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Theory
Basic terms
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
What is an antenna ?
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
Max.
Frequency :
Number of cycles per second
Wavelength :
+ Length of one cycle
Zero
_ t [sec]
wavelength
300
Relation between frequency and wave length : λ [m] =
f [MHz]
Example : f =935 MHz ⇒ λ = 0.32 m ⇒ dipole length ~ 160 mm 5
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Reality
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
Wave propagation :
Permanent conversion from electrical into magnetical energy
and vice versa
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Impedance
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / VSWR
Input signal
Generator Termination
Reflected signal
The termination may not accept the entire input power (green line),
and therefore will reflect some of the input power (red line) back to the
generator. 10
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / VSWR
Ur
Reflection Factor r=
Uv
U max 1 + r (range 1 to ∞)
VSWR s = =
U min 1 − r
Return loss attenuation
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / VSWR
12
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / VSWR
mismatch loss
The loss which is effecting the system performance due to the reflected/
returned power
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / VSWR
Example :
PRm CH1 Markers
VSWR measurement
2 : 1 . 2869
1 . 71000 GHz
3 : 1 . 2455
GSM 1800 antenna
1 . 79500 GHz
4 : 1 . 0848
739 494
1 . 88000 GHz
Cor 5 : 1 . 1922
(65°18 dBi 1710-1880 MHz)
1 . 90000 GHz
VSWR 1.4
START 1 690 . 000 000 MHz STOP 1 900 . 000 000 MHz
14
Spezified frequency range
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Cable:
Antenna Basics / VSWR Only antenna Only losses/
Cable:
Only VSWR/
no VSWR no losses
16
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Radiation Pattern
Vertical pattern
17
Horizontal pattern
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Antenna Gain
gain references
Vertical pattern Horizontal pattern
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Antenna Gain
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Antenna Gain
20
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Panel Antenna
21
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Panel Antenna
22
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Panel Antenna
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Panel Construction
24
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04