EXPERIMENT-3

Object- Study and test the firing circuit of three phase full controlled bridge converter.

Theory-

Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge controlled rectifier using six thyristors connected in
the form of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors are controlled switches which are
turned on at a appropriate times by applying suitable gate trigger signals.

The three phase full converter is extensively used in industrial power applications upto about 120kW
output power level, where two quadrant operations is required. The figure shows a three phase full
converter with highly inductive load. This circuit is also known as three phase full wave bridge or as a six
pulse converter.

The thyristors are triggered at an interval of (∏/3) radians (i.e. at an interval of 30°). The frequency of
output ripple voltage is 6f s and the filtering requirement is less than that of three phase semi converter.

Fig.- Three phase full controlled bridge converter circuit

At ωt=(∏/6 +α) , thyristor is already conducting when the thyristor is turned on by applying the gating
signal to the gate of . During the time period ωt=(∏/6 +α) to (∏/2 +α), thyristors and conduct together
and the line to line supply voltage appears across the load.

At ωt=(∏/2 +α), the thyristor T 2 is triggered and T 6 is reverse biased immediately and T 6 turns off due
to natural commutation. During the time period ωt=(∏/ +α) to (5∏/6 +α), thyristor T 1 and T 2 conduct
together and the line to line supply voltage appears across the load.

The thyristors are numbered in the circuit diagram corresponding to the order in which they are
triggered. The trigger sequence (firing sequence) of the thyristors is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12, 23, and so
on. The figure shows the waveforms of three phase input supply voltages, output voltage, the thyristor
current through T 1 and T 4 , the supply current through the line ‘a’.

We define three line neutral voltages (3 phase voltages) as follows:

Result- We have studied and test the firing circuit for the three phase full controlled converter.
 EXPERIMENT-4
Object- Study and obtain waveforms of three phase full controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.

Theory-

The load is fed via a three phase half wave connection to one of the three supply lines, no neutral
being required. Hence transformer connection is optional. However, for isolation of output from
supply source, or for higher output requirement, the transformer is to be connected.

If transformer is used, then one winding is connected in delta because the delta connection gives
the circulating path for third harmonic current. This circuit consists of two groups of SCRs,
positive group and negative group. Here, Scr T1, T2, T3 forms a positive group. Whereas SCR
T4, T5, T6 forms a negative group. The positive group SCRs are turned on when the supply
voltages are poisitive and negative group SCRs are turned on when the supply voltage are
negative.

Continuous Conduction Mode: The firing angle of each phasor is varied through a range of 600
to 1800 . The minimum firing angle is 60 degree and is taken as α=0, at 600 . When the phasor
R-Y is allowed to conduct at α between zero to 60 degree, it continues to conduct by 600 when
the phasor R-B is fired. The condition is shifted from SCR T5 to SCR T6. T5 is commutated off
by reverse voltage of phase Y and Y across it. The Phasor R-B conducts after another 600 after
which it is replaced by phasor (Y-B) when phase Y voltage assumes greater value than B or R.
Hence load current is continuous for between 0 to 60.The waveforms are shown in figure.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.- Three phase full controlled bridge converter for different load

Result- We have obtained the waveforms for the three phase full controlled bridge converter.
 EXPERIMENT-5

Object- Study and test three phase AC voltage regulator.

Theory- There are many types of circuits used for the three-phase ac regulators (ac to ac voltage
converters), unlike single-phase ones. The three-phase loads (balanced) are connected in star or
delta. Two thyristors connected back to back, or a triac, is used for each phase in most of the
circuits as described. Two circuits are first taken up, both with balanced resistive (R) load

Three-phase, Three-wire AC Regulator with Balanced Resistive Load

The circuit of a three-phase, three-wire ac regulator (termed as ac to ac voltage converter)

with balanced resistive (star-connected) load is shown in Fig. 1. It may be noted that the
resistance connected in all three phases are equal. Two thyristors connected back to back are
used per phase, thus needing a total of six thyristors. Please note the numbering scheme, which is
same as that used in a three-phase full-wave bridge converter or inverter, described in module 2
or 5.

The thyristors are fired in sequence (Fig.2), starting from 1 in ascending order, with the angle
between the triggering of thyristors 1 & 2 being 60° (one-sixth of the time period (T) of a
complete cycle). The line frequency is 50 Hz, with T=1/f=20ms. The thyristors are fired or
triggered after a delay of a from the natural commutation point. The natural commutation point is
the starting of a cycle with period, (60°=T/6) of output voltage waveform, if six thyristors are
replaced by diodes. Note that the output voltage is similar to phase-controlled waveform for a
converter, with the difference that it is an ac waveform in this case.

The current flow is bidirectional, with the current in one direction in the positive half, and then,
in other (opposite) direction in the negative half. So, two thyristors connected back to back are
needed in each phase. The turning off of a thyristor occurs, if its current falls to zero. To turn the
thyristor on, the anode voltage must be higher that the cathode voltage, and also, a triggering
signal must be applied at its gate.
The waveforms of the input voltages, the conduction angles of thyristors and the output voltage
of one phase, for firing delay angles (a) of (a) and (b) are shown in Fig. 2. For 0°= a = 60° (∏/6),
immediately before triggering of thyristor 1, two thyristors (5 & 6) conduct. Once thyristor 1 is
triggered, three thyristors (1, 5 & 6) conduct. As stated earlier, a thyristor turns off, when the
current through it goes to zero. The conditions alternate between two and three conducting
thyristors.

At any time only two thyristors conduct for 60°.= a = 90°. Although two thyristors conduct at
any time for 90° = a = 150° , there are periods, when no thyristors are on. For a =150°, there is
no period for which two thyristors are on, and the output voltage becomes zero at a=150°(5∏/6).
The range of delay angle is 0°=a=150°
Result- We have studied the three phase AC voltage regulator.
Object- Control speed of DC motor using three phase half controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristic.

Theory:
 EXPERIMENT-8

Object- Control speed of a 3 phase induction motor in variable stator voltage mode using 3
phase ac regulator.

Theory-

Induction motors are low cost, reliable, robust, cheaper, lighter, and efficient motors (efficiency
about 95%) . these motors can operate in dirty and explosive environments as compared to DC
motor drives. Induction motor fulfills the requirements of constant speed drives, however
complex for variable speed applications. Hence by using semiconductor devices, we can achieve
this purpose also. There are various methods of speed control of 3-phase IM from the stator side
as follows.

1. Stator voltage control

2. Frequency control

3. v/f control

4. Rotor resistance control

5. Slip energy recovery control

METHOD OF OPERATION

We are discussing here the stator voltage control method.

STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL:

Stator voltage control of an induction motor is used generally for three purposes-(a) to control
the speed of the motor (b) to control the starting and braking behavior of the motor (c) to
maintain optimum efficiency in the motor when the motor load varies over a large range. Here
we are discuss about speed control of motor.

At a given load, if the voltage applied to the motor decreases, keeping the frequency constant, air
gap flux decreases. This results in a reduction in torque or power developed. The rotor speed
decreases, increasing the value of slip at which the torque developed will balanced the load
torque. Thus the variation of voltage results in a variation of slip frequency and speed control of
the motor. For speed control in a reasonably wide range, the rotor should have a large resistance.

Fig.- Speed torque characteristic

For the purpose of varying the voltage applied to a 3 phase IM so as to achieve a speed control, a
3-phase AC voltage controller is usually employed. The figure below shows a 3- phase voltage
controller feeding a 3-phase IM. By controlling the firing angle of the thyristors connected in
anti-parallel in each phase, the rms value of stator voltage can be regulated. As a consequence,
motor torque and thus speed of the drive is controlled The Torque-Speed Characteristics of the
three phase Induction motors for varying supply voltage and also for the fan load are shown.

This method gives a speed control only below the normal rated speed as the operation of the
voltages if higher than the rated voltage is not admissible. This method is suitable where the
intermittent operation of the drive is required and also for the fan and pump drives. As in fan and
pump the load torque varies as the square of the speed. These types of drives required low torque
at lower speeds. This condition can be obtained by applying lower voltage without exceeding the
motor current. In case of a three phase induction, motor three pairs of Thyristor are required
which are connected back to back. Each pair consists of two Thyristor.

The diagram below shows the Stator Voltage Control of the three phase induction motors by
Thyristor Voltage Controller.

Fig.- AC voltage regulator

Speed control is obtained by varying the firing angle of the Triac. These controllers are known as
Solid State fan regulators. As the solid state regulators are more compact and efficient as
compared to the conventional variable regulator. Thus, they are preferred over the normal
regulator. Each pair of the Thyristor controls the voltage of the phase to which it is connected.
Speed control is obtained by varying the conduction period of the Thyristor. For lower power
ratings, the back to back Thyristor pairs connected in each phase is replaced by Triac.

Result- We studied the control the speed of dc motor using three phase full controlled bridge
converter.
 EXPERIMENT-12

Object- Study three phase dual converter.

Theory:-

Dual converter- the name itself indicates that it has two converters in it. It is an electric device
mostly found in variable speed drivers. It is a power electronics control system to get either
polarity DC from AC rectification by the forward converter and reverse converter. In a dual
converter, two converters are connected together back to back.

One of the bridge works as a rectifier (converts AC to DC), another half bridge works as an
inverter (converts DC to AC) and connected commonly to a DC load. Here two conversion
processes take place simultaneously, so it is called as a dual converter. The dual converter can
provide four quadrant operations. The four quadrant operation is shown below.

Principle of Dual Converter

The dual converter basic principle of operation can be explained with reference to the simplified
equivalent diagram of the DC circuit shown in the figure below. In this simplified representation,
two assumptions are made.
 Dual converters are ideal that means they produce pure DC output terminals without
containing any ripples.
 Each two-quadrant converter is assumed to be a controllable direct voltage source, connected
in series with a diode.
Here Diode D1 and D2 represent the unidirectional current flow characteristics of the converters.
However, the direction of current can be in any way. Let us assume, the average output voltage
of the converter 1 is V01 and converter 2 is V02. To make the output voltage of the two
converters in same polarity and magnitude, the firing angles of the thyristors have to be
controlled.

Fig.- Dual converter

Average output voltage of Single-phase converter = 2Vm COSα/ π

Average output voltage of Three-phase converter = 3Vm COSα/ π

For converter 1, the average output voltage, V01= Vmax COSα1

For converter 2, the average output voltage, V02= Vmax COSα2

The firing angle can never be greater than 180. So, α1+ α2= 180 0

Fig.- Firing angle representation

Modes of Operation of Dual Converter

There are two functional modes: Non-circulating current mode and circulating mode.

Non-Circulating Current Mode

 One converter will perform at a time. There is no circulating current between the converters.
 During the converter 1 operation, the firing angle (α1) will be 0<α1< 90 0 (Vdc and Idc are
positive)
 During the converter 2 operation, firing angle (α2) will be 0<α2< 90 0 (Vdc and Idc are
negative)
Circulating Current Mode

 In this mode, both converters will be in the ON condition at the same time. So circulating
current is present.
 The firing angles are adjusted such that α1+ α2=1800. Firing angle of converter 1 is α1 and
firing angle of converter 2 is α2.
 In this mode, the Converter 1 works as a controlled rectifier when the firing angle is 0<α1<
900 and Converter 2 works as an inverter when the firing angle is 90 0 <α2< 1800. In this
condition, Vdc and Idc are positive.
 Converter 1 works as an inverter when firing angle be 900 <α1< 1800and Converter 2 works
as a controlled rectifier when the firing angle is 0<α2< 90 0 in this condition, Vdc and Idc are
negative.
Three Phase Dual Converter
In three phase dual converter, we make use of three phase rectifier which converts 3 phase AC
supply to DC. The structure of the converter is same as single phase dual converter.

The output of three phase rectifier is fed to filter and after filtering the pure DC is fed to the load.
At last, the supply from the load is given to last bridge that is inverted. It does the Invert process
of the rectifier and converts DC into 3 phase AC, which is output.

Result- We have studied the three phase dual converter.

 EXPERIMENT-13

Object- Study speed control of dc motor using three phase dual converter.

Theory:- DC motors have been available for nearly 100 years. In fact the first electric motors
were designed and built for operation using direct current power. Although AC motors are
mainly used in industry for high speed operation (over 2500 rpm) because they are smaller,
lighter, less expensive, require virtually no maintenance comparing to their DC counterparts, the
latter are still used. The reasons for this are that they exhibit wide speed range, good speed
regulation, starting and accelerating torques in excess of 400% of rated, less complex control and
usually less expensive drive. Today, DC motors are still used in several applications as in
industrial production and processing of paper pulp, textile industries, in electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion and in public transport such as TRAM (trolley) and METRO. The control of these
motors is usually made of power electronics devices, such as controlled rectifierfed (thyristor-
fed) DC drives or chopper-fed DC drives and because of their simplicity, ease of application,
reliability and favorable cost have been a backbone of industrial applications. DC motor drives
can be categorized according to the way they manage the energy generated during braking of the
DC motor ([1]-[4]). In this perspective, there are non-regenerative and regenerative DC drives in
industry. Non-regenerative DC drives are the most conventional type in common usage. They are
able to control motor speed and torque in one direction (first-quadrant, Fig.1). With the addition
of an electromechanical (magnetic) armature reversing contactor or manual switch (units rated 2
HP or less) the controller output polarity is reversed and the same is true for the direction of
rotation of the motor armature (third-quadrant, Fig.1).

In both cases torque and rotational direction are the same. Regenerative DC drives are also
known as four-quadrant drives and they are capable of controlling not only the speed and
direction of motor rotation, but also the direction of motor torque. The term regenerative
describes the ability of the drive under braking conditions to convert the mechanical energy of
the motor and connected load into electrical energy which is returned (or regenerated) to the AC
power source. When the drive is operating in the first and third quadrants, both motor rotation
and torque are in the same direction and it functions as a conventional non-regenerative unit. The
unique characteristics of a regenerative drive are apparent only in the second and fourth
quadrants. In these quadrants (Fig.1), the motor torque opposes the direction of motor rotation
which provides a controlled braking or retarding force. A high performance regenerative drive is
able to switch rapidly from motoring to braking modes while simultaneously controlling the
direction of motor rotation. A regenerative DC drive is essentially two coordinated DC drives
integrated within a common package. One drive operates in the first and fourth quadrants and the
other operates in the second and third quadrants. Another way to classify DC motor drives is
according to the type of the converter which is utilized in order to control the speed and the
torque of the DC motor ([2]-[4]). When a controlled rectifier circuit (one or three phase) is used
the respective category is called: Controlled Rectifier-Fed (Thyristor-Fed) DC Motor Drive. In
case that a DC to DC converter is used the respective category is called: ChopperFed DC Motor
Drive. Both of these categories can further subdivided into non-generative and generative drives
based on what was mentioned earlier.

The thyristor DC drive remains an important speedcontrolled industrial drive, especially where
the higher maintenance cost associated with the DC motor brushes is tolerable. The controlled
(thyristor) rectifier provides a lowimpedance adjustable DC voltage for the motor armature,
thereby providing speed control. For motors up to a few kilowatts the armature converter can be
supplied from either single-phase or three-phase mains, but for larger motors threephase is
always used. A separate thyristor or diode rectifier is used to supply the field of the motor: the
power is much less than the armature power, so the supply is often single-phase.
Result- We studied the control of dc motor using three phase dual converter.
 EXPERIMENT-14

Object- Study three phase cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous motor using
cycloconverter.

Theory:-

Three-Phase to Three-Phase (3f-3f) Cycloconverter: If the outputs of 3 3f-1f converters of the

same kind are connected in wye or delta and if the output voltages are 2p/3 radians phase shifted
from each other, the resulting converter is a threephase to three-phase (3f-3f) cycloconverter.
The resulting cycloconverters are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 with wye connections. If the three
converters connected are half-wave converters, then the new converter is called a 3f-3f half-wave
cycloconverter. If instead, bridge converters are used, then the result is a 3f-3f bridge
cycloconverter. 3f-3f half-wave cycloconverter is also called a 3-pulse cycloconverter or an 18-
thyristor cycloconverter. On the other hand, the 3f-3f bridge cycloconverter is also called a 6-
pulse cycloconverter or a 36-thyristor cycloconverter.

Fig.- 3 phase to 3 phase cycloconverter

The three-phase cycloconverters are mainly used in ac machine drive systems running threephase
synchronous and induction machines. They are more advantageous when used with a
synchronous machine due to their output power factor characteristics. A cycloconverter can
supply lagging, leading, or unity power factor loads while its input is always lagging. A
synchronous machine can draw any power factor current from the converter. This characteristic
operation matches the cycloconverter to the synchronous machine. On the other hand, induction
machines can only draw lagging current, so the cycloconverter does not have an edge compared
to the other converters in this aspect for running an induction machine. However,
cycloconverters are used in Scherbius drives for speed control purposes driving wound rotor
induction motors.

Cycloconverters produce harmonic rich output voltages, which will be discussed in the following
sections. When cycloconverters are used to run an ac machine, the leakage inductance of the
machine filters most of the higher frequency harmonics and reduces the magnitudes of the lower
order harmonics.

Fig.- control of synchronous motor using cycloconverter

Fig. shows two possible configurations for a cycloconverter-synchronous motor drive having
either a single-phase or a three-phase input (alternator). For the single-phase configuration, it is
assumed that the input voltage is essentially constant and that its frequency is fixed. In a traction
application, the motor requires variable voltage and variable frequency depending on its speed
and load. Voltage control is obtained by phase delay of the thyristors with respect to the source
and frequency control by triggering the thyristors in the A, B, and C groups. For the three-phase
configuration, voltage control is achieved using the alternator field, and the cycloconverter is
used to vary the frequency. The characteristic of this system, which gives it certain advantages in
comparison to other three-phase drives, is the dual method of commutation. Current can be
transferred from one group of silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) to another by using either the
input line voltage or the motor voltage for commutation. Input line (source) commutation
transfers current from an SCR in an outgoing group, e.g., A2+, (Fig. l(a)) to an SCR in the
incoming group which is connected to a different input line, eg., Bl+.

If Vxy is greater than zero, then the current successfully transfers from the A+ to the B+ group.
This type of commutation only works at output frequencies much less than the input. If the input
is 60 Hz, then the output must be less than about 15 Hz. Load commutation occurs between an
SCR in the old group, e.g., A2+, and an SCR in the new group which is connected to the same
input line, e.g., B2+. If the motor line voltage VAB is greater than zero, then current transfers
from the A+ to the B+ group. This voltage will be greater than zero if the cycloconverter groups
are triggered so that the current, applied to the motor, leads the voltage produced by the motor by
a few degrees. This type of commutation does not depend on the input frequency and enables
motor frequencies either below or above the input. It is important to recognize that all thyristors
are naturally commutated either by the input voltage or by the motor back EMF. Power flow can
be reversed by changing the thyristor phase delay angle. This permits full regenerative braking
which may be important in some applications.

Result- We studied the cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous motor using
cycloconverter.
 EXPERIMENT-15

Object- Control of 3 phase induction motor in variable frequency V/F constant mode using 3
phase inverter.

Theory- V/f Control is the most popular and has found widespread use in industrial and
domestic applications because of its ease-of-implementation. However, it has inferior dynamic
performance compared to vector control. Thus in areas where precision is required, V/f Control
are not used. The various advantages of V/f Control are as follows:

i. It provides good range of speed.

ii. It gives good running and transient performance.

iii. It has low starting current requirement.

iv. It has a wider stable operating region.

v. Voltage and frequencies reach rated values at base speed.

vi. The acceleration can be controlled by controlling the rate of change of supply frequency.

vii. It is cheap and easy to implement.

Working

When the stator winding is energized by a three-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is set-up
which rotates around the stator at synchronous speed Ns. This flux cuts the stationary rotor and
induces an electromotive force in the rotor winding. As the rotor windings are short-circuited a 8
current flows in them. Again as these conductors are placed in the stator‟s magnetic field, this
exerts a mechanical force on them by Lenz‟s law. Lenz‟s law tells us that the direction of rotor
currents will be such that they will try to oppose the cause producing them. Thus a torque is
produced which tries to reduce the relative speed between the rotor and the magnetic field.
Hence the rotor will rotate in the same direction as the flux. Thus the relative speed between the
rotor and the speed of the magnetic field is what drives the rotor. Hence the rotor speed Nr
always remains less than the synchronous speed Ns. Thus Induction Motors are also called
Asynchronous Motors.
Synchronous speed can be controlled by varying the supply frequency. Voltage induced in the
stator is 𝐸1 ∝ Ф𝑓where Ф is the air-gap flux and f is the supply frequency. As we can neglect the
stator voltage drop we obtain terminal voltage 𝑉1 ∝ Ф𝑓. Thus reducing the frequency without
changing the supply voltage will lead to an increase in the air-gap flux which is undesirable.
Hence whenever frequency is varied in order to control speed, the terminal voltage is also varied
so as to maintain the V/f ratio constant. Thus by maintaining a constant V/f ratio, the maximum
torque of the motor becomes constant for changing speed. As can be seen, when V/f Control is
implemented, for various frequencies inside the operating region, the maximum torque remains
the same as the speed varies. Thus maintaining the V/f ratio constant helps us to maintain a
constant maximum torque while controlling the speed as per our requirement.

The induction motor speed variation can be easily achieved for a short range by either
stator voltage control or rotor resistance control. But both of these schemes result in very low
efficiencies at lower speeds. The most efficient scheme for speed control of induction motor is
by varying supply frequency. This not only results in scheme with wide speed range but also
improves the starting performance.
If the machine is operating at speed below base speed, then v/f ratio is to be kept constant
so that flux remains constant. This retains the torque capability of the machine at the same value.
But at lower frequencies, the torque capability decrease and this drop in torque has to be
compensated for increasing the applied voltage.

Fig.- Speed Torque Characteristics of Induction Motor with frequency variation

The above curve suggests that the speed control and braking operation are available from nearly
zero speed to above synchronous speed.

Fig. - voltage and frequency variation in VSI fed Induction motor

In Fig.(b) it is noted that V is kept constant above base speed and freq. is increasing. The
variable frequency control provides good running and transient performance because of the
following features:

(a) Speed control and braking operation are possible from zero to above base speed.
(b) During transients (starting, braking and speed reversal), the operation can be carried out at
the maximum torque with reduced current giving good dynamic response.
(c) Copper losses are reduced, efficiency and power factor are high as the operation is in between
synch. speed and max. torque point at all frequencies.
(d) Drop in speed from no load to full load is small.

Fig. (c) shows the block diagram of a V/f control of VSI fed three phase induction motor drive.
In this according to the reference speed input command (N r*) the reference frequency (f*) and
reference voltage (V*) commands are calculated such that V/f ratio maintained to be constant.
The reference commands V* and f* are given to the SPWM generator to generate 6-PWM pulses
to the three-phase voltage source inverter which drives the three-phase induction motor.
 Fig: (c). Block Diagram Schematic of V/f control of VSI fed 3-phase Induction Motor drive

Result- We have studied the Control of 3 phase induction motor in variable frequency V/F
constant mode using 3 phase inverter.
 EXPERIMENT-7

Object- Control the speed dc motor using 3 phase full controlled bridge converter. Plot armature
voltage versus speed characteristic.

Theory- The basic circuit for a single-phase separately excited dc motor drive is shown in Fig.
The armature voltage is controlled by a semi-converter or full-converter and the field circuit is
fed from the ac supply through a diode bridge. The motor current cannot reverse due to the
thyristors in the converters. If semi-converters are used, the average output voltage (Ea) is
always positive. Therefore power flow (Ea1a) is always positive, that is, from the ac supply to
the dc load. In drive system semi-converters, regeneration or reverse power flow from motor to
ac supply is not possible. In semi-converters freewheel (i.e., dissipation of armature inductance
energy through the free-wheeling path) takes place when the thyristor blocks. Single-phase full-
wave drives are used for low and medium-horsepower applications as indicated
infig2.1.Suchdriveshavepoor speed regulation on open-loop firing angle control. However, with
armature voltage or tachometer feedback, good regulation can be achieved.

Fig.- Basic block diagram of speed control using fully controlled converter
Basic Equation I The armature circuit of the de motor is represented by its back voltage eg,
armature resistance Ra, and armature inductance La as shown in Fig.

Back voltage:
Note that the inductance La does not absorb any average voltage. From equations 2 and 6, the
average speed is

In single-phase converters, the armature voltage ea and current t, change with time. This is unlike
the M-G set drive in which both ea and t, are essentially constant. In phase-controlled converters,
the armature current ia may not even be continuous. In fact, for most operating conditions, t, is
discontinuous. This makes prediction of performance difficult. Analysis is simplified if
continuity of armature current can be assumed. Analysis for both continuous and discontinuous
current is presented in the following sections.

Continuous Armature Current

Let us assume that the armature current is continuous over the whole range of operation. Typical
voltage and current waveforms are shown in Figs.2.2 and 2.3 for semi-converter and
fullconverter systems, respectively. The thyristors are symmetrically triggered. In the semi-
converter system is shown in Fig., thyristor Sl is triggered at an angle a and S2atan anglea+7T
with respect to the supply voltage v. In the full-converter systemshowninFig.2.3, thyristors S,and
S3 are simultaneously triggered at a, thyristors S2andS4aretriggeredat7T +a. In Fig. 2.2, the
motor is connected to the input supply for the period a<wt.

Result- We have studied the speed control of dc motor using three phase fully controlled
converter.
 EXPERIMENT-6

Object- Control the speed of dc motor using three phase half controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed characteristic.

Theory-

The thyristor convertor provides a variable armature voltage at the drive motor in order to
control its speed. The system is widely used in industry because of its simplicity, low cost and
high power conversion efficiency. In addition it has the advantage that no additional circuitry is
required for the commutation process. Semi-converter systems perform better than full-converter
systems and are preferred where inverter operation for regenerative braking is not required.

During the operation of the system, the armature current may not be continuous. This makes
prediction of the system performance difficult (Black 1964). In general the armature current is
non-continuous at high values of the firing angle, high speed and low values of torque.
Continuous armature current may be promoted by using an external armature circuit choke.

The solution of the system is generally periodic with period 2n. The circuit has three
thyristors. At the beginning of each 2n/3 interval, one thyristor acquires its pulse. However,
because of the symmetry, it is sufficient to obtain the solution over one third of a complete cycle,
i.e. over an interval 2x13. Depending on the value of the firing angle and loading conditions, this
interval consists of different conduction states. The differential equations that represent the
system for each state can be solved numerically. The computer processing time in this case will
be long. Here we present a closed-form solution which requires less computation time. The
solution does not require knowledge of the initial conditions. It allows determination of transient
and steady-state behaviour of the system for both continuous and non-continuous modes of
operation.

Analysis of the system

The system studied comprises of a separately excited DC motor fed from a three phase semi-
converter supply, as shown in Fig.. For the purpose of analysis, the following assumptions are
made:
 (i) Thyristors and diodes are ideal switches.
(ii) Motor inductances and resistances are constant.
(iii) Brush voltage drop and armature reaction effects are neglected.
(iv) The frictional force is a linear function of speed.

The thyristors are fired at a firing angle a with respect to a reference point. A
firing angle of 0" corresponds to the condition when each thyristor in the circuit is
fired at the instant its anode voltage first becomes positive in each cycle. There
are two distinct cases in which the conduction pattern of thyristors and diodes are
different: a C 43 and a 3 n/3. As stated above, the operation of the system is only
described for a period of 2~13. For each firing-angle range, three different modes
of operation may exist. The system during each mode is represented by a set of
linear differential equations. The end conditions of one mode constitute the initial
conditions of the next mode.
Let n, L, R, F and W be the motor speed, armature circuit inductance, resistance,
supply frequency and angular frequency ( = 2nF). respectively. The field of the
motor is excited from a constant separate source, and the induced EMF is
therefore directly proportional to the motor speed which is equal to Kn.

Result- We have studied the speed control of dc motor using three phase half controlled bridge
converter.
 INDEX

Name-

Roll No.-

Year & batch-

Lab.-

Sr.
No. Title Sign.
 EXPERIMENT-2

Object- Study and obtain waveforms for the 3 phase half controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.

Theory- Three phase fully controlled converters are very popular in many industrial applications
particularly in situations where power regeneration from the dc side is essential. It can handle
reasonably high power and has acceptable input and output harmonic distortion. The
configuration also lends itself to easy series and parallel connection for increasing voltage and
current rating or improvement in harmonic behavior. However, this versatility of a three phase
fully controlled converters are obtained at the cost of increased circuit complexity due to the use
of six thyristors and their associated control circuit. This complexity can be considerably reduced
in applications where power regeneration is not necessary. In that case three thyristors of the top
group or the bottom group of a three phase fully controlled converter can be replaced by three
diodes. The resulting converter is called a three phase half controlled converter. Replacing three
thyristors by three diodes reduces circuit complexity but at the same time prevents negative
voltage appearing at the output at any time. Therefore the converter cannot operate in the
inverting mode.

The three phase half controlled converter has several other advantages over a three phase fully
controlled converter. For the same firing angle it has lower input side displacement factor
compared to a fully controlled converter. It also extends the range of continuous conduction of
the converter. It has one serious disadvantage however. The output voltage is periodic over one
third of the input cycle rather than one sixth as is the case with fully controlled converters. This
implies both input and output harmonics are of lower frequency and require heavier filtering. For
this reason half controlled three phase converters are not as popular as their fully controlled
counterpart.

Although, from the point of view of construction and circuit complexity the half controlled
converter is simpler compared to the fully controlled converter, its analysis is considerably more
difficult. In this lesson the operating principle and analysis of a three phase half controlled
converter operating in the continuous conduction mode will be presented.
Fig.- 3 phase half controlled converter with R load

Three single phase half wave converters can be connected to form a three phase half wave
converter. Similarly three phase semiconverter uses 3 SCRs T1, T3 & T5 and 3 diodes D2, D4&
D6
R,Y,B are phase voltages with respect to ‘N’.
In the circuit shown above when any device conducts,line voltage is applied across load. so line
voltage are necessary to draw Phase shift between two line voltages is 60 degree & between two
phase voltages it is 120 degree Each phase & line voltage is sine wave with the frequency of 50
Hz.

Operating principle of three phase half controlled converter

Fig. shows the circuit diagram of three phase half controlled converter supplying an R-L load. In
the continuous conduction mode only one thyristor from top group and only one diode from the
bottom group conduct at a time. However, unlike fully controlled converter here both devices
from the same phase leg can conduct at the same time. Hence, there are nine conducting modes
as shown in Fig..

Now consider the conducting and blocking state of D2. In the blocking state the voltage across
D2 is either vac or vbc. Hence, D2 can block only when these voltages are negative. Taking vbc
as the reference phasor (i.e., bc L v = 2V sinωt ) D2 will block during 2π/3 ≤ ≤ ωt 2π and will
conduct in the interval 0 ≤ ≤ ωt 2π/3 . Similarly it can be shown that D4 and D6 will conduct
during 2π/3 ≤ ≤ ωt 4π/3 and 4π/3 ≤ ≤ ωt 2π respectively.

Next consider conduction of T1. The firing sequence of the thyristor is T1 → T3 → T5.
Therefore before T1 comes into conduction T5 conducts and voltage across T1 is ac L v = 2V sin
(ωt + π/3). If the firing angle of T1 is α then T1 starts conduction at ωt = α - π/3 and conducts
upto α + π/3 . Similarly T3 and T5 conducts during α + π/3 ≤ ≤ ωt α + π and α + π ω≤ ≤t 2π + α -
π/3 . From this discussion the following conduction diagrams can be drawn for continuous
conduction mode.