Sunteți pe pagina 1din 73

m

mmmmmmmmmmmm

m 
mm
m

mmmmmmmmmm m

m
m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
 mmmmm

m m m m


m

mmmmmmmmmmm     mmmmmmm

m
APELLIDO NOMBRE CARNET
Álvarez Ramírez &m'm  %$(%$)m
m
Galdámez Rivas m*+m,*m  %$$%$)m
García Solís -m*m  %$$)$.m
m
Martínez Paredes /,0*m ,*m 1%$%2$)m
m Mejía Alfaro *m3m %$$)$4m
Pineda Quezada *3m5*6m 17%$$%$)m
m Toches Paz 3m839m 1%$$$)m

m !
 "mm
m #m
m$%$m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

 mm   m

w    w 1m

åm w  w  
1m
åm w  w  w 1m

    w
  2m

    3m

   w 4m

Õ         5m

Xm w    5m
Xm w  w  w     6m
Xm ENSAYOS NO DESTRUCTIVOSm .m
Xm ENSAYOS DESTRUCTI VOSm m

 w   w    5m

Xm 
 w 
w 
 w 5m
Xm 
w  
w

11m
Xm 
 
 
 w
 w  
w 14m
Xm ACERO INOXIDABLE GRADO 30 4m %=m
Xm ACERO SAE1020 (AST M A1020 / A1020 M)m %>m

w    ww 19m

w
w  
 w
      w 21m

A .m L IJAS PARA REALIZAR UN ESMER ILADO O P ULIDO.m %m


B.m INSTRU MEN TOS D E CORTE P ARA L AS MUESTRASm (m
C. m MICROSCOPIOS METALÚRGICOS. m =m
D. m EQUIPO D E DUR EZA ROC KW ELL. m 2m
 m      
  w w 28m

  w    w w   w 


 w 29m

'm 

 




 
29m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
'm 

 

  w  w w 29m
'm 

 
 


 
w
w

 
30m
'm 

  w 


 
w 
w

32m

w  w       w  w      
w   w   34m

Xm 
  
34m
Xm 
w

35m

 w   ww 36m

Xm
w 

  
w 
w

 
w 
 36m
'm 1 ER PASO: COR TE DE L AS PRO BETASm (>m
'm 2 DO PASO: EL PULIDO BASTO EN LAS PROBETAS PARA AMBO S E NSAYO Sm (.m
'm 3 ER PASO: EL PULIDO INTERMEDIO EN LAS PROBETAS P ARA A MBOS EN SAYO Sm (4m
'm 4 TO PASO: EL PULIDO FINO E N L AS PROBETAS PARA AMBOS ENSAYOSm =$m
'm v TO PASO: PRUEBA PARA EL ENSAYOS DE D UREZA ³ROCKWELL´: m =$m
'm o TO PASO: PRUEBA PARA EL ENSAYOS DE M ETALOGRAFÍA: m =(m

       w     46m

 
Õ w   w   w w 47m

Xm 
w  
 w 47m
Xm ACERO INOXID ABLE 3 04m =.m
Xm ACERO 1 020m =)m
Xm 
w  
w

48m
Xm ACERO AL CARBONO SAE 1020m =4m
Xm ACERO INOXIDABLE GRADO 304m =4m

        w


  w 51m

Xm  

  w  52m
Xm  

 w w
 52m
Xm 
w

 
  w   52m
Xm 
w

 
  w w
  53m

w
 w   55m

 w    w  57m

    w 58m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
TABLA DE EQUIVALENCIA DE DUREZAS 58m
COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE ALGUNOS ACEROS INOXIDABLES 59m
NORMAS ASTM: 60m

 wÕ    61m

m
m
m
m

m
m

m
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

w w 

åm OBJETIVO GENERAL



 m m m 
m m
m 
m 
m m
 m
m   
 m

m  

m m  
 m 
m 
m m  m m
m 
m 
m
  m !m "#$# m m
m 
m %
m 
m  m &#'m m m
 
m
m
m  m ! ()m 
 m  m
m 
m m
   m  *m m m

m
m+m
,m

åm OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS

 

m m 

 m  
 m m  

m 
m m  
m m
  m
m m
m 
m
 m m 
m 
m 
m m m

m

mm m! (,m


  m
m  
 m m  
 m 
m m
-m
m  
 m m
  m m
m
 m*  m
mm
m
m
 mm
, m


  m 
m 
m m m m 
m 
m m
m 
m

 mm
 m

mm 

mm  m mm
*m

mm  ,m



 mm m
m
mm
mm m
mm  *m
m
m 
 m
 
m
mm m! (mm
m
m 
m ,m

m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
w
  
m


m 
 m  

m  *m 
m m
m 
m
 m m

)m m
m * m
m 
 m m 
m  
mm  
 m
m
m
!m "#$#m m 
m %
m  m &#'m m m
 
m  m m  m
! (,m

!
m m m 
m m  *m 

m 
m m   m
m -
m 
m


m
  m 
m m

m m 

m m 
m 
*m m m

 *m 
m
)m   
m m 
m -
m 
m 

  m  
m m

 *m
mm
,m!
m
 
m
m 
m
m
m-
m
m
m

m 
m
 m m 
m  m  m 
)m 
m 
m 

 m m


 m
-mm 

m-
m
m m
m+m
m m-
m
m

m 

m
 m *  m m 
m
m 
m 
m

m m m


 m m
m
 m
mm
, m

.


m
m
%
 mm m-
m
m

m

m
mm
m
  /m mm
m 
mm
 m  mm m
m
m  m    m m m  
 m m  

m -
m 
m


m
mm m! (m
 

mm m
m/m
m+m
 m m 
m m


m -
m 
m

 m m m 
m

m

 ,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
   
m

m m
m 
m
 m m 
m 
m 
m m  m m
m

m
m  m!m"#$# mm
m
m%
m m&#')m
m


m
m*m
mm  
 m
   mmm
*mmm

mm
m

* m
 m m m
)mm m  mm
*m
m
 m  
 m m  

m m m 
m
m  m
m
 m 
m
 m

,m

m 

mm
-mm  m
mm
m
m 
 mm
m * m

m   m m m 
  m m
  m 
m  
 m 
  m m
 
 mm 

m
m
-mm
m-
m
m
  m
m
m 
m
 
m
m m  m ! (,m m
 m 
m m
m 
m

m
m
m  / m m 0  m m -
m 
m 
 /m
m  
m m
m m +m 
m


m 
m  m m + m -m  m 

m 
m   m m m
m   m

mmm-
m
m
m
m
m m
 

m
m m
m *m
m

 mm
mm mm  m

,mm

!
m


m

m m
m
mm
 *m
mm  
   m-
m

m 

m 
m m  
 m m m   
 m  m m 
m +m
m
 mm

m m
 mm

m
 )mm m
mm m
mm
 
m ,m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
  w
m

m
m
m 
m
 m 
m  
 m 
m m  m  m m
  *m m  
   m 
m 
m m  m !m "#$#m m  m
m

m %
m  m &#' m m -
m
m  m    m
*m

 
m 1 2 m m  m m 
m
 m
m 
m

m1*m
m 
 
 mm *m
mm   2mmm m
m  m
 )m-
m
mm mm   m  mm
 m-
m
m
m mmm/  m
m /m
m&,$m
m%

,m

m
m 
m
 m 
m m m m -
m 
m 
 m m
 
   m  -
m 
/m -
m m 
m  m m m  m

 m 
m m  
m  m -
m
m
 
m - m 1  m  m m
m+ * 2m +
m 
mm  
   m
m
m
m
m -
mm
m  
m  m
m 
m %
m 
m  m &#' m m m 
m m
 m
m
 -
mmm 
m m

,m

m
m 
m m  m 
m m -
m   m  m 

m m  
m m

 
m-  mm m1  2 m -
m
m
m 
 m
m
 mm
+m 
m 
*m 
m m  m m  m m *m m 
m +m 
m m
 m
m
m  ,m

mm
m
m
mm

 m
m
mmm m! (m mm
 
m
m
m 34
 mm

 m
m 
 mmm
m  m
m
m
 m 
m 
m

 *m
m
m m 
m  m m 


m
 m
 mmm
m
mm+
mm 
m
m
m mm
m,mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Õ   
m

Xm !5mm( !m

m
m m 
m m

m 
 *m m m 

m 
m m  m

m m
m  m 
m m  *m 
m 

m m 

,m m

m
mmm (
 m
m6
m

m

6m  
mm7 m

m 

m m +
 
 m -
m

 m 
m 
 
m 
m
 m m   *m 
m  m m 
m

m m 
m 
m  m m m


m 
m m
m
m m


m 
,m m +m

m
 
 m
m
m 
m


m
m m *m
Grabado procedente de la obra de Juan de Arfe, V  
   

 

m 
m m m -
m 
m

  (1572). mm3m6m 3?mm63'*mmm m@6,m
36*m *+*Am &m m 66*m m *,'*m m '6m m m 0m 
m m  m 0
m 
m
,mm6'*mm3&m


,m

8m
mm  m /m

m
m

m m
m/m
mm
*,m
m 
m
m m 
-
9m  m  m  m 



m m m

m  m  m +
m ,m m 
 m m 
*m -
m 
m


m  m 
m  m
m m 
m m 
m 
 m
m m + m


mm

  m

mm
mm *
m%
,m
m

m  m
m

m /

m %
 m  m
m   m 
m 
m
m *% m m

m
m  m  m m 

m 
m m 
m m
 ,m 
m

m
 m m m 
m  
m 
m 

m 
m
m 
m 
m  m m 
m m  m



m
m m 
*m

m m   *m 
m 
m m m m 
m m

 m,m. m
 m
m
 m
m
 m m
m/m*mm
m *m
mm
m
*,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Xm !m . !m m! 5!m.: m( !m

m
mm m 
 mm
   m
/ m
9mm+
 
 mm
m /- m 

m m 
m m 
 
m -
m 

m -
m

m m


m   

,m  m +m +m m 
m 
m 


m  m

/ m 
m 

m   m m 
 
m m   
 m   m 
m

 

m m 

m 
m
m
/m  m 
 m  

m m

m 
 m m

m m m 


m

m -
m 
m
  m

 m
m  m 
m m 
m
m m m 

m 
m  
m

m
m
m 
, m

m
;mm m
m
<m

m 
  mm
m m
  m

= 6  
= 6  
 

= 6    
  


 
 

6  

= 6  
= 6  
 
= 6  
= 6 

 
  
= 6 

= 6  
= 6   
= 6 

m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Xm ENSAYOS NO DESTRUCTIVOS
m

1. Ensayo de dureza

m
 m m 
m 
m 
m  m m  *
m  m
m
m 
m


*,m 


m 
m m 
m  m

m m 
m m 
m  m
 m
%
m 


m
 m 
m  m   m m 
m

,m

. m
m
m

m  m

m  
 m
/m  
m

m m /mmm
  mm

m
 m
m
mm
 ,m m

Definición:

6m  mm


 m

m-
mm
m
mm
m mm

m
 m 6mm6m  mm
 m
m
mm
m

 mm m  m
 m


 m
m  *6,m m

mmMétodo De Dureza

m m
 / m
m

*,
m m
m

,mm
m m
m ,mm
m m
m *mm
*,mm

m
m
 / m 
m 

*m 
m m  m  
m m m


<m

Xm 
m 
m Xm 
m>3
m
Xm 
m:34
m Xm 
m!+
m
Xm :34
m!
m
Xm 
m=

m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

2. Ensayo De Metalografía

m
 m
 m m
   m 
m m

m m m 

m
 m


m m

m  m 
m *m
m m  
m
/m m

/,mm

m
m   /m 
m
m 
m 
 m m  
m 
m m


m-
m+m
m
m
mm
  m
  mm

m-
m

m 
m 
m m 




m 
m  m m
 m - m
 mmmm
mm

*mm
 , m

3. nsayos de estructura molecular y acabado superficial

m
   m 
 m
mm 

m
mm

m

m
 ,mm m
mm
m
m
 m  mm
m

mmm 
 m

 *m m 
,m

m m
m
m
m7 m
m
 
m
mm

m
 m

m


m
mm
*m 
mm

m
m mmm

m+mm
 , m

m m
m mmm

<m m'?@$ m m'?@A m m'??" m
 m'??B m
m
m
mm m
m

m
m

 m
mm m
 m'?@@C",mm 
m 
mm m
mm m
m: m
m
m m
mm m
m:m
%
m
m  , m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Xm ENSAYOS DESTRUCTIVOS

m
m
  mmm

<m

! Ensayo De Tracción

m
m 
m *m 
m m 
m 
m
m 

m m m  
m
 m
m m +m 
m m m

m %m 
m *m



m + m -
m 
m  
m m   m 
m m  
,m m m
m 
m
*m 

m 

 
m 
m  
 m 
m m 

m

/ <m

åm (*m
m
 mm
åm 


m
m.mm
åm  
m
m   m
åm  
m
m
mm 
m
/ m

m
åm  
m
/ mm
åm  m
m   mm

mmm *m
åm   
 m
m    m
åm  *m

! Ensayo De Resiliencia

m

 mm 2  m
mm m
m

m-
m

m 
mm

 m 
m 
m -
m  

m m 
 *m 


m
 m
 m m

 *m / ,m !
m 

m m
m /
m 7m m  m 
m m
m

m *m

m m 
 *m m m m 
 *m 


m m


m 
m 
,m m
m !
m 
m 
m 8
m 
m
%
m
m
7m m
m0,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
! Ensayo De Compresión

m  2
 
2  m
mm
*m-
m 

mm mm
*m

m
,mm
m

mm 
mmm
m
m 
%* m m
m  *m 0m  /


m
m
m  *mm 
*, m



m m  
< m

=m  m
m mm m mm%, m
=m 8m 
m
m
*m  m
m


mm m , m

! Ensayo de cizallamiento

m 2  
2 mm  2

2 m
m
m

m
mm
 
m

m m

m  
m m m 
*m 
m 
m m   m
/m
 m  m
7
m m m m m  ,m 
m m 
m  *m  m  m


m 
m
 /m
 

mmmm
*m 
,m

v! Ensayo de flexión

m 

m 
m 
 m   m m m

m 
 *m -
m 

 m m


 m

   m  m


m m 
*m


 m m m
7
m  ,m m
 m 6 6m 
m m m m

*m
m 


m 

m m m
 ,m 8m m m m m  m m -
m
 /m 
9m  m 7 m





m  m 
%*,m 

m
m 
 m 
m 
%*m 
m

% 

mm


 m
   
m

m m mm/ ,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
o! Ensayo de fatiga

m

m m
m

 m
m
m
m 

 mla fatiga de materiales 
m



m m m 
*
m  m
m m m   m 
m m 

m 7m  m
/ m m 
m  
m /m /

m -
m m  m
 / ,m 8m

7
m
m
m
m 

m
mm 
<m
%/m



m
m  
m
m ,m m  m
m m  m 
m   m -
m 
m
m
   m

mm

m/ mm 
m1

 m
 m
,2,mm m
  
m m -
m
m m  
m m 
m   m 
m m 

m
/m
1 % 

m
mD#E2 m-
m  m
m
m 
mm
/ ,m

4! Ensayo de torsión

m 

 m  *m
m m  *m -
m 
m 

 m m 
m m m

 m 
m
m
7
m  m 
m m


 m   m m   m

/ m  m 

m 
m
7
m  m
m 

 m


 m 
m m

*m 
 m 
m m  m  m -
m
m 
m
  m
m
 
m
,m

! Ensayo de plegado

m  
m 
m
m  m m 
m 
 m  m
7
m m +m

/ mm
mm
m
  mm
mm
, m

m
m
mm
m
m mm  
m
mm 
m+ m-
m

m  
m m   m 
m
m /m 
m 
m 

m 
m
+m ,m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
 w  w   
m

Xm PRUEBA O ENSAYO DE DUREZA ROCKWELL

Definición de dureza:m !
m
 

m  m 
m m  
m 
m m m

m 
m m 
m 
m
  m m 
 *m
/  m / m m

 * m
m 

m 
m

m 
m   m 
m 
m  m  m

 m /m   m
m m m 
m 
 
m

m 1
  m *m


 2 m
m

m mm

, m

mm

m  m  
m m >3
 m 

m m 
m  m 
m -
m m

*m
mm 
 m
  m
mm   m  m
 m 
 m

/m +m
*m m 

m m
m
% m m m 
m -
m
m
m

7m mmm
m m
m
mm 
m
mm   ,m. m
 m
 *mm

m
m
  m m  m
m

*m
mm
m

mm
  m
m  m m
m:34
 m
m
mmm
*m
m
m
m
m +m /m/mm7
, m

mm

m  m 
m :34
m -
m
m m m  m 
m 
 *m m 


m 
m

m 
 m
 m m 
m m m 
m m 

*m 
 m 
m m
 m 
m m

m 
m    m m -
m m 

m  m m 0
m
    m


m  mmm

*m
m
  , m

mm

m
-
m 
m 

*m 
m m 
m 
0m :34
m 
m
%
m
m m


m m

mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

     2 


 

mm

m 
m
m
  m

mmm
mm

m
mm 
 m7m
m *m 
m m  m 
m P# m m 
m  

m + m
m m 
m
,m
 m  mm  m
%  m
m
mm-
m
%
mm
m
m
m 
mm
mm
 
m
mm
mm
,m
m

m
%
mm 
mmm*m
mm m   mPmFmP#mGmP"m mmm m

m

*m
 ,m
m
m
 mm m m P" m
m
m
m
 
C
  m 
m m

*m
/  m m -
m 
m
m  0m
*m m  m 
m P# m 
m 
m m
*m 
m m   m 
m


*mh mmm

m
m0
m
m
m:34
m1 HR2,m

mm

El estándar ASTM E 18-79m 



m m 
m :34
m  m m  m 
m

m  m 
 *m  m
m  m m
m m 
m m /-m   m 
m

m m 
  m * C

m 
m  
m1

 m 
m  
2 m
m m m 
m 
m

 m 7m 
m

m  m m


m 
m 
m m 
m
 m
m m 

 m m 
m 
m m
 m


m
mm 
*m7m
m

m
m  ,m

mm


m
m 0
m 
m :34
m m m  m 
m m    m hm
%
m m


m


< m

mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
_
. m
mm
m 
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  OO ; m
OOO

_
. mmm
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  O ; m
OOO

mm


m
 m * m 
m 

m -
m m m m 
m 
m :34
m


mmm

*m
m# ##$m mm-
m
m m
m+m
m


m 
m
 m 
m 
m H 
Im  m -
m +m +

<m m
 m
 m
m

*m  m
/m
m0
m
m:34
mm

, m

mm

mm / mm+m

m
m m
 m*  mm-
mm
m

mm /-m
m:34
m
m 
m  / m
m
 m

m
 m
 

m
m0
m
m
m
mm
,m m 
 m
 7
*m m

m  m m m ,m

mm
 m 
m
m
m 
m mm 
 m
m
  m
 mm

m
m  m 
m
*m 
m  m 

,m m  
m 
m 
m m
m m

 m m 
 m 
 

m  m
m   m + m -
m 
m +m
m m  m 

m
 ,m   m 
m m
m
m m
 ,m

m 
m m m  m  m m m 
m m 
m 
m m 
m  ,m

m
m-
mm7m
mm
mm
 m
m- mm  m  m  m
mm m
 m m
m* m
m0
m
m
m:34
m
m
m

m
m m
 ,m  m
m  
m 
m m 0
m 
m 

m
m
m m

 m m  
*m m  m
m m 
m  m  /m m 0
m
 
m
m  m -
m m  
*m  m
m m 
m m  /m m
0
m
-
9,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m 7m 
m 
*m 

m

 
m 


m m m *m )m

 mm 7m mmm 7m m-  mm m  m

m  m
m
 m
m  m m
m
mm
m*,m!
m

m

mm
m

  m


m
m-
mm
m   ,m-
m  
 m
m
m

 m m
 m
mm
 m
mm mm
m
m
 m
 m m   m
mm
  m
m
m, m

m
 / m

mm 
 m
  m
mm
 
,m. m
m


 m*m

m
m 
 m
mm < m

mm

m m


  m*m

m
m:34
 m

mm

m m m  


m m m 
m  m  
m m 

m m 

m
/
<m±m"J"@I)m±m"JAI)m±m"J'I)m±m"J$I,m

mm

m mm m



m
< m

carga previa ë0 [kgf] %$mm


carga principal ë1 [kgf] 2$m 4$m %=$m
carga total ëf [kgf] >$m %$$m %2$m
mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Hay dos maquinas Rockwell:m
m  m m m

m
 

m
 
mm
m  m
m m

m
,mm m
 m
m

m "#Km
m
m   m  m m 
m &Km
m
m   m 
,m .

m
  
m 
m  
m 
m 
m m  m m m  *m


m m
m :34
m

,m L



m m  m 
m
m 
m @#3 m "##3 m "B#3m
m
m   m  m m 
m "B m &# m m 'B3m
m
m
  m
, m

m   m 
m m  
m 
m 
m   m 
 
m m    m
m

 / m ! (m "Am 

m "Bm
m 


m 
m 
m :34
,m !
m

 m m m -
m m 

m  m 
 

m 
m +m
 / ,m m

 m m
m 
 m  mmm
mm m
m 
, m

m  
 m 
m m -m 

m 
m 
m 




m m
-
m
m 
m
 / m  m m
m 
, m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

m
m :34
m

m /m  0

m m m m 1   m 
m
m 
m "J"@m 
m m m "##Km 
m  2m m m m 1   m 
m  
m m
"B#K2 m  m 
m m
m   m  ,m 
m m m +m

m :34
 m
m 0
m 
m 
m 

m 
m

 
m

m
m
 m ;:m 
m 
m m 
m -
m 
m m
m m 

m 
m m
0
m
m
)m m
7
 mA$m;:mm m
m
m:34
m
m
A$m
m
m m
m m 1m 
m "J"@m 
mm m "##Km 
m  2,m m m
mm

mm
m
m
m:34
mmm
m , m


m 
m *m 
m m  ,m !
m
m 
m 
m *m 
m m   m
 m
%
m
,m m

m
 / m ! (m m "AC?Dm

m m 
m 
m *m 
m m  m
 m
mm /m
m$m m
m
m

 
 m
mmm
m* m

/m 

m m 

<m
m
m m 
m
 
m 

m -
m



m
-
9m7m/ mmmm


m
m
mm*m  m

mm  mmm

m
m
 m
 

m m
  mm m
 )m
m
m m 
m 7m / m 

m m -
m 
m 
 m
m
m
 
 m 
m 
m 
m  m 
m 
m 

 
 m 
m m m 
m
*m 
m m   m  m 

m 
m
 m 
m 
m $m m 
m m m

m1

 
 m
mm2, m

m
 / m  m B#m "#& m  m
m m 
m 
m
m m 
m 
*m 
m m
/-m 
m 
 m     m 
7m
  m m  m "#m m 
m 
m


 
 m 
m m  m m
m 
m
m
m m m 

m


 
m0m /,m

m
 / m L! m D#"&CBDm 
m 

m m  m

m 'm m Am  m 
m 
m

 


m
m m m
mm  ,m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
mm

m 
 m    m m 

m m
 / m ! ( m 
m m  m
m
m-
mm m mm 
m  mmm$m m

m+
+m
/m
m
m
m
,m

Xm ENSAYO DE METALOGRAFÍA

m
 m
 m  *

mm 
 m
   
m
m
m
mmm
*,mmm
 mm
mmm
*mm   m

m 

 m -
m   
 m
/m m  m +m  m +m

m m  m m   m 

 m m 
m    
 m m 
m

mm
m
%
,m m
%

m +m
 m-
m
m% m
m
m

 m  *m


m
m +m
mm-
m
m
m
m
  m
m 
  m
m+mm  , m

Xm Muestreo:

m 

*m 
m m 
 m  m
m
m
 m  *m 

m 
m m
  
,mm!mm-
m
m
  m
mm m
m

m

mm 
 mm
/m  *% m m /
m 
m m m m  /


m m m  m 
m m 
*m
 mm,m

!m
m 
m
m 
m  m

m m 

m m 
m m 
m m
 m  

m m 
*m 

m 


m  m 
m m m m

m 
m ,m m !m
m 
m
m   m m 
*m 

m 


m

m
mm
m
m  m
mm

m
mmm
 m m m m
,mm 0

m
m
mmm
m
m
mm /-m
m
mmm

m
m 
 m
m
m
 mmm
m
m m-
m
m
 m 
mm
m

mm
   m
m 
,m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

mm 
 m
m  m
mm
m
m mm  m 
m  mm m

m m  m  ,m m 
m m  m m   m 
m  m
m 

 m



m 
m
m -
m 
m
  m

m m 
m m   m m

%
,mmm

m m 
 m 

m 

m 
m 
 m 
 

m

m +
m m +7,m m m *m 
m m +7m 
m
 
m
m m +m m
9
mm
m+

mm
m  mmm 
 , m

Xm Esmerilado Burdo O Tosco:

!

m -
m 
m 
m m 
 m 

m 
m 
m m  9m 
m  m
,mm8m 
 mm
m

m m /mmm m ,mm
m 
 mmm m

m

 
m 

mm
m7m
mm
"##mm
mm /- m-
m
 mmm
m
m7 m

m
mm"##,mm
 m /- m  m m 
m 7m -
m 
m 

m
m  m     m

/m 

m   m m /m  m 
 m m
 

m
 0

m ,m m m m m 

m 
m

m m   m m

 m 

m 

m
m 
 m 

 m m m  m
%

,mm
 m  /m 
m
 m
m 
 m
m-
mm  m /m m
+m m   m  m m
m   m  
 m 
m m  m
/m,mmm

m 0m+ m-

mmm
m
m
mm+
m

m
mm
 m
/ m
m

m

mm
,mm m

m

m m
m

m
 m
mmm m
m 
 m-
mm
m

-
9m

 mmm
m-
m m m
m 
,m m8m
mm m
  m 
 /m  m   m
m *m 
m 
 *m 
m m 
 ,m m m
 m
mm mm
m *m
m
 /mm  
m
m
m ,mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
 m  
m
 /m m m
mm0
 mm
m m
 mm 
 ,mm8m
7
m
m*m
< m

m m m m m *<m"#'BmFm
m ! m"#'B m

m m m1045 m m m mmmmmmm#"mFm(
 mm"m

01


Xm Montaje:

m 
 m 
-
9m m 
m  m *   

m   
 
m m

m m  m
mm

mm,mm  
 m m
-
9 m

 m
m+7m
/ m

m
 m
,m

m
m  m
m


m
mm7
 
m 

m
mm  m
/, m

m 

m/ m  m-
m
mmmm 
 m
mm
m
 m   ,mm m
m  mm  9m
 m



m

m $,B m & m m 'm  m 
m /
 m

m  9m  m m *m 
m m

 m m

m

,mm m
 mm
m+m+
+m
m
 m
 mm m


mmm*m
mm
 m- m-
m

m

 m


,mm
m
m7m-
m /m
m

m m
  m 
 m
mm-
 ,mmmm m 
 m-
 m
m
m

m

m 
 m m m  m m 
 *m 
m m 
 m  ,mm
m 
 m m m  m 
 m 
m m 
m -
  m m m 
 m 
m
-
  m 
m m
m
m  m 
m m 
m 
m  7
,m m m

  m

 m  

m + m "B#m  m 
m m 
m m m 
*m 
m

m 
m m 'm ###m m Jm  $m   /


,m m 8m 
m -
m m -
 m

 /m +
m m  m m m
 m

   m m 
m m m

 m

m
% 

m
mm
m 
m 
 m
 /m

,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m m
mm
m
/ m /m 0)m
m 


m 

m
m
m 
m
m m
,mmm m 
m
 m0 mm

m 

 m 
 m m 
*m
% m -
m 
m 
m m m  m -
m
 m *m
m

m
m m 
mm 
 ,mmmm  m
mm/ m

m 7 m m
m
/ m m 
m  m m m

  m 
m

 mm-
m-

m
 mm
  
,m mm 
 m mm  m

mm
m m
m
mm
mm
m m   mm
m

m
m m  m

  m m 
*m -
m  m m -
 m 1"B# 2m m m 'm ###m m Jm
 $2,m m 8m 
m m
 m

   m 
m - m m m 
m

  
 m m 
m m m 
m
  
  m +  m -
m
m  m 
m 
m
m m ?B2m m
m m ?m   m m  m 
m 
m  

m m

*,mm!m
mmm
m m

mmm
m
7m
  m
 

m
m

m m
m 
mmm

  m 

mm  m
m /, m

Xm MATERIALES A PROBAR EN LOS ENSAYOS

Xm Acero Inoxidable Grado 304


m

Acero 304
Inoxidable
AISI, ASTM ($=mBm($=m
UNS ($=$$mBm ($=$(m
m

Xm Características químicas:1

m m *m-CDm m-CDm 1m-CDm m-CDm m *m


($=m $$)m %$$m $$m $$=2m $$($m %)$$E )$$E
$$$m %$2$m

Xm Características Físicas:

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
%
m!mmD3m-63*'*m7-*'mm3m'3m D* 3m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Tipo: Austenítico tipo 18-8.
mm
Formas y Acabados: Fm"m'"m3m&m0DGm-*3mm'*,"m
3,*3mmmm6*3m&m',**'3Gm- "mC-*m&m6'"m
'*,"m, m'm&m3*m'3,m&m m6m
mm
Características: D',m3*3,'*mmm'3*mmm-6*m?*mm-*3m
'3*?3"m*'&m6',3mm6,m'*,m&m33mm
'- 3,*m 3*3,,mmm'3*mm3?*'*m*,-*,,m03,m
).%Hm@%>$$Hm5Am&m03,m4>Hmm@%.$$Hm5Amm3?*'*m',*Im
D',m3 **"m,**m',3m,*6m($) m1'm-+* m
=2Jmm'm%%"m3m'-*m?'*3mm=$mm)2m6*3mm
36*'*mBm-*m
mm
Aplicaciones: m,**mmm*3,*m+-*'"m*-,*'*"m,D,*m&m6,"m6m
6*3m?*3m&m6,3m+m+*m3m33Gm6m *'m
'03"m,'3"m *3"m,*3"m6,3m6m?C?3"m''0*"m
,'3m-93,*'3"m,'m
mm

Xm Propiedades mecánicas típicas:

mm   mmm  m


m5  m    
 K  Km
m
mm  Km mmLmJm m
m m 7 F 

1 @NB- :m/3*m<m 1 @NB- :m/3*m<m Jm
m%%m5mMm
m -m m -m %$$Jm
($=m 2%$m @m2mAm :m.=m<m $>m @m%mAm :m($m<m =$m 2$m =2m
m

Xm Tratamientos Térmicos recomendados (valores en 0C):


FORJADO RECOCIDO DUREZA BRINELL BARRAS TEMPLE
1  m 
m
m5m RECOCIDAS (1)
1150-1200° C No forjar %$%$E%%$m *mC6*-,m03,m %>$m '* m3m
abajo de 900° C enfriar ,-6,m- *,m 6m, Om
rápidamente -'C*'m

m %
m &#'m
m

m  m 7m m 
m 
m m

  m


mmD$BmMm
m
m  ,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Xm Acero SAE1020 (ASTM A1020 / A1020M2)
m

m "#$#m
m m 
m m 
m m  m /m  0

m  m m 
m


 m
m
m  
m 
 m 
m m *m 
m m 
m 
m
m

m 
m  ,m 

m m 
m  m 
m  m 
m #,$#Em m
 % 

m #,BEm 
m 
,m 

m m 
m  *m 
m


mm mm

m
m

mm  , m


m 
m  m  
m -
m
m "#"Am m
m /m 
m   ,m :

m

mm 7m
m mmm   
 m  m
m

 *,mmm

m 
,m . m m  m
m m 7m

m
/m
m 
m
 m


 m
m - , m
m
Xm Normas involucradas:
m ! (m"#$#Jm"#$#(m
m
Xm Propiedades mecánicas:
m 
m""";Cm
m 
m
m
m$#B(.m1$D?##m.! 2 m
m 
m /% m&A#(.m1BB"##m.! 2m
m *m$BEm
m :
*m
m/
mB#Em
m (m
m
 m$#BLm1$D?##mK! 2 m
m (-m?$Em1 ! m"$"$F"##E2 m
m
Xm Propiedades físicas:
m 
m?,A?mJ Hm
m
Xm Propiedades químicas:
m #,"AmNm#,$&mEmm
m #,&#mNm#,@#mEmm
m #,#'mEm.m %m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

m!mmD3m m m%$$mBm%$$mP ,m 6'**',*mm ,m  3"m m
m
 m3"m53*mQ"mmF*"m 60,"mR,mD'0mm3m
66*',*3Sm
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m #,#BmEm!m %m
m
Xm Usos:
m !
m  m +m
m m *m 
m 

 m 
m m

m m


m m
m

m m 0
m
m
m   
,m !
m 

m   mm
 


m

m 
 m 
m 
m 
m 

m m 
,m !
m


m  m m
7
m
m

m 
mm-
mm
 m m
 ,m
 m m 
m
 
m 


m
 m m

 
 m

 m 
m

m 


m 9
 m m 
 m   m
 

m
m -  m
mm
, m
m
Xm Tratamientos Térmicos:
m !
m 

m 

  m  m 
  
m m

m m 

m m m

m 
 m-
m
m0
m
m  

m
,m!
m

m

mmA?#mOmm
m 
m 

m  m m """m ; m 
 m -
m m  m m
m"&"m;,m
m
m
 <mm
m 
m
%
m
mm 

m
/m mm 

m
m m 
m  
m -
m 
m

m  
m
m 
,m 
m 
m m
 m 
  mm-
m
m-
m

m
9 mm  m0m 

m
m
   m 
m
m 0m 
 m 
m 

m 
 m  m 
m

  

m
% m mmm
m
m
9, m
m
Xm Aplicaciones

m
m"#$#m
mm
m
m
   
m 
m m
+
mm

m  m
m  ,m m m 




m
m 
m 
m


 
 m
, m

Xm Maquinabilidad

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m(-m
m
 m m@BEm  mm
m
mm m"""$m
-
m
mm


m
m"##Em
m(-, m

Xm Conformado

m m
m
m m mm  m

)m

mm

m ,m

Xm Soldadura

!   

m
m m mm   m
 /
,m

Xm Forja

!
m 7m
m$&##mm"A##mP, m

Xm Trabajo en caliente

!
m 7m
m

m
m
m m
mD##mm"$##mP, m

Xm Trabajo en frío

m 
m "#$#m
m /

m 7m
m  m  m  m 

,m

m 
m m
%
m 7m
m  m 

m 
m 

 m m
m  m
 m

,m

Xm Recocido

m
m  
m 
m +
m 
m "@##m m "A##m Pm 
m  m m 
 m

  
 m
m+ ,m mmm

mmm
*m
m

 m@BmK,m
m
m
mm
m

m

m
m+
+ mm"###mP,m

Xm Revenido

!
m m m   
 m  m 
m

 
 m m m

m 
m +
m
m


m
m@##mm"###mP m


m
m
m
m

m
-
,m8m


mm"###mPm /mm

mmm
*m
mD#mK, m

 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
w   w w 
m

m
m m 
m m  
m  m m
m 
m
 m m 
m 
m

 

m
m /
m 
m 
m m 
)m  -
m m
 
m  m
m
 
m

m
m


m/
,m. m
mm
m

 m

m
  m


mm m
m"#mm"$m ,m

m 

*m 
m m 
 m  m
m
 m  *m 

m 
m m
  
,mm!mm-
m
m
  m
mm m
m

m

mm 
 mm
/m  *% m m /
m 
m m m m  /


m m m  m 
m m 
*m
 mm,m

m 
m
m 
m  m

m m 

m m 
m m  
m m
 m  

m 1 m
m m 
m
 m m 
m !m "#$#m m m
%
m&#'2m m
*m

m


m m
m mmm
m
m
,mm!m
m 
m
m  mm
*m

m


m

mmm
m

m   m
m m 

m 
m m m 
 m  m  m m ,mm
 0

m
m
mmm
m
m
mm /-m
m
mmm
m

m 
 m 
m 
m
 m m m 
m 
m  m -
m 
m
  m 
m m 
m

mm
   m
m 
,m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
mm 
 m
m  m
mm
m
m mm  m 
m  mm m

m m  m  ,m m 
m m  m m   m 
m  m
m 

 m



m 
m
m -
m 
m
  m

m  m 
m m   m m

%
,m m m  m 
m 
 m 
m  m m   m 
m m  m m

  m
m
m/ m
 , m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
w
w 
 w 
    w
m

. m 
m  

m m  m m m  
m  *m m
 
m 
m m m
m m   m  
m
0  m  m  m

7
m m m 
m
% *m 
m 
 m 
m

m 1
m m

 
 m 
m m  m m  
2 m m m 
m 
 *m 
m

 m m
m
 m
 / mmm m
mm
m
m
)m

m

 m
  mm
*mm
m
-m-
m
m m7 mmmm

mm 
  mm m  m 

mm

 m 
m
 m

mm mm
m
m
m1

2m
m
 m,m m

A. Lijas Pa ra Realizar Un Esmerilado O Pulido.


m


m 
m
m
m 

m 
m m 
m m   m 
m 
m
m
 
 
 m 
m m

m  m m ,  8m m 
 m m m  m


m

 
m  

m m 
m 7m 
m m "##m m
m m /- m
-
m
m m m 
m 
m 7 m 

m 
m m "##,m m  m /- m
 m m 
m 7m -
m 
m 

m
m  m     m 
/m 

m
  mm/m m
 mm
 

m 0

m,m m

. m
 m m m 

 m 
m 
m m  7
m 
 m m

 m 
m 
m 
m m 

m 
m +7m 
m 7 m m  m /m m



,m L



m m 

m 
m 7m 
m +
m m 
m

m7m-
m 

m mm mm   m
m

m  mm m 
mm
 m
 

m m 
 m
m

  
 m
mm 
 ,mmmm7m
-
m
m m<m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
2m 7mm$##m
2m 7mm&$#m
2m 7mm'##m
2m 7mm@##m
m

mm 0
m 
m 
m 7m 


m   m 
m  m  m  m m

 m m 
m -

m +
m
m 
m 
m 
m m 

,mm
m
m 7
m
m 
  m m 
 m  m m
 m  * m

 
m
m

 m  m m0
m
m
m7 m
 m< m

2m 7mm"m###m
2m 7mm"m$##mmm
2m 7mm"mB##m
m

8m m  m -


m
m m  % *m m m 

m m 
m 
m
  m 
m  

m

m m 
m    m +0
m 
m m m
9m

m mm m m

m

m

m m  9,m m %


m  m  m 
m 
m  m  m

  m
m
m,mmm /m

  m mm m
m*%m
m m m m


m 
m m 
m m m

m 
m m *%m 
m 
m  m  m
  m 
m m m 

,mm
 m  m  m m m -
m

m

mm
mmm m
m
 
m *%m 
m   m m *%m 
m

,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
!
m

m
  m9m
mmm
m 
m

m-
m-
mm


m 
m  m m 
 m + m -
m 
m 
m 

m  m 9m
 m mm m
/m
m-
 m
m
m m m
m

,mm
 m 
m 

m
  m 9m   m  m  m m 
m 
m m


 m 
m m 
m
m L m m ( 9m m m -
m 
m  m /m
 

,m

! Instrumento s De Corte Pa ra Las Mue stras!


m


 m 
m m  
 m 
m 
m  m m

  m
m

 m

mm-
m
-

m
m 
m
/m  m  m 
m

m m+ m-
m m m  m
 m 
m 
*m  m  m 

m

 ,mm

m /-m   m 


m 
 m
 / m
m
m 
 m 
m 
m

 m m  m  m 
m -m
 

m  m -
m
m 
m m 
m


,mm

1(-m  m


m 
 m
 /2,m

m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
C. Microscopios Metalúrgi co s.
m

m   *mm  m*m


m  m
0 m

m
m
m 
m
m -
m m m
m  
 ,m  m m 
 m
 /m
m
m m m  m m  m 

m 
m  m  m m

7,m 8m +m 
m m
+  m 
m m 

m 
m m
m

7 m  m
m 
m m

  m 
m
 m  m +m 7m m m 
m 7
m 
m  m 
m m


m 
m m 
 ,m 8m m 
m
 m m 

m

7m 

m m


m
mm 
 m
m  /mm mm m
m
m
 m
m


 m
m 7
 m m   /m +m  m m m 
m

  m 
m  m
)m 
 m m 
m /m m   /m
m 
m 
 m 
m 

 m
m
 ,m m 
m 
m  *m m 
m 7
m m 
m  m
 /m




m  m
m m 
m 
m 

,m m
m  m m
 *m  m
m7
mm mmm m
m
m  mm
 *m  m
m m m   m 
m m  
m 
m 7
m m
 ,m

m *m /% m


mm
m  m* m
m
mm$###m%,m
m   *m  m
m m  m 
m m 
m m m 
m m m   m m

*m
mm

mm
mm 
 m
 /,m m

m  m 
m  m
0 m 

m 
m  m 
m m m
  *m 
m 
m   m %
 m  m m m -
m 

m

 m
 m
   
m-
mmm
m
m
m 
, m

.
 m -
m
m 7m + m
m 

m m m 

m 
m 
m 

m
   
m m  m m   m * m

,m m 

m 
m

m m  m  
m
%


m 
-
9m m 
m 
m  m

    m 
m  m /m  
m
m 

m 
m 
m
m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
 
m 
 m

 m 
m
 m  m 
 m 
m 7m
 *m  , m

D. Equipo De Dureza Rockwell.


m

. m m
m :34
m 
m m
m

m ;.C$B#m  m
=
3  Q +
 m
mm
m 
 mm
 m

m
mm

m
 ,m 
m   m  
m  m m
*m  m 
m 
m :34
m  m
 
mm>3
,mm m+ m
m$B#m3,m.

m  mm
m

m
*m 
m m  m 
m 

* m
m m 
 m m 
m
:34
m
m 
m
m
mm

mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

C+*mmm 'NTm

mm 
m

m
m m m
  m
m*% m
mm
 m
m
m 
m m  m 
m 
m
 /m m

 m 
m 

m

m

m
m
m m 
  m m 

m  
m
m  
 
  m 
m  
,m m
 
m

m
m  m
m m m-
mm

m
 m
mm m
m

7
m
m
  ,m

m  *
m
m m  
 m

 m  m 

 m m

m
m 

,m
m  m

m m mm m


%   m
 m m m  m 
m

*,m m
m m
m
 
<m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

m m
m
m  
m
m *
 mm-
m
m

m
m

m
m
m
m
mm
 m
mm / ,m
/ mmmmm-
m+
m
m mm m m
m m
m
  m mm 
, m

m m

1> m/m

m
mm 
m
m
2m

"#$%&'( m
m 
m m
   m 
m m /-,m ! 

m m  m
  m 
/m  

m m 


m 
m 

 m  m m
*m

mm 
,m

'()%**' m  m


m m
 m 
m   m -
m
m m 
m 
 m 

m
m
m *m  m
mmm
mmm 
mm
%  ,m (

m

m  m
m
m
m 
mm
  , m

&+)$"&'( m
m
mm /-m
m m-
m

m
m
m 
m
m  
m
m+
,m

1 *
m
:34
m m

 m

m
m

m
2m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m


,m :   !mR8S( ! mm! 5 !<m

mmm
m
m
 m
m+
mm
m
 m
 
m- m-
mm  
m
 -
m m
  m
m   m m
m 
m -
m
m 
m 
m
m
m  m 1!m "#$#m
m 
m %
m &#'2m m  
   m
-
m m  m 
m m 
m  m
m 
m
+m 
 m m
 mm
mm 
 m- m-
m
mm
m  m
0mm m! (m<m m

 w      w w  


w w      
 w 
  w
m'3mm' m
mOmm,+m-,Gmm
A6m3''m6*,m&m
3',*?*m*3-*&m&m3m
'*m,*'m 'm%2m-m m',3,m,m'*m
*'-,m3mJ"mmRmm
Acero SAE '*m,*'m '0m-,*'mm,*'m m6*,m
',*?mm@C'*m6'*'Am
1020 @*,Am @4)Jmm 3,Am@ - *9m A6m?*m,3mm
-,mm3m36*"mm
'0m-*'Am 6*,"m
,*-6mm,+m3mm3m
'A6m*'*mm*,m
',3m33mmm-*,3m
mm-,3,*'m
Acero m59*'m m59*'m2mm '3m3,,*'mm+m m
Inoxidable &m'*m '*mR*'*'m2$m-m &m'3m*D* 3m
304 R*'*'m m%$$m-m
m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
  w     w  w  w
w
m

'm PREPARACIÓN Y CALIBRACIÓN DE LA MAQUINA DE DUREZA

",m !
m 

m  m
m 

 m

 m 
m /
m  m
 m

m 
0m m
m m
:34
m
m 
m "JAIm
m
m  m


 ,m
m
$,m !
m m m  m 
0m m
m
:34
m m   m  m
 m m

m 
m +m m m
m m m

m  m 
m m  m 
m 
m"##m 3 m

 m
m m 
mmm
+ mm m
m"##m3,m
m
&,m !
m 
m -
m
m  m  m  
m

m 
m
m
m 
 m 
m
 mm7 m
m  m
m
m 
 m
m
mm
m

 m
 m
m
m m
mm 
, m

'mPREPARACIÓN Y CALIBRACIÓN DEL MICROSCOPIO


m
m
 m 
m 
m m  / m 
m   /m m  m 
m    m
m  m
 m
m m7
mmm m 
 ,mm
m
m  m
 m
9m
m m m-
mm m

m
m7
m m m
*m
m
m mm 
m
m7
m
 m
   mmm
m-
m
m  m
m7
m
m7
m

 m m 

m
m7
m
m
m
 ,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m
Cm Calib ración Del Micrómetro
m
m m
m  m

mm
m
-
m
m 

 m   m  m m   m

 m -
m 
m 

m   m m
m
 ,m .
m
m 
m 
 /m m  m
-
m 

m m
m 
m 

m
 m
m 
 m +m m  m Tm


m m 
m 
m m  ,m . m
m
 m 
m 
m  m
m m

m 

 /m
m 0
m m 
m 
m

mm m-
m
mmm
m

m  *
m 
m  ,m !
m 

/m
  m mm7
m
m  , m
m
Cm Determina ción Del Aumento Eficaz Del Mi croscopio
m
!
m 
 m m  m 
m  m
m  m m   /


m
 m m 7m 
m m m $Bm  m 
m 
 m 
m m 
m
   m m



m
 m
m  ,m

Cm Medición De Un Objeto.
m
8m m
m  m 
m  m 
m
 /m m 7
m  m m    m

 m
m  ,m
m

'm PREPARACIÓN DE LA PIEZA: PARA EL ENSAYO DE METALOGRAFÍA Y DUREZA

 2
2



<mm 
 mmm m

m

 
m
m
m7m
m m 

mm 
 m m 
m




m

mm 
mm
*m
m

 mm
mm
 mm
 mm

m m-
m
m 
m
m
m m
m,mm
m m 

mm  m

,m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

m mm

m
m

 mm 
 m

m 

m
m
 m


 m m m  m
%

,m m

 m  0m + m -
m m


m -

m  m m m m  m 
m m 
m m m m
m  mm
m
,m


   2
 <mm

m .
m 
-
9m 
m m
m m m
 m
/m  m 7
 m 

,mm
m
m-
m
m m m7 mm 
 m
m
m m m  
m  m
m 
m

   m

m 
 m
m m
m
C7  m
 0

m

m  m   m 
 m

m m -
 ,m m 
 m m  
m

 m 
m -
  m 
m m
m m
 m 
m m 
m 
m   m ,m m


  mm
*mm 
mm

m+
*m
mm-
 mm
m 
  m   m m  9m 
m 


m  m  m
m 
 m
m

m
mm

, m

m 
m 

m-
m
  m 


mm m
m 
m 
m  m
 m
m  m
  m -
m 
m m  m
m
m m
,m  m
m 
m +
m
m m



m
m+m
m 
m+
m mm
m

m  m
m m m m 
m 
m  m -m  m 
m 
m 

m

 m
m
mm 
 mm m
m
+ mm
m
mm 
m
mm

7m  % 

m m 'Bm ,m . m -
m

m m

m m
 
m
m  m
m
7 m
mm m m
  m-
m
m%
mm
m

mm ,mm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

  2 
 
m 
m m 
 m m

 m 
m
m
mm 

m
m+7m
m

m
m7m-
m 

m m,mm 
m
m

mmMm"B#m
m$## m&## m'##mm

mM"B##,m

m 
m  m m m 

m 7m 
m  *m
m D#Mm m

  m m m 
m
  m
m m
m m m 7m 
 ,m m


m
mm

mm 7m
m

m
m+
m
m+0
,m m


 
<m  m
m


 m m 
m m m 
m  m m  m

m
m
  m
m 
  mm-
m
m +m
m
mm

m

m
m
m+m m
m mmmm-
m m
 m  m0m
 m 

m 
m  m  m
m m  m m 
m

m m 

 m

,m

m m m 


m
m

m m m    m 
m m m 9m


 m +0
 m  m m  m   m  m
m
m %m 
m
 m  m  m 

m 
m m 
m m 
m 
m m %m 
m 
m
 m m  m 
mmm

, m

'm PREPARACIÓN ELECTROQUÍMICA PARA EL ENSAYO DE METALOGRAFÍA

m  * m 
m  -
m - m
m +
m 
m m  
 m

   
m 
m
m m 
*,m m m  
m 

m 
m m -
m -

m
 

m 

m m 
m 
m m  
   ,m m  m 
m  m


mm
 m m-
m

mmm

mmmm*m
- ,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m m mm

 - m
-

m
mm-
m
mm
 mm 

*m
m
m  
m 
m m  9m  m  m

m   m
m

 , m 
m  m

m
mm*m

 - m
m
m 

m 
m
m -
m  
m m
 
 mm m
mm mm

m
m 
 m
-
9,m

m
m m 
m

m m 
m
-

m
  m 
m 

m  m
 m
m
m
mm-
m
m

m  mm  ,m. m-
m
mm m

m m  m
mm

    m mmm
mmm 
m m
/m
m m *m 
m 
m

  m 1
m  m m +m 
m
 m 7
m  m m 
 m m m  m 
m m 
2m 
m m
 m
m mm
m1
m

   2m


mm
m
mmm


 m + m  m m /% ,m -
m
m 
m m 
  m 
m
+ m mm m 
mm
m
m

mm

 m 

,m m

m 
m
mm mm-
m

mm
m
m *m
m
m

mmm 
,m

m 
m
mmm
m
m m m
m  mmm
m
m

m
  mm -
m

  m-
m
m
m
 mm
m
m 

m
m  m
m

  m, 

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
w  w     w  w   
   ww 
m

Xm PRUEBA DE DUREZA

. m m
*m 
m 
m
m   m  m m m  / m 
m 7m
1
*m *2m m m
m 
m
*m 
m m 
m :34
m

 m
m 
m 
 m m 7 m m 
m
m   *m m
m

  m
m

mm


m
  m
m
, m

 
mm
*m
mm 
m
m
m
m

m  < m

m m  m m m m -m m m  


 m -
m
m
m m 
m


m
m
m:34
m


m
m 
mm
 m m
m m
m -
m 
m 
m  m
  m 
m m -
m
m m  / m 
m

 m
%
m /m
mm
, m
m m m  m

m
 
,m
m m m  m
mm mmm
 
 m
m m
%
m
m-
m m
m *m
m
m   mm-
m
 m


m
  mm
*,m
m m 
m
mm

m
m 
mm
mm 
 m-
m

m
  m

m
m% m 
m
% 9m 
 m
,m
m m 
m 
m  *m 
m m  
 m -
m m 

m
%

m m  
m

 
m

m
m
m
*mm
mm mm 

mm
mm
m
 m m m 
  m 
m  m 
m  
)m m
  m 
m m m
  
m
m   m
m
 m
m m1m
m
m
  m
m
 m
m 
2 m
mmm
  m
mm
m
m
m"JAImmm
m
,mm m
m
m m
m

mm
m
m"##K, m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

m 
m m   m 
m  m
m m 
m
 mBm 
 
m
m m

m m

mm m 
m
m
 mm
m7
m
m   m
m  
m 
m
*m
m
m 
m m  m 
m  
,m
!
m
m
/m-
m
m
m

m
 *m
m
 *m
m
m
m
m
m 

m
m /
m 
m m 
 
m m -
m 
m
  m m
m  m 
m m  m 
m m 
 m 
m m
m m m
m 

m
m
/
m 
m m 
 
,m -
m
*m
m
 m  m 

m

  mm

m
mmm
 
m
m 
m m m
m
 
m
mm mm
m
mm  ,m

Xm METALOGRAFÍA

m
m m 
m m  
m 
m
  m
m  m  m  m
 m
 
m
mm  m* m m m
 m

 m mm-
mm

 m m m 
m m m -
m 
 m m  m


 * m -
m 
m m
*m 
m  9m 
m  ,m 
m m
  m m

*m
m
 m 
m
mm  mmm  m
mm   m
mm
m 
m m m m   *m m   m

m 
m m 

m
m  m 

 m m
m m 

m m   
m
m m

    m m m 
m 
m  m m  
m
m


m m
,m

. m m  
m 
m
 m 
m 

m   m m
m 
 m m m 
m

m 
m m 

m 
m m  
 m 
m m -
m m
 m 

m /m 
m
m  m
m
m 
 mm +m
mm 
m  m+ /m-
m
mm

 m m
m 
m
m
 *m
m 
 m


,m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
w    w w 
m

Xm PASOS PARA EL ENSAYO DE METALOGRAFÍA Y EL ENSAYO DE DUREZA:

er
'm 1er Paso: Corte De Las Probetas
m

",m -
m m  m 
m 
m m  m
!m "#$#m m 
m 
m %
m &#'m
m
m 
m 
m  m 
m m  m -
m
-

m
m7
,m
$,m   m 

m 
m  % 

m
"#m *m "$m m 
m  m 1
m /
m
m
m
  m  m
m    m *m  m
m


2,m
&,m m
m

/m
m
mmm
m

m  m  m-
mm  m
m 
mm
m

m
mmm
m

,m
',m !m
m 
m
m
m  mmm


m   
m m m 
 m 
m  /m
  m m m m   m
 m 
m

 m
mm -m

 mmm

 m
9m m m7
,mmm /- m
  m 
m 
 m
 / m
m

m 
 m 
m 
m 
 m m  m
 m
m-m
 

m m-
m
m 
mm
m

, m
B,m m 
 m 

m 
m 
 m m
m m m 
mm
 mmm m
 m   m -
m  m  m
-

m 
mmm /mm
, m m

@,m 8 m m  


m 
m 
m m
0
 m  -
m m 
m m  ,mm
C+*m',mm-3,3m-,C*'3m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
8 
mm*m-
m
 -
mmm 
 ,m. m
7
<m
m
m
SAE 1020

*6mm'mm

m
Inoxidable
304
m

'm 2do Pa so: EL Pulido Ba sto En Las Probetas Para Ambo s En sa yos
m

",m 
 -
m
m0
m
m
m
m7 m

 m 
m
m m 

m
m m 
m

 m
mm
, m
$,m !


m
m
m
m7m
m0
m
"##mm*
m
m m  m
m  m
 9,m
&,m !
7m
m 
m 7m
m m m *-
m 
m m 

m m -
m
m
   m
m  ,mm
',m !
m
m 
m 7m m m  m -
m 
m


m 
m m 

m
mmmm m  m 
mm 
 mm*-
m
mm7 mm

mm
 
 m
m 
m
 m m m m  m 
m 
 m  
m m 
  m m

 m m
7

m m 
*m 
m 
m
 m  m
m
m
 
 m
mm m
m
m
m
, m
1 m m
m 
 m
mm m

2,m
mm

m36*'*mC36m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

m
m
B,m m "#m m 
m m 
 m 
m
m 
m 
m 7 m 7
m
m 
m *m
  7m
m ,m m . m m 

m "#m  m 
m m 
 m D#m
  m + m m  m 
m 7m 

m
  m 


m m m


 m 
m
 m   m
  /m m  m 
7m  m m 7m
m
m
 
 
 m
 m mm  m

/m m
mm
m
*, m
@,m 
m 
m
 m  m 

m
m m m B m  
m m 7 m + m
m
7mm
 m
mm7m m$$#mm
 mmm'mmB, m
?,m :
 m
m 
 
 m
mmm'mmB m
mm
m
m
m7mm&##, m
A,m m
 m
m m m ? m  
m m 
 m m * m + m 
 m
 


m 
m 

m m 

m m m / 
m
m m m
/ ,m
D,m m:
 m m
m 
 
 m m  m 
m
 
,m

ó'$",-'($")$+
   m 

m m 

m
  m  


m  m m m

 m 
m  m -
m 

m  m   m m  
,m m 

m

 m m
m
 
 
 ,m
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
'm 3er Paso: EL Pulido Intermedio En Las Probetas Para Ambo s
Ensayos
m
",m 
 -
m
mm
m
 m
m
m
m7m
m0
m


m
m'##,m
$,m 
m
m
m
m7mm'##m
m m  m 
, m
&,m ;

mmm
m
m7mm*-
m
m m

m,m
',m 8 m m m 
m
m
m    m m 1m  2 m 7
m
m 
  m 
mmmm'##mm
mmmm@##, m
B,m 8m 
m 7m m 
  m 
m m m /m 
m m 

m  m
m
m-
m
m m
m
 m
mm 
 , m

@,m !
m m 
m  m

m m 
m 
m 
<m m  
m 
m

 mmm m

mm  m
m"JAm
m,mm
mm

 m
mm m


m

m
m
m
m
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
'm 4to Paso: EL Pulido Fino En Las Probetas Para Ambos Ensayo s
m

",m 
 -
m
m m 
m 
 m 
m 
m

m7m
m0
m


mm"###, m
$,m 
m
m 
m 
m 7m m "###m
m  m
 m 
, m
&,m ;

m m m
m 
m 7m m
*-
m
mm

m, m
',m 8 m m m 
m
m
m    m m 1m  m
m


2 m7
mm 
  m 
mmmm"###mm
mmmm
"$##mm"'##,mm
m

'm vto Paso: Prueba Para El En sayos de Dureza ³Rockwell´:


m

1'mm',m
",m !


m m 
m 
m 

 m m
m
 9m 
m m  m  m -
m 
m
-

m
 mm m"mm$ &,m
$,m 
0

m -
m m m -
m  
m m
 m  m
 m
mm*m+m7, m
&,m !


m m  m -
m 
m
-

m
m m m
m m 
m 
m m
/-mmm

+, m
',m (
m m m 
m  
 m / m
 m
m m  m  


m
+m /,m
B,m .m
m

m
m m   m 
m
m /-,m
@,m L
m m 
m 
m 
 
m
m m

*m 
m
7m  m 
  m
m


)m  0
m + m -
m
m


m +m   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 1'mm-*,mC6*m
(
m3m3'3mmmm&m,mm3mD3m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m


 m m
m  m /m  
m
m m  / m +m  
m
m

 m  
,m m m  m 
-
9m 
m
  /m m 
 m 
m
 
m 7,mm mmmm m
 m1
 m
m"#mK,2 mm
?,m 7
m m  m 
m m  / m  m 
 m
m 
m 
m m
m m
m
 m  ,mmm
m
 m
mmm
m

 m
m 
m
mm 7mmm

m
m
m

,m
A,m 

m m m -
m 
m m  m  m + m -
m 
m 
m






,m
D,m .
 m -
m m *m 
m m  m 
m  m m
m 
m Bm 
 m

m


mmm


mmm*m, m
"#,mm
m
m

m
m

m+ m
mm / , m
"",mL
mm 
m
m
 
m
mm
*m  mmm-
m
m 

m
m7mm
m
7 m m
7 mm 
 m
m

 , m
12. 
mm

mm
m
m

,
m
m
m
-
m 
m 

*m 
m m 
m 
 0m :34
m 
m
%
m
m m


m m
m

m
m
m
m
m
m
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m
m
m

m
m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m
m"B#mK,m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.
 m"#mK,m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. m
m

*mmm
 ,m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm"##m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. mm
m

*mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. mmmmm

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.

*mmm

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m 
,mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.


,mm

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm'#mmm

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm&#mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 2 2 

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm$#mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
 

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm#m

ESQUEMA DEL ENSAYO DE DUREZA ROCKWELL

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

'm oto Paso: Prueba Para El En sayos de Metalografía:


m
',m !
m m m  
m
m
m m  m  m -
m
m  
m
m m
m
7 m 
m m  m -
m
m
m m m
m- ,m
m 
m 
m m m '#m
 
m  m 
m m
m
m 
m 
m 'Bm  m m "m
+ )m
m
m

m
  mm 
mm@#m
mm
 m

,m
B,m !
m


m m  m m 
m 
 m
m 
+  m  m -
m
m  m
 m
mm
m+m-
m
mm
7 m
m m  
m m  
m 
m m
 
,m
@,m m  
m 
m m 
 m 
m m
 ,m
?,m !
mm
m
m 
m
 
m
m 
m m m m
m  m m  m m
m m 
m 
 m 
m 
m 
m m
*m

m
mm
mm  mm
m
m+m ,m
m
A,m 
m 
m 
 m
m 'm 
* m m

m+ mm+
mm
m
m m
m +m m
m
m  m 
m 
 m m

m - m  m 
m   m  m
mm+ * ,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

NITAL Y ACIDO FÉRRICO


m
D,m m 
m
m
m m


m m
m 
m  

m m
  mm 
m
m
m!m"#$#m 
m
m+ m
m

m
m  m 
m Bm 
m  m 
m  m m
  m
m +m
 m
m  mm  m 
m m  
m -
m m

 m  m1 -
m- mmm 
2, m
m

m %
m m&#'< m
m
m
m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmm
m
m

mm m!m"#$#< m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
"#,m!m m  m  m  m  
m 
m 
m m 1m  2
m
m -
m
m  -
m 
m
m m % )m  m m   m m m
 
m
m
mm m
m

m
 m
mm@m+ m-
m
m 
m
m
mm ,m m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m -
m- m
mm  m
mm 
m
m m-
mm  
   m

mm
m
m m
mm m
m  , m
"",mm 
m
mm
m
m  mmm
mm m

m    m 
m
m  m 
m 

m m  
   m

mm
,m
m

'm D* 3m($=m 'm m%$$m


m
m
m
m
 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
      w  
m

. m
 m
m  m
m 
m
 m  m  m
m 
)m m  m

m

 m m m 

m -
m 
m 

m 
m m  
m m m
 m
m m
m
 m m -
m
 m
m m 
m m m 
   m
 mm   mm

m
m mm

 m
mm 
mmm  m
m 
 m
m
 mm
, m

m0m-
m
m
m+
mmm 
m
mm
mm m
m7m m

m
m

mmmm

 mmm
m  mm

mm


 mmm
 m 
m  m
m 
m mm 
m

mm  
m
 mmmm 
 m
m m1  *
2, m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
 
Õw   w  w w
m

Xm ENSAYO DE DUREZA ROCKWELL

m
Xm ACERO INOXIDABLE 304
m

8 
  w      
 ?$,Am
 ?$,Bm
 ?',"m
 ?",Bm
 ?$,?m
   
m

",m m  
m  m 
m  m  m

m
m 


m  m 
m m

  m  m m  
m m 
 
m -
m 
m

m
m
m m

m 
 mm


m
mm m! (, m
$,m m

m 
m  m 
m m   m 
m   m 1 /-m 
m

m 34
mm

4m.:"&$"2,m
&,m !
m  m m  m 
m
m m
m m m 
m m m
m m
m
/mm
*m,m
',m  m
m


  m
mm

m 
<m?$,?$m:=mm
< m
=m ?$,?&Fm
mm
*m  , m
=m :=Fm
m:34
m
=m m m Fm m
m 
0m m  m m
m /
m 
m m m
m

m
mm m
m
m"##Kmm
m/
m
mmm
m
m"JA m
m
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Xm ACERO 1020
m

8 
  w        
 ?@,'m
 ??,"m
 ?$,Bm
 ?@,#m
  
m

",m !
m  m  m

m
m 


m  m 
m m 
  m  m m
 
mm
 
m-
m
m

m
m
mm
m 
 mm
 m

m
mm m! (,m
$,m m

m 
m  m 
m m   m 
m   m 1 /-m 
m

m 34
mm

4m.:"&$"2,m
&,m !
m  m m  m 
m
m m
m m 
m m m
m m
m
/mm
*m,m
',m  m
m


  m
mm

m 
<m?B,Bm:=mm m
< m
=m ?B,BFm
mm
*m  , m
=m :=Fm
m:34
m
=m m m Fm m
m 
0m m  m m
m /
m 
m m m
m

m
mm m
m
m"##Kmm
m/
m
mmm
m
m"JAm
m
,m

Xm ENSAYO DE METALOGRAFÍA

=m !
mmm 
 m
m
m m 
 m
m  , m
=m !
m
m
m  m+ m
 mm , m
=m !
m
mm
   m 
 m mm 

m
m  m
m

 m  m
m m 
 m  m 
m +
m m

*m
,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
Xm Acero al carbono SAE 1020
m

m
Am 'mmm m m%$$m FAmm'mmm m m%$$m
m

  m m m m  /



m m  
12m 
m 
m 
 m
m m
 m
mm 
m
m
 m+
+m
m
m   m
m m
m
m 
m "#$#m m m 
m 12m  m 
m m /m 
m 

<m
+ , 
, J
U',+  m

m
   m
m 
m
m m 
m 
 m 1 2 m
m m  m

 m1 2,m

Xm Acero Inoxidable grado 304




  mmm 
m
mm
m%
m&#'m
m
mm 
m

 /m +
+m
m
m m
m m 
m  12)m m 
m 7m m 
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
+ <JJ444,
, ,
J
,+VF!#?DA C
'#@B$##?###&####&W  FU
% X" m

!
m

m
 mm

m
m
 mm
m
 m
mmm /

 m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m   mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 











m

     ! ! 


!  
m

. mm
 !m!   m . :m!m : !m! m  !m    !m. :m !m!5 !m
 : m
!5 mm8:Ym


ureza o3.4 ± 7o.4 en RW ureza 7v.v en RW

!5 mm   : Sm





: mm -En dicha probeta según la nor a se puede observar el -En el ensayo hecho en el I CA en las i ágenes se puede





:  m!m oscureci iento de perlita y el contraste entre colinas de observar granos de ferrita (color claro) y perlita (color


"#$#m perlita oscuro). Estas son las dos fases de equilibrio de este acero. m
-Las líneas oscuras son las fronteras de perlita -Indica un trata iento su inistrado nor alizado


-Se observa la diferencia la ferrita de la 
artensita.
- Indica un trata iento nor alizado


!5 mm8:Ym


ureza 70.8v ± 7v.9 en RW ureza 72.72 en RW
: m
!5 mm   : Sm






 T m
- bservación de austenita -Indica un trata iento tér ico recocido



&#'m
- bservación de ferrita -presencia de ferrita(partes claras) y austenita (parte


oscuras)
m

: 3' m m - mm m' -6; < m   mm   mm   m m


m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

Xm DUREZA ACERO 1020

=m m
m
m
m
m    m 
m m m m m
 m

<m ?B,Bm :=m
m m
m    m m -
m m 
m
m m 
m

m"#$#m
 /m

m@&,'mm?@,'m
m :=,m

=m m m
m*mmm

*m
m
mm m!m
"#$#m m -
m m
 m +
+m  m m 
m 34
m 
m
 m
 m
mm
 m
m
m
0mm m! (, m
m
=m m 
m 
m 
m 


m
m   
 m   m m !m
"#$#mm-
mm   
 m
mm mm
m 
m-
m m

  m m 
m  m

m
m
m m   m m /m  m

 m
mmm

,mm

Xm DUREZA DE ACERO INOXIDABLE 304

=m m  m 
m
m
m 
m %
m m m m
m 
m
?$,?$m :=m
mm
m  *m
0m m-
mm
m%
m

m

 m

m ?#,ABm m ?B,Dm
m :=)m m -
m m m -
m m
 
m
 /m
m
m  m
mm
m%
,

Xm METALOGRAFÍA DEL ACERO 1020

=m m
m  m 
m 

m 
 m  

m m 

m 
mm

 mm
m
 m
mm-
mm
 *m
mm 
 mm

m
*m 
m m m


m 
m m  m ! (m
mm
 m   , m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

=m mm
m
 mm
 m
m
m
mm m!m"#$#m 
m
m m 
m m 
 m 

m
m  m 
 m
66)m 
 m 
m m m m m
 /m  
 m




m
m m  m 
*m m
 m 
*m  m 
m m
m m  ,m m m 
m  m m 
m 
 ,m m 
 m
 m / m  -
m m /  m 
m  m 

 m  m m
 m  m 
 m 
m m
   ,m m  m  m m


m 
m 
 m m 
 m m
%
m
m   
 m  m -
m

mmm 
m
m

mm
mm   
 m , m

=m mm mm    m mm-


m 
m

 m
mm m

m 

m 
m -
m
m m
   m   m  m m

 *m 
m
 m
mm  m
 /,mm

m
m
 m m
 m

m m -
m
m 
m
m
 

m m m m



m
mm
%   m mm
 ,m

Xm METALOGRAFÍA DEL ACERO INOXIDABLE 304

=m m  
m  m 
m  m m 
 *m  m  m
m

m   *m 
m  m  
m m
   m
 /m 
m

m

m
m
m -
m 
m 

m 
  m m 

m 
m 
 m m 
m

 m
m

m 
, m

=m m
m
m 
m
 m  m m 
m %
m  m &#'m

0mm mm-
m
m 

mmm

m
m
 mm
 m
m

 mmm
m
mm  m  m
m  m
 
m
m
m 
m 
 m m 
 m m m 
 *m


m 
m   m 
m  m
m 
m 
  m m m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

m 
m  m 
 , m m /  m 
m  m 

 m
 m m

 
m

 

,mm

=m m

m
m
 mm-
m
m 
m 

m /m m

m *mm
 mmmm  
   m
m
 m mm
 
m 
m
m-
,m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

w
w
m

=m !
m 

m -
m m m 
m
m 
m
  m 
m m


m 
m m
 
m  m m  m ! ( m 
m  
m -
m m

   m  m  m
m  m 

m m  m  
 m m
m
 
m
m m  )m 

m m m
m m   
 m
  mm 
mm
  m
m
mmm

m
mm
 m! (m m
m 
,m

=m m


m
m
m
m

m 7mm

m
  m
m
m 
m

m
  m
9mm
m 
m
m *)m
m
  
 m  m m  


m

m  m  m m
  m
%
,m

m
=m !
m 

m -
m
m
m 
m 
m 34
m
m +m m /m m

m  m -
m
m >3
m m  
 m m -
m m -m 
m m
m
 m 
m m

m m m 

*m
m
m 
m m 
 m

m m
m m   m
m 

 m m  m 
m m   m 
0m m

 
m
mm m! (, m
m

=m m 
m +m   m
 m 
 

m m 
 *m 
m

mmm-
m

m

m m
m
m
 m
mm
, m

=m !
m  *mm
m
mm 

mmm m
mm
m m

m 
m   *m 
m m
 m m 


m m 
m
 
,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

=m !
m  *m 
  m m 


m
   m
 /m -
m
 
m
 m 

m mm
 *m
mm , m

=m !
m  *m -
m
m
 
m  
m m  
 m  m 
m

 mm
m
m
mm
m
 , m

m
=m !
m

m m -
mm
m
%

 m m
m
m 34
m
m

 
m m -
m 
m 
m m m
m m  *m 
m 
m
m
  m
 m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
 w    w 
m

R
m
m  m
m
m m
m
mmm
m
 
m
 m

m
 m*  mm
 
,m

m 
 m 
m +
m
m  -
m - m m m  
m 
m 

m +
m m
+m m
m
m 
 m
m  mm 
m
m
m


m
m

m
m
m  
 m - m -
m + /m 
m  m  
   m 
m

m -
m 
m 

m 
 )m m +
m   m m m 7m m

m

m
 m
m
m
, m

>
 m-
mm -mmmm
m 
mm
m
mm m-
m
m
+m
 
m 
m 
m m m
m :34
m 

 m m
 m
m

m m 


m  m -
m 
m 

m 
m *  m m 
m m
 m

,m

. m
m
 m
m
m
m
 m
m  
m

m
mmm
 m

)m -
m
m m 

m m 
m    m

0  m 
m m  *m 
m 

m m
 m    m m -
m
 m +m

m
m
m  m ,m

!
m /m   mm
*m 
mm
 mm mm   m
m

m   
m 
m m 
m
m
m m 
 m -
m m

 
m 

m
m
 m  
m 
m
 m
m 
m m
m   mmm m
 mm
m , m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
w
m

  
   

Referencias: ƒ m m
mƒ m  
mƒ m m  m

mƒm m  mm

ƒB ƒV ƒre ƒrc ƒB ƒV ƒre ƒrc


118 %2m >)2m Em >4m )=m Em .>m
121 %.m .$$m Em .2m 4m Em ).m
122 %($m .%$m Em )2m ($%m Em 44m
126 %(m .$m Em 42m (%$m Em (%$m
128 %(2m .($m Em ($m (%4m Em (%m
131 %(.m .=$m Em (%m (4m Em ((m
134 %=$m .2$m Em (%m ((4m Em (=(m
137 %=(m .>2m Em ((%m (2$m Em (2=m
140 %=.m ..2m Em (=%m (>$m Em (>>m
143 %2$m .)2m Em (2m (.m Em (.)m
146 %2(m .42m Em (>(m ()(m Em (4%m
149 %2>m )%$m Em (.2m (4>m Em =$=m
152 %24m )$m Em ())m =%$m Em =%)m
156 %>(m )($m Em =$m =2m Em =(%m
159 %>.m )=$m Em =%2m ==$m Em ==2m
163 %.%m )2$m Em =($m =2.m Em =2)m
166 %.2m )>$m Em ===m =.=m Em =.m
170 %.)m ).$m Em Em =42m Em =).m
175 %)(m ))$m Em Em 2%>m Em 2$(m
179 %))m )4$m Em Em 2(2m Em 2%=m
183 %4m 4$$m Em Em 22(m Em 22m
187 %4>m 4$2m Em Em 2>$m Em 2($m
192 $m 4%2m Em Em 2..m Em 2=$m
197 $.m 4($m Em Em 242m Em 22$m
202 %m 4(2m Em Em >%(m Em 2>$m
207 %)m 4=2m Em Em >((m Em 2.$m
212 m 422m Em Em >2(m Em 2)$m
217 )m 4>2m Em Em >.=m Em 24$m
229 (=m 4.2m %4$m Em >4.m Em >$$m
229 =%m 4)$m $2m Em .$m Em >%$m
235 =.m 44$m %>m Em .=>m Em >$m
241 2(m %$$$m )m Em ..m Em >($m
248 >%m %$%$m =%m Em )$$m Em >=$m
255 >4m Em 2=m Em )(m Em >2$m
262 .>m Em >2m Em Em Em mEm

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
m

M           

m m
:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm

 mm   m  m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
ë  

m  mmm=$mBm=$m
P ,m 6'**',*mm0-*-mm0-*-E*'Nm ,*33m ,m
1,"m 0,"mm ,*6mm133m!333mmmm66*',*3Sm
m
m  mmm%$$mBmm%$$mm
P ,m 6'**',*mm ,m  3"m mm m3"m53*m
Q"mmF*"m 60,"mR,mD'0mm3m66*',*3Sm
m
m  mmm(m
P ,m*mm16,*mmm,60*'m 6'*-3Sm
m
m  mmm.m
P ,m -*&m ,*m,m,60&Sm
m
m  mmm%$m
P ,m 3,m,0mmF*mR33mm,*'m,*3m
m
m  mmm%)m
P ,m 3,m,03mm 'NTmR33mm 'NTm 6*'*m
R33mm,*'m,*3Sm
m
m  mmm%%m
P ,m 3,m,03mm
,-**m?m*m *Sm
m
m  mmm4($m
P ,m 3,m,03mm3,*-,*m,0m3,m*m 3?m*mm
,60*'m ',*m@m*m *ASm
m
m  mmm%%)%m
P ,m 3,m,03mm0',**m
6Dm*m *3Sm
m
m  mmm%22)m
P ,m*mm',&,*'m1*30*mm,60*'m 6'*-3Sm
m

m 

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m
 wÕ  
m

 m

Xm  *m m m
 m P)m !
m ;,m 
<m 
m
*)m

  m(L 4;)m"DAA, m

.m4
<m

åm + <JJ+ , 
, J
U',+  m
åm + <JJ7
,4 
, J$##?J#AJ"AJ
  C
C

C%
Jm
åm + <JJ
,43
, J43JU
E&E"U
UU 


m
åm + <JJ444,
+
,
J   J
C
CC 

C
CC


m
åm + <JJ444,  , J 7?#J
 C
J
C

$,+ m
åm + <JJ444,
, ,
J
,+VF!#?DA C
'#@B$##?###&####&W  FU
% X"m

 <m

     m
*m
 
m1 2 m   m
m(
/)m
P
m m (
m 
m
 m m 
m :3
 m m :
m
(
,m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m m  
 mm  mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 
m

:3'* *mm- mmm'-6;<m mm



 mm   m m
m

S-ar putea să vă placă și