Investigation of The Structural Strength of An Existing TwoStorey MultiPurpose Barangay Hall Due To An Additional 3rd Storey Without Using An As Built Plan

Investigation of the Structural Strength of an Existing Two-Storey
Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall Due To an Additional 3rd Storey
Without using an As-Built Plan
Project by
Ambion, Noel E.
Castro, Nielsen Danielle J.

Flores, Gabriel Gerardo C.
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological
Engineering (SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology
Manila City
October 2014
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As part of SOCIP’s function in directing the Institute’s extension services related to the
researcher’s fields, it has received a request from Barangay 872, Zone 95 Pandacan Manila for a
Structural Investigation and possible Design of a Third-Storey Extension from a Previously Built
Two-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall without the use of an As-Built Plan.
To investigate if the existing 2-storey Barangay Hall could carry an additional 3 rd storey,
without the use of an As-Built Plan, A design of the projected 3-storey structure was made using
STAAD. The design was based on the codes and provision of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP 2010). This provided us with the minimum structural member requirements
for the structure to be safe. The computed minimum member requirements were then compared
with the existing 2-storey member properties.
In comparing the structural member properties of the 2 structures, the dimensions were
neglected since it was the same for both the structures. The area of steel was used for the main
part of comparison.
The investigation, computed using MS Excel, shows that the area of steel of the existing
2-storey is insufficient in carrying the additional loads from the 3rd storey. In light of this, a
retrofitting method is recommended
Our recommendation is the use of concrete jacketing for the columns. Jacketing is one of
the most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams.
With this method, axial strength, bending strength, and stiffness of the original structure are
increased. We advise further research and study regarding the implementation of this type of
retrofitting and its estimated cost. We suggest another thesis group to continue this study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………..vi
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………....ix
CHAPTER 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: Presenting the Challenges ....................................................................................2

2.1 Proble m State ment ...........................................................................................................2
2.2 Project Objective ..............................................................................................................2
2.3 Scope and Limitations ......................................................................................................2
2.4 Design Norms Considered ...............................................................................................3
2.5 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering ...............................................................3
2.6 The Project Beneficiary ...................................................................................................3
2.7 The Innovative Approach ................................................................................................4
2.8 The Research Component................................................................................................4
2.9 The Design Component ....................................................................................................5
2.10 Sustainable Development Concept................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3: Environmental Examination Report ...................................................................6
3.1 Project Description ...........................................................................................................6

3.1.1 Project Rationale .......................................................................................................6
3.1.2 Project Location ........................................................................................................6
3.1.3 Project Information ..................................................................................................8
3.1.4 Description of Project Phases ..................................................................................8
3.1.5 Research Phase ..........................................................................................................8
3.1.6 Pre-Construction/Pre-Development Phase .............................................................8
3.1.7 Construction/Development Phase............................................................................8
3.1.8 Ope rational Phase .....................................................................................................8
3.1.9 Abandonme nt Phase .................................................................................................8
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environme nt ...........................8
3.2.1 Physical Environment...............................................................................................8
3.2.2 Biological Environment ............................................................................................9
3.2.3 Socio-Cultural Environment ....................................................................................9
3.2.4 Economic and Political Environme nt......................................................................9
3.2.5 Future Environme ntal Conditions without the Project ........................................9
3.3 Impact Assessment Mitigation ........................................................................................9

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues ...........................................9
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts ..................................................10
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-Economic Effect........................................10
3.4 Environmental Manage ment Plan ................................................................................10
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation ............................................................10
3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhance ment Measure ...............................11
3.4.3 Monitoring Plan ......................................................................................................12
3.4.4 Institutional Responsibility and Agreements ......................................................13
CHAPTER 4: The Research Component ..................................................................................14
4.1 Abstract ...........................................................................................................................14

4.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................14
4.3 Review of Related Literature ........................................................................................15
4.4 Methodology....................................................................................................................19
4.4.1 Research Design ......................................................................................................19
4.4.2 Conceptual Frame work ..........................................................................................20
4.5 Results and Discussion....................................................................................................21
4.6 Conclusion and Recomme ndation .................................................................................22
CHAPTER 5: Detailed Engineering Design ..............................................................................23

5.1 Loads and Codes .............................................................................................................23
5.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................23
5.1.2 Dead Load ................................................................................................................23
5.1.3 Live Load .................................................................................................................25
5.1.4 Earthquake Load ....................................................................................................26
5.1.5 Total Factored Load ...............................................................................................36
5.2 Structural Design............................................................................................................40
5.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................40
5.2.2 Design of Beams ......................................................................................................40
5.2.2.1 Sample Computation ...............................................................................41
5.2.2.1.1 Design of Flexural Reinforcement ...........................................42
5.2.2.1.2 Design for Shear Reinforce ment..............................................46
5.2.2.2 Beam Schedule .........................................................................................48

5.2.2.3 Beam Detail...................................................................................49
5.2.3 Design of Columns ..................................................................................................50

5.2.3.1.1 Design for Axial Reinforcement ..............................................51
5.2.3.1.2 Design for Column Ties ............................................................52
5.2.3.2 Colum Schedule........................................................................................54
5.2.4 Design of Slabs.........................................................................................................55

5.2.4.1.1 Computation for Slab thickness ..............................................56
5.2.4.1.1.1 Minimum thickness for shear ...................................56
5.2.4.1.1.2 Minimum thickness for Deflection Control .............58
5.2.4.1.1.3 Minimum thickness for Flexure ...............................59
5.2.4.1.2 Computation for Reinforcement Bar ......................................61
5.2.5 Foundation Design ..................................................................................................65

5.2.5.1 Sample Computation Design...................................................................65
5.2.6 Investigation ............................................................................................................70
5.3 Architectural Plan ..........................................................................................................73

5.3.1 Floor Plan ................................................................................................................73
5.3.2 Elevation ..................................................................................................................74
5.4 Major and Minor Field of Engineering ........................................................................77

5.4.1 Major Field of Engineering ....................................................................................77
5.4.1.1 Structural Engineering ............................................................................77
5.4.2 Minor Field of Engineering ....................................................................................80
5.4.2.1 Environmental Engineering ....................................................................80
5.4.2.2 Geotechnical Engineering .......................................................................83
CHAPTER 6: Promotional Material .........................................................................................86

6.1 Project Model ..................................................................................................................87
CHAPTER 7: Budget Estimation ...............................................................................................88
CHAPTER 8: Project Work Schedule .......................................................................................94
8.1 Work Schedule ................................................................................................................94

8.2 Gantt Chart .....................................................................................................................94
CHAPTER 9: Conclusion and Summary ..................................................................................95
CHAPTER 10: Recommendations .............................................................................................96
CHAPTER 11: Acknowledge ments............................................................................................97
CHAPTER 12: References ..........................................................................................................98
Appendix ...........................................................................................................................................
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1: The figure shows the location of the project and the nearby streets
Fig. 3. 2: The figure shows the location of the construction of the structure and nearby existing
buildings (satellite view)
Fig. 3.3: The figure shows the existing two-storey building that is subject for renovation
Fig. 4.1 Conventional strengthening methods used for seismic retrofitting
Fig.4.2 Concrete Jacketing
Fig. 4.3 Steel Jacketing
Fig. 4.4 CRFP Wrapping
Fig. 5.1 STAAD Dead Load Distribution
Fig. 5.2 STAAD Live Load Distribution
Fig. 5.3 STAAD Base Shear Computation Results
Fig. 5.4 STAAD Seismic Load along the X-axis
Fig. 5.5 STAAD Seismic Load along the Z-axis
Fig. 5.6 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.6L
Fig. 5.7 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.0Ex+1.0L
Fig. 5.8 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.0Ez+1.0L
Fig. 5.9 STAAD Factored Load Combination 0.9D+1.0Ex
Fig. 5.10 STAAD Factored Dead Load Combination 0.9D+1.0Ez
Fig. 5.11 Location of Beam RB-1 in the structure
Fig 5.12 Flexural Design Output from STAAD
Fig 5.13 Figure Shear Design Output from STAAD

Fig 5.14 Beam Schedule
Fig. 5.15 Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD
Fig. 5.16 Detail of Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD Output
Fig. 5.17 Location of Column 3C-6 in the structure
Fig. 5.18 Column Design Output from STAAD
Fig. 5.19 Detail of Column 3C-6 or Column No. 39 in STAAD
Fig. 5.20 Location of Slab S10 or in the structure
Fig. 5.21 One-Way Shear Failure
Fig. 5.22 Two-way Shear Failure
Fig. 5.23 Typical Footing
Fig. 5.24 Comparing Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-storey 2nd
Floor Beams"
Fig. 5.25 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-
storey 2nd Floor Beams"
Fig. 5.26 Comparing Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3 Storey 2nd
Floor Columns"
Fig. 5.27 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3
Storey 2nd Floor Columns"
Fig. 5.28 Ground Floor Architectural Plan
Fig. 5.29 Second Floor Architectural Plan
Fig. 5.30 Third Floor Architectural Plan
Fig. 5.31 Side Elevation Architectural Plan
Fig. 5.32 Foundation Plan

Fig. 5.33 Second Floor Framing Plan
Fig. 5.34 Third Floor Framing Plan
Fig. 5.35 Roof Framing Plan
Fig. 6.1 Perspective
Fig. 6.2 Side View Elevation
Fig. 7.1 Estimate of Concrete Works
Fig. 7.2 Column computation for Formworks
Fig. 7.3 Beam Computation for Formworks
Fig. 7.4 Slab Computation for Formworks
Fig. 7.5 Total Estimate for Formworks
Fig. 7.6 Estimate for Reinforcement bars
Fig. 7.7 Estimate for Masonry
Fig. 7.8 Estimate for Architectural Finishes
Fig.7.9 Estimate for Painting Works
Fig. 7.10 Estimate for Miscellaneous Works
Fig. 7.11 Total Estimated Cost
Fig. 8.1 Project Schedule
\
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Predicted Environmental Issues and its Level of Significance
Table 3.2 Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Table 3.3 Mitigation Measures and Frequency of Monitoring
Table 5.1 Used Dead Load Values
Table 5.2 Used Live Load Values
Table 5.3 Seismic Zone Factor
Table 5.4- Seismic Importance Factors
Table 5.5 – Soil Profile Types
Table 5.6 – Seismic Source Types
Table 5.7 Near Source Factor, Na
Table 5.8 Near Source Factor, Nv
Table 5.9 – Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Table 5.10 – Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Table 5.11 A Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
Table 5.12 Beam Design Parameters
Table 5.13 Column Design Parameters
Table 5.14 Column Schedule
Table 5.15 Slab Design Parameters
Table 5.16 Minimum Thickness for Deflection Control
Table 5.17 NSCP section 408.4.3

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The project is supported by the Office of Social Orientation and Community Involvement
Program (SOCIP) of Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT). The Office of SOCIP in accordance
with its mission and vision wanted to support the development of infrastructure in the location.
One of the visions of the SOCIP Office is to instil among faculty members, students and people
in the outside community a strong desire to improve and maintain sanitary environment
conditions. SOCIP also believes in the Institute’s principle of service efficiency as a way of
achieving the goals and priorities and in the promotion of the institute’s technological excellence.
It also maintains close and cooperative relationship among the different schools within the
Institute and the homes, and the communities that the Institute-carried-out project may service.
Included in one of their commitments is to fulfil an obligation and responsibility to our country
without reservation by actively supporting the projects and policies of our society and help bring
progress and prosperity to the entire Filipino race.
Structural Design of a Third-Storey Extension from a Previously Built Two-Storey Multi-
Purpose Barangay Hall. In accordance with green engineering, water sustainability will be
included in the design of the requested vertical wall garden. The researchers chose this topic to
be able to help the community in their own way. As students who are educated in the field of
civil engineering, public service through civil works reinforced the selection of this topic.
CHAPTER 2
PRESENTING THE CHALLENGES
2.1 Problem Statement

The officials of Barangay 872 seek to expand their 2-story Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall.
The expansion will be the addition of a 3rd storey to the existing 2-storey building. The effects of
the additional loads from the 3rd storey on the structure must be identified in order for the
researchers to come up with a safe and economic design.
The existing structure may not be able to withstand the additional load from the 3rd story
extension. Structural members may fail if the loads imposed on them will be greater than what
they are designed for. If found out that retrofitting is needed, the most suitable method and
process must be identified for the structure.
The additional loads may also cause harmful effects on the existing foundation because
of its design, being only for the 2 storeys, and the bearing capacity of the soil. If retrofitting will
be needed due to the additional loads from the 3rd storey and/or structural retrofit then
identification of the most suitable method and process is needed.
The beneficiary requested for a vertical wall garden that will be self-sustaining and
economical. Fulfilment of this request requires study on the simple rainwater harvesting systems.
The rainwater system must be simple and yet able to address the need of water of the garden.
2.2 Project Objective

The main objective of the study is to analyse and investigate the existing structure to know if
it is capable of carrying the additional loads or if retrofitting is needed. If retrofitting is needed a
research on the retrofitting methods and processes that will be most suitable for the structure will
be needed. Also, the project aims to promote green engineering through sustainability and
efficiency of resources by integrating rainwater harvesting into the beneficiary’s requested
vertical wall garden, thus a research on the method of rainwater harvesting shall also be
conducted.
2.3 Scope and Limitations

This study is limited due to economic restraints and unavailability of data. The “as-built”
plan of the Barangay Hall structure cannot be found from the owners nor from “DPWH-South
Manila” offices. We were unable to conduct a “Non-destructive test”, a method in finding out the
properties of a beam or column, due to its high cost.
Thus, the group chose to base the data on the minimum design requirements for the structure.
These minimum design requirements were obtained by designing a 2-storey structure with
existing barangay hall’s function, use and member dimensions.
The project is also limited only to the investigation of the structure. Estimate and design of
the retrofit method is not part of the project.
2.4 Design Norms Considered

There are design norms that are needed to be considered in this project: safety, economy,
technology and environment:
Safety is the most important factor in any design subject. Hence, retrofitting methods will
be used if safety will become an issue in the existing structure.
Economy is one of the main concerns in engineering design. Different engineering

methods are applied in designing the building which conforms to the budget allotted on the
project but at the same time the building is still strong.
Technology is very useful in the engineering design. Technology progresses the structural
design of a building. Designing of building nowadays are computer software simulated which is
user-friendly and have accurate calculations for the design.
Environment is being considered as the main concern in engineering design nowadays.

Green design is a big innovation in the engineering industry which helps the society to solve
different environmental problems.
2.5 Major and Minor Areas in Civil Engineering

The three covered fields of engineering are Structural, Geotechnical and Water Supply
Engineering. The main focus of this project is on the field of structural engineering wherein
Investigation, design and possible retrofitting of the structure will fall under this discipline. For
the Geotechnical Engineering, it will cover the analysis and investigation of the soil and
foundation of the structure. The area of Water Supply Engineering will be concerned about the
green engineering by water supply sustainability.
2.6 Project Beneficiary

The primary beneficiary of this proposed project will be Barangay 872 of Pandacan
Manila. The barangay has been in cooperation with the Social Orientation and Community
Involvement Program (SOCIP) of Mapua Institute of Technology for some time and has been the
area of concern for CWTS.
This extension of service of the Institute was organized by SOCIP in accordance with its
mandate, vision and mission.
The beneficiary is to receive a design of the Extension of the Existing 2-Storey Multi-
Purpose Barangay Hall into a 3-Story Building with a Vertical Wall Garden in Barangay 872 of
Pandacan Manila Zone 95.
2.7 The Innovative Approach
The proposed 3rd storey extension of the existing 2 -storey Multi-Purpose Hall will be
analysed and conceptualized using computer-aided design programs.
Structural Analysis will be aided by these programs:
STAAD.Pro
This program will help in the design and analysis of the different structural
elements.
ETABS
Conceptualization will be aided by these programs:
AutoCAD 2012
This program will be used for the layout of architectural and structural drawings.
Google Sketchup
The computations and results that will be provided by the aforementioned software will
be rechecked using the codes and provisions in the National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010.
2.8 The Research Component

Analysis and investigation of the existing structure and foundation will lead either to
normal design for the 3rd storey extension or retrofitting.
There are many available methods and processes for structural and geotechnical
retrofitting; each is a solution to a specific problem. Research was made on the kinds of
retrofitting methods and processes in order for the group to identify the most suitable remedy
against possible structural and geotechnical shortcomings.
In accordance with the green engineering design to be incorporated in the structure, the
group conducted a research on systems that will give efficiency and sustainability to the use of
water resources. The group will specifically research on the use of rainwater harvesting for the
beneficiary requested vertical wall garden.
2.9 The Design Component

The design component includes the design of the load truss analysis, reinforced concrete
design and the steel design. Structural analysis for the structure includes design of Slabs, Beams,
Columns and Roof Trusses, if any.
The design adopts and follows the codes and provisions of the National Structural Code
of the Philippines 2010.
2.10 Sustainable Development Concept
In adherence to the demand in the incorporation of green engineering in the design of
structures due to climate change, the group will research a water system that incorporates
rainwater harvesting with the vertical wall garden. This will be done with the philosophy of
green engineering in mind, which is the sustainability and efficiency of resource use. Rainwater
Harvesting System is necessary in promoting integrated sustainable development because the
water from the rain can be recycled and used for the maintenance of the vertical wall garden and
proven to be self-sustaining as the water is automatically delivered to the plants.
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT
3.1 Project Description
3.1.1 Project Rationale

The School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE) in cooperation
with the Office of Social Orientation and Community Involvement Program (SOCIP) has offered
the community of Barangay 872 Zone 95 District VI Pandacan, Manila its services in the design
for the extension of their multi-purpose barangay hall. The expansion of the existing structure is
significant since development of a public structure represents the growth of the community.
Green design would also be applied for the structure following the beneficiary’s request
for a vertical wall garden with rainwater harvesting. The project will have a great economic
impact since the project would have a rainwater harvesting system.
3.1.2 Project location

The project is located at Barangay 872 Zone 95 District VI Pandacan, Manila.
Geological Coordinates: 14°34'58"N 121°0'10"E
Fig. 3.1: The figure shows the location of the project and the nearby streets
Fig. 3. 2: The figure shows the location of the construction of the structure and nearby existing
buildings.(satellite view)
Fig. 3.3: The figure shows the existing two-storey building that is subject for renovation
3.1.3 Project Information
The project is the Extension of an Existing Two-Story Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into
a Three-Story Building with a Vertical Wall Garden is located at Barangay 872 Zone 95 District
VI Pandacan, Manila.
3.1.4 Description of Project Phases

The extension can be made possible by conducting the following Project Phases:
3.1.5 Research Phase

This phase focuses on gathering and analyzing the applicable ways of strengthening the
structure through retrofitting. Retrofitting methods that would be applied in the design will be
based mainly on its costs, current strength of the structure, and the loading analysis of the
planned extension.
3.1.6 Pre-Construction Phase

The second part of the project phase focuses on the planning. Planning is an important
phase that contains the flow of the following phases; Preparation of Plans (Architectural and
Structural Plans), Construction Estimate, Schedule of Delivery of Materials, Time Table of the
Construction Phase and Obtaining Necessary Permits.
The detailed estimate of the project will comprise the materials cost and labor cost and
Extended Value Added Tax to satisfy the beneficiary’s declared budget.
3.1.7 Construction Phase

This phase involves the construction of the building. Construction works are made in this
phase. In this phase, the concerns of the project are to construct the building without affecting
nearby establishments and to finish the project on time with the allotted budget by the
beneficiary.
3.1.8 Operational Phase

This phase centers on the analysis of the design project. It is the longest phase since it
considers the design life of the structure. The structure is ready to operate for the analysis of the
structure and to serve the structure’s purpose.
3.1.9 Abandonment Phase

The abandonment phase is the final phase of the project wherein the designers give the
full responsibility of the structure to the beneficiary. This phase determines whether the
researchers have satisfied the beneficiary’s conditions.
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment
3.2.1 Physical Environment

The proposed renovation of Two-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into a Three-
Storey Building with Vertical Water Garden is located at Barangay 872 Zone 95 District VI
Pandacan, Manila. The proposed location is adjacent to the Philippine National Railway and is
surrounded by residential houses. The location is an urban area with residential structures.
3.2.2 Biological Environment
The proposed location of the project is at the center of Barangay 872 Pandacan Manila.
Only few animal species exist and can be seen in the area which has minimal effect on the
community. The location has been projected that there are no hazardous plants in the area.
3.2.3 Socio-Cultural Environment

The project is located in an area surrounded by residential structures and is projected to
have an immense effect to the surrounding residents. The project is a barangay hall which also
serves as the nursery school for children in the area; the project is the alternative building for
education to cover the community’s incapability of funding a new structure for the nursery
school. The Office of SOCIP and the community in Barangay 872 Zone 95 Pandacan, Manila
would have a stronger relationship through the project.
3.2.4 Economic and Political Environment

The project will have a big impact to the economy of the community with the sustainable
development. The rainwater harvesting system would decrease the water consumption for plants
on a daily basis. Thus, the local government will be able to increase its funds and budget that
would lead to the development of the community. The project will have a beneficial contribution
to the political environment since the structure serves as a property of the local government.
3.2.5. Future Environment Conditions without the project

Without the proposed project, the area will remain as a two storey barangay hall and will
not have any effect on the vicinity.
3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development
POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL
LEVEL OF IMPACT
PROBLEM/ISSUE
Noise Level Low Impact
Air Quality Low Impact
Flora and Fauna Low Impact
Economy Moderate Impact
Environmental and Health Issue Low Impact
Table 3.1 Predicted Environmental Issues and its Level of Significance
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of specific significant impacts on the Physical and Biological
Resources
Noise Level
Noise will have a low impact during the construction phase since the location is
surrounded by residential structures. The noise could cause irritation to the household residents.
No students and workers would be affected by the noise since the location is only a residential
area.
Air Quality
Air quality will have a low impact only during the construction phase as the air quality
would change once minor sources of chemicals would be present.
Flora and Fauna

The construction of the project will have a low impact to certain parts of flora and fauna.
The construction phase will have a minimum impact to nature since the location is an urban area;
therefore, minimum vegetation is present.
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project

Economy
The construction of the project would have a moderate impact since the project would
offer opportunities to the unemployed division of the community during the construction phase.
The Green engineering would have an effect to the community in the operational phase.
Environmental and Health Issue

During construction phase there is low impact to the residents around the location and the
workers. The health of the workers is assured to be not affected since the safety precautions are
implemented during the construction. The residents in the location would continually be safe
during the operational phase.
3.4 Environmental Management Plan
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhanced Measures, Estimated Cost
and Responsibilities
Environmental
Proposed Mitigation Cost Responsibilities
Problem/Issue
Construction Phase
Before the construction, the
residents around the location will
be informed about the project to
be constructed
Noise Level N/A CONTRACTOR
In construction, activities that
will produce loud noise will be
scheduled during day time to
avoid construction at night.
Before Construction Phase

The workers would be oriented
by the contractor to avoid the
occurrence of air-related
Air Quality N/A CONTRACTOR
problem.
During Construction Phase

The perimeter of project location
will be surrounded by fence to
avoid disturbances during
construction. The workers will
implement dust control by
putting up fine nets in the
location
After Construction Phase
To control air infection in the
area, clearing of any objects that
may affect air quality must be
done after the construction
phase.
There is minimal impact to the
Flora and
environment therefore N/A CONTRACTOR
Fauna
mitigations are not necessary
Safety precautions will be
observed during the construction
Environmental phase.
and Health Health measures will be put into N/A CONTRACTOR
Issue place to prevent emissions of
substances that may harm the
public’s health
Table 3.2 Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and
Responsibilities
3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

The contractor must inform the local government in the location about the construction
project. The officers of the local government will inform the occupants of all the residential
structures in the location. Scheduled time of construction will be prepared to address the noise
production during construction. Safety measures must be observed during construction for health
purposes of the residents and the workers. Fences will be needed to secure the perimeter of the
structure for health and environmental purposes. The air quality in the location will be controlled
with fine nets and improve the air quality after the construction phase with the planned green
engineering design.
3.4.3 Monitoring Plan
Environmental FREQUENCY OF
MITIGATION MEASURES
Problem/Issue MONITORING
Construction Phase
Before the construction, the
residents around the location will DAILY
be informed about the project to
Noise Level be constructed
In construction, activities that
will produce loud noise will be
DAILY
scheduled in day time to avoid
construction at night.
Before Construction Phase
The workers would be oriented
by the contractor to avoid DAILY
occurrence of air-related
problem.
During Construction Phase
The perimeter of project location
will be surrounded by fence to
avoid disturbances during
DAILY
Air Quality construction. The workers will
implement dust control by
putting up fine nets in the
location
After Construction Phase
To control air infection in the
area clearing of any objects that
DAILY
may affect air quality must be
done after the construction
phase.
There is minimal impact to the
Flora and
environment therefore DAILY
Fauna
mitigations are not necessary
Safety precautions will be
observed during the construction DAILY
Environmental phase.
and Health Health measures will be put into
Issue place to prevent emissions of
DAILY
substances that may harm the
public’s health
Table 3.3 Mitigation Measures and Frequency of Monitoring
3.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

Coordination with the local government shall be observed throughout the construction of
the project to comply with the city’s rules and regulations. The Institutional Responsibilities and
Agreements of the project must comply with the requirements specified by the following
government agencies:
Local Government Units (LGUs)
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR)
The guidelines provided by the stated agencies must be followed strictly during the
construction of the building.
CHAPTER 4
THE RESEARCH COMPONENT
4.1 Abstract
The officials of Barangay 872 of Zone 95 Pandacan Manila seek to extend their existing
2-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into a 3-Storey Structure with a Vertical Wall Garden.
Health of the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the additional loads
from the 3rd storey extension.
Analaysis and Investigation of the existing structure may lead into retrofitting. The group
will research on the kinds of retrofitting methods and processes for the structural and
geotechnical aspect of the building. The researchers must be able to come up with a design
recommendation of the retrofits that would be most suitable for the project given the economical
and spatial constraints.
To be able to adhere to the green engineering design of the project, the students must
research on the kinds of rainwater harvesting systems for the requested vertical wall garden. The
research must be able to identify the most fitting system for the project given the same
economical and spatial limitations.
4.2 Introduction
Retrofitting is the upgrading of certain building system, such as mechanical, electrical, or
structural, to improve performance, function or appearance (Newman, 2001). Its concepts include
strengthening, repairing and remoulding (CEB, 1995). According to the article "Making existing
structures earthquake resistant", seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to
make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones,
tornadoes, and severe winds from thunderstorms. It is mostly used for earthquake-damaged
buildings and earthquake vulnerable buildings.
The short description of Retrofitting stated above explains its importance. This proves to
be a better option in providing the economic concerns and immediate housing problems rather
than replacement of buildings.
According to the same article "Making existing structures earthquake resistant", with the
development of performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE), several levels of
performance objectives are gradually recognized such as Public Safety, Structure Survivability,
Structure Functionality, and Structure Unaffected. The goal in Public Safety is to protect human
life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passers-by, and that the
structure can be safely exited. Under severe seismic conditions the structure may be a total
economic write‐off, requiring tear down and replacement. The goal in Structure Survivability is
that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair (but not
replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation. This is typically the
lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges. In structure Functionality, the primary structure is
undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level
of retrofit, this ensures that any required repairs are only "cosmetic" for example, minor cracks in
plaster, drywall and stucco. This is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. In
structure unaffected, the level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high cultural
significance. There is a need in Earthquake Vulnerable Buildings if the buildings have been
designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in later years; if the
buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in the design
or construction; essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical monuments
and architectural buildings; important buildings whose service is assumed to be essential even
just after an earthquake; buildings the use of which has changed through the years; buildings that
are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
The proposed project, as discussed in the statement of the problem, is an existing building
that the beneficiary wished to be expanded. Hence, retrofitting will be required.
As required by the beneficiary, the building will never be completed if there is no touch
of green. The green design of the project will focus on the mechanisms of water consumption
reduction.
4.3 Reviews on Related Literature

Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures
According to the research done in Massachusetts Institute of Technology about the
“Methods of Seismic Retrofitting of Structures”, “Retrofitting of existing structures with
insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a major portion of the total cost of hazard mitigation.
Thus, it is of critical importance that the structures that need seismic retrofitting are identified
correctly, and an optimal retrofitting is conducted in a cost effective fashion. Once the decision is
made, seismic retrofitting can be performed through several methods with various objectives
such as increasing the load, deformation, and/or energy dissipation capacity of the structure
(FEMA, 2000).”
According to the article “Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of

Jacketing”, “Seismic Strengthening or Retrofitting are actions taken to upgrade the seismic
resistance of an existing building so that it becomes safer under future earthquakes. This can be
in the form of providing seismic bands, eliminating sources of weakness or concentrations of
large mass and openings in walls, adding shear walls or strong column points in walls, bracing
roofs and floors to be able to act as horizontal diaphragms, adequately connecting roofs to walls
and columns and also connecting between walls and foundations. ”
According to the article “Seismic Retrofit of existing Buildings”, “Seismic retrofit

becomes necessary if it is shown that, through a seismic performance evaluation, the building
does not meet minimum requirements up to the current building code and may suffer severe
damage or even collapse during a seismic event. Seismic retrofitting of buildings is a relatively
new activity for most structural engineers. The retrofitting of a building requires an appreciation
for the technical, economic and social aspects of the issue in hand. Changes in construction
technologies and innovation in retrofit technologies present added challenge to engineers in
selecting a technically, economically and socially acceptable solution. Conventional upgrading
techniques usually include the addition and/or strengthening of existing walls, frames and
foundations. Adopting these recommendations often leads to heavy demolition, lengthy
construction time, reconstruction, and occupant relocation with all the associated direct and
indirect costs. It is often the indirect costs, the environmentally hostile approach, and the
inconvenience associated with conventional techniques that deter building owners and custodians
from committing to seismic retrofit.”
According to the research done in Massachusetts Institute of Technology about the

“Methods of Seismic Retrofitting of Structures”, conventional retrofitting methods include
addition of new structural elements to the system and enlarging the existing members (Newman,
2001). Addition of shear walls and bracings shown in Fig. 4(a) is the most popular strengthening
method due to its effectiveness, relative ease, and lower overall project cost compared to column
and beam jacketing shown in Fig. 4(b) and (c), respectively. Relative effectiveness of various
wall and bracing configurations are compared in Fig. 4(a). From this figure, it is seen that post-
cast shear walls and steel braced frames are the most effective strengthening techniques.
Although the latter is more effective due to its much higher ductility, post-cast concrete shear
walls are the most commonly applied method due to their lower cost and familiarity of the
construction industry with the method. Design of additional shear walls is performed to resist a
major fraction of the lateral loads likely to act on the structure. This reduces the demand on the
beams and columns, hence increasing their safety. Those still likely to be overstressed are
strengthened through concrete or steel jacketing, which are relatively more laborious
applications.”

Photo Courtesy: IST Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
According to the article, “Seismic Retrofit of existing Buildings”, some seismic hazard
mitigation technologies includes friction damper, fluid viscous damper, carbon fibre reinforced
plastic, fibre reinforced cement, and external prestressing.
According to the article “Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings”, the use of
friction dampers has shown to provide a practical economical and effective new approach to
design building to resist earthquakes. It has very high dissipation capacity, is reliable and
maintenance free and offers savings in the initial cost of new construction or retrofit of existing
buildings.
According to the article “Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of
Jacketing”, to increase the capacity/strength of the system (Seismic Resistance Based Design)
concrete jacketing, steel jacketing or FRP wrapping may be done.
According to the article “Seismic Retrofitting”, concrete jacketing is the enlargement of

the existing structural member such as column/beam sections by placing reinforcing steel rebars
around its periphery and then concreting it, while steel jacketing is the jacketing of columns and
beams with steel angles, channels and bands; and Fiber Reinforced Polymer-based composite
materials as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
have shown a great promise in the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. Composite
materials are an excellent option to be used as external reinforcing because of their high tensile
strength, lightweight, resistance to corrosion, high durability and ease of installation.
Fig.4.2 Concrete Jacketing

Photo Courtesy: Building Research Institute (P) Ltd., Nepal
Fig. 4.3 Steel Jacketing
Fig. 4.4 CRFP Wrapping

Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
According to Gopal Mishra in his blog about the methods of Rainwater Harvesting,
there are two ways of harvesting water - surface runoff harvesting and roof top rainwater
harvesting. In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be caught
and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods; this is considered as surface
runoff harvesting. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a system of catching rainwater where it falls.
In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the
roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge
system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in
augmenting the ground water level of the area.
4.4 Methodology
4.4.1 Research Design

The study is considered as Evaluative and Applied types of research, with concepts and
relevant studies as the basis of the analysis of the existing elements of the structure and the
structural approach of retrofitting.
The research will concentrate on the analysis and investigation of the existing structure.
Researches and relevant studies are to be collected to address the results in the investigatio n of
the existing structure. As the most suitable design and methods are determined, the evaluated
structural approach will be incorporated into the design. For green approach of the project,
efficiency computations are to be considered to determine the effectiveness of these features.
Relevant studies and researches will be gathered regarding the design of the rainwater harvesting
to come up with economic design.
If the beneficiary accepts the proposed design and no revisions are demanded, the final
design will be made. The final design will comply with the prescribed specifications and
restrictions of the beneficiary.
4.4.2 Conceptual Framework
Discussion and Planning with Beneficiary On Site Investigation and Data Gathering
Review of Related Literature Structural Analysis
Identification of Structural Engineering

Preliminary Design Planning
Approach
Evaluation
Applicable
Conceptual Design
Estimation Cost
Reconsiderations
Consultation of Beneficiary
Final Design
4.5 Results and Discussion
The objectives of retrofitting are Structure Survivability, Structure Functionality, and
Structure Unaffected. The goal in Public Safety is to protect human life, ensuring that the
structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passers-by, and that the structure can be safely
exited. If upon the result of our investigation for the extension of the existing two storey
barangay hall fails, then the structure will be risky for all the people residing around it. The goal
in Structure Survivability is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require
extensive repair (but not replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe
for occupation.
In structure Functionality, the primary structure is undamaged and the structure is

undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level of retrofit ensures that any
required repairs are only "cosmetic"; for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and stucco.
This is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. Since the existing two-storey
multi-purpose barangay hall remained undamaged, we can simply add an additional floor to it
with the help of retrofitting.
In structure unaffected, the level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high
cultural significance. There is a need in Earthquake Vulnerable Buildings if the buildings have
been designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in later years; if the
buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in the design
or construction; Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical monuments
and architectural buildings; Important buildings whose service is assumed to be essential even
just after an earthquake; Buildings the use of which has changed through the years; and
Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
4.6 Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the research done the use of concrete jacketing for the columns is
recommended. Jacketing is one of the most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced
concrete (RC) columns and beams. With this method, axial strength, bending strength, and
stiffness of the original structure are increased.
For the vertical wall garden requested by the beneficiary, the use of rooftop rainwater
harvesting is recommended since it is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This
method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the
ground water level of the area.
CHAPTER 5
DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN – INVESTIGATION BY DESIGN
5.0 Introduction
a design of a 3-storey Barangay Hall was made to determine the minimum member
requirements. The designed minimum member requirements are then compared with the
members of the existing 2-storey Barangay Hall.
5.1 Loads and Codes
5.1.2 Dead load
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment
incorporated into the building or other structure [*] – Section 202 Definitions NSCP 2010
The loads used were determined by ocular observation of the existing structure,
the values were obtained from “Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)” of the
NSCP [*].
Dead Load Material Load (kPa)

Ceiling
Wood Furring Suspension System 0.12
Coverings, Roof and Wall
Waterproofing membranes – liquid, 0.05
applied
Roof deck finish – liquid, applied 0.05
Floor and Floor Finishes
Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 25mm 1.10
mortar bed
Frame Partitions
Wood studs 50x100 unplastered 0.19
Interior Walls
Wood Studs 50x100 unplastered 0.19
Exterior Walls
Table 5.1 Used Dead Load Values

Fig. 5.1 STAAD Dead Load Distribution
5.1.3 Live Load
Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy but in no case shall be less than the loads required by this section. [*] –Section
205 Live Loads NSCP 2010
The loads used were determined from the structures’ function and was obtained
from “Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads” of the NSCP [*]
Live Load Function Load (kPa)

Office
Offices 2.4
Roof Deck 1.9
Table 5.2 Used Live Load Values
Fig. 5.2 STAAD Live Load Distribution

5.1.4 Earthquake Load
Base Shear (V), is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
It is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic
ground motion at the base of a structure. [*] Section 208.2 Definitions, Earthquake Loads
– NSCP2010
Seismic parameters used for the computation of the earthquake load are based
from the structural material, seismic zone, occupancy, distance from fault line, soil type,
and structural system.
Calculations of shear depend on the soil conditions on the site, proximity to

potential sources of seismic activity, probability of significant seismic ground motion,
fundamental period of structure and soil at the site, structural configuration and total
weight of the structure.
Computations for the seismic parameters:
1. Seismic Zone Factor, Z
The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only; Zone 2 covers
the provinces of Palawan, Sulu, and Taw-Tawi while the rest of the country is under
Zone 4. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with
Table 208-3. [*] Sec 208.4.4.1 – Seismic Zone
Zone 2 4
Z 0.20 0.40
Table 5.3 Seismic Zone Factor
Since the structure is located at Metro Manila, it is under “Seismic Zone 4”:
Seismic Zone Factor, Z = 0.4
2. Occupancy Category, I
For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one

of the occupancy categories. Table 208-1 assigns importance factors, I and Ip and
structural observation requirements for each category. [*] Sec 208.4.2 –Occupancy
Categories NSCP2010
Occupancy Category Seismic Importance Seismic Importance

Factor, I Factor, Ip
I. Essential Facilities 1.50 1.50

II. Hazardous 1.25 1.50
Facilities
III. Special Occupancy 1.00 1.00
Structures
IV. Standard 1.00 1.00

Occupancy Structures
V. Miscellaneous 1.00 1.00

Structures
Table 5.4- Seismic Importance Factors
Since the structure is a “Standard Occupancy Structure”:

Seismic Importance Factor, I = 1.0
3. Seismic Source Types, Sd, Na, Nv, Ca, Cv
Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated
geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Sec 208.10 and
Table 208-2. [*] Sec 208.4.3- Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Exception: When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to
determine the soil profile type,Type Sd shall be used. Soil Profile Type Se or Sf need not
be assumed unless the building official determines that Type Se or Sf may be present at
the site or in the event that Type Se or Sf is established by geotechnical data. [*] Sec
208.4.3- Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Soil Profile Soil Profile Average Soil Properties for Top 30m of Soil Profile
Type Name / Generic Shear Wave SPT, N Undrained
Description Velocity, Vs (blows/300mm) Shear Strength,
(m/s) Su (kPa)
Sa Hard Rock >1500
Sb Rock 760 to 1500
Sc Very Dense 360 to 760 >50 >100
Soil and Soft
Rock
Sd Stiff Soil 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
Profile
Se Soft Soil <!80 <15 <50
Profile
Sf Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation.
See Section 208.4.3.1
Table 5.5 – Soil Profile Types
Soil Profile Type = Sd
Seismic Source Description Seismic Source Definition

Seismic Source Type Maximum Moment
Magnitude, M
A Faults that are capable of M > 7.0
producing large magnitude
events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity
B All faults other than Types 6.5 < M < 7.0
A and C
C Faults that are not capable M <6.5
of producing large
magnitude earthquakes and
that have a relatively low
rate of seismic activity
Table 5.6 – Seismic Source Types
The nearest seismic source to the structure is capable of producing large magnitude events and
has a high rate of seismic activity; therefore, the seismic source type used:
Seismic Source Type A, Maximum Moment Magnitude, M>7.0
Seismic Source Type Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source

< 5km > 10 km
A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
Table 5.7 Near Source Factor, Na
Since the structure is located more than 10km from a known seismic source:
Na = 1
Seismic Source Type Closest Distance to Known Seismic Csource

< 5km 10km > 15km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 5.8 Near Source Factor, Nv
Since the structure is located more than 15km from a known seismic source:
Nv = 1
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z

Z=0.2 Z=0.4
Sa 0.16 0.32Na
Sb 0.20 0.40Na
Sc 0.24 0.40 Na
Sd 0.28 0.44 Na
Se 0.34 0.44 Na
Sf See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 5.9 – Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Since the soil type is Sd and the seismic zone is 0.4, Ca= 0.44Na:
Ca=0.44*(1)
Seismic Coefficient, Ca=0.44
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z
Z=0.2 Z=0.4
Sa 0.16 0.32Nv
Sb 0.20 0.40Nv
Sc 0.32 0.56 Nv
Sd 0.40 0.64 Nv
Se 0.64 0.96 Nv
Sf See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 5.10 – Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Since the soil type is Sd and the seismic zone is 0.4, Cv=0.64Nv:
Cv=0.66*(1)
Seismic Coefficient, Cv=0.66
4. R
R is used for computing the design base shear. It is a numerical coefficient representative of the
inherent over strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, as set forth
in Table 208-11 or 208-13 [*] Sec 208.3 – Symbols and Notation
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting R Ω0 System Limitation and

System Building Height Limitation by
Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
A. Bearing Wall Systems
Special reinforced concrete 4.5 2.8 NL 50
shear walls
Ordinary reinforced concrete 4.5 2.8 NL NP
shear walls
B. Building Frame Systems
Special reinforced concrete 5.5 28 NL 75
shear walls or braced frames
shear walls or braced frames
Intermediate precast shear 5.5 2.8
walls or braced frames
C. Moment-Resisting Frame
Systems
Special reinforced concrete 8.5 2.8 NL NL
moment frames
Intermediate reinforced 5.5 2.8 NL NP
concrete moment frames
moment frames
D. Dual Systems
Special reinforced concrete 8.5 2.8 NL NL
shear walls
Ordinary reinforced concrete 6.5 2.8 NP NP
shear walls
E. Dual System with
Intermediate Moment Frames
Special reinforced concrete 6.5 2.8 NL 50
shear walls
Ordinary reinforced concrete 4.2 2.8 NL 50
shear walls
Shear wall frame interactive 4.2 2.8 NP NP
system with ordinary
reinforced concrete moment
frames and ordinary reinforced
concrete shear walls
F. Cantilevered Column
Building Systems
Cantilevered column elements 2.2 2.0 NL 10
G. Shear Wall-Frame 5.5 2.8 NL 50
Interaction Systems
Table 5.11 A Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
Since the structural system to be used is “Ordinary reinforced concrete moment
frames” the value for R is:
Inherent overstrength and global ductility coefficient of structural system, R=3.5
5. Structure Period, T
T is the elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure in the direction under
consideration, sec [*] Sec 208.3 – Symbols and Notation
Using method A:
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following equation:
T=Ct(hn)3/4
Where:
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames.
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames.
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings.
Since the structure uses reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames, the value for Ct is:
Ct = 0.0731
Since the structure is 9m tall, the value for hn is:
hn=9m
Computing for T:
T=0.0731(9)3/4
Structure Period, T= 0.37983874
5. Total seismic dead load
The total seismic dead load computed from Staad is:
Seismic dead load, W=747.63 kN

Summary of computed seismic parameters
Seismic Zone Factor, Z = 0.4
Seismic Importance Factor, I = 1.0
Soil Profile Type = Sd

Seismic Source Type A, Maximum Moment Magnitude, M>7.0
Near Source Factor, Na = 1
Near Source Factor, Nv = 1

Seismic Coefficient, Ca=0.44
Seismic Coefficient, Cv=0.66
Inherent overstrength and global ductility coefficient of structural system, R=3.5
Structure Period, T= 0.37983874

Seismic dead load, W=747.63 kN
Computation for the Design Base Shear, V:

Computation for Design Base Shear limits:
Design Base Shear Minimum 1, Vmin1:
Design Base Shear Minimum 2, Vmin2:
Design Base Shear Maximum, Vmax:
Since V > Vmax, use Vmax:

Results from STAAD:
Fig. 5.3 Staad Base Shear Computation Results

Fig. 5.4 STAAD Seismic Load along the X-axis
Fig. 5.5 STAAD Seismic Load along the Z-axis

5.1.5 Total Factored Loads
Factored load combinations are used to determine the most critical effects of different
loads when acting against the structure simultaneously. Load and resistance factor design must
be used on the structures and all of its portions to resist the most critical effects of the different
loads.[*] 203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations
Wind loads as lateral loads were not considered since we will be using a roof deck and
based on computation the earthquake load will be more critical
Since wind loads were not considered, only the factored load combinations with dead
loads, live loads and earthquake loads were used.
The factored load combinations used where:

1.2D + 1.6L
1.2DL+ 1.0E + 1.0L
0.9D + 1.0E
Where:
D = Dead load
L = Live load
E = Earthquake load
Fig. 5.6 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.6L
Fig. 5.7 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.0Ex+1.0L

Fig. 5.8 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.0Ez+1.0L
Fig. 5.9 STAAD Factored Load Combination 0.9D+1.0Ex

Fig. 5.10 STAAD Factored Dead Load Combination 0.9D+1.0Ez
5.2 Structural Design
5.2.1 Introduction
a design of a 3-storey Barangay Hall was made to determine the minimum number of steel
reinforcements with the existing beam dimensions as parameters. The designed minimum steel
reinforcements are then compared with the steel reinforcements of the members of the existing 2-
storey Barangay Hall.
The design of the 3-storey Barangay Hall required the design of the beams, columns,
slabs and foundation against dead, live and seismic loads. For the design of the beams, columns
and slabs the program STAAD.Pro V8i was used however in the design of the foundation, MS
Excel mainly used.
5.2.2 Design of Beams
STAAD.Pro V8i was used in the design of the beams. Using the most critical load
combination of the dead,live and seismic loads, the minimum required steel reinforcement for
flexure and shear was determined while within the existing beam dimensions.
The schedule of the beam is provided and as for thesis requirements, a manual sample
computation of a beam is provided.
5.2.2.1 Sample Computation
Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 in STAAD is used to show the manual sample computation.
Fig. 5.11 Location of Beam RB-1 in the structure
Beam Design Parameters

Factored Flexure Moment, Mu 11.56 kN-m
Factored Shear Force, Vu 12.56 kN
Concrete compressive stress, f’c 21 Mpa
Steel yield strength, fy 415 Mpa
Existing beam height, h 300 mm
Existing beam width, b 150 mm
Concrete cover, cc 40 mm
Flexural reinforcement diameter, dflex 12 mm
Shear reinforcement diameter, dshear 10 mm
Table 5.12 Beam Design Parameters
5.2.2.1.1 Design for Flexural Reinforcement
Computation for depth, d:
Computation for steel ratio ρ:
Solving for Ru:
Substituting Ru in the equation for ρ:
Computation for maximum steel ratio, ρ max:
Solving for ρ bal:

Substituting ρ bal in the equation for ρ max:
Computation for minimum steel ratio, ρ min:
Comparing ρ with ρ min and ρ max:
Computation for Area of Steel, As:
Computation for Area of Reinforcement Bars, Abar:
Computation for Number of Reinforcement Bars, n:

Computation for spacing of bars, s:
Computation for clear span, cs:

Fig. 5.12 Flexural Design Output from STAAD
5.2.2.1.2 Design for Shear Reinforcement
From STAAD Output:

Factored Shear Force, Vu:
Concrete Shear Strength, Vc:
Computation for the minimum Area of Shear Reinforcement, Av, and Stirrups Spacing, s:
Since , minimum Area of Shear Reinforcement is computed by:
Where s is the smaller of:
Substituting s in the formula for Av:

The stirrups used must satisfy:
Since is safe!
Use with s=122 mm
Fig. 5.13 Figure Shear Design Output from STAAD

5.2.2.2 Beam Schedule
Fig. 5.14 Beam Schedule

5.2.2.3 Beam Detail
Fig. 5.15 Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD
5.2.3 Design of Columns
STAAD.Pro V8i was used in the design of the columns. Using the most critical load
combination of the dead,live and seismic loads the minimum required steel reinforcement was
determined while within the existing column dimensions. The spacing of ties was determined
from the minimum requirements of the NSCP.
The schedule of the column is provided and as for thesis requirements, a manual sample
computation of a column is provided.

Column 3C-6 or Column no. 39 in STAAD is used to show the manual sample
computation.
Fig. 5.17 Location of Column 3C-6 in the structure

Column Design Parameters
Concrete Compressive Stress, f’c 21 Mpa
Steel Yield Strength, fy 415 Mpa
Exisiting Column Height, h 340 mm
Existing Column Width, b 340 mm
Concrete Cover, cc 40 mm
Main Bar Diameter, dmain 12 mm
Tie Bar Diameter, dties 10 mm
Table 5.13 Column Design Parameters
5.2.3.1.1 Design for Axial Reinforcement

Area of Steel Required, As, from STAAD:
Computation for Number of Bars Required, n:
Solving for Ab:
Substituting Ab in the equation for n:
Since equal number of bars on each face must be provided:

5.2.3.1.2 Design for Column Ties
Computation for Vertical Tie Spacing, s:

Section 410.17.8.4
Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar
diameters, or one half times the least side dimension of the composite member.
Vertical Tie Spacing must be least of the following:
192 mm
Since 192 mm is the least, use:

Fig. 5.18 Column Design Output from STAAD

5.2.3.2 Column Schedule
Axial
Beam Name Dimension Ties
Reinforcement
Bar
No. of bars
diamater
3rd Floor
3C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-3 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-4 370x325 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-6 340x340 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
nd
2 Floor
2C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-3 340x320 12 mm 16 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
1st Floor
C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-3 340x320 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-5 340x355 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.

5.2.4 Design of Slabs
ACI one-way
Slab S10 or Plate no. 74 in STAAD
Fig. 5.20 Location of Slab S10 or in the structure

Slab Design Parameters

Dead Load, DL 0.42 kPa
Live Load, LL 1.90 kPa
Long Span, l 5m
Short Span, s 2.4 m
Concrete Compressive Strength, f’c 28 Mpa
Steel Yield Strength, fy 415 Mpa
Bar Diameter ,db 12 mm
Concrete Cover, cc 20 mm
Table 5.15 Slab Design Parameters

5.2.4.1.1 Computation for Slab Thickness, t:
5.2.4.1.1.1 Minimum thickness for Shear:
Solving for W:
Substituting Wu in the equation for Vu:

Equating
Minimum thickness for shear:
5.2.4.1.1.2 Minimum thickness for Deflection Control:
Minimum Thickness Of Nonprestressed

Beams Or One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections Are Computed
Member Minimimum thickness, h

Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
Supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-
way slabs
Beam or
ribbed one
way-slabs
Table 5.16 Minimum Thickness for Deflection Control
Minimum thickness for deflection control:

5.2.4.1.1.3 Minimum thickness for Flexure:
Solving for d:
Solving for maximum steel ratio ρ max:
Solving Ultimate Moment, Mu:

Substituting ρ max and Mu in the equation to solve for d:
Therefore use thickness of 100 mm

5.2.4.1.1 Computation for Reinforcement Bars:
Sample Computation for the Flexure Reinforcement Bars for Slab S10 done in MS Excel:
left span mid span right span

Flexure
coeff 1/9 1/14 1/16
Mu 2.26816 1.458102857 1.27584
Ru 0.46022 0.29586 0.25888
ρ 0.001119904 0.000632997 0.000553434
ρ min 0.003373494 0.003373494 0.003373494
ρ max 0.028815953 0.028815953 0.028815953
ρ used 0.003373494 0.003373494 0.003373494
As 249.6385542 249.6385542 249.6385542
s use 300 300 300
s final 300 300 300
No. of bars 1 1 1
Temperature
Ast 180 180 180
st 436.332313 436.332313 436.332313
st final 435 435 435
Sample Computation for the Right Span of Slab S10 done manually:
Computation for Ultimate Moment, Mu:
2758 kN-m
Computation for, Ru
Solving for d:
Substituting d in the equation for Ru:
Computation for Steel Ratio, ρ:
Computation for Minimum Steel Ratio, ρ min:
Since
Computation for Area of Steel, As:
Computation for main bar spacing, s:
The main bar spacing must be the smallest of:
Therefore the main bar spacing used:
Computation for the Area of Steel for Temperature Bars, At:
Since the steel ratio will be
Computation for the temperature bar spacing, st:
The temperature bar spacing must be the smallest of:
Therefore the main bar spacing used:

Section 408.4.3 As an alternate to frame analysis, the following approximate moments and
shears shall be permitted to be used in design of continuous beams and one-way slabs (slabs
reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction, provided:
1. There are two or more spans;

2. Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of the two adjacent spans not greater than the
shorter by more than 20 percent;
3. Loads are uniformly distributed;
4. Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times unfactored dead load, D,; and
5. Members are prismatic
For Calculation negative moments, ln, is taken as the average of the adjacent clear spans lengths.
POSITIVE MOMENTS:
End Spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained
Discointinuous end integral with support
Interior Spans
NEGATIVE MOMENTS:
At exterior face of first interiod support
Two spans
More than two spans
At other faces of interiopr supports
At face of all supports for: slabs with spans not
exceeding 3 meters; and beams where ratio of
sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness
exceeds eight at each end of the span
At interior face of exterior support for members
built integrally with supports:
Where support is a spandrel beam
Where support is a column
SHEAR:
At face of first interior support
At face of all other supports
Table 5.17 NSCP section 408.4.3

5.2.5 Design of Foundation
MS Excel was used in the design og foundation.
5.2.5.1 SAMPLE COMPUTATION (DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE

FOOTING)
From STAAD Support Reactions Output:
From soil investigation report:
Df = 2.50 m (depth of footing)

γsoil = 15.6 kN/m3
The plan dimension of the footing can be solved by
Using an isolated square footing,
Therefore, use a 3.4 m x 3.4 m square footing.

For the design thickness, consider both shear failures.
One-way Shear Failure:
Fig. 5.21 One-Way Shear Failure
where:
Two-way Shear Failure:
Fig. 5.22 Two-way Shear Failure
where:
Since d in two-way shear failure is greater than d in one-way shear failure, use d =
552 mm.
Therefore, use t = 675 mm.

For the required steel reinforcement
Fig. 5.23 Typical Footing
Assuming that the column is rigid, we can have a cantilever beam with a uniform
load of 258.77 kPa times the length of the beam along the other direction.
Maximum moment occurs at the edge of the column,
From the Ultimate Strength Design Method
Φ = 0.9
b = 3400 mm
d = 675 – 75 – 20 – 10 = 570 mm
Hence, use
Using φ20 mm reinforcing bars,
SUMMARY:
Use 3.4 m x 3.4 m footing, with a thickness of 675 mm having 21 ф20 mm
reinforcing bars spaced at 160 mm o.c. on both directions.
5.2.6 Investigation
To determine if the steel reinforcement in the existing 2-storey structure satisfies the
minimum requirements for the additional 3rd storey, we compared the computed Area of steel of
each beam in the 2-storey to its corresponding beam in the 3-storey structure.
Beam and column sizes are neglected in the investigation since the dimensions of the
members in both the 2-storey and 3-storey are the same.
MS Excel was used for the computations in this investigation
Beam Investigation
Fig. 5.24 Comparing Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-storey 2nd
Floor Beams"
Fig. 5.25 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-
storey 2nd Floor Beams"
Column Investigation
Fig. 5.26 Comparing Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3 Storey 2nd
Floor Columns"
Fig 5.27 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3
Storey 2nd Floor Columns"
Comparing the area of steels of the beams and columns of the two structures, it can be
seen that the area of steel in the existing structure is insufficient to carry the additional loads of
the 3rd storey.
5.3 Architectural Plan
5.3.1 Floor Plan
Fig. 5.28 Ground Floor Architectural Plan
Fig. 5.29 Second Floor Architectural Plan

Fig. 5.30 Third Floor Architectural Plan
5.3.2 Elevation
Fig. 5.31 Side Elevation Architectural Plan

5.4 Structural Plan
Fig. 5.32 Foundation Plan
Fig. 5.33 Second Floor Framing Plan

Fig. 5.34 Third Floor Framing Plan
Fig. 5.35 Roof Framing Plan

5.4 Major and Minor Field of Engineering
5.4.1 Major Field of Engineering
5.4.1.1 Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering analyse, design, plan, and research structural
components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and
comfort of users or occupants. The work takes account mainly of safety, technical,
economic and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social
factors. The paper focused on designing the structural members by using computer
software like AutoCAD for the plans and drawings, MS Excel for convenient
computations, and STAAD for performing the design computations. Such software may
also take into consideration environmental loads, such as from earthquakes and winds.
The structural codes used in the proposed Medium Rise Housing conform to the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 (Buildings and other
Vertical Structures) and to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code for Buildings.
Minimum design loads are considered based from the NSCP 2010, as well as the seismic
considerations.
Dead Load
Dead Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of the
Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 Table204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)
Dead Load Material Load (kPa)

Ceiling
Wood Furring Suspension System 0.12
Coverings, Roof and Wall
Waterproofing membranes – liquid, 0.05
applied
Roof deck finish – liquid, applied 0.05
Floor and Floor Finishes
Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 25mm 1.10
mortar bed
Frame Partitions
Wood studs 50x100 unplastered 0.19
Interior Walls
Wood Studs 50x100 unplastered 0.19
Live Load
Live Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of the
Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 Table205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated
Live loads
Live Load Function Load (kPa)

Office
Offices 2.4
Roof Deck 1.9
Earthquake Load
Earthquake parameters were established based from the material to be used for the
design, seismic zone, occupancy, and distance from a fault line, soil type, and structural
system. Seismic load computation was done by the STAAD pro 2007 software.
Zone, Z 0.4
Importance Factor, I (Standard Occupancy Structure) 1.0
Soil Profile Type Sd
Seismic Type A
Near Source Factor, Na 1
Near Source Factor, Nv 1
Seismic Coefficient, Ca 0.44
Seismic Coefficient, Cv 0.66
R, Over-strength Factor (SMRF Concrete) 3.5
Under the earthquake load total base shear is also computed. It is necessary for
the computation of horizontal distribution. is used to compute the period
of the structure. The period of the structure is the elastic fundamental period of vibration
of the structure. While is used for the computation of base shear. But you
need to check the value of V if it exceeds the maximum V, . If yes, use the
maximum. It is also needed to check for the minimum, use the equation
Load Combinations
The load factors considered in the design are the following: dead load, live load,
and seismic load. Wind loading as a lateral load was not considered since based from the
computations the earthquake load will be more critical than the wind load as a lateral
load.
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2DL+ 1.0E + 1.0L
0.9D + 1.0E
Where:
DL = dead load (self-weight and super-imposed)

LL = live load
E = seismic load
The designer may select any from the load combinations provided by the NSCP.
It depends on the weather condition, location of the structure. For example, if the
structure is near a fault line it must use the load combination that involves earthquake
load. Conversely, if the structure is predictable to experience both strong wind and
earthquake, the load combination involving them will be used. And whatsoever is more
critical will govern. The design of beams, girders, and columns used STAAD software.
The software provides the dimensions of the members and the required number of rebars
and stirrups. It also gives the volume required for concrete and rebars which are needed
for estimation part of the paper.
The design of the beams, girders and columns provided the group with the
minimum requirements for a 3-storey structure. A design for a 2-storey structure was also
made to serve as the as-built plan for the Barangay Hall. These two designs were the
basis for the investigation. The steel reinforcements were the only varying factors since
the beam and column dimensions pre-set in Staad was the same. The steel reinforcements
were the basis if the structure will be able to carry the additional storey or not.
5.4.2 Minor Fields of engineering
5.4.2.1 Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering intends to use environmental-friendly and natural

materials to reduce energy consumption and to have a sustainable building construction.
Environmental engineering is the integration of science and engineering principles to
progress the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air and land for human
habitation. In addition, environmental engineering engages waste water management and
air pollution control, recycling, water disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene,
environmental sustainability, and public health issues.
This paper aims to use environmental engineering is to reduce water consumption

and lessen air pollution. To do this, the concept of green building comes in. Green
building is a structure and a process that are environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This preparation inflates and balances the
classical building design concerns of durability, utility, economy, and comfort. The
researchers includes and consider the various green design ideas to obtain the
sustainability of the project This includes the rainwater harvesting to store water from the
rain that can be recycled and use for water utility purposes which definitely reduce the
water consumption of the occupants.
Another is to promote environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability

emphasizes on making decisions and taking action that is in line with protecting the
natural world, particularly on preserving the capability of the environment to support
human life. Environmental sustainability is about making responsible decisions that will
reduce your business' negative impact on the environment. It is not simply about reducing
the amount of waste you produce or using less energy, but is concerned with developing
processes that will lead to businesses becoming completely sustainable in the future.
Environmental Sustainability means finding innovative ways to cut costs and minimize
our impact on the environment through energy and water conservation as well as reduced
use of packaging material.
Lastly the rainwater harvesting system, the utilisation of rainwater catchment

systems to supply non-potable water to buildings during the last 15-20 years has become
popular in urban areas of many developed countries. Rainwater harvesting can be a great
way of avoiding rising water costs and utilizing the resources we have all around us.
However, there is always at least a little bit of cloud to every silver lining and the balance
of the positives and negatives should be considered carefully before settling on investing
in any such system. The increased awareness and application of these systems has arisen
because a number of problems linked to centralised systems of water supply and disposal
have been identified, these include the increasing water demand which cannot be
satisfied, available resources are not located in areas of high demand, over abstraction
from ground resources, and urban expansion and highway developments increase surface
run-off volumes resulting in increased risk of flooding and adverse changes to the
receiving water’s quality and aquatic eco-system. The water can be recycled and reduce
the amount of consumption. The overall cost of their installation and operation is much
lesser than that of water purifying or pumping systems. Maintenance requires little time
and energy. The result is the collection of water that can be used in substantial ways even
without purification. As such, there is little requirement for building new infrastructure
for the rainwater harvesting system. Most rooftops act as a workable catchment area,
which can be linked to the harvesting system. This also lessens the impact on the
environment by reducing use of fuel based machines. During rainy season, rainwater is
collected in large storage tanks which also help in reducing floods in some low lying
areas. Apart from this, it also helps in reducing soil erosion and contamination of surface
water with pesticides and fertilizers from rainwater run-off which results in cleaner lakes
and ponds. The running costs of rainwater systems are very low as they are extremely
reliable. The tanks are built to be robust and store heavy water loads, therefore they rarely
require any maintenance.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with vegetation that

includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated
water delivery system. Green walls are also known as living walls, BIOboards, biowalls,
ecowalls, or vertical gardens.
Such walls may be indoors or outside, freestanding or attached to an existing wall,

and come in a great variety of sizes. As of 2012, the largest green wall covers 2,700
square meters (29,063 square feet or more than half an acre) and is located at the Los
Cabos International Convention Center.
Green walls have seen a recent surge in popularity. Of the 61 large-scale outdoor
green walls listed in an online database provided by greenroof.com, 80% were
constructed in or after 2009 and 93% dated from no later than 2007. Many Iconic green
walls have been constructed by Institutions and in public places such as Airports and are
now becoming common, to improve the aesthetics.
Green walls are found most often in urban environments where the plants reduce
overall temperatures of the building. "The primary cause of heat build-up in cities
is insolation, the absorption of solar radiation by roads and buildings in the city and the
storage of this heat in the building material and its subsequent re-radiation. Plant surfaces
however, as a result of transpiration, do not rise more than 4–5 °C above the ambient and
are sometimes cooler."
Living walls may also be a means for water reuse. The plants may purify slightly
polluted water (such as greywater) by absorbing the dissolved nutrients. Bacteria
mineralize the organic components to make them available to the plants. A study is
underway at the Bertschi School in Seattle, Washington using a GSky Pro Wall system,
however, no publicly available data on this is available at this time.
Living walls are particularly suitable for cities, as they allow good use of
available vertical surface areas. They are also suitable in arid areas, as the circulating
water on a vertical wall is less likely to evaporate than in horizontal gardens.
The living wall could also function for urban agriculture, urban gardening, or for
its beauty as art. It is sometimes built indoors to help alleviate sick building syndrome .
The concept that has been discussed is concepts that will be used in this paper that
covers environmental engineering. These concepts will further be discussed in the related
literature part of the paper.
5.4.2.2 Geotechnical Engineering
In the first part of making this thesis when the project and beneficiary are
available, one of the things the researchers considered is on what areas of civil
engineering the project will focus. One of the goals of the proposed design of the three-
storey office building is that it can withstand the loads that will be applied to it. In order
to achieve this, the group decided to consider geotechnical engineering as one of the
minor areas of this project.
The structure calls on the application of geotechnical engineering because the

project necessarily needs to have a foundation design. Geotechnical engineering is the
minor because the construction of this project will take place on ground and this field of
civil engineering plays a crucial part in the design and construction of the structure.
Geotechnical engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the engineering
behaviour of earth materials. It is important in civil engineering since most of the matters
connected to civil engineering are in contact or are affected by the earth surface. Risk
assessment associated to geohazards such as landslides or earthquakes is another
responsibility of geotechnical engineers, geotechnical engineering, engineering geology,
material science, or petroleum engineering. Geotechnical engineering greatly differs from
structural engineering. Geotechnical engineering does not have any standardized values
because each soil type differs from one another and from the place it was taken due to the
fact that soil is not homogeneous. As a result, standardized values for strength, density,
cohesion, etc., cannot be used.
A typical geotechnical engineering project should begin with a review of project

needs to define the required material properties. Then follows a site and soil or
geotechnical investigation on and below an area of interest to determine their engineering
properties including how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction. The
need to have investigation of the ground is important before any construction takes place.
So the researchers have done is to have a soil investigation report of the location, Since it
will be expensive for a student to have an actual soil test, the researchers asked the help
of the local government of Manila, specifically the City Engineer’s Office. The office
provided a copy of a soil investigation report of a nearby building. It is in indicated in the
report all the necessary data that we needed in the design of the structure and its
foundation. It is in the summary and recommendation part of the report where in it
includes the type of soil, the allowable soil bearing capacity, the recommended
foundation level etc.
In the design of foundation shows the design of isolated square footings being
used in the structure. These footings are structural members used to support columns and
transmit their load to the underlying soils. The acquired soil bearing capacity 217 kPa and
2.8m depth of footing are taken from the soil investigation report. For the computation of
the foundation Microsoft Excel; is primarily used.
A building’s foundation transmits loads from buildings and other structures to the
earth. Foundations are designed and constructed for structures of various sizes such as
high-rise buildings, bridges, medium to large commercial buildings, and smaller
structures where the soil conditions do not allow code-based design. Foundations are
designed to resist bending, settlement, shear, bearing and axial. Bearing capacity is the
ability of the site soils to support the loads imposed by buildings or structures. Settlement
occurs under all foundations in all soil conditions, though lightly loaded structures or
rock sites may experience negligible settlements. There are various types of foundation
that can be used on structures. It depends on the soil bearing capacity, depth of the
foundation and the column to column distances.
The types of foundation used for the structure are isolated square footing for the
extreme and combined footing at the center of the structure due to narrow space
available. Isolated footing is used to support single columns. This is one of the most
economical types of footings and is sued when columns are spaced at relatively long
distances, while combined footings usually support two columns, or three columns that
are not in a row. Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that single
footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near a property.
Properties and provisions for the design of foundations are also stated on the
National Structure Code of the Philippines. The properties used for the square footing are
the following:
Cc 75 Mm
Df 2.8 M
Qa 217.0 kPa
15 kN/m^3
F’c 28 MPa
Fy 414 MPa
Diameter of bar 16 mm
Reduction Factors
Cc is the concrete cover. 75 mm concrete cover is the minimum value for

members exposed to earth according to the NSCP. Df is the depth of the footing given by
the structural plan. qa is the soil bearing capacity of the location provided by the Manila
City Hall. soil is the unit weight of soil. F’c is the compressive strength of the concrete
used in the computation and fy is the yielding strength of the steel reinforcement. The
diameter of the steel reinforcement used is 16mm. 0.75 and 0.90 are the reduction factors
provided by the national code for shear and bending capacity, respectively.
The shear strength of the footings in the vicinity of the columns is governed by
the more sever of the two conditions, the beam action or one way shear and the two way
punching shear. For the Beam Action (one way) is where each critical section to be
investigated extends in a plane across the entire width. For this case the footing may be
designed according to Section 5.11.1 through Section 5.11.5. According to this section,
the shear strength provide by concrete Vc may not exceed
On the other hand Two-Way Action is where each of the critical section to be
investigated may be located so that its perimeter is a minimum but need not approach
closer than d/2 (a) edges or corners of columns or (b) changes in slab thickness. For Two-
Way Action Vc is the smaller value of and .
The required steel areas were computed as well as the size of the footings and the
steel reinforcements. By using Microsoft Excel, the computation of the footings becomes
easier since you only have to input the correct formula and the data. The dimensions of
the isolated footings are: 3400mm x 3400mm with a thickness of 675mm having 21-
20mm diameter reinforcing bars spaced at 160mm on center on both directions.
Throughout the time, the researchers were able to apply what they have learned
from soil mechanics and foundation design subjects. As civil engineering students, the
researchers were able to design the foundation of our project. Because they have provided
the detailed design with the aid of data, theories and principle we were able to attain the
Geotechnical aspect of the structure. They also understand and appreciate more of the
importance of the foundation of a structure together with several aspect you have to to
consider in designing and the significance of having a reliable data. Based on this part of
the paper, the design of combined footing is more complex than the isolated footing
because of the type of load they carry.
CHAPTER 6
PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL
The promotional materials used to make this projects and make it in a presentable manner are
the following programs:
a) Google SketchUp
-Help in the rendering of 3D models for the panels as well as the architectural work. It
has the ease of using free form methods of constructing elements making it a more
friendly method in creating drawing drafts.
b) AutoCad
- Help in the layouts of the floor plans specifically the design of the structural works and
as well as the architectural plans.
c) STAAD.Pro V8i
- Help in determining the design of the structural elements which includes the beams,
columns, and footings. This software is the basis in knowing the required reinforcing bars
for each structural elements, the cutting lists, and the bill of quantities to be generated.
6.1 Project Model (Perspective)
Fig. 6.1 Perspective
Fig. 6.2 Side View Elevation

CHAPTER 7
BUDGET ESTIMATION
1. Concrete Works
Fig. 7.1 Estimate of Concrete Works
2. Form Works
Fig. 7.2 Column computation for Formworks

Fig. 7.3 Beam Computation for Formworks
Fig. 7.4 Slab Computation for Formworks

Total Formworks
Fig. 7.5 Total Estimate for Formworks
3. Rebar Costing
Fig. 7.6 Estimate for Reinforcement bars

4. Masonry
Fig. 7.7 Estimate for Masonry
5. Architectural Finishes
Fig. 7.8 Estimate for Architectural Finishes

6. Painting Works
Fig.7.9 Estimate for Painting Works
7. Miscellaneous Works
Fig. 7.10 Estimate for Miscellaneous Works

8. Grand Total Cost
Fig. 7.11 Total Estimated Cost

CHAPTER 8
PROJECT WORK SCHEDULE
8.1 Work Schedule

Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such
as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.
Initially, the project limitation is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project
are determined.
Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete
the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. Project planning is often used
to organize different areas of a project, including project plans, workloads and the management
of teams and individuals.
Based on the schedule generated by the software MS Project 2013, the over-all estimated
duration of the extension of the Barangay hall in Pandacan, Manila is 21 days. Majority of the
estimated days goes to the Structural Works which includes formworks, rebar laying and
concrete pouring of structural members.
8.2 Gantt Chart
Fig. 8.1 Project Schedule

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the existing 2-storey Brgy. Hall if it can
carry an additional 3rd storey and if eligible, design the additional storey. In addition to the
design and investigation, recommendation of a vertical wall garden design is to be given to
contribute to the environmental impact of the structure and promote green design
Also, a retrofit method is to be recommended.
A design of the projected 3-storey structure was made using STAAD. The design was
based on the codes and provision of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP
2010). This provided us with the minimum structural member requirements for the structure to
be safe. The computed minimum member requirements were then compared with the existing 2-
storey member properties.
part of comparison.
2-storey is insufficient in carrying the additional loads from the 3 rd storey. In light of this, a
retrofitting method is recommended and can be found in the recommendations.
Chapter 10
RECOMMENDATIONS
As the group applied green engineering, exemplary architectural design and innovative
structural design to the barangay hall, the project seems to be in a full package but the health of
the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the additional loads from the 3rd
storey extension. Analysis and Investigation of the existing structure may lead into retrofitting.
Our recommendation is the use of concrete jacketing for the columns. Jacketing is one of
the most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams.
increased. The success of this procedure is dependent on the monolithic behaviour of the
composite element. Steel Connectors are occasionally applied. These steps involve specialized
workmanship, time and cost; but our recommendation is not limited to concrete jacketing only.
We advise further research and studies regarding the implementation of this type of retrofitting
and its estimated cost. We suggest another thesis group to continue this study.
For the vertical wall garden as requested by the beneficiary, we would recommend
rooftop rainwater harvesting since it is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
Chapter 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The group would like to express their deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following
personages and establishments whose support, effort and assistance greatly contributed to the
accomplishment and success of this project proposal.
First, to our dear and ever supportive parents, whose financial and moral support kept us
going from the beginning until the last phase of our thesis project.
Second, to our thesis adviser, Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, whose ideas and advice contributed
to the progress of our project. He really guided us on the formulation and design phase of our
thesis and we would like to thank him for sharing his knowledge and expertise during our
consultations with him. We are very glad and thankful for having him as our thesis adviser.
Third, to Engr. Divina Gonzales and Engr. JP Carreon, our CE200L professors, whose
assistance and guidance really helped in the formulation of our thesis problem and title at the
beginning. We would also like to thank Engr. Cueto for his constructive criticisms, tips and
advice during the first oral defence that help us create a better project presentation.
To our beneficiary, Chairman Lorena S. Engracial, we are really grateful that they us for
their future project. We are very thankful for the trust they have given us.
Lastly, we would like to thank God for keeping us blessed and safe everyday as we
continue to pursue our study. When things are getting hard in our thesis, His grace enlightens us
and helps us keep going. Our success will never be completed without His blessings.
CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2010) National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2010
E-REFERENCES
Existing Building Retrofit

http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/existingbldgretrofit.pdf
Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_497.PDF
Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures
http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part5.pdf
Reinforced concrete jacketing of existing structures
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/10_vol9_5107.pdf
Retrofitting of Earthquake Affected Buildings

http://www.scribd.com/doc/98750352/Retrofitting-of- Earthquake-Affected-Buildings-Ppt
Retrofitting Method of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings using Elasto-Plastic Dampers

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/0648.pdf
Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing

http://raijmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1_1-9-Bhavar-Dadasaheb-O.-et-al.pdf
Seismic Retrofitting
http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
http://theconstructor.org/water-resources/methods-of-rainwater-harvesting/5420/
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A.
Article Type Paper
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURAL STRENGTH OF AN

EXISTING TWO-STOREY MULTI-PURPOSE BARANGAY
HALL DUE TO AN ADDITIONAL 3RD STOREY WITHOUT
USING AN AS-BUILT PLAN
Noel E. Ambion, Nielsen Danielle J. Castro, Gabriel Gerardo C. Flores
MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
October 2014
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
Abstract
The officials of Barangay 872 of Zone 95 Pandacan Manila seek to extend their existing
2-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into a 3-Storey Structure with a Vertical Wall
Garden. Health of the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the
additional loads from the 3rd storey extension. Analysis and Investigation of the existing
structure may lead into retrofitting. In this thesis paper, the group will research on the
kinds of retrofitting methods and processes for the structural and geotechnical aspect of
the building. The researchers must be able to come up with a design recommendation of
the retrofits that would be most suitable for the project given the economical and spatial
constraints. To be able to adhere to the green engineering design of the project, the
students must research on the kinds of rainwater harvesting systems for the requested
vertical wall garden. The research must be able to identify the most fitting system for the
project given the same economical and spatial limitations.
Keywords: Barangay Hall, Retrofitting, Vertical Wall Garden
Acronyms/Abbreviations
SOCIP Social Orientation and Community Involvement Program

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
1 Introduction
The project is supported by the Office of Social Orientation and Community Involvement
Program (SOCIP) of Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT). The Office of SOCIP in accordance
with its mission and vision wanted to support the development of infrastructure in the location.
One of the visions of the SOCIP Office is to instil among faculty members, students and people
in the outside community a strong desire to improve and maintain sanitary environment
conditions. SOCIP also believes in the Institute’s principle of service efficiency as a way of
achieving the goals and priorities and in the promotion of the institute’s technological excellence.
It also maintains close and cooperative relationship among the different schools within the
Institute and the homes, and the communities that the Institute-carried-out project may service.
Included in one of their commitments is to fulfil an obligation and responsibility to our country
without reservation by actively supporting the projects and policies of our society and help bring
progress and prosperity to the entire Filipino race.
Structural Design of a Third-Storey Extension from a Previously Built Two-Storey Multi-
Purpose Barangay Hall. In accordance with green engineering, water sustainability will be
included in the design of the requested vertical wall garden. The researchers chose this topic to
be able to help the community in their own way. As students who are educated in the field of
civil engineering, public service through civil works reinforced the selection of this topic.
1.1 Problem Statement
The officials of Barangay 872 seek to expand their 2-story Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall.
The expansion will be the addition of a 3rd storey to the existing 2-storey building. The effects of
the additional loads from the 3rd storey on the structure must be identified in order for the
researchers to come up with a safe and economic design.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
The existing structure may not be able to withstand the additional load from the 3 rd story
extension. Structural members may fail if the loads imposed on them will be greater than what
they are designed for. If found out that retrofitting is needed, the most suitable method and
process must be identified for the structure.
The additional loads may also cause harmful effects on the existing foundation because
of its design, being only for the 2 storeys, and the bearing capacity of the soil. If retrofitting will
be needed due to the additional loads from the 3 rd storey and/or structural retrofit then
identification of the most suitable method and process is needed.
The beneficiary requested for a vertical wall garden that will be self-sustaining and
economical. Fulfilment of this request requires study on the simple rainwater harvesting systems.
The rainwater system must be simple and yet able to address the need of water of the garden.
1.2 Project Objective
The main objective of the study is to analyze and investigate the existing structure to know if
it is capable of carrying the additional loads or if retrofitting is needed. If retrofitting is needed a
research on the retrofitting methods and processes that will be most suitable for the structure will
be needed. Also, the project aims to promote green engineering through sustainability and
efficiency of resources by integrating rainwater harvesting into the beneficiary’s requested
vertical wall garden, thus a research on the method of rainwater harvesting shall also be
conducted.
1.3 Scope and Limitations
This study is limited due to economic restraints and unavailability of data. The “as-built”
plan of the Barangay Hall structure cannot be found from the owners nor from “DPWH-South
Manila” offices. We were unable to conduct a “Non-destructive test”, a method in finding out the
properties of a beam or column, due to its high cost.
Thus, the group chose to base the data on the minimum design requirements for the structure.
These minimum design requirements were obtained by designing a 2-storey structure with
existing barangay hall’s function, use and member dimensions.
The project is also limited only to the investigation of the structure. Estimate and design of
the retrofit method is not part of the project.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
2 Reviews on Related Literature
2.1 Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures
Retrofitting of existing structures with insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a

major portion of the total cost of hazard mitigation. Thus, it is of critical importance that the
structures that need seismic retrofitting are identified correctly, and an optimal retrofitting is
conducted in a cost effective fashion. Once the decision is made, seismic retrofitting can be
performed through several methods with various objectives such as increasing the load,
1
deformation, and/or energy dissipation capacity of the structure.
Seismic Strengthening or Retrofitting are actions taken to upgrade the seismic resistance
of an existing building so that it becomes safer under future earthquakes. This can be in the form
of providing seismic bands, eliminating sources of weakness or concentrations of large mass and
openings in walls, adding shear walls or strong column points in walls, bracing roofs and floors
to be able to act as horizontal diaphragms, adequately connecting roofs to walls and columns and
2
also connecting between walls and foundations.
Seismic retrofit becomes necessary if it is shown that, through a seismic performance

evaluation, the building does not meet minimum requirements up to the current building code
and may suffer severe damage or even collapse during a seismic event. Seismic retrofitting of
buildings is a relatively new activity for most structural engineers.
________________________
1
Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures,
2
Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing,
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
The retrofitting of a building requires an appreciation for the technical, economic and
social aspects of the issue in hand. Changes in construction technologies and innovation in
retrofit technologies present added challenge to engineers in selecting a technically,
economically and socially acceptable solution. Conventional upgrading techniques usually
include the addition and/or strengthening of existing walls, frames and foundations. Adopting
these recommendations often leads to heavy demolition, lengthy construction time,
reconstruction, and occupant relocation with all the associated direct and indirect costs. It is often
the indirect costs, the environmentally hostile approach, and the inconvenience associated with
conventional techniques that deter building owners and custodians from committing to seismic
3
retrofit.
Conventional retrofitting methods include addition of new structural elements to the

system and enlarging the existing members. Addition of shear walls and bracings shown in Fig.
4(a) is the most popular strengthening method due to its effectiveness, relative ease, and lower
overall project cost compared to column and beam jacketing shown in Fig. 4(b) and (c),
respectively. Relative effectiveness of various wall and bracing configurations are compared in
Fig. 4(a). From this figure, it is seen that post-cast shear walls and steel braced frames are the
most effective strengthening techniques. Although the latter is more effective due to its much
higher ductility, post-cast concrete shear walls are the most commonly applied method due to
their lower cost and familiarity of the construction industry with the method. Design of
additional shear walls is performed to resist a major fraction of the lateral loads likely to act on
the structure. This reduces the demand on the beams and columns, hence increasing their safety.
Those still likely to be overstressed are strengthened through concrete or steel jacketing, which
4
are relatively more laborious applications.
________________________
3
Seismic Retrofitting, http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
4
Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures,
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________

Photo Courtesy: IST Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Some seismic hazard mitigation technologies includes friction damper, fluid viscous
damper, carbon fibre reinforced plastic, fibre reinforced cement, and external prestressing.
The use of friction dampers has shown to provide a practical economical and effective
new approach to design building to resist earthquakes. It has very high dissipation capacity, is
reliable and maintenance free and offers savings in the initial cost of new construction or retrofit
5
of existing buildings.
To increase the capacity/strength of the system (Seismic Resistance Based Design)

concrete jacketing, steel jacketing or FRP wrapping may be done. 6
________________________
5
Seismic Retrofitting, http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
6
Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
Concrete jacketing is the enlargement of the existing structural member such as

column/beam sections by placing reinforcing steel rebars around its periphery and then
concreting it, while steel jacketing is the jacketing of columns and beams with steel angles,
channels and bands; and Fiber Reinforced Polymer-based composite materials as carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) have shown a great
promise in the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. Composite materials are an
excellent option to be used as external reinforcing because of their high tensile strength,
7
lightweight, resistance to corrosion, high durability and ease of installation.
2.2 Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
There are two ways of harvesting water - surface runoff harvesting and roof top
rainwater harvesting. In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be
caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods; this is considered as
surface runoff harvesting. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a system of catching rainwater where
it falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected
from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial
recharge system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly
helps in augmenting the ground water level of the area. 8
________________________
7
Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing,
8
Methods of Rainwater Harvesting,
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
3 Methodology
3.1 Research Design
The study is considered as Evaluative and Applied types of research, with concepts and
relevant studies as the basis of the analysis of the existing elements of the structure and the
structural approach of retrofitting.
The research will concentrate on the analysis and investigation of the existing structure.
Researches and relevant studies are to be collected to address the results in the investigation of
the existing structure. As the most suitable design and methods are determined, the evaluated
structural approach will be incorporated into the design. For green approach of the project,
efficiency computations are to be considered to determine the effectiveness of these features.
Relevant studies and researches will be gathered regarding the design of the rainwater harvesting
to come up with economic design.
If the beneficiary accepts the proposed design and no revisions are demanded, the final
design will be made. The final design will comply with the prescribed specifications and
restrictions of the beneficiary.
3.2 Conceptual Framework
Discussion and Planning with Beneficiary On Site Investigation and Data Gathering
Review of Related Literature Structural Analysis
Preliminary Design Planning Identification of Structural Engineering

Approach
Evaluation
Applicable
Conceptual Design
Estimation Cost
Reconsiderations Consultation of Beneficiary
Final Design
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
4 Results and Discussion
The objectives of retrofitting are Structure Survivability, Structure Functionality, and

Structure Unaffected. The goal in Public Safety is to protect human life, ensuring that the
structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passers-by, and that the structure can be safely
exited. If upon the result of our investigation for the extension of the existing two storey
barangay hall fails, then the structure will be risky for all the people residing around it. The goal
in Structure Survivability is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require
extensive repair (but not replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe
for occupation.
In terms of structure Functionality, the primary structure is undamaged and the structure
is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level of retrofit ensures that any
required repairs are only "cosmetic"; for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and stucco.
This is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. Since the existing two-storey
multi-purpose barangay hall remained undamaged, we can simply add an additional floor to it
with the help of retrofitting.
In order to remain the structure unaffected, the level of retrofit is preferred for historic
structures of high cultural significance. There is a need in Earthquake Vulnerable Buildings if the
buildings have been designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in
later years; if the buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in
the design or construction; Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical
monuments and architectural buildings; Important buildings whose service is assumed to be
essential even just after an earthquake; Buildings the use of which has changed through the
years; and Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
5 Conclusion
The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the existing 2-storey Brgy. Hall if it can
carry an additional 3rd storey and if eligible, design the additional storey. In addition to the
design and investigation, recommendation of a vertical wall garden design is to be given to
contribute to the environmental impact of the structure and promote green design
Also, a retrofit method is to be recommended.
A design of the projected 3-storey structure was made using STAAD. The design was
based on the codes and provision of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP
2010). This provided us with the minimum structural member requirements for the structure to
be safe. The computed minimum member requirements were then compared with the existing 2-
storey member properties.
part of comparison.
2-storey is insufficient in carrying the additional loads from the 3 rd storey. In light of this, a
retrofitting method is recommended and can be found in the recommendations.
6 Recommendation
As the group applied green engineering, exemplary architectural design and innovative
structural design to the barangay hall, the project seems to be in a full package but the health of
the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the additional loads from the 3 rd
storey extension. Analysis and Investigation of the existing structure may lead into retrofitting.
Our recommendation is the use of concrete jacketing for the columns. Jacketing is one of the
most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
increased. The success of this procedure is dependent on the monolithic behaviour of the
composite element. Steel Connectors are occasionally applied. These steps involve specialized
workmanship, time and cost; but our recommendation is not limited to concrete jacketing only.
We advise further research and studies regarding the implementation of this type of retrofitting
and its estimated cost. We suggest another thesis group to continue this study.
For the vertical wall garden as requested by the beneficiary, we would recommend
rooftop rainwater harvesting since it is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
7 References
1. Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
2. Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
3. Retrofitting Method of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings using Elasto-Plastic

Dampers. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/0648.pdf
4. Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing. Retrieved June 10, 2014
from
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
5. Seismic Retrofitting. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
6. Methods of Rainwater Harvesting. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
APPENDIX B.
Original Project
Report Assessment
Sheet by Panel
Members
APPENDIX C.
English Editor
Assessment and
Evaluation Rubric
APPENDIX D.
Accomplished
Consultation Forms
APPENDIX E.
Compilation of
Assessment Forms
(Rubrics)
APPENDIX F.
Copy of Engineering
Drawings and Plans
A. Project Model (Perspective)
Fig. a.1 Perspective

Fig. a.2 Side View Elevation
B. Architectural Floor Plan
Fig. a.3 Ground Floor Architectural Plan
Fig a.4 Second Floor Architectural Plan

Fig. a.5 Third Floor Architectural Plan
C. Elevation
Fig. a.6 Side Elevation Architectural Plan

D. Structural Floor Plan
Fig. a.7 Foundation Plan
Fig. a.8 Second Floor Framing Plan

Fig. a.9 Third Floor Framing Plan
Fig. a.10 Roof Framing Plan

E. Engineering Designs
1. Beam Design
Fig. a.11 Beam Schedule

Fig. a.12 Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD
2. Column Design
Axial
Beam Name Dimension Ties
Reinforcement
Bar
No. of bars
diamater
3rd Floor
3C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-3 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-4 370x325 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-6 340x340 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
nd
2 Floor
2C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-3 340x320 12 mm 16 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
1st Floor
C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-3 340x320 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-5 340x355 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.

APPENDIX G.
Geotechnical Report
APPENDIX H.
Copy of Project Poster
APPENDIX I.
Photocopy of Receipts
APPENDIX J.
Relevant Pictures
Measuring the actual sizes of the existing Columns
Measuring the actual sizes of the existing Beams

Listing down the gathered data
Coordinating with the Barangay Officials

APPENDIX K.
Other Required
Forms
APPENDIX L.
Student Reflections
How Do I See Myself Three to Five Years After Graduation?
Knowing that I will be graduating soon from Mapua Institute of Technology, a lot of
questions starts to bother me. Questions like what or where will I be three to five years from
now, what career path I would be taking or how I should take them. The truth is I’m not quite
sure yet. Maybe it’s because of the pressure and the responsibilities that a graduating student is
facing such as completing certain requirements, finishing task, meeting deadlines and passing all
exit exams including correlations. It’s a mix feeling of excitement and anxiety of whether you
can make it this term or not.
As Civil Engineering Students, I believe that we all have the same dream or at least the
same idea of what we would like to attain someday – success. We may all have a different basis
of determining success but one thing I’m sure of, studying here at Mapua Institute of Technology
brings us all a step closer to our dreams. This school did not only gave me enough academic
knowledge but also guided me into having the right kind of attitude towards everything. So
wherever I might be in the future, May I still be practicing Civil Engineering in a private
company, establishing my own construction firm or working abroad, I sure owe them all from
Mapua Institute of Technology.
Castro, Nielsen Danielle J.
2009103663
B.S. Civil Engineering

How Do I see Myself in Three to Five Years After Graduation?
Graduation from college introduces you the most important part of life, responsibility.
Departing from your college means that you no longer have them backing you up in your every
move. You will now be in charge of every decision you make in for your life. You will now be
able to steer freely your life into whatever you want to be. After being equipped by Mapua
Institute of Technology with knowledge, after “dreaming big”, you will know be able to “work
to be big”.
I want to see myself to be working for a design firm during the next 3-5 years. I want to
learn as much as I can in the construction industry while I’m still young. Although I know that
most of the engineers recruited in design are topnotchers or top of the class students I still want
to try and apply in this part of the industry. I feel like this is want the most in my field. Later on
in life I want to be balancing a hopefully promising career in the design and in business.
Maybe I’m aspiring for too much and maybe after 3-5 years I won’t be as motivated as I
am now but given the opportunities and drive I have right now.. This is what I want.
Flores, Gabriel Gerardo C.
2009107643

How Do I see Myself in Three to Five Years After Graduation?
Graduating from Mapua Institute of Technology truly helps students turn their dreams
into reality which is proven through years. My dream is to become successful in life but before
that dream to be fulfilled it is important to weigh the first steps we take after we graduate. We
have to plan our every move to attain our goal, because unlike when we solve problems in
school, we can’t erase the errors we make in reality. As a Mapua graduate, the industry would
take high expectations from us.
For myself I would take the engineering board exams to get a license, and get a job I
want. I would see myself in a construction industry three to five years from graduation. It is what
I want since entering college and it was proven when I had trainings in different companies. But
since this is just what I see myself doing doesn’t mean that this will happen in three to five years,
maybe if given a chance I could land a job in the design industry or continue my studies to
further my knowledge. We’ll never know what happen in the future so we have to plan our steps
to reach our goal.
Ambion, Noel E.
2009102826

APPENDIX M.
Student Resume
NOEL E. AMBION
Address: 1811 Sandejas Street, Pasay City
Contact No.: +639062830471
Email: noelambion@gmail.com
____________________________________________________
Career Objective
To be a part of a company that will help me develop my skills and contribute to its growth by
maximizing my potential.
____________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
Tertiary Education
2009- Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros Manila
2005-2009 Rogationist College
Lalaan 2, Silang, Cavite
____________________________________________________
Seminar Attended
Sept. 2012 Sustainable Infrastructure: Living Beyond Advancement
Mapua Institute of Technology, Muralla Manila
Sept. 2013 Seminar on Sustainable Development
____________________________________________________
Membership and Affiliation
2012-2013 Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers – MIT Student Chapter (JPICE)
2012-2013 American Concrete Institution (ACI)
Skills
Computer-literate with extensive software proficiency like STAAD, AUTOCAD, MS Project etc.
Highly adaptable, self-motivated, resilient, patient risk-taker who is open to new ideas.
Dependable, responsible contributor committed to excellence and success.
Exceptional listener and communicator who effectively conveys information in written and oral.
____________________________________________________
Personal Data
Nickname: No
Birthday: March 06, 1992
Birthplace: Tolentino, Tagaytay City
Civil Status: Single
Language Spoken: Tagalog, English
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
____________________________________________________
Character References
Engr. Edgar Cruz
College Professor, Thesis adviser
engredgar2k@gmail.com
Nielsen Danielle J. Castro
Address: 2721 Caloocan St. Manuguit Tondo, Manila
Contact No.: +639351456444
Email: castronielsen@gmail.com
____________________________________________________
Career Objective
To succeed in an environment of growth and excellence. To seek challenging assignment and
responsibility, with an opportunity for growth and advancement as successful achievements.
____________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
July 2009 – Present Mapua Institute of Technology
Intramuros, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
June 2005 – March 2009 St. Stephen’s High School

Binondo, Manila
High School
____________________________________________________
Awards and Recognitions

1st Term, S.Y. 2013 – 2014 Academic Scholar
Intramuros, Manila
Seminar Attended
Sept. 2012 Sustainable Infrastructure: Living Beyond Advancement
Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros, Manila
May 2012 Leadership Training and Seminar,

JPICE – LNM Chapter, Zambales
Sept. 2013 Seminar on Sustainable Development

Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros, Manila
Nov. 2013 Year End Convention

Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Cebu
____________________________________________________
Skills
Excellent Communication/inter personal skills to interact individuals at all levels.
Computer-literate with extensive software proficiency like STAAD, AUTOCAD, MS Project etc.
Highly adaptable, Self-motivated, Resilient and Flexible.
Positive attitude towards work and great ability towards result oriented output.
____________________________________________________
Membership and Affiliation
July 2013 – Present Student Advisor

Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers – MIT Student Chapter
July 2012 – Present Member

Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers – Lungsod ng Maynila Chapter
July 2012 – July 2013 Executive Vice President for Project Management
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers – MIT Student Chapter
Work Experience
June 2014 – August 2014 Department of Public Works and Highways

On the Job Trainee
March 2014 – May 2014 Monolith Construction and Development Corporation

On the Job Trainee
January 2014 – March 2014 Hilmarc’s Construction Corporation

On the Job Trainee
____________________________________________________
Personal Data
Nickname: Sen
Birthday: May 25, 1993
Birthplace: Manila, Philippines
Civil Status: Single
Language Spoken: Tagalog, English
Religious Affiliation: Born Again-Christian
____________________________________________________
Character References
Engr. Bienvenido A. Cervantes
College Professor
+639272186726
Engr. Virgilio D. Santos

College Professor
+639323252190
FLORES, GABRIEL GERARDO C.
2-A Kalinisan St. Brgy. Plainview Mandaluyong City
09151266597 / (02)534-7201
ggcflo@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
To acquire a position as an on the job trainee that requires Civil Engineering expertise in the
construction of a substructure. To hone my skills and knowledge in civil engineering by practical
application on the job and on the field.
EDUCATION
TERTIARY EDUCATION
2009-present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Intramuros, Manila
SECONDARY EDUCATION
2005-2009 La Salle Green Hills
343 Ortigas Ave. Mandaluyong City
PRIMARY EDUCATION
1997-2005 La Salle Green Hills
343 Ortigas Ave. Mandaluyong City
ORGANIZATIONS/CLUB
2012-2013 Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (JPICE)

2012-2013 American Concrete Institution (ACI)
Technical Committee
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age 23 years old

Religion Roman Catholic
Citizenship Philippine National
Civil Status Single
Birthday September 19, 1991
RELATED SKILLS
Computer MS Office Applications, AutoCad, Google Earth, C++, Photoshop, Google

Sketchup, EPANET, STAAD v8
Communication Fluent in English and Filipino

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Investigation of the Structural Strength of an Existing Two-Storey

Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall Due To an Additional 3rd Storey

Without using an As-Built Plan

Castro, Nielsen Danielle J.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................................1

CHAPTER 2: Presenting the Challenges ....................................................................................2

CHAPTER 3: Environmental Examination Report ...................................................................6

3.1 Project Description ...........................................................................................................6

3.3 Impact Assessment Mitigation ........................................................................................9

CHAPTER 4: The Research Component ..................................................................................14

4.1 Abstract ...........................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 5: Detailed Engineering Design ..............................................................................23

5.2.2.2 Beam Schedule .........................................................................................48

5.2.3 Design of Columns ..................................................................................................50

5.2.4 Design of Slabs.........................................................................................................55

5.2.5 Foundation Design ..................................................................................................65

5.2.6 Investigation ............................................................................................................70

5.3 Architectural Plan ..........................................................................................................73

5.4 Major and Minor Field of Engineering ........................................................................77

CHAPTER 6: Promotional Material .........................................................................................86

CHAPTER 7: Budget Estimation ...............................................................................................88

CHAPTER 8: Project Work Schedule .......................................................................................94

8.1 Work Schedule ................................................................................................................94

CHAPTER 9: Conclusion and Summary ..................................................................................95

CHAPTER 10: Recommendations .............................................................................................96

CHAPTER 11: Acknowledge ments............................................................................................97

CHAPTER 12: References ..........................................................................................................98

Fig. 4.1 Conventional strengthening methods used for seismic retrofitting

Fig.4.2 Concrete Jacketing

Fig. 4.3 Steel Jacketing

Fig. 4.4 CRFP Wrapping

Fig. 5.1 STAAD Dead Load Distribution

Fig. 5.2 STAAD Live Load Distribution

Fig. 5.3 STAAD Base Shear Computation Results

Fig. 5.4 STAAD Seismic Load along the X-axis

Fig. 5.5 STAAD Seismic Load along the Z-axis

Fig. 5.6 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.6L

Fig. 5.7 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.0Ex+1.0L

Fig. 5.8 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.0Ez+1.0L

Fig. 5.9 STAAD Factored Load Combination 0.9D+1.0Ex

Fig. 5.10 STAAD Factored Dead Load Combination 0.9D+1.0Ez

Fig. 5.11 Location of Beam RB-1 in the structure

Fig 5.12 Flexural Design Output from STAAD

Fig 5.13 Figure Shear Design Output from STAAD

Fig. 5.15 Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD

Fig. 5.17 Location of Column 3C-6 in the structure

Fig. 5.18 Column Design Output from STAAD

Fig. 5.19 Detail of Column 3C-6 or Column No. 39 in STAAD

Fig. 5.20 Location of Slab S10 or in the structure

Fig. 5.21 One-Way Shear Failure

Fig. 5.22 Two-way Shear Failure

Fig. 5.23 Typical Footing

Fig. 5.28 Ground Floor Architectural Plan

Fig. 5.29 Second Floor Architectural Plan

Fig. 5.30 Third Floor Architectural Plan

Fig. 5.31 Side Elevation Architectural Plan

Fig. 5.32 Foundation Plan

Fig. 5.34 Third Floor Framing Plan

Fig. 5.35 Roof Framing Plan