Romania (1) Geological PDF

Geological Disposal in Romania
Alice Ionescu
TM on the training in and demonstration of
waste disposal technologies in underground
research facilities - an IAEA Network of
Centres of Excellence
Vienna, 9 – 11 May 2007
National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

Waste TM on the training in and demonstration of waste disposal technologies in underground 1
Romania (ANDRAD) research facilities – an IAEA Network of Centres of Excellence, Vienna, 9 – 11 May 2007
Contents
• ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE
(ANDRAD)
• MANAGEMENT OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AND

RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN ROMANIA
• TC ROM 3/005 - Development of a Geological Disposal

Concept for Spent Nuclear Fuel in Romania
• TC INT 9/173 - Focusing on national needs

National Agency for Radioactive
Waste (ANDRAD)
• Created in 2004, ANDRAD is the national
competent authority for the coordination at
national level of the process of managing in a
safe manner of the used nuclear waste and
radioactive waste, including disposal
• ANDRAD’s activities are funded through
contributions by waste producers to a national
waste management fund; the necessary level of
contributions is still under discussion
• Coordinating ministry: Ministry of Commerce and
Finance
Main responsibilities of ANDRAD
• Development of the national strategy for management of
the radioactive waste
• Estimating funding requirements to deliver the national
strategy for management of radioactive waste
• Maintenance of the national radioactive inventory
database
• Development and operation of final repositories
• Establishing the specific requirements for waste
conditioning
• Establishing working procedures for repositories operation
• Management of the national research programme on
issues concerning the long-term management of
radioactive waste
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
• The overall purpose of the international co-operations aims to the
improvement of the spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste safe
management process, including the disposal, according to the best
practices of EU.
• ANDRAD launched several projects with different international
organisations, which are now in various implementing stages:
– “Technical assistance for establishing a Romanian radioactive waste
management organisation (ANDRAD)” (MAT03/RM/92) (2005-2006)
– “Technical assistance for establishing a Romanian radioactive waste
management organisation (ANDRAD)” (PHARE 2006 – 2007);
– “Support to ANDRAD to extend and accelerate development of a new
national L/ILW disposal facility” (ToR)
– IAEA TC ROM 3/004 “Sustainability of National Nuclear Waste
Management” (2005 – 2007)
– AIEA TC ROM 3/005: Development of a Geological Disposal Concept for
Spent Nuclear Fuel in Romania (2007 - 2009);
– Cooperation with SCK·CEN on final disposal issues (2007).
• ITC Member since 2006

MANAGEMENT OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL
AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN ROMANIA

Important nuclear installations
and institutions in Romania
• CANDU 600 NPP

– unit 1 in operation since 1996
– Unit 2 to be commissioned in
2007;
– Units 3 and 4 to become
operational in 2013 - 2015.
– Unit 5 under preservation
• Research reactors
– TRIGA 14 MW - operational;
– VVR-S – to be decommissioned
until 2023

Management of LILW
Panoramic view of the area around the repository showing the main part of the open pit mine.
The repository entrance (reception platform, entrance to Gallery 50 and associated infrastructure) - in the centre
• Institutional LILW-SL are disposed in Baita Bihor

National Repository (operational since 1986)
– 5000 m3 of conditioned waste
– Located in a disused uranium mine, in the Bihor
Mountains (Western Carpatians Mt.)
Management of LILW (cont.)
• Operational and
decommissioning LILW-SL from
Cernavoda NPP (units 1 to 4,
after at least 30 years of
operation) will be disposed in
the new repository, to be
constructed until 2014, possibly
at Saligny site
• the Romanian programme on the development of the L/ILW near surface disposal
facility was reviewed in 2007 by the IAEA experts. Technical review mission covered
both technical and scientific aspects connected to the candidate site characterisation
works that have been performed up to date, inventory and waste forms for the
radioactive wastes to be disposed, the disposal concept and the repository design,
and the safety assessment studies;

Management of spent fuel

Strategy for spent fuel management

Storage of spent fuel
• VVR’s and TRIGA SF are currently stored in the reactor pools
• The fuel originally used for SSR: HEU type (93% enrichment);
• Full conversion of the core to use LEU (20 % enrichment):
accomplished (May 2006) with support from IAEA TC project
ROM/4/024, “Full Conversion of TRIGA 14-MW”;
• ACPR fuel: LEU type (20 % enrichment);
• Spent fuel is stored in the spent fuel storage pool;
• Romania has adhered to the US Government policy with respect to
the return to the country of origin of HEU type fuel, burnt in
American RR abroad. According to the agreement signed by
Romania, until 2006 all the HEU type fuel will be replaced in the
reactor by LEU type fuel, and by 2009, it will be returned to USA. A
first shipment to USA of HEU SNF was made in 1999.
– Awaiting for return to the origin country:

• HEU spent fuel S36 type and LEU spent fuel EK-10 from VVR-S
reactor to the Russian Federation
– Alternative to EK-10 spent fuel type is development and
implementation of the technology for intermediate storage
– Awaiting for development and implementing the dry storage technology
for LEU spent fuel TRIGA type
– TRIGA SF fragments, currently stored at the hot cells at SCN Pitesti
Storage of spent fuel (cont.)
• CANDU SF
– Main storage bay located in the reactor building
(approx. 5,000 fuel bundles are stored annually)
– The Intermediate Nuclear Spent Fuel Storage Facility is
based on the MACSTOR system; it assures the storage
of 300,000 spent fuel bundles (commissioned in 2003)

Current status of the geological
disposal program
• Support desk studies (started in 1992) for site selection
– based on
• general geological criteria (surface, thickness, homogeneity and depth)
• existing geological and geophysical studies on the surface, mining research works in
hydrotechnical work areas, geological and geophysical research works (drillings and
mining works) and/or drillings in the adjacent areas
• The hydrogeological situation is poorly known in green schists and granite formations.
– Identified potential host rock formations and sites
• salt (4), tuff (1), green schists (5), granite (3)
• Conceptual repository design
– Standard concept for a deep geological repository
• Safety assessment studies for generic repositories in rock salt and granite
– R&D national programs
– NATO sponsored cooperations
• IAEA Technical Cooperation TC ROM 3/005 started in 2007, to set up the
bases of a coherent geological disposal program

Site selection for deep geological disposal in Romania
(scale 1:25 000)

TC ROM 3/005
Development of a Geological Disposal Concept for
Spent Nuclear Fuel in Romania
• Objective
– to develop a comprehensive approach for the long-term management of
Romanian spent nuclear fuel that is socially acceptable, technically sound,
environmentally responsible and economically feasible
• Outcomes
– 1: Preliminary definition of fundamental issues to be dealt with for site selection
and characterization, Understanding of costs/benefits of proposed approaches in
this field
– 2: In depth analysis of key questions and issues by extension to disposal
components and identification of a realistic framework for assessing R&D
aspects for spent fuel management
– 3: Integration of research findings in different frameworks after organization of a
seminar with experts involved in previous activities and Romanian
parties/institutional stakeholders, under the supervision of IAEA. Focus and
prioritization of collaborations and R&D activities
– 4: Support to ANDRAD from the Ministry of Economy and Trade on the
implementation of the proposed recommendations in the frame of the National
Strategy on Medium and Long Term Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and
Radioactive Waste.

TC ROM 3/005
Development of a Geological Disposal Concept for
Spent Nuclear Fuel in Romania (cont.)
• Inputs
– 6 expert missions
– 1 meeting with a broad participation (Romanian representatives
from Agency, regulatory body, research organizations,
Universities), for reviewing of the running work, highlightening of
the waste management approaches, identifying of weak or
missing points.
– Scientific visits, addressing technical and societal aspects of
deep geological disposal
– Fellowships:
• training in rock testing,
• safety assessment
– Procurement of some rock testing devices (a permeameter, a
coring machine, a rock sample verification apparatus and Hoek
cells for triaxial test)

TC INT 9/173
Romania’s participation in URL training activities
(2006 – 2007)
• 2006
– 1 fellowship at SCK·CEN
• “Modelling radionuclide and organic matter migration in Boom Clay:
process identification and parameterization using data from URL-
HADES”
• Recipient organization(s): ANDRAD
• Benefits:
– Increasing modelling skills, by linking to the experimental work
– A better understanding of the modelling work for the hydrogeological
model of the Saligny site
• 2007
– Training on “Radioactive Waste Disposal Technologies in
Underground Research Facilities – Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
(WIPP)”
• Recipient organization(s): Nuclear Agency and IFIN-HH
TC INT 9/173 - Focusing on national needs
• Increasing knowledge in:

– Siting of a geological repository, particularly in
countries with small nuclear grids
– Repository design
– FEPs conceptualization and modelling:
• Radionuclide transport and migration
• Temperature effects in geological repositories


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Geological Disposal in Romania

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

• MANAGEMENT OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AND

• TC ROM 3/005 - Development of a Geological Disposal

• TC INT 9/173 - Focusing on national needs

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

• CANDU 600 NPP

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

• Institutional LILW-SL are disposed in Baita Bihor

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

– Awaiting for return to the origin country:

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

• Increasing knowledge in:

National Agency for Radioactive Alice Ionescu

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