy ,since tan J J dx dx' cosT
Gx '
• tan Jxy Jxy = Hxy /dy Hx' '
dy dx' sin T
dx
• Æ dy displaced Jxy dy to the right. H x (dx ' cos T) cos T  H y (dx ' sin T) sin T  J xy (dx ' sin T) cos T
Hx'
dx '
• Solve along x’ Æ dx’ elongate
Hx' H x cos2 T  H y sin 2 T  J xy sin T cos T
Jxy dy cos T
 Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
H x' H x cos2 T  H y sin 2 T  J xy sin T cosT
Using trigonometric identities:
cos2 T  sin 2 T 1
Hx  Hy Hx  Hy J xy
cos2 T (1  cos 2T ) / 2 H x'  cos 2T  sin 2T
2 2 2
sin 2T 2 sin T cosT
hence Hx  Hy Hx  Hy J xy
H y'  cos 2T  sin 2T
2 2 2
Hx Hy Hx Hy J xy
Hx '  cos 2T  sin 2T
2 2 2 J x ' y' § Hx  Hy · J
¨¨ ¸¸ sin 2T  xy cos 2T
Hx Hy Hx Hy J xy 2 © 2 ¹ 2
Hy '  cos 2T  sin 2T
2 2 2

2 2
• Principal Strains Hx  Hy §H H · § J ·
– Only normal strains
H1, 2 r ¨¨ x y ¸¸  ¨¨ xy ¸¸
2 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
– No shear strain

J xy
• Direction axis of principle tan 2Tp
strain: (H x  H y )
2 2
J max, in  plane § H x  H y · § J xy ·
• Max in Plane shear strain ¨¨ ¸¸  ¨¨ ¸¸
2 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

Hx  Hy
• Ave shear strain H ave
2
• Direction axis of shear § H  Hy ·
strain tan 2Ts ¨ x ¸
¨ J ¸
© xy ¹
 2 2
Construction of the Mohr’s Circle • Principal Strains Hx  Hy §H H · § J ·
– Only normal strains
H1, 2 r ¨¨ x y ¸¸  ¨¨ xy ¸¸
• (horizontal) represents the 2 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
– No shear strain
normal strain H, with positive to
the right J xy
• Direction axis of principle tan 2Tp
• (vertical) represents half the strain: (H x  H y )
value of the shear strain, J/2,
2 2
with positive downward. J max, in  plane § H x  H y · § J xy ·
• Max in Plane shear strain ¨¨ ¸¸  ¨¨ ¸¸
• center of the circle C, is on 2 © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
the H axis, H avg= (H x + H y)/2 from Hx  Hy
the origin. • Ave shear strain H ave
• Plot point A = (H x, J xy/2). 2
Represents T = q. • Direction axis of shear § H  Hy ·
strain tan 2Ts ¨ x ¸
¨ J ¸
• R = distance between A to C © xy ¹
• Once R has been determined,
sketch the circle centred C
 Principal Strain
Maximum In Plane Shear Strain
• Principal strain = no shear
strain • At points E andd F. i.e
• Æ B, D = H , H = 2R
• Angle is halves the
• Angle on Mohrs circle = 2T
same direction as on
• Æ critical angle = (angle circle
between CA to horizantal
• E.g line CA to CE
)/2
• Direction of plane same as
circle
• +ve value = elongate at plane

Strains on Arbitrary Plane

• Similar as value at arbitrary

plane (other plane angle)
• Correspond normal and
shear strain at P & Q
 Strain Rosettes

• The axes of the three

gauges are arranged at the
angles of Ta, Tb, Tc.
• If the reading of Ha, Hb, Hc
taken, Hx, Hy, Jxy can be
defined.
• Value of Hx, Hy, Jxy are
determined by solving
these equations.
Ha H x cos2 Ta  H y sin 2 Ta  J xy sin Ta cos Ta
Not Hb H x cos2 T b  H y sin 2 T b  J xy sin T b cos T b
given
Hc H x cos2 Tc  H y sin 2 Tc  J xy sin Tc cos Tc

45
5o or Rectangular Rosette
60
00 Strain Rosette
Ta 00
Tb 45 0 Ta 00
0
Tc 90 Tb 60 0
Tc 120 0
The equation become:
The equation become:
Hx Ha
Hy Hc Hx Ha
J xy 2H b  H a  H c  1
Hy 2H b  2H c  H a 
3
2
J xy H b  H c 
Example of 45o strain rosette 3
Example
 Stress Strain Relationship Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
• If a material subject to triaxial
stress (Vx, Vy, Vz), associated
normal stress(Hx, Hy, Hz) • The same result can be given 1
developed in the material. Hx >V x  QV y  Vz @
developed for the normal (
• When Vx is applied in x- strain in the y and z 1
direction, the element elongated direction. Hy >V y  QV x  Vz @
with Hx in x direction. (
• Final results can be Not 1
• Application on Vy cause the written as….. given Hz >Vz  QV x  V y @
element to contract with a ' Vx (
given H x
strain H” x in the x direction. (
• Application Of Vz cause the Vy
element to contract with a H '' x Q
strain H’’’ x in the x direction. Not
(
given Vz
H '' ' x Q
(

Stress Strain Relationship (cont.) Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

Applying only shear stress,Wy to the element.

ƒ If to apply shear stress,Wy to the element.
• Modulus of elasticity, E is E
ƒ Wxy will only cause deformation to Jxy. given G
related to shear modulus, G. 21  Q 
ƒ Wxy will not cause deformation to Jyz.and Jxz
ƒ Wyz and W xz will only cause deformation to
• Dilatation (the change in
Jyz and Jxz respectively. 1  2X
volume per unit volume or e V x  V y  Vz 
ƒ Hooke Law for shear stress and shear ‘volumetric strain’, e. E
strain written as: Not
1 given
J xy W xy • Bulk Modulus (volume E
given G k
modulus of elasticity), k. 31  2Q 
1
J yz W yz
G
Not 1
given
J xz W xz
G
Element subjected to normal Shear stress applied to the
stresses only elements
pressure=stress