SPC/TECH/OSD/40 - Emergency lighting on offshore installations Page 1 of 14

Emergency lighting on offshore

installations
SPC/TECH/OSD/40

Version No:
2
OG Status:
Fully Open
Author Section:
OSD 3.5
Issue Date:
01 December 2011
Review Date:
01December 2012
Target audience:
All OSD Inspectors

• Purpose

• Background

• Further Information

• Appendix 1 – Regulatory Requirements

• Appendix 2 – Technical Details

• Required Level of Illumination

• Source of Power

• Design Issues

• Operational Issues

• Safety Case Assessment

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• References

Purpose
The purpose of this SPC is to inform OSD Inspectors of inspection and assessment criteria
for the functional aspects of emergency lighting systems and illuminated safety signs on
offshore installations. Helideck lighting, derrick lighting, TEMPSC internal lighting, etc are
excluded from the scope of this SPC, as they are not normal emergency lighting.

There are two aspects to this SPC:

• basic design functional requirements; and

• operational requirements.

The main emphasis of this document is on the effective delivery of the illumination function
in the event of failure of main lighting. Potential illumination issues which are not common
problems, e.g. glare, contrast, are addressed only briefly, or not at all. Other issues not
directly related to the illumination function, for example IP rating, Ex certification, electric
shock hazards, etc, are out with the primary scope of this document and so are addressed
only briefly, or not at all.

Background
During offshore inspections, it has been noted that emergency lighting often fails when
called upon. A failure rate of 40%+ of fittings is not unusual; typical failures relate to battery
supplies. Such a high failure rate calls into question the operability of the system; failures
could lead to personnel panicking and being unable to escape to a place of safety during an
emergency, or being unable to attend to emergency tasks.

Action required by OSD inspectors

OSD inspectors should consider the use of this guidance in offshore inspection work,
in particular noting operational issues such as emergency lighting outages and the
management thereof. Equally, OSD Inspectors carrying out assessment of new designs or
Safety Cases should consider the use of this guidance in their assessments.

Please see Appendix 1 for Regulatory requirements and Appendix 2 for Technical details.

Further Information
For further information relating to this circular, please contact OSD3.5 or OSD3.3.

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Appendix 1 – Regulatory Requirements

The main specific legislation on offshore emergency lighting is to be found in PFEER, with
SCR05 also relevant. Note that some requirements are expressed in terms of a major
accident and others in terms of an emergency.

Although there is some degree of overlap, the exact definitions are important in any
enforcement action.

PFEER Regulation 12 (b)(ii) requires that measures provided with a view to limiting the
extent of an emergency should be capable of remaining effective in an emergency, so far
as is reasonably practicable; this may include emergency lighting.

In the context of an emergency, Regulation 14(2) requires the following areas to be

provided with ‘adequate emergency lighting’ and marked with ‘suitable signs’:

• Egress from accommodation and work areas

• Access to muster areas

• Access to temporary refuge

• Access to evacuation and escape points

• Evacuation and escape points

In the context of an emergency, PFEER Regulation 14(2) also requires that muster areas,
egress, access and evacuation points and escape points be marked with suitable signs.
Regulation 14 does not require that these signs be internally illuminated; these areas must
have area wide illumination, which should render signs visible. However, in practice safety
signs are often internally illuminated by normal and/or emergency illumination
arrangements.

Emergency lighting and safety signs generally satisfy the SCR05 definition of Safety Critical
Elements (SCEs), since the overall aims are:

• To facilitate correct operation of the installation (e.g. to facilitate the timely starting
of additional power generation) when systems including main lighting fail, thus
preventing a major accident, or eliminating a potential cause or substantial
contribution to a major accident;

• To allow personnel to intervene effectively in the development of a major accident

(e.g. by the timely starting of fire pumps) thus limiting the effects;

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• To facilitate personnel escape from an accidental event (e.g. by mustering in a

timely manner), thus limiting the effects; and

• To facilitate evacuation or escape of persons from the installation, thus limiting the
effects of the major accident.

So, in each situation where there is the potential for the accidental event to be a major
accident as defined in SCR05, the relevant emergency lighting or safety signs are SCEs,
and come within the scope of verification.

SCR05 define an additional class of equipment called ‘specified plant’, which is subject to
similar requirements to safety critical elements. Specified plant may include emergency
lighting and safety signs provided to satisfy PFEER Regulations 15 and 16, e.g. lighting to
assist evacuation or escape, which does not invoke the concept of major accident. For
emergency lighting, which is neither SCE nor specified plant, the relevant performance
standards derive from PFEER Regulation 5. This requires appropriate standards of
performance to be attained by anything provided by measures (a) for ensuring effective
evacuation and escape to avoid or minimise a major accident; and (b) for protecting
persons from a major accident involving fire or explosion (but not other major accidents).

Enforcement action in relation to inadequate emergency lighting and signs, or inadequate

management arrangements in relation thereto, should be taken under specific PFEER
legislation where applicable. Enforcement under SCR05 can be used for emergency
lighting or safety signs which are not included in the specific PFEER requirements. This
might include for example the Control Room or Radio Room, where these are not
considered to be PFEER Regulation 14(2) egress or access, evacuation and escape
points, or muster areas.

Para 182 of the ACOP to PFEER indicates that a portable light source should be included
as an item of personal protective equipment; PFEER Regulation 18 requires a written
scheme of examination for such PPE.

SCR05 Schedules 2 and 3 require a description in relevant Safety Cases of how the duty
holder has ensured, or will ensure, the suitability of the safety critical elements, including
some emergency lighting and safety signs, as discussed above.

Appendix 2 – Technical Details

(See References)

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Definitions
Maintained lighting – lighting which is energised at all times.

Non-maintained lighting – lighting which is in operation only when the electrical supply to
the normal lighting fails.

Combined luminaries - these contain both the normal lamps plus the emergency lamps
(whether maintained or non-maintained) within a single luminaire fitting.

Lighting Basics
The luminous intensity of a source of light is measured in candela (cd, also known as the
international candle). The cd is defined as the luminous intensity of monochromatic 540
terahertz (THz) light (where the eye is most sensitive) at a radiant intensity on 1/683 watts
per steradian (the steradian is the unit of solid angle, about 12.6 per sphere). The factor
1/683 was chosen so that the candela is approximately equivalent to the luminous intensity
of a typical candle, because early work on light was based on the luminous intensity of a
small flame.

The luminous flux (also called luminous power) of the source is the total power emitted in all
directions, weighted for eye sensitivity, for which the unit is lumen (candela.steradian).

Incident light (called illuminance) on a surface enables people to see that surface,
so lighting performance standards are defined in terms of illuminance. Illuminance depends
on the area over which the luminous flux falls. The unit of illuminance is the lux (lx or lux),
and is lumens/m2.

To give a feel for illuminance, full daylight is about 10,000 lx, a very dark day about 100 lx,
and full moonlight about 0.1 lx. Indoor illuminances are much lower than full daylight, and
the Application Guide2 indicates normal lighting on offshore installations in the range 50 to
500 lx, depending on the type of area. An illuminance as low as 0.1 lx can be adequate to
allow personnel to find their way about. These indications place the minimum levels of
illumination recommended by EN18386 into context, i.e. as low as 0.2 lx on the centre line
of escape routes, 0.5 lx open area (anti panic) lighting, 5 lx at first aid posts or firefighting
posts, and at least 10% of normal with a minimum of 15 lx in high risk task areas or
intensive activity areas.

Note that the visibility of a surface depends on a number of other factors discussed in
standards, e.g. glare, contrast, surface finish, uniformity of illumination, diversity (i.e. ratio

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maximum/minimum illuminance), etc, but there is little evidence of significant offshore

problems in these areas.

In the case of internally illuminated safety signs, personnel look towards the source rather
than at its incident light on other surfaces. The brightness of such a source (also called its
luminance) depends on the size of the source as well as its luminous intensity, so the units
are cd/m2, and this is the relevant performance measure for safety signs. BS5499-39
recommends a minimum luminance of 2 cd/m2 for internally illuminated signs, and BS5499-
210 recommends the lower level of 0.51cd/m2 for self luminous (e.g. tritium) signs.

To give a feel for luminance, the luminous intensity of a typical candle is approximately 1 cd
– imagine that illuminating an 0.5m2 sign (this is 2cd/m2).

Required Level of Illumination

In practice, some form of emergency lighting arrangement is required in any area which is
or can be staffed, in order to allow effective and timely emergency response activities or
escape (but not normal operations); the relevant areas include both internal areas such as
enclosed modules, and external areas such as walkways and bridges. The minimum level
of illumination required is different according to the nature of activities envisaged in the
area. Response time when power input fails and endurance time when normal power fails
are also important performance measures.

For general areas, sufficient illumination simply to escape (e.g. to the temporary refuge)
is sufficient. Such escape lighting should give adequate visual conditions to allow
occupants to reach designated escape routes from anywhere within that general area, and
for this purpose a minimum of 0.5 lx within the general area is recommended by EN18386.
Illuminated directional signs (or a series of signs) should guide personnel towards the
emergency exit. Small enclosed storage areas such as cupboards, where there is no
realistic prospect of personnel being unable to escape, do not require emergency lighting.
Larger storage areas where there is a possibility of personnel being trapped in darkness
should be equipped with emergency lighting and safety signs which fully meet the other
requirements of the standards and this document (e.g. this could mean a minimum of two
luminaires). An endurance of 1 hour is recommended by EN18386, for escape purposes; a
response of 50% in 5 sec and 100% within 60 sec is also recommended, except for high
risk areas, where 0.5 sec is recommended.

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Floor level lighting may be appropriate in some circumstances, e.g. along corridors which
may become smoke logged (smoke tends to rise to ceiling level, so that low level
illumination is more useful).

For safe movement along defined escape routes, an average illuminance of 1 lx is

recommended by EN1838 6. However, EN1838 6. allows a deviation for the UK of a

minimum of 0.2 lx on the centre line of the escape route, with at least 50% of a 2m wide
escape route lit to a minimum of 0.1 lx. Directional signs are required along the escape

route. EN1838 6 requires a response of at least 50% of the specified illuminance within 5
sec and 100% within 60 sec; however, a deviation for the UK of 15 sec is allowed where
most of the occupants are familiar with the premises and escape routes (note that this will
not in general apply to the peripatetic offshore workforce, so this deviation is not relevant to

most offshore installations). An endurance of 1 hour is recommended by EN1838 6; a

response of 50% in 5 sec and 100% within 60 sec is also recommended, except for high
risk areas, where 0.5 sec is recommended.

For other areas, higher levels of illumination will be required to allow the foreseeable (rather

more complex) emergency activities in those places. EN1838 6 requires 5 lx near first aid
posts, fire fighting equipment, and call points.

For MODUs, IMO 8 recommends a 5 lx level of emergency lighting (with commensurate

signage) in such areas as:

• Lifeboat embarkation point

• Helideck access

• Fire/sprinkler pump area

High risk task areas require a yet higher level of illuminance to allow effective emergency

activities, and 10% of normal, with a minimum of 15 lx, is recommended by EN1838 6. A

response time of 0.5 sec is also recommended; this can normally be achieved only by
tungsten filament lamps or maintained fluorescent lamps. Possible examples of high risk

task areas given in IMO 8 are:

• Stowage points for Emergency Response Teams and equipment

• Radio room/CCR/control point

• Alternative muster/control/etc points

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Endurance is required to be as long as is required by the tasks envisaged in that area

(EN1838 6).

Cabins will be in darkness when personnel are asleep, so some provision should be made
for emergency signage or (non maintained) lighting to allow escape into the corridor, which
must be illuminated as it represents the ‘safe egress from accommodation’ mentioned in
PFEER Regulation 14 (and signage should be provided in the corridors to show the routes
to muster points). Note that in practice, this requirement is often addressed with only one
emergency luminaire per cabin plus a safety sign indicating the exit route, and where either
of these fails, the performance standard will not be met – this failure will need urgent action,
either to repair the luminaire/sign or to take the cabin out of service.

On older installations, where fixed emergency lighting is not provided in sleeping cabins
and the PFEER requirement is addressed with a torch or light stick, its storage location will
need to be visible in darkness, e.g. by self illuminated signage. Such torches or light sticks
should be accessible to the occupant of the top bunk to avoid the possibility of a fall from
the top bunk during darkness. Alternatively, it may be that light leakage from the corridor via
small gaps around the door may provide useful visual cues – however, if this is advanced
as a formal argument; some means of guaranteeing such light leakage would be required.
These arrangements are less than ideal, and cannot be accepted if there is an opportunity
to improve matters – so when accommodation is being refurbished (or newly built), fully
engineered electric emergency lighting and safety signs should be installed.

The above discussion concerns escape lighting and lighting to accommodate emergency
tasks during an outage of main lighting. There may exist a requirement for lighting of
special tasks (e.g. in a confined environment) to allow them to be completed safely; no
further guidance can be offered because of the variety of these tasks. Such special lighting
is not ‘emergency lighting’ in the normal sense, but may raise some of the same issues, in
particular continuity of supply where loss of that lighting function could expose workers to
danger. Such lighting failure should be addressed in the normal task risk assessment.

Source of Power
Emergency lighting is normally powered from the emergency switchboard; this is usually
powered from main generation via the main switchboard, but is powered by emergency
generation when main generation fails. As an alternative to a prime mover source of power,
a central battery supply (UPS) or local battery within each luminaire may be provided,
trickle charged from main or emergency generation, and the performance standards then

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apply to this battery arrangement, not to the prime mover. Where no battery backed supply
is provided, the prime mover power supply arrangements should be such that a fire or other
incident in main generation does not render emergency generation inoperative, and
vice versa (IMO8). Where emergency generation may take longer than acceptable to re-
establish the supply to the emergency lighting system (e.g. longer than 45 sec, IMO8),
a transitional battery supply should be provided; IMO8 suggests that for MODUs it should
be designed to last 30 min. The emergency source of power (typically emergency
generation) on MODUs should be capable of supplying inter alia the emergency lighting for
18 hours (IMO8). Note that other emergency systems may be connected to the emergency
switchboard or central battery/UPS supply.

Some luminaries contain a (trickle charged) battery pack and are autonomous; in high risk
task areas they should take no longer than 5 seconds to achieve 50% rated light output
after switching to battery mode, and no longer than 60 sec to achieve 100% output (see
EN18386 and BS60598-2-2211).

Some battery powered emergency lighting systems have a ‘rest mode’ to inhibit them when
the incoming power supply fails but the emergency lighting function is not needed, e.g.
when the area is unoccupied and completely out of use; this arrangement conserves
battery capacity (see BS60598-2-2211). The system should revert to normal mode of
operation when the normal power supply is restored. Such systems are rare offshore and
are not recommended, because of the potential for maloperation.

Internally illuminated safety signs should have two internal illumination systems (e.g. one
powered from the main power supply and one powered from the emergency power supply),
or alternatively one internal illumination system, and another external system, e.g. the area-
wide emergency lighting system should illuminate the sign at a satisfactory level.

Tritium powered signs are self powered, and do not need any form of electrical supply,
though note that there is a disposal problem. Photoluminescent signs are energised by
previous illumination, and require no electrical input.

Design Issues
Detailed design issues are touched upon only briefly in this SPC, but any obvious
vulnerability as regards fire rating of cables, their mechanical protection, IP rating, etc might
warrant further investigation.

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Emergency lighting should be designed to be testable, by allowing simulation of power

failure. The main issue is with battery powered systems. Full discharge battery tests create
vulnerability if a real incident occurs whilst the batteries are being discharged or recharged.
This situation can be ameliorated by arranging luminaries such that alternate luminaries
can be tested separately, by a dual battery arrangement, or by a 2/3 discharge test with a
check on battery voltage at the end of the test to determine residual battery capacity (BS
EN 6203412).

Institute of Petroleum Part 1513 raises the issue of large but infrequent releases, and
suggests that where such releases are possible, it may be appropriate for zone 1 areas to
be surrounded by a Zone 2 rather than a safe area. There is a similar issue with regard to
Zone 2 hazardous areas and their Ex certified apparatus; the definition of Zone 2 revolves
around typical disturbances from normal operation, so that the flammable atmosphere is
present only for short (undefined) periods which total no more than 10 hours per year (see
Ref 13). An emergency in the PFEER sense is likely to be a much larger and longer lasting
event, beyond the design accidental event, where the release may extend beyond Zone 2
areas and encroach on safe areas and on the TR boundaries. Thus it will generally be
prudent to use Ex certified luminaires (and associated junction boxes, etc) in all outside
areas classified as safe and in all inside safe areas (such as utility modules) which may
contain flammable gas during large-scale emergencies; this may not apply within the TR
since there are other measures to ensure that a flammable atmosphere cannot accumulate.

Changes to plant layout, the installation of any form of partition, or anything which can
obstruct illumination or the visibility of emergency signs (in each case, whether temporary
or permanent) can change the requirements for emergency lighting or emergency signs.
These facilities should therefore be addressed as part of the change control procedure.

Operational Issues
In view of the very large number of light fittings on a typical installation, it is possible that at
any one time a small number of them will not be in full working order. Thus the installed
coverage pattern should allow the performance standard to be met even where an
individual fitting in a given zone has failed (so that a single failure does not cause a failure
of the emergency illumination function to meet its performance standard). A maximum
number of failed fittings per zone should be specified in the performance standard so that
alternative precautions can be put in place should too many fittings fail in a particular zone
(e.g. to evacuate the affected zone); this number of failed fittings may vary according to the
particular area. BS52661 recommends that the illuminance requirement be satisfied with a

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large number of lower power luminaries rather than few higher power units, so that no part
of an escape route is lit by just one luminaire, and if one luminaire fails, no part of the
escape route is plunged into darkness.

On older installations, obsolescence and availability of spares can be an issue. It is an

acceptable practice to replace luminaries which are no longer supported by the
manufacturer only when they fail, and then to cannibalise the failed unit for operable
spares.

Most types of lamp suffer from degradation of luminous flux through time, and
a maintenance factor may be used to quantify that fall off; this will feed into the design to
inform luminaire spacing and routine replacement/relamping interval. Lamp failure can also
occur, and a lamp survival factor is used to describe this phenomenon; the lamp change
interval should be chosen to achieve a sufficiently high lamp survival factor which is then
used in the design to inform luminaire spacing. Note that dirt will tend to obscure the
luminaire, which therefore requires to be cleaned so as to maintain an acceptable light
output, and periodic routine cleaning should be specified and carried out as appropriate.

Ex rated emergency lighting should receive its Ex scheduled maintenance as determined

by the Ex maintenance strategy. Note that fluorescent lamps tend to heat up as they
approach their end of life condition, and this can violate the luminaire ‘T’ rating. This is a
factor which should be considered in the relamping strategy.

Inspection questions and activities

Are sufficient areas provided with emergency lighting, and are these categorised as SCEs if
appropriate? For example, is there SCE categorised lighting in areas such as the Control
Room or Radio Room? Has the ICP been involved in oversight of the design and ongoing
maintenance? What feedback has been received from the ICP? Note that the requirements
of SCR05 Schedule 7 apply, including periodic examination and testing, remedial action
and record keeping.

Does the coverage of luminaries give adequate illumination, including the situation where
one or more luminaries have failed? Does the performance standard specify the maximum
number of failed luminaries at each location which can be tolerated without putting
alternative safeguards in place? Does the performance standard specify the minimum
endurance time of the emergency lighting?

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Is there any TA oversight of luminaire failure rates and other performance issues such as
battery performance?

Where torches are provided in cabins to satisfy PFEER Regulation 18/para 182, a written
scheme of examination and testing must be prepared and operated, and the results
recorded (PFEER Regulation 18). If the torch is the recognised emergency lighting facility
in sleeping cabins, is it visible in darkness? Is there a practical opportunity to install a fixed
electric emergency lighting and emergency sign system?

Periodic routine maintenance, inspection and testing should be scheduled as defined by the
TA or manufacturer, and as required to achieve the defined performance standard.
This routine work will include:

• Engine driven supplies should be checked to ensure that they successfully supply
the emergency lights (this will usually be done anyway for other reasons)

• Confirmation of (central) battery charging (this will usually be done anyway for
other reasons)

• Short duration test to verify that all luminaires are working.

• Full duration test of batteries (the impact of time to recharge batteries to be

minimised, e.g. by testing alternate luminaires). A 2/3 discharge test with a check
on battery performance may be preferable, see BS EN 6203412 12.

Note that batteries have a finite service life, and should be replaced as required. For
example, some lead acid batteries may have a satisfactory service life in the region of 5

years at normal ambient temperature, shorter at high temperature 15.

Much can be achieved by a simple walk around inspection, with a closer external
examination of some fittings for corrosion, signs of water ingress, etc. Signs should also be
included in this inspection, as they can be obscured, damaged, or missing; sometimes
signs have not been updated when other changes have taken place, e.g. might direct
personnel to lifeboats which have been removed. An internal examination of luminaires or
illuminated signs is probing, but is out with the scope of normal HSE inspection activity.

Request the duty holder to activate sample sections of emergency lighting, after checking
with the duty holder as to which areas of emergency lighting can reasonably be isolated
and then activated for test purposes; this may require access to drawings showing layout
etc, and the existence/correctness of these drawings is in itself a useful inspection topic

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(also check that the luminaires in a given area are on more than one circuit, as
appropriate). If in doubt about how to test emergency lighting, consult OSD3.5 prior to the
inspection. Illuminance can be assessed subjectively, as the minimum level defined in
standards is in itself a subjective judgement. Compare the number and location of
luminaires found to be failed with the duty holders performance standard for number of
luminaires which can fail without compromising the required minimum emergency lighting.

Safety Case Assessment

The Case should demonstrate that the emergency lighting function has been considered,
that performance standards have been established, that its power supply arrangements are
adequate, and that its in-service performance is monitored.

SCR05 Schedules 2 and 3 require a description of how the duty holder has ensured, or will
ensure, the suitability of the Safety Critical Elements. Emergency lighting will often be an
SCE in some areas, so the case should demonstrate that the emergency lighting system
has been designed to the relevant standards listed in the Safety Case reference section,
whether published standards or the duty holder’s own standards.

References
Note – where references are undated, the latest
published edition applies
1. BS 5266 Emergency Lighting
2. Application Guide – Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments – The Chartered
Institute of Building Services 1983, ISBN 0 90095326 8
3. Lighting Guide 12: Emergency Lighting Design Guide - The Society of Light and
Lighting 2004, ISBN 1 903287 51 0
4. International Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea – SOLAS
5. BS IEC 61892 Mobile and Fixed Offshore Units – Electrical Installations
6. EN1838 Lighting Application – Emergency Lighting
7. BS EN 50172 Emergency Escape Lighting Systems
8. IMO Code for the Construction and Equipment of Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
9. BS 5499-3: Specification for Internally Illuminated Fire Safety Signs.
10. BS 5499-2: Specification for Self Luminous Fire Safety Signs.
11. BS 60598-2-22 - Luminaries – Particular Requirements For Emergency Lighting

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12. BS EN 62034 Automatic Test Systems for Battery Powered Emergency Escape
Lighting
13. Area classification code for installations handling flammable fluids
Part15. Institute of Petroleum, 2nd Edition August 2002
14. 14. AP 437 Offshore Helicopter Landing Areas – Guidance on Standards, Civil
Aviation Authority.
15. Information from the IBT website

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