Voided Slab Design Tutorial ENG v1f

VOIDED SLAB DESIGN TUTORIAL
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Index
VOIDED SLAB DESIGN TUTORIAL ............................................................................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3
DXF preparation. ......................................................................................................................... 5
Preliminary Slab and voided slab thickness ................................................................................. 6
SAFE model preparation ............................................................................................................. 8
SAFE model geometry creation ................................................................................................. 18
SAFE model Load assignation .................................................................................................. 20
SAFE model Load combination definition .................................................................................. 21
Punching shear verification........................................................................................................ 26
Deflection verification. ............................................................................................................... 36
Flexural verification ................................................................................................................... 38
Shear Verification ...................................................................................................................... 44

Introduction
This will be a short introduction on how to model and design a U-boot slab with the SAFE FEA
software.
In these pages we want to summarize how to design a voided slab using the CSI SAFE program.
For the tutorial we will use a standard project, with the following characteristics:
• 3 x 3 bays
• 8 m x 8 m span
• 0,5 m x 0,5 m columns
• 0,52 m x 0,52 m x 0,16 m voids
The load will be:
• Dead load, calculated by the software

• Imposed Dead Load = 3 kN/m2
• Imposed Live Load = 3 kN/m2
• Imposed linear dead load (exterior wall) = 8 Kn/m
The technical code used is the Eurocode 2 – design of concrete structures.
The step usually are usually the following:
1. Preparation of the .dxf file for the importation of the slab geometry in Safe
2. Preliminary slab and Void thickness
3. SAFE model generation
1. DXF import
2. Model proprieties definition
3. Model geometry creation
4. Voided slab proprieties assignation
5. Load definition and assignation
6. Load combination definition
4. Model run
5. Verification
1. Punching shear verification
2. Deflection verification
3. Shear verification
4. Flexural verification

It is provided below the flow chart for the slab design.

DXF preparation.
For the creation of the SAFE model I suggest to use different layer for the different part of the
structures. For example, the columns in layer, the walls in others and so on. This will render the
geometry creation of the model faster and easier.
It’s important to use a layer to distinguish the voided slab from the full concrete slab.

Preliminary Slab and voided slab thickness
Usually the thickness for a voided slab, with normal load between 5 and 10 kN/m2, is about:
1 1
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = ~ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
25 30
In this example the span is 8 m so we will use a 28 cm thickness, which is equal to 1/28 of the span.
I will use a voided slab composed as:

• Top slab: 6 cm
• Void Height: 16 cm
• Bottom slab: 6 cm.
• Rib width: 14 cm.
The rib width is dependent by two factors:

• Shear resistance without specific shear reinforcement if it is provided
• Cover of the reinforcement in the rib if it is provided
Usually the rib width should be reduced as possible to limit the weight of the voided slab.
To obtain the proprieties modifiers we input the Voided slab dimension here:
ss
Ht ha l l
si
bw
INPUT
Void base dimension ba l l 52 cm

Void height ha l l 16 cm
Rib width bw 14 cm
Upper slab thickness ss 6 cm
Lower slab thickness ss 6 cm
Total section height Ht 28 cm
Void center to center i 66 cm
Piece incidence for m2 inc 2,30 pc/m2

So we obtain the characteristics here:
OUTPUT
2
Voided slab Cross section area A 1147,85 cm
Full concrete slab Cross section area A 2800,00 cm2
Voided Slab Area for linear meter A 1739,17 cm2/m
2
Full concrete Slab Area for linear meter A 2800,00 cm /m
Voided slab Section center of mass yg 14,31 cm

Full concrete slab Section center of mass yg 0,00 cm
Voided slab Section Inertia J 105691,84 cm4/m
Full concrete Section Inertia J 182933,33 cm4/m
4
Voided Slab Inertia for linear meter J 160139,15 cm /m
4
Full concrete Slab Inertia for linear meter J 182933,33 cm /m
2
Voided Slab weight Ps ol 5,22 kN/m
Full concrete Slab weight Ps ol 7,00 kN/m2
Voided Slab concrete consumption Vs ol 0,21 m3/m
3
Full concrete Slab concrete consumption Vs ol 0,28 m /m
And more importantly the proprieties modifiers:
PROPRIETIES MODIFIERS
Voided slab reduced flexural stiffness m11,m22 0,88

Voided slab reduced shear stiffness v13,v23 0,62
Voided slab reduced weight w 0,75

SAFE model preparation
When the program has started is possible to create a new model
We shall input the code and the template, in this case we shall use Eurocode and blank,
respectively.

Next we will import the prepared .dxf file, like this:

Next we can define the concrete properties

And now the steel.

N.B do not forget to assign the cracked proprieties if a long term analisys is made:

Next we can define the columns properties
I usually chose to include a rigid zone area over the columns.

Next we can define the walls properties
I usually chose to include a rigid zone area over the columns but I do not allow the wall to take Out-
of_plane Moment.

For the slab we shall use two different properties, one for the full concrete area and the other for
the voided area:

N.B. The full concrete slab has to be defined as SLAB TYPE

Instead the voided concrete slab has to be defined as DROP TYPE. This way its proprieties will
overwrite the ones assigned to the full concrete slab.
When we have finished to definition phase we can begin to create the model geometry.

SAFE model geometry creation
Walls and columns creation.
Full concrete slab insertion:

Drop voided area insertion
Then we select all the voided area and we assign the modification factors:

SAFE model Load assignation
After the geometry is complete we can proceed to insert the loads:
Imposed dead loads:
Imposed live loads:

SAFE model Load combination definition
When the loads are assigned we can proceed to define the load combination.
Usually I adopt the following load combination:
• ULS (1.4 DEAD + 1.5 LIVE)

• ELS Characteristic (1 DEAD + 1 LIVE)
• ELS Quasi Permanent ( 1 DEAD + 0.3/0.6 LIVE)
• ELS long term, with creep.
The ULS combo is used for the strength verification, the ELS are used for the deflection and
service verification.

N.B. the long term combo is obtained using specific load case because is a non-linear calculation:
This is because we need to calculate the creep deflection only on the quasi-permanent part of the
full load of the structure.
So we will make a load case with the Quasi-permanent part of the load for the calculation of the
long term deflection and two load case to obtain the deflection caused by the rest of the load.

The load case defined for the long term are the followings:
This is the long term load case for the quasi permanent load part.

This is the short term total load case.

And this is the short term deflection for the quasi permanent load part.
Now it is possible to run the model.

Punching shear verification.
It’s the most important verification, because is the first and more dangerous breaking mode for the
slabs. If the punching shear verification is failed, we have only two ways to operate. We can choose
to raise the slab thickness (for all the slab or creating downstand drop) or choose to use a better
strength class for the concrete.
I personally suggest to check the worst case for the internal columns, the edge columns and the
corner columns. Corner and edge columns can be more difficult to verify than the internal column
even if their loads is smaller. Their verification perimeter is in fact smaller because of their position
and the unbalanced moment on them.

Internal column
INPUT
Concrete class C25/C30

concrete compressive strength fck 25 N/mm2
safety factor gc 1,5 N/mm2
Design concrete compressive strength fcd 14,16667 N/mm2
reduction factor v 0,5 N/mm2
Reducted concrete compressive strength f cd' 7,083333 N/mm2
Steel Class S460

Steel yeald fyk 460 N/mm2
Safety factor ga 1,15 N/mm2
Design steel strength fyd 400 N/mm2
Design steel strength for punching reinf. fyw d,ef 308,75 N/mm2
Column dimension along x a 500 mm

Column dimension along Y b 500 mm
Critical perimeter reduction for openings l 0 mm
Column type interno
Column type coefficient b 1,15
Thickness of the slab t 280 mm

Longitudinal rebar along X diameter Fx 20 mm
Longitudinal rebar along Y diameter Fy 20 mm
Rebar spacing along X px 100 mm
Rebar spacing along Y py 100 mm
Reinforcement along X Al,x 3141,593 mm2/m
Reinforcement along Y Al,y 3141,593 mm2/m
Net rebar cover c 25 mm
Depth of reinfocement along X dx 245 mm
Depth of reinfocement along Y dy 225 mm
reinforcement ratio along x rx 0,014 mm
Reinfocement ratio along Y ry 0,014 mm
FORCES
Slab load on column P 1250000 N

Axial slab load along Y Ned,x 0 N
Axial slab load along Y Ned,y 0 N

Critical perimeter along the column u0 2000 mm
Critical perimeter u1 4953,10 mm
Depth d 235 mm
First verification, punching shear on the column border
Punching shear on column border vsd,u0 2,659574 N/mm2

Maximum shear resistance vrd,max 3,541667 N/mm2
Resistance Index IR 0,75 OK
Punching shear verification without specific reinforcement
coefficiente k 1,923
Mean reinforcement ratio rl 0,014
coefficient (EC2) CRd,c 0,12
coefficient (EC2) k1 0,1
Minimum shear resistance vmin 0,466 N/mm2
normal stress along x scx 0 N/mm2

Normal stress along Y scy 0 N/mm2
Mean normal stress scp 0 N/mm2
Shear stress on critical perimeter ved,1 1,073904 N/mm2

Shear resistance on critical perimeter vRd,c 0,750709 N/mm2
Resistance Index IR 1,43 NO

Punching shear verification with specific reinforcement
punghing shear reinforcement inclination a 90 °

a 1,570 rad
Distance from first punch. reinforcement from column dp1 100 mm

dp1,min 70,5 OK
dp1,max 117,5 OK
Spacing of punching reinforcement along single brace dp2 150 mm

dp2 176,25 OK
Transversal punching reinforcement distance dt 150 mm

dt,max 352,5 OK
Number of braces along x nx 6

Number of braces along Y ny 6
Number of diagonal braces nd 4
Reinforcement diameter F 12 mm
Area of single reinforcement Asw ,s 113,04 mm2
Number of reinforcement in the perimeter ns 16,00
Total area of reinforcement in the perimeter Asw 1808,64 mm2

Shear resistance on critical perimeter vRd,cs 1,690 N/mm2
Perimeter where reinforcement is not need uout 8148,33 mm

k (EC) k 1,5
Distance of last reinforcement from uout au0 978,537 mm
Distance of last reinforcement from column au0 626,037 mm
Minimum number of reinforcement along braces nbarre/braccio 5,00

Border column
INPUT

Steel Class S460


Column type bordo lungo x

FORCES


Depth d 235 mm





a 1,570 rad

dp1,min 70,5 OK
dp1,max 117,5 OK

dp2 176,25 OK

dt,max 352,5 OK



k (EC) k 1,5

Corner column
INPUT

Steel Class S460


Column type angolo

FORCES


Depth d 235 mm





a 1,570 rad

dp1,min 70,5 OK
dp1,max 117,5 OK

dp2 176,25 OK

dt,max 352,5 OK



k (EC) k 1,5

Deflection verification.
It is the second verification that has to be check. This because if it is failed the only ways to satisfy it
is to raise the concrete class, raise the slab thickness or change the slab geometry, using downstand
beams or drops.
Usually I made a first fast check, in elastic phase.
1
𝛿𝑞𝑝,𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
1000
If this check is ok, usually everything is ok.
If deflection can be a major problem we can proceed to check the long term deflection.

The Eurocode provide a limit for the long term cracked deflection equal to
1
𝛿𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑,𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
250
If there are vertical elements susceptible to deflection, like very rigid wall or glass façade, the
Eurocode provide a limit of the deflection after this element are placed, equal to:
1
𝛿𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑,𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑,𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 < 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
500

Flexural verification
For the ULS verification we can use the same tool we use for concrete construction.
There is a will have two different cross-sections. Where the slab is voided we shall have a I section
beam, instead where there are no voids, the section will be a full concrete cross section.
From the safe model we can get the bending moment value and check with a concrete software if
the reinforcement is adequate. I use an Italian free software, but any other similar software can be
used.
In this case we have:
𝑀11,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 𝑀22,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 75 𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀11,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑛𝑒𝑔 = 𝑀22,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑛𝑒𝑔 = −80 𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚

These values are referred to a linear meter of slab, so we have to multiply for the center to center
measure of the Voided slab section:
ss
Ht ha l l
si
bw
𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀11,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 𝑀22,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 75 ∗ 0.66𝑚 = 49.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑚
𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀11,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑛𝑒𝑔 = 𝑀22,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑛𝑒𝑔 = −80 ∗ 0.66𝑚 = 52.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑚
Now we proceed to the section verification with the software

The positive bending moment must be lower of the resistant bending moment
𝑀𝑠 = 49.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≤ 𝑀𝑅 = 54.18 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑜𝑘

The negative bending moment must be lower of the resistant bending moment
𝑀𝑠 = −54.18 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≤ 𝑀𝑅 = −54.18 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑜𝑘

For the column head zone we have:
𝑀11,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑐ℎ = 𝑀22,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑐ℎ = −230𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚

This time we will make the verification for a linear meter so, it will not be necessary to refer to the
voided slab section, because we have full concrete zone.
The negative bending moment must be lower of the resistant bending moment
𝑀𝑠 = −230 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≤ 𝑀𝑅 = −241 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑜𝑘

Shear Verification
From the SAFE result we can obtain the maximum value of shear for the voided slab
𝑘𝑁
𝑉13,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 𝑉23,𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑠𝑑,𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 85 ∗ 0.66𝑚 = 56.10 𝑘𝑁
𝑚

The verification is made using an excel spreadsheet
INPUT
CLS class C25/C30

Compression strength fck 25 N/mm2
Design compression strength fcd 14,16667 N/mm2
Reduction coeff. v 0,5 N/mm2
Design reduced compression strength fcd' 7,083333 N/mm2
Steel class S460

safety factor ga 1,15 N/mm2
Width b 140 mm
Heigth h 280 mm
cover c 33 mm
Depth d 247 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement diam. as 8 mm2

Number of longitudinal reinforcement n 3 mm2
Longitudinal reinforcement area As 150 mm2
Mean compression scp 0 N/mm2

augmentative coefficient acp 1
theta inclination Q 28 °
alfa inclination a 90 °
shear reinforcement diameter asw 8 mm2

Area of single reinforcement As 50,0 mm2
Number of reinforcement n 1
Area of reinforcement Asw 50 mm2
Shear reinforcement spacing s 100 mm

SHEAR VERIFICATION
NO SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Minimun spacing smin 197,6 mm

OK
Minimum shear reinforcement Asw ,min 210 mm2/m
OK
Parameter k 1,900
Parameter vmin 0,458 N/mm2
Reinforcement ratio ρl 0,004
Vmin Vmin 15,869 kN

V V 17,450 kN
Shear resistance without reinforcement Vrd 17,450 kN

RI IR 3,21 NO
WITH SHEAR REINFORCEMENT AND OPTIMIZED THETA
Ideal theta Qideale 26,69 °

cotan theta cot Qideale 1,989556 OK
cotan alfa cot a 0,00
Shear strength reinforcement VRsd 88,46 kN

Shear strength concrete VRcd 88,46 kN
Optimal Shear resistance with reinforcement VRd 88,46 kN

RI IR 0,63 OK
The shear force must be lower of the resistant shear
𝑉𝑠 = 56.10 𝑘𝑁 ≤ 𝑉𝑅 = 88.46 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘

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VOIDED SLAB DESIGN TUTORIAL

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VOIDED SLAB DESIGN TUTORIAL ............................................................................................... 1

Indice: v1f – pag:2

The load will be:

• Dead load, calculated by the software

The technical code used is the Eurocode 2 – design of concrete structures.

The step usually are usually the following:

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I will use a voided slab composed as:

The rib width is dependent by two factors:

Void base dimension ba l l 52 cm

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Voided slab Section center of mass yg 14,31 cm

And more importantly the proprieties modifiers:

Voided slab reduced flexural stiffness m11,m22 0,88

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When the program has started is possible to create a new model

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I usually chose to include a rigid zone area over the columns.

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Walls and columns creation.

Full concrete slab insertion:

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After the geometry is complete we can proceed to insert the loads:

Imposed dead loads:

Imposed live loads:

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Usually I adopt the following load combination:

• ULS (1.4 DEAD + 1.5 LIVE)

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Now it is possible to run the model.

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Concrete class C25/C30

Steel Class S460

Column dimension along x a 500 mm

Thickness of the slab t 280 mm

Slab load on column P 1250000 N

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First verification, punching shear on the column border

Punching shear on column border vsd,u0 2,659574 N/mm2

Punching shear verification without specific reinforcement

normal stress along x scx 0 N/mm2

Shear stress on critical perimeter ved,1 1,073904 N/mm2

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punghing shear reinforcement inclination a 90 °

Distance from first punch. reinforcement from column dp1 100 mm

Spacing of punching reinforcement along single brace dp2 150 mm

Transversal punching reinforcement distance dt 150 mm