UNITY, COHERENCE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF

PARAGRAPH

Lecture : Prima Purbasari, M.Hum

By :
Annisa Fitriyah (16660064)
Shofiyatuz Zahro (16660072)
Farizal Zainur Roziqin (16660116)
Nor Amelia (16660125)

Class D

ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAULANA MALIK

IBRAHIM MALANG SAINS AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING
MAJOR

2018

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph i

 PREFACE

Praise be to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala who has bestowed his grace so that
it can form unity papers, coherence, and development paragraph.
A great gratitude goes to Muhammad Sallallahu 'Alaihi wa Sallam. Thanks
to his merits and efforts that led Muslims from the dark road to a light-filled road.
The purpose of the establishment of this paper is to fulfill the task of English
subjects that hold by Mrs. Prima Purbasari, M. Hum.
Our grateful thanks to her who guided us in this English lecture until the
successful formation of this paper. Our thanks also to all the creatures who assist in
the preparation of this paper.
In the preparation of this paper must be hampered by various obstacles and
problems. As a man full of problems of course we did not escape from wrong.
Therefore, we apologize for any errors contained in this paper.For the attention of
our readers thank you.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph ii

 CONTENTS

PREFACE .............................................................................................................. ii
CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I :INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1
1.1 Backgrounds ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Formulation of Problem......................................................................... 1
1.3 Written Purpose ..................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II :DISCUSSION ...............................................................................2
2.1 Unity of Paragraph ................................................................................. 2
2.2 Well Development of Paragraph ........................................................... 2
a. Definition ................................................................................................. 3
b. Classification ........................................................................................... 3
c. Comparison and Contrast. .................................................................... 4
d. Process Description ................................................................................ 5
e. Cause and Effect ..................................................................................... 6
f. Narration ................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Coherence of Paragraph ........................................................................ 7
1. Time order ............................................................................................... 7
2. Spatial order ........................................................................................... 8
3. Logical order ........................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER III :ANALYSIS ..................................................................................9
3.1 The Example of Spatial Order .............................................................. 9
3.2 Logical Order .......................................................................................... 9
3.3 Time Order ........................................................................................... 10
3.4 Unified and Not Unified Paragraph.................................................... 10
a. Example Not Unified Paragraph ......................................................... 10
b. Example Unity ...................................................................................... 11
3.5 Well Developed And Not-Well Developed Of Paragraph ................. 11
a. Example Not Well Developed Paragraph .......................................... 11
b. Example Well Developed Paragraph .................................................. 11

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph iii

CHAPTER IV :CLOSING ..................................................................................12
4.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 12
4.2 Suggestion.............................................................................................. 12
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................13

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph iv

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph i
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgrounds
Essay is a papers product of human activity to reveal main ideas,
arguments and present it through written language. Main ideas in a essay made
in a paragraph with arrangement and style of language good and coherent .
paragraphs are also required able to develop ideas to give coherent and clear
information.
Material about unity, coherence and development of paragraph is
very important for someone who will want to make a composition. Unity of
paragraph can seen from the structure of the sentence, meaning and connect
with topic in the paragraph. the coherence of paragraph can use the sentence
order based on spatial order, time order and logical order. while to create a
developing of paragraph need to have a sentence which can explain the points
contained in the topic sentence.
The purpose of understanding this material is to provide knowledge
about unity, coherence, and development of paragraph so readers are able to
create and identify essay or articles with well and correctly.

1.2 Formulation of Problem

1. What is unity of Paragraph?
2. What is a well developed paragraph?
3. What is coherence of Paragraph?
4. How identify unity of paragraph, well development paragraph and
coherence of paragraph?
1.3 Written Purpose
1. To inform about unity of paragraph.
2. To inform about coherence of paragraph.
3. To inform about way to develope paragraph well.
4. To identify unity of paragraph, well development paragraph and coherence
of paragraph

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 1

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Unity of Paragraph

Unity of paragaraph is one of importing thing to make a good paragraph. It

defines that all sentences in a paragraph should speak about one single idea or
one main subject. That is, the topic sentence, the supporting details, and the
concluding sentence should focus on only one idea. A paragraph is unfied when
all of its sentence support the main idea stated in the topic sentence.
How to make paragraph unity

a. Develop a paragraph around a major idea. Express this idea in the topic
sentence.
b. Make the relationship between the main idea of the paragraph and the thesis
of the paper clear. Don’t assume that the reader will “get it.” Spell it out for
him/her.
c. Support the main idea of the paragraph with details.
d. Create separate paragraphs for those details that explore your topic from
different perspectives.
e. Eliminate sentences that do not support the main idea. Alternately, you may
revise the main idea to include those sentences.

2.2 Well Development of Paragraph

A paragraph is well developed when every idea described in the paragraphs
should be well explained with the support of a sentence of explanation sentences
that work together to explain the main idea in question.
There are different writing methods use to be able to developed a good
paragraph. These are the use of the various types of paragraph developments.
The most frequently methods use include Definition, Classification,
Comparison and Contrast, Process Description, Cause and Effect and
Narration.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 2

a. Definition
Explains what a term means. It uses denotation or connotation
1. Tells readers what term is being defined.
2. Presents a clear and precise basic definition.
3. Uses examples to show what the writer means.
4. Uses words and examples that readers will understand.

Example :
An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a
building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. A style
may include such elements as form, method of construction, building
materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified
within a chronology of styles which changes over time reflecting
changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas,
technology, or materials which make new styles possible.

b. Classification
Organizes, or sorts, people or items into categories. A good
classification paragraph:
1. Make sense of a group of people or items by organizing them into
categories.
2. Uses useful categories.
3. Uses a single organizing principle.
4. Gives examples of what fits into each category.

Example :
Building materials can be generally categorized into two sources,
natural and synthetic. Natural building materials are those that are
unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or
glass. Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much
human manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum based paints. Both
have their uses. Mud, stone, and fibrous plants are the most basic

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 3

 building materials, aside from tents made of flexible materials such as
cloth or skins. People all over the world have used these three materials
together to create homes to suit their local weather conditions.

c. Comparison and Contrast.

Show similarities and differences among people, ideas, situations, or

items. They are used to explain two subjects and help you decide
between two options. A good comparison and contrast paragraph :
1.Uses subjects that have enough in common to be compared/contrasted.
2. Serves a purpose- either to help readers make a decision or understand
subjects.
3. Presents several important, parallel points of comparison/contrast.
4. Arranges points in a logical organization

Example :
The differences between modern and contemporary interior design.
“Modern” in interior design really refers to “Mid Century Modern”. It
is recognizable by it’s clean, unadorned interiors. Use of natural
materials such as wood, leather, teak and linen are prominent. Molded
plywood and plastic is very popular in modern furniture, as well as
polished metal. Furniture is very open and raised off the floor allowing
for an airy feeling. Walls are often white adding to the expansive feeling.
Modern interiors generally have bare floors and if area rugs are used,
they are typically wool, and neutral in colour. Hints of colour were used
in moderation.
Contemporary by definition means “existing, occurring, or living at
the same time; belonging to the same time.” And that is exactly the same
for the use of the term in interior design. Contemporary design refers to
what is popular or used right now. Contemporary design can be very
eclectic for that reason, because it is ever changing and borrows pieces
and styles from all different eras. It doesn’t have to be something that is
“designed” right now – for example; furniture and art from the modern

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 4

 era are often used in contemporary design, and tradition mouldings and
millwork are incorporated in many cases.

d. Process Description
Description creates a clear and vivid impression of the topic.
Description translates your experience of a person, place, or thing into
words, often by appealing to the physical senses. Good description:
1. Creates a main impression-an overall effect, feeling, or image-
about the topic.
2. Uses concrete, specific details to support the main impression.
3. Uses details that appeal to the five senses.
Example :

The Great Pyramid of Giza is a huge pyramid built by

the Ancient Egyptians. It stands near Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain
mostly intact. When it was built it was 146.5 metres (481 feet) tall. It
was the tallest building in the world for over 3,800 years. Erosion and
other causes have shrunk it to 138.8 m. The pyramid was built for Khufu,
an Egyptian pharaoh. It was perhaps built by Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu. It
is believed that it took about 20 years to build, and was completed
around 2570 BC.

When it was built, the Great Pyramid was covered by stones that
formed a smooth outer surface. Some of these stones can still be seen
around the base. Most of what can be seen of the pyramid now is its
basic core of 2,300,000 blocks of limestone and granite. There have
been many different theories to explain how the pyramid was built. Most
accepted building ideas are based on the idea of moving huge stones
from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. Archaeologists
found that the Pyramids of Giza were not built by slaves, but workers
who were paid for working. Their graves were found near the pyramid
in 1990.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 5

e. Cause and Effect

Cause and effect method can be used to expand the idea in the paragraph
by establishing or explaining what happened as a result of something. In
here, the writer can use signal words such as the words;because, cause,
due to, for the reason and other words for the cause. The signal words
for the cause are the words; as a result, consequently, in effect, therefore,
thus and more. Good cause and effect paragraph :

1. Clearly distinguish between cause and effect.

2. Give clear and detailed examples of causes and/or effects.

Example :

Much to her surprise, lottery winner Sylvia Lee found that

sudden wealth was a mixed blessing – the results were both good and
bad. After her win was announced, she was constantly hounded by
people who wanted to sell her something. She got an unlisted phone
number, but the more aggressive salespeople just camped out on her
doorstep. Another negative result was that people started treating her
differently. “I was shocked,” said Lee. “Everyone from the checkout
clerk at the supermarket where I’ve shopped for years to my next-door
neighbor acted as though I had changed. I’m still the same; I’ve just got
money now.” Lee admits, though, that most of the changes have been
positive. “It’s really a relief not worrying about money all the time. I
actually went on my first shopping spree ever, and it was great.” Lee
expects that other new and unexpected results of her sudden wealth are
yet to come, but she’s not discouraged: so far, at least, the pluses far
outweigh the minuses.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 6

 f. Narration

It could expand the concept of an idea in the paragraph by arranging the

ideas in order; in chronological, or in place, or in the level of
importance telling what happened first and what will be in the next.

 For chronological or time order, the write can use the words that
tell time such as; such as first, second then, after, later and more.

 For place order, the writer can use the words that locate, such
words like; below, beneath, behind, behind, near, and more.

 For the order of importance, the writer can use the words that
judge importance, such words like; next, last, must, greatest, in
the first place and more.

2.3 Coherence of Paragraph

Coherence in a paragraph is the technique of making words, phrases, and
sentences move smoothly and logically from one to the other. In other words,
coherence refers to the extent to which the flow of ideas in a paragraph is
easily understood by the reader.

Types of Coherence in paragraph

1. Time order
 Discuss facts in the order in which they occurred
 Useful in explaining process, in writing historical event and telling
a story
 Use transitional expression like first, past, future, now, once, soon,
then and finally.
 Some words and phrases that signal time order
After, afterward, at first, before, during, earlier, eventually, finally,
later, next, now soon, then, today, dates (for example, “in april”).

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 7

2. Spatial order
 Used to describe a person, place or thing
 Choose a particular point of view when describing an object to
avoid confusing your readers.
 Describe to one specific point and moves on in a specific direction.
Like nearest to farthest , bottom to top, Left to right, right to left.
 To indicated position or direction use : form, here, inside, in front
of, next to, on over, under, to and beyond
 Some words and pharases that signal spatial order
Above, behind, below, beside, in back, in between, in front, in the
center, inside, near, next to, on the bottom, on the left, on the right,
on top, over, under.
3. Logical order
 Deductive order, general to specific
 The topic sentence, which is general, is followed with specific
reason, example, facts, explanation, comparison and details that
support the topic sentence.
 Some words and phrases that signal logical order
Also, although, consequently, first etc, for example, for instance,
furthermore, in addition, in fact, last, moreover, next, not
only…but also, one…another, similarly, the last important, the
most important, therefore.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 8

 CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS

3.1 The Example of Spatial Order

Arguably one of Hong Kong’s most distinctive buildings, Bank of China
Tower is situated in the center of the city’s skyline. At the ground level, the
tower is set back from the street to create an inviting pedestrian environment
that is convenient, yet secluded from urban congestion. It is surrounded by
a broad promenade, and flanked by cooling water gardens intended to
muffle the noise of nearby traffic. The building is known for its observation
deck on the 43rd floor, which offers unique views of the city from its central
vantage point.
3.2 Logical Order

Modern architecture has something for everyone. Even if your taste may
veer towards the opposite side of the design spectrum (i.e. rustic country)—
there are still elements of modern design that will appeal to you. The
fundamentals of modern architecture are clean and simple. Its ever-present
philosophy abides to the ideal that form follows function. First, Modern
design is unique, Despite its simplistic styling that avoids extra fluff, modern
architecture remains unique. In fact, modern architects have created some
of the most unique designs to date. Just look to the designs of Frank Lloyd
Wright and numerous other iconic architects. The second, Restrained palette
in modern architecture, Less is definitely more when it comes to decorating
a modern home. Because of that, why would you want to hide all the
amazing architectural details of the design by adorning it with a lot of extra
ornamentation? These designs were meant to speak for themselves, making
their own statement through their structure and functionality. For the third,
Warmth in Modern Architecture, A misconception that critics often have of
modern architecture is that it’s cool and cold. However, the opposite could
be argued. A large number of modern designs feature elements that are
naturally warm and inviting, such as wood and stone.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 9

3.3 Time Order
After several small projects, including one for the interior of the
Moonsoon Restaurant in Sapporo, Japan, Hadid's first major building was
constructed in 1993 and 1994: it was a small fire station, with numerous
irregular angles (Hadid has been widely quoted as saying that since there
are 360 degrees, she sees no reason to restrict herself to just one), on the
grounds of the Vitra Furniture Company in Weil am Rhein, Germany. In
1994 Hadid seemed to be on the verge of a breakthrough: her design for
the new Cardiff Bay Opera House in Britain's Wales region was selected
for construction. It was to be an unorthodox building, with sharp angles
and interior spaces that ran into and through one another rather than falling
neatly into separate areas, but it was also planned to be inviting to the user,
with an auditorium surrounded by glassed-in spaces that gave views of
nearby Cardiff Bay.

3.4 Unified and Not Unified Paragraph

a. Example Not Unified Paragraph
Frank Lloyd Wright served as a pioneer through his career as an
architect, inspiring many aspects of American architecture today. Frank
Lloyd Wright was born as Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town
of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father,
William Cary Wright (1825–1904), was an orator, music teacher,
occasional lawyer, and itinerant minister. Frank Lloyd Wrright
accomplished this through his fulfilling career that influenced the
present design and architecture we now appreciate. Wright also
demonstrated his inspiring abilities through his work, which yielded
several of his highly famous signature homes.

(The paragraph above is the example of paragraph not unified, because

in the first sentence the writer tell about that Frank Lloyd Wright
inspired architecture in America through his career as an architect, but
in the second and third sentence described where he was born and his
father. Then in fourth paragraph tell again about Frank Llyod Wright)

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 10

 To make the paragraph above unity we can delete the second and third
sentence.
b. Example Unity
Frank Lloyd Wright served as a pioneer through his career as an
architect, inspiring many aspects of American architecture today. He
accomplished this through his fulfilling career that influenced the
present design and architecture we now appreciate. Wright also
demonstrated his inspiring abilities through his work, which yielded
several of his highly famous signature homes.

3.5 Well Developed And Not-Well Developed Of Paragraph

a. Example Not Well Developed Paragraph
Concrete material is widely used in the construction of a building
but this material also has some deficiencies. Some deficiencies in the
use of concrete materials is Concrete has a heavy weight, in addition in
its application required high precision.
(The topic of paragraph above tell about advantages and
disadvantages of concrete material, but it does not give readers specific
information about advantages of concrete material )

b. Example Well Developed Paragraph

Concrete material is widely used in building construction but this
material also has some deficiencies. Some deficiencies in the use of
concrete materials Concrete has a heavy weight, low tensile strength so
easily broken along with the high precision required in the application.
However, this material is widely used because of some advantages,
namely very high strength, very easy to be formed using formwork, so
it can be adapted to the needs of building structures, Resistant to high
temperatures, so safe when a fire, at least able to give time to residents
to save themselves indeed the fire is very large.
 Yellow mark is the topic sentence
 Blue mark is the details and examples

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 11

 CHAPTER IV
CLOSING

4.1 Conclusion
Paragraph unity is the most important characteristic of a good
paragraph. It defines that all sentences in a paragraph should speak about
one single idea or one main subject. That is, the topic sentence, the
supporting details, and the concluding sentence should focus on only
one idea. Unity in a paragraph means that the entire paragraph should
focus on one single idea.
Paragraphs need not only to be unified, but also to be coherent.
In a coherent paragraph, all sentences show their relationship to one
another.
A paragraph is well developed when it contains enough
material to support the topic sentence and complete It has a controlling
idea, whether that idea is declared in a topic sentence in the beginning,
middle, or end of the paragraph, or whether the idea is implied.

4.2 Suggestion
We realize that there are many shortcomings in this paper,
therefore we need advice related to Unity, Coherence And Development
Of Paragraph. and hopefully this paper can be useful for readers.

Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 12

 REFERENCES

McDonald, Stephen, William Salomone, Sonia Gutierrez, and Martin

Japtok. 2017. The Writer's Response A Reading-Based Approach to Writing, Sixth
edition.
http://faculty.washington.edu/ezent/impd.htm (last access March, 13th
2018)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright (last access March, 14th
2018)
http://www.tacomacc.edu/upload/files/lrc/wtc/handouts/introductiontopara
graphunity.pdf (last access March, 14th 2018)
http://www.cameron.edu/~carolynk/par_coherence.html(last access March,
14th 2018)
http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/pd-num.htm(last access March,
14th 2018)
http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/paragraph(last access March, 14th
2018)
http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/paragraph(last access March, 14th
2018)
https://access-
socialstudies.cappelendamm.no/c365244/artikkel/vis.html?tid=365334 (last
access March, 14th 2018)
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Zaha.html (last access March, 14th 2018)

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Unity, coherence and development of paragraph 14