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INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter three types of “Reinforced concrete beams will be discussed, namely the design
of “Single Reinforced Beam”, design of “Double Reinforced Beam and the third one “Design
of Tee Beam”.
The author discussed in details the analysis for each type of beam. Formula derivations have
been derived for computer applications. Design steps and A.C.I code provisions; legends have
been included to understand the program steps involve. Basic theory and analysis shown in
the figure below is a guide for deriving formulas to be used in the programs presented in the
succeeding topics.
The above notations conform to the latest 1977 A.C.I. code and will be used thru
out this book. The analysis of a “Reinforced Concrete Beam” can be visualized
well based from the figure below.
ec .85fc’
⃝ ⃝ ⃝ c es’ a Cc
d As d h N.A (d - a/2)
⃝ ⃝ ⃝ es (d – c) Ts
Figure 1 Cross section Figure 2 Strain diagram Figure 3 Stress block diagram
From the strain diagram as shown above and by similarity of triangles, the distance c for balance
eccentricity, let the symbol cb = distance of N.A. from the outer fiber concrete then for simultaneous
failure of steel and concrete, substitute the strain of concrete = 0.003 and strain of steel equals
Equating (1) and (2) we get (87)/ (fy + 87) d = (Pb) (fy)/B1fc’ (d) solving for Pb
we get
Pb = (B1)(fc’)/fy(87/(fy + 87)) Equation (4) This equation is known as the balance steel
reinforcement ratio from code , the factor B1is a Para meter that relates the depth of the of
equivalent rectangular stress block to the depth of the actual neutral axis.. The factor B1is
equals to 0.85 for fc’ 4000 psi and decreases by 0.005 for every 1000 psi above 4000 psi to a
minimum of 0.65. The code specifies the steel maximum steel ratio shall not exceed 0.75pb
and a minimum of pn = 200/fy
MN = Asfy (d – a/2) Eq (8) from Eq (5) substitute the value of As in (8) we get
There are many techniques in designing a beam. one method is to assume the
depth of stress rectangular block a then compute the area of steel then checked
the assumed value of a by recomputing the new depth of stress rectangular
block a. . If the computed depth of stress rectangular block a does not coincide
with the first assumption then a second trial a will be performed, the process goes
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The second method is thru the use of the steel reinforcement ratio from graph,
the mathematical expression Mu/ d2 is evaluated first and from the graph the
equivalent steel reinforcement ratio is selected. The above techniques are useful
if there are only few beams to design. In the second method, if the evaluated
mathematical expression Mu/ d2 is too small, it is difficult to read the steel
±reinforcement ratio p from graph, besides the two methods discussed is not
applicable for a micro computer solution. we therefore derived a formula for
finding the depth of stress rectangular block in terms of material strength
specifications, external moment Mu and dimension of beam in inches. In a
similar manner, it is more convenient to express a direct formula for area of steel
As in terms of material strength specifications, external moment Mu and beam
dimension b & d. Likewise for steel reinforcement ratio. The reasons for such
derivations are the need for computer application. In the following programs, we
2
often encountered the mathematical expression a = d ± d – and
As = this is just one example how the author use this mathematical
formula to solve area of steel at any section along the beam by a micro computer
solution. The other formula is useful both for beam design and slab design, the
mathematical expression for p is equals to p = ( 1 ± 2.622(Mu)/bd2) and
for the direct formula for As using the refined but less accurate formula for As
As = fy
In our general computer program , we use the standard sequence for solving the area of
steel at the supports and midspan, however by using the author’s derived formula for As and
steel reinforcement ratio p, we can treat the mathematical expression as a sub routine program
within the main program.
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INTRODUCTION
Most common type of structures has a cross section composed of single reinforced beams. This means
that the top section of the beam above neutral axis is in compression and the lower section below the
●●neutral axis is in tention where the placement of steel bars is usually located. Code specifications as
listed in chapter 3 will be used. In addition design of diagonal tention (stirrups) using the less accurate
A.C.I code is integrated in this design.
c
.85Fc’ ec
d d
● ●
b es (d-c)
From the figure a single reinforced concrete beam, it is evident that AsFy = Cc
where Cc = 0.85Fc’ (a) (b) or solving for As = Eq (1) Taking moments
about centroid of compressive concrete block we get Mu = AsFy (d – a/2) Eq (2)
here is the moment reduction factor which is equals to 0.90
2 2 2
+ d = a -2ad + d or d2 - = (a – d)2
Extracting square roots of both sides we get and transposing we get the formula
for solving the depth of stress rectangular block a =
–
a=d ± d2 For Computer application
In this equation we take the smaller value of a. The following formula is useful for
computer application given Mu as bending moment, d as depth of beam and Fc’
and Fy as material strength specifications **** Note author use this mathematical
expression as sun routine programs for solving required depth of stress
rectangular block at any section.
Following the same analysis we get the following formula for the area of steel As
The above formula is for direct computer application . A more refined but less
conservative formula in lieu of the above formula can be used is given as
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Fy
U.S.D. ALTERNATIVE
1 PB = .85B1 ( ) where B1 -.85 for Fc’ = 4000 psi and decreases 0.05
for every 1000 psi above 4000.00 but not less than 0.65
2) Limit of Pb from code = .75Pb Pmax = 0.75Pb where Pb is the balance steel
reinforcement ratio from code. Given the area of steel as and dimension of beam
b, d & h a- depth of stress rectangular block is a = or in terms of steel
Note for computer application use author derives formula a depth of stress
rectangular block.
Note the quantity d2 – must not be less than zero take lower
positive real root of a
LEGENDS
LEGENDS DESCRIPTION
Fy Yield strength of steel at ultimate in Kips Per Square Inch
Fc Cylinder strength of concrete at ultimate
CA coefficients of moments at support a
CB Coefficient of moment at support b
CC Coefficient of moment at support c
CU Largest coefficient of moment for solving depth of beam
N Percentage of steel ratio i.e. designer’s choice
LC Clear distance of beam in feet.
LL Live loads in pounds
DL Dead load in pounds
1.4 Dead load factor at ultimate
1.7 Live load factor at ultimate
Diagonal factor taken as 0.85
Note for more detail discussion please refer “Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures” by Clarence W Dunham or George Winter
LC
Distance c from N.A
eu .85fc’
● ● ● ● ● ● a
d h N.A
● ● ● es AsFy
B B B
EXTERIOR SUPPORT MIDSPAN INTERIOR SUPPORT STRESS & STRAIN DIAGRAM
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REFERENCE TEXTBOOK:
Design of Concrete CHAPTER 4 PAGES 112 - 117
Structures By George
Winter 9th edition
PROGRAM DISCLAIMER: Any use of the programs to solve problems other than those
displayed is the role responsibility of the user as to whether the output is correct or correctly
interpreted.
CON – BEAM: Is a computer program that determines the size, steel reinforcement and
diagonal tension bars of a single reinforced concrete beam. With given live loads and assume
width of beam, computer first determines height of beam, dead load of section is automatically
computed, computes areas of reinforcement steel at interior support, midspan & exterior
support all in conformity with A.C.I. code 1977 & 1983 specifications. Checks whether section is
adequate for shear. Design stirrups required and spacing at any desired locations X distance
from column face. The program is written in Advance Basic and can be feed to a wide variety of
programmable calculators and micro computers.
BASIC COMPUTER SYMBOLS
+ ADDITION ^ RAISED TO THE POWER
- SUBTRACTION SQR SQUARE ROOT OF THE NUMBER
MULTIPLICATION * GOTO = JUMP LINE NUMBER