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Loop Problem Signatures No 16

Digital controllers - Part 8

The Full PID Controller and Response to Setpoint or Load Changes

A simple controller complete with all three parameters, P, I, and D is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

As shown in the figure, if a setpoint step change was made, an error signal would appear on the output of the
subtraction block. Alternatively an identical error signal would occur if the PV changed in a step of equal
magnitude, but in the opposite direction. (A change in PV due to an effect in the process not caused by the
controller is known as a load change). The step in error would then go through the controller and would be
acted on simultaneously by all three (P, I, and D) terms. The resultant response appearing on the output of
the controller is shown in the figure. The important point to note here that is with this controller, the response
will be the same irrespective of whether the error was caused by a change in setpoint or by a change in load.

Electronic analogue PID controllers appeared on the market in the 1960's. They offered considerable
advantages, particularly flexibility, as opposed to the old pneumatic controllers. At that time people were still
trying hard to make feedback control systems operate better. Bearing in mind that the vast majority of
controllers are used in continuous process plants, the manufacturers realised that in general the type of
response as seen in the figure which causes the valve to kick open (or shut as the case may be), would not be
desirable in most situations on a working plant. Typically such plants take a long time to start up and get
running optimally in steady state conditions. The last thing process people want on most loops when running
in steady state is for a valve to suddenly kick wide open. It could cause a plant trip, or it could initiate large
disturbances to processes downstream.

When I begin my courses or give presentations on regulatory control, I normally start off by mentioning that in
general I find about 85% of the loops I examine in plants world-wide are completely detuned. Many process
engineers will state that they are quite happy with this. I have been told many times by senior process people
that they would far rather have their loops detuned than running fast and bumping the plant around. Are they
correct or incorrect? The same people will often ask me to tune a critical loop as well as possible as its
operation is critical to further process downstream, and then they will add that it must not be tuned so fast
that it could cause bumps. So in the same breath they are effectively saying the loop must be tuned fast, and
then they are saying it should be tuned slowly.

If people want the controllers detuned then why bother having them in the first place? Why are regulatory
controls needed at all on continuous process plants?

A world leading American control engineer answered this question recently in an article where he stated that
the purpose of the regulatory controls in a continuous process plant is to minimise variance throughout all
stages of production. What he means by this is that when such a plant is running at steady state conditions,
the regulatory controls are there to keep all the various processes as close to setpoint as possible under all
conditions of change, so that minimum variance is achieved.
What changes can occur when plants run at steady state? Firstly load changes can, and often do occur. Such
changes are seldom very fast and "steppy", but normally occur quite slowly. Typical examples are ambient
temperature changes affecting plant exposed to the outside environment like petro-chemical refineries. Such
plants typically often swing quite badly with day-night temperature variations. Slow load changes like this will
not cause a big kick on the controller's output if it is tuned fast. However the fast tuning should be able to
catch the changes and minimise deviations from set point.

The second type of changes that will be encountered on continuous process plants are setpoint changes that
operators make whilst optimising the plant. Set-point changes are generally steps. These will result in
controller output kicks if full PID control is employed.

In most cases in a plant it is not actually necessary to have a fast response to a setpoint change. A slower
response is generally quite acceptable.

One can summarise the above requirements with two very important premises that state:

1. Fast control is required for load changes

2. Slow control is required for set-point changes.

Please note that these premises are generalised, but they do apply to the vast majority of control loops found
in continuous process plants. There are of course some loops that do require a fast response on setpoint
changes. Examples would be cascade slave loops, or loops where their setpoints are being set from some
higher level control system.
To achieve the above differences in response, you could of course use ramps on setpoints. However this is
seldom done. The controller designers back in the 1960's came up with a better idea. They reconfigured the
controller as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

In this new configuration it can be seen that the D term is now only on the PV signal and is not acted on at all
by the error signal. If we have a load change, the D term acts only on the PV signal, whilst the P and I terms
act on the error signal, resulting in a full P+I+D response. However on setpoint changes, only P+I acts on the
error signal. There is no D response at all until the PV starts moving in response to the change in the PD
(controller output signal), and this D contribution to the response is relatively small.

This configuration virtually became a standard at that time. Nearly every controller manufacturer used it.
Even today it is still generally the default configuration on most industrial controllers.

This is not a bad thing from the control point of view in most cases. I am personally only aware of one
particular type of process where it is really desirable to actually use the D term on a setpoint change.

However of dramatically far more importance, and what no one, including most controller manufacturers seem
to be aware of, is that this configuration in practice actually prohibits the use of the D term completely, even if
you should wish to use it in situations where it would help deal with load changes. This is because this
configuration makes it almost impossible to test the tuning of the D term on the controller.

This because to test tuning one must watch how the controller responds to setpoint changes. You can play
with the D "knob" until you are blue in the face, but you will not be able to see the true effect of its action
whilst making setpoint changes. The only way to really be able to check it is by inducing step load changes,
and this is usually very difficult to do in practice.
Probably the main reason why the D term is so seldom used, is because most controllers have this
configuration as their default, and hence one cannot tune in the D term. I personally would never ever
consider purchasing a controller that did not allow me to change back to a full P+I+D response on setpoint
change in order to allow me to perform tuning tests. Remember that the D term can be very effective when
used in the right processes where it can operate effectively - see earlier loop signature articles dealing with the
D term.

When controllers were written into computers in the 1980's, some manufacturers took the configuration one
step further to slow down the response on setpoint changes even more. In many instances, particularly on
integrating processes, you can have a large proportional gain in the controller. Thus if there is a high P gain in
the controller, setpoint changes can also cause a big kick on the output. To prevent this happening, a new
configuration was drawn up, so that the P and the D terms are both removed from the error and effectively put
on the PV signal. Such a configuration is shown in Figure 3. (The drawing is purely representational. In
reality the operation is performed by the use of a mathematical formula, as you cannot have the P acting
directly on the PV signal).

Figure 3

This controller really does give nice slow response on setpoint changes, but the practical effects of it are even
more dramatic. A controller with this configuration cannot be tuned at all! This is because the one term you
must get right when tuning is the P term. You can again play around on this controller making setpoint
changes and adjusting the P term as much as you like, but you will not get any P response. The only change
on the PD will be caused by the integral response.
You would think that most people would be aware of this, and that the manufacturers would put a big note in
their manuals explaining that this configuration cannot be used when tuning. However in reality I have never
seen such a note in a manufacturer's manual. I have been into many plants where there their control system
has an integral only response on setpoint change as the default configuration. In nearly every such plant no
one was aware of the configuration, and as a result the tuning in these plants was shockingly bad.

Apart from terrible control, this lack of understanding has resulted in direct financial loss in at least one plant I
visited. This was a pharmaceutical manufacturer in the UK who had chosen only P+I action on setpoint
response for use on batch reactors. This is a case where the D response on setpoint change is essential. It can
literally speed up the response on a setpoint change by a factor of four. After testing a setpoint change with a
full PID response, and on observing how much faster the process reacted, the Production Manager estimated
that they could have increased production though the plant by approximately 14 million Pounds Sterling per
annum. Unfortunately the various drug authorities of countries to which the pharmaceutical companies
distribute their products, insist that the manufacturing processes be sealed once they have been accepted, and
no changes are permitted.

It is very difficult and expensive to get changes authorised at later dates.

This is a very good example why it is so important for users to fully understand how their controllers operate,
and what options are available. As said in an earlier loop signature, it is essential that you fully understand
your controller if you wish to successfully optimise your plant.

Index to Loop Problem Signatures

Michael Brown is a specialist in control loop optimisation, with many years of experience in process control instrumentation. His
main activities are consulting, and teaching practical control loop analysis and optimisation. He gives training courses which can be
held in clients' plants, where students can have the added benefit of practising on live loops. His work takes him to plants all over
South Africa, and also to other countries. He can be contacted at:
Tel (011) 486-0567
Fax (011) 646-2385
E-Mail: michael.brown@pixie.co.za