Introduction

I have made this e-book to organize all of my quizzing notes, starting from my college quizzing
days to the present, into a single digital reference. This publication will also include entries that
have been added as of January 17, 2014.

My acknowledgments go to people who have helped me compile this work in one way or the other;
without them, I would not be able to compile the contents of this file. I also would like to thank
people who shared good memories and experiences in my life as a trivia aficionado, and as a person
in general.

I have done all possible efforts to ensure the accuracy and currency of the entries included in this
publication. Should you notice an error in this publication, please do not hesitate to drop a message
at askdavidnadora@facebook.com.

You may visit my not-so-creative quizzing blog site at http://davidsquizzingpage.wordpress.com for

my experiences in my stint in the local quizzing scene.

*
Documentation History

Version Release Date Notes

[beta] December 25, 2013 —
Initial release, entries current
1.0 January 2, 2014
as of January 1, 2014
With revisions, entries current
1.0.1 January 18, 2014
as of January 17, 2014
Humanities

Architecture

34
Number of bathrooms in the White House

898
Number of steps in the Washington Monument

Aalto, Alvar
Finnish architect and designer who designed the Baker House and the Finlandia Hall

Abraj Al Bait
Also known as Mecca Royal Hotel Clock Tower, the tallest clock tower in the world, the world’s
largest clock face and the building with the world’s largest floor area

Acanthus
Leaf design used by Callimachus for the sculpture decoration of Corinthian capitals

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

Longest central span of any suspension bridge in the world

Al-Azhar Mosque
First mosque established in Cairo, Egypt

Apse
Semicircular end of the church sanctuary that contains the main altar

Arrowslit
Also called loophole, thin vertical aperture in a fortification through which an archer can launch
arrows

Atrium
Open central hall of a Roman house

Badigeon
Mixture of plaster and ground stone used to repair statuary or carring

Bahrain World Trade Center

First skyscraper in the world to integrate wind turbines into its design

Baluster
Moulded shaft, square or of lathe-turned form, one of the various forms of spindle in woodwork,
made of stone or wood and sometimes of metal, standing on a unifying footing and supporting the
coping of a parapet or the handrail of a staircase

Bank of China Tower

First building outside the United States to break the 305 m (1,000 ft) mark

Barbican
Fortified outpost or gateway, such as an outer defense to a city or castle, or any tower situated over
a gate or bridge which was used for defensive purposes

Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste

Designer of the Statue of Liberty

Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro

Largest church in the world

Bergstrom, George
American architect of Norwegian heritage most noted for his design work on the Pentagon in
Arlington County, Virginia

Borglum, Gutzon
Architect who designed and carved the heads at Mount Rushmore

Bramante, Donato
Italian architect who drew up the first plan for St. Peter’s Basilica

Brutalist architecture
Style of architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, spawned from the modernist
architectural movement
Examples are typically very linear, fortress-like and blockish, often with a predominance of
concrete construction

Burj Khalifa
Tallest structure in the world

Burnham, Daniel
American architect of the Flatiron Building (Fuller Building)

Capital
Broad crowning feature of a column

Capital Gate
Building in Abu Dhabi that holds the record of “world’s furthest leaning man-made tower”

Cartouche
In architecture, a decorative feature resembling a scroll

Cenotaph
Monument erected in honor of someone who has buried somewhere else

Chares of Lindos
Greek sculptor who constructed the Colossus of Rhodes

Château de Chambord
Châteaux served as a hunting lodge for François I of France, recognizable for its distinct French
Renaissance architecture

Christ the Redeemer of the Andes

Monument high in the Andes at 3,832 meters above mean sea level on the border between
Argentina and Chile unveiled on 13 March 1904 as a celebration of the peaceful resolution of the
border dispute between the two countries

Commerzbank Tower
World’s first so-called ecological skyscraper

Coping
Consists of the capping or covering of a wall

Crepidoma
Stepped base of a Greek temple

Cupola
In architecture, small, most often dome-like, structure on top of a building

Cuypers, Pierre
Dutch architect of the Rijksmuseum

de Lesseps, Ferdinand
French developer of the Suez Canal

Dome
Element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper part of a sphere

Eiffel Tower
Painted in three different shades to give an impression of height

Elephant Building
One of the most famous buildings in Bangkok because it has the characteristics of an elephant

Embrasure
Opening in a crenellation or battlement between the two raised solid portions or merlons

Entablature
In Classical Orders, the entire horizontal mass of material carried on columns and pilasters above
the abaci

Faisal Mosque
Largest mosque in Pakistan

Fallingwater
5,330 square foot Frank Lloyd Wright design named Building of the Century by the American
Institute of Architects in 2000

Fanlight
Window, semicircular or semi-elliptical in shape, with glazing bars or tracery sets radiating out like
an open fan

Fereter
Permanent shrine in a church for Relics
Flying buttress
Specific form of buttressing most strongly associated with Gothic church architecture

Forbidden City
Landmark in China whose yellow rooftops and red walls symbolize royalty and happiness

Gargoyle
In architecture, a carved stone grotesque, usually made of granite, with a spout designed to convey
water from a roof and away from the side of building thereby preventing rainwater from running
down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between

Gehry, Frank
Architect of the Experience Music Project, the Walt Disney Concert Hall and the Bilbao
Guggenheim

“God’s Architect”
Nickname given to Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi, designer of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona,
Spain

Gran Torre Santiago

70-story tall skyscraper under construction in Santiago, Chile
Currently the tallest building in Latin America

Hardenberg, Henry
Designed the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel

Hoban, James
Irish architect best known for designing the White House in Washington, D.C.

Horta, Victor
Belgian architect and designer of Hôtel Tassel, House and Studio Victor Horta, Hôtel van Eetvelde,
Hôtel Solvay and Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels
Sometimes credited as the first to introduce the style to architecture from the decorative arts

Hradčany
Castle in Czech Republic said to be the biggest in the world

Jeanneret-Gris, Charles-Édouard
Real name of architect and urban planner Le Corbusier

Jenney, William Le Baron

American architect and engineer who is known for building the first skyscraper (Home Insurance
Building) in 1884 and became known as the Father of the American skyscraper

Johnson, Phillip
American architect who designed the Glass House

Karlskirche
Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna

Kumsusan Palace of the Sun

Largest mausoleum dedicated to a Communist leader and the only one to house the remains of
multiple people

La Casa Pacifica
Mansion known as President Richard Nixon’s Western White House, used while working away
from the official presidential residence, the White House

L’Enfant, Pierre Charles

French-born American architect and civil engineer best known for designing the layout of the
streets of Washington D.C.

Lin, Maya
American architectural designer and artist best known as the designer of the Vietnam Veterans
Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Lintel
Beam of an aperture carrying the wall above and spanning between jambs

London Eye
Tallest ferris wheel in Europe and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom

Lutyens, Edwin
British architect best known for having an instrumental role in designing and building a section of
the metropolis of Delhi, known as New Delhi

“The Magician of Iron”

Nickname given to French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

Malbork Castle
Largest castle in the world by surface area

Mascaron
Term referring to the representation of a human or partly human face, more or less caricatured, used
as an architectural ornament, e.g. on a keystone over an arch

Metabolism
Post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with
those of organic biological growth

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

Born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies, last director of the Bauhaus and often associated with his
quotation of the aphorisms, “less is more” and “God is in the details”
Designer of the Seagram Building

Mills, Robert
American architect known for designing the Washington Monument

Moat
Deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that surrounds a castle, other building or town,
historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defense

Mullion
Vertical element that forms a division between units of a window, door, or screen, or is used
decoratively

Naos
Inner cell or sanctuary of a Greek temple, equivalent to the Roman cella, containing the statue of
the deity

Nash, John
British architect who designed London’s Regent’s Park, Regent Street and Marble Arch

Obelisk
Tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top

Oculus
Term denoting a circular opening in the centre of a dome or in a wall

Ossuary
Chest, building, well, or site made to serve as the final resting place of human skeletal remains

Pantheon
Building in Rome, Italy, commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus as a
temple to all the gods of ancient Rome, and rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian about 126 CE

Parapet
Barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, or other structure

Paris Bourse
Historical Paris Stock Exchange known as the Euronext Paris from 2000 onwards, built to the
designs of architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart

Pavilion
Lightweight, ornamental building, whose uses include those of a pleasure-house or summerhouse in
a garden, or a building in a sports or cricket ground

Pediment
Element in classical, neoclassical and baroque architecture, and derivatives therefrom, consisting of
a gable, originally of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature,
typically supported by columns

Pelli, César
Designer of the Petronas Towers

Pergola
Two parallel rows of columns or piers carrying beams and astructure for climbing plants, flanking a
path, set in a garden and often attached toa dwelling

Petronas Towers
Tallest twin building in the world

Pickfair
56-acre estate in the city of Beverly Hills, California designed by architect Wallace Neff for silent
film actors Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford
Portico
Porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a
walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls

Princess Tower
101-storytall residential skyscraper in Dubai that became world’s tallest residential building since
2012

Pritzker Architectural Prize winners

Year Winner
1979 Philip Johnson
1980 Luis Barragán
1981 Sir James Stirling
1982 Kevin Roche
1983 Ieoh Ming Pei
1984 Richard Meier
1985 Hans Holbein
1986 Gottfried Böhm
1987 Kenzo Tange
Gordon Bunshaft
1988
Oscar Niemeyer
1989 Frank Gehry
1990 Aldo Rossi
1991 Robert Venturi
1992 Álvaro Siza Vieira
1993 Fumihiko Maki
1994 Christian de Portzamparc
1995 Tadao Ando
1996 Rafael Moneo
1997 Sverre Fehn
1998 Renzo Piano
1999 Norman Foster
2000 Rem Koolhaas
2001 Herzog & de Meuron
2002 Glenn Murcutt
 Year Winner
2003 Jørn Utzon
2004 Zaha Hadid
2005 Thom Mayne
2006 Paulo Mendes da Rocha
2007 Richard Rogers
2008 Jean Nouvel
2009 Peter Zumthor
Kazuyo Sejima
2010
Ryue Nishizawa
2011 Eduardo Souto de Moura
2012 Wang Shu
2013 Toyo Ito

Pylon
Greek term for a monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple

Q1
Tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere, located in Australia

Quoin
Masonry blocks at the corner of a wall

Reveal
Side of an opening in a wall between the framework such as a door or window frame and the outer
wall surface

Revivalism
Use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous architectural era

Rotunda
Any building with a circular ground plan, sometimes covered by a dome

Ryugyong Hotel
105-storey pyramid-shaped skyscraper under construction in Pyongyang, North Korea
Most prominent feature of Pyongyang’s skyline
Tallest structure in North Korea

Saarinen, Eero
Finnish architect of the Gateway Arch

Salvi, Nicola
Italian architect of the famous Trevi fountain
Sauvestre, Stephen
Architect of the Eiffel Tower

Shanghai World Financial Center

Tallest building with a hole in the world

Shoji
In traditional Japanese architecture, a door, window or room divider consisting of translucent
divider paper over a frame of wood that holds together a lattice of wood or bamboo

Smith, Adrian
Designed the Jin Mao Tower, Trump International Hotel and Burj Khalifa

Soleas
Extension of the sanctuary platform in an Eastern Orthodox temple

Sostratus of Cnidus
Designer of the Lighthouse of Alexandria

Stoa
Greek word for a roofed colonnade or portico with a wall on one sideerected as a separate building
near temples or gymnasia or in marketplaces as asheltered place in which to walk and talk or hold
meetings

Stupa
Mound-like or semi-hemispherical structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of
Buddhist monks, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation

Taipei 101
Tallest and largest green building in the world, formerly named Taipei World Financial Center

Taj Mahal
Mausoleum commissioned by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for her wife Mumtaz Mahalknown for
reflecting the colors of the sky at different times of the day

The Shard
Tallest building in the European Union

The Tank
Name given to the room in Pentagon where the Joint Chiefs of Staff meet

The Tremont House

First American hotel with indoor modern bathrooms

Tokyo Skytree
Tallest tower in the world
Second tallest structure in the world after Burj Khalifa

Tombul Mosque
Largest mosque in Bulgaria

Triangulation
Term referring to the construction in which rigidity is assured by means of struts and ties disposed
to form triangles in one or more planes

Triclinium
Formal dining room in a Roman building

Tumulus
Also called burial mounds, term referring to a mound of earth and stones raisedover a grave or
graves

Turning Torso
Tallest skyscraper in Sweden, designed by Santiago Calatrava

Tympanum
In architecture, semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, bounded by a
lintel and arch

Utzon, Jorn
Designer of the Sydney Opera House

Vanbrugh, John
18th century architect best known for his designs of Castle Howard and Blenheim Palace

Vaulting shaft
Small shaft or colonnette which supports a vault rib or group of ribs at their springing

Willis Tower
Formerly named as Sears Tower, currently the tallest building in the United States

Wils, Jan
Dutch architect who designed the Olympic stadium for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam
and won the Olympic gold medal for architectural design

World’s Tallest Building

1876-1880 Rouen Cathedral

1880-1890 Cologne Cathedral
1890-1901 Ulm Minster
1901-1908 Philadelphia City Hall
1908-1909 Singer Building
1909-1913 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower
1913-1930 Woolworth Building
1930-1930 40 Wall Street
1930-1931 Chrysler Building
1931-1972 Empire State Building
1972-1974 One World Trade Center
 1974-1998 Willis (Sears) Tower
1998-2003 Petronas Towers
2003–2009 Taipei 101
2010-present Burj Khalifa

Wren, Christopher
English architect who was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London
after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St. Paul’s Cathedral

Wright, Frank Lloyd

Leader of the Prairie School movement, architect of the Taliesin, Fallingwater and Robie House

Yakovlev, Postnik
Architect of the Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow, Russia

Yamasaki, Minoru
Architect of the World Trade Center Twin Towers
Literature and Mythology

3
• Number of performers in a trio
• Number of strings in a balalaika
• Number of witches in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

5
Number of lines in a limerick

9
Number of circles of Hell in Dante’s Divine Comedy

17
Number of syllables in a Haiku

24601
Prisoner number of Jean Valjean in Les Miserables

A Series of Unfortunate Events novels

• The Bad Beginning

• The Reptile Room
• The Wide Window
• The Miserable Mill
• The Austere Academy
• The Ersatz Elevator
• The Vile Village
• The Hostile Hospital
• The Carnivorous Carnival
• The Slippery Slope
• The Grim Grotto
• The Penultimate Peril
• The End

A Song of Ice and Fire books by George R. R. Martin

• A Game of Thrones
• A Clash of Kings
• A Storm of Swords
• A Feast for Crows
• A Dance with Dragons
• The Winds of Winter
• A Dream of Spring

A Study in Scarlet
Detective mystery novel written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, introducing his new characters,
“consulting detective” Sherlock Holmes and his friend and chronicler Dr. John Watson, who later
became two of the most famous literary characters in detective fiction

Abu al Qasim Mansur

Real name of poet Firdowsi
Achebe, Chinua
Nigerian author best known for his 1958 novel and magnum opus, Things Fall Apart, which is the
most widely read book in modern African literature
Author of No Longer at Ease

Acrostic
Poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or
other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message

Adams, Douglas
Best known as the author of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy

Adunis
Born Ali Ahmad Said Esber, Syrian poet who won the 2011 Goethe Prize

Aegis
Shield or buckler or breastplate of Athena or Zeus, famously bearing Medusa’s head

Aegisthus
In Greek mythology, lover of Clytemnestra

Aeschylus
Greek playwright of Seven Against Thebes and Oresteia
Often described as the father of tragedy

Æsir
Term denoting a member of the principal pantheon in the indigenous European religion known as
Norse paganism

Aesop
Ancient Greek fabulist or story teller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as
Aesop’s Fables

Agamemnon
In Greek mythology, king of Mycenae who commanded the Greeks during the Trojan War andwas
killed by his wife Clytemnestra

Ahab
Tyrannical captain of the Pequod who is driven by a monomaniacal desire to kill Moby Dick

Akutagawa, Ryunosuke
Japanese writer active in the Taishō period in Japan regarded as the “Father of the Japanese short
story”

Alan Alexander
First and middle names of author A. A. Milne

Alcayaga, Lucila Godoy

Real name of Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, the first Latin American and, so far, the only Latin
American woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1945
Alcmene
In Greek mythology, mother of Heracles

Aldiss, Brian
English writer and anthologies editor, best known for science fiction novels and short stories
Wrote the short story “Super-Toys Last All Summer Long”

van Allsburg, Chris

Author of Jumanji

Amaterasu
Goddess of the sun, but also of the universe in Shinto mythology

Ambrosia
In Greco-Roman mythology, food for the gods

Amenonuhoko
Name given to the spear in Japanese mythology used to raise the primordial landmass Onogoro-
shima from the sea

American Dialect Society Word of the Year

1990 Bushlips
1991 Mother of all
1992 Not!
1993 Information superhighway
1994 Cyber, morph
1995 Web, to newt
1996 Mom
1997 Millennium bug
1998 E-
1999 Y2K
2000 Chad
2001 9-11
2002 Weapons of mass destruction
2003 Metrosexual
2004 Red state, blue state, purple state
2005 Truthiness
2006 Plutoed
2007 Default
2008 Bailout
 2009 Tweet
2010 App
2011 Occupy
2012 Hashtag
2013 —

Amis, Kingsley
Author of Lucky Jim and That Uncertain Feeling

Amis, Martin
British novelist whose best-known novels are Money and London Fields

Andersen, Hans Christian

Danish author and poet best remembered for his fairy tales, a literary genre he so mastered that he
himself has become as mythical as the tales he wrote
Author of the short tale The Emperor’s New Clothes

Andhrimnir
Chief of the Aesir and einherjar in Norse mythology

Answered Prayers
Unfinished novel by Truman Capote

Antanaclasis
Figure of speech that makes a pun by repeating the same word or two words sounding alike but
with different senses

Anubis
Jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion

Aouda
Indian princess rescued by Phileas Fogg and Passepartout in the Jules Verne novel Around the
World in Eighty Days

Aphrodite
Greek goddess of love, born of sea-foam off the island of Cyprus

Aphthong
Letter or combination of letters employed in spelling a word but not pronounced

Apollo
Only Olympian god in Greek mythology to have the same name as his Roman counterpart

Aposiopesis
Rhetorical device in which the speaker suddenly breaks off in the middle of a sentence, leaving the
sense unfinished

Apsara
Female spirit of the clouds and waters in Hindu and Buddhist mythology

Argo
Ship that transported Jason and his friends in their quest to steal the Golden Fleece

Argus Panoptes
In Greek mythology, guardian of the heifer-nymph Io and son of Arestor, primordial giant whose
epithet, “Panoptes”, “all-seeing”, led to his being described with multiple, often one hundred, eyes

Ariadne
In Greek mythology, helped Theseus to escape from Minotaur’s labyrinth

Ariana
Sister of Albus Dumbledore, mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Aristophanes
Comic playwright of ancient Greece whose works include The Clouds, The Wasps, Lysistrata, and
The Frogs

Arjuna
Only undefeated hero in Mahabharata

Arnakuagsak
Inuit goddess responsible for ensuring the hunters were able to catch enough food and that the
people remained healthy and strong

Arouet, François-Marie
Real name of author Voltaire

As I Lay Dying
William Faulkner novel that tells about the journey of the dysfunctional Bundrenfamily to bury
their mother

Ascalon
Lance that Saint George used to slay the dragon, named after the city Ashkelon

Asclepius
Greek god of medicine and healing

Asgard
Capital city of the Norse gods

Asimov, Isaac
Born Isaak Yudovich Ozimov, American author best known for his works of science fiction and for
his popular science books, especially his Foundationseries
His books have been published in nine out of ten major categories of the Dewey decimal
classification

Atalanta
In Greek mythology, a virgin huntress unwilling to marry and loved by the hero Meleager
Only female Argonaut
Atticus
Original title of Harper Lee novel To Kill a Mockingbird

Atwood, Margaret
Author of The Handmaid’s Tale, Cat’s Eye, Alias Grace, The Blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, and
Surfacing

Auden, W. H.
Best known for his poems “Funeral Blues” and “September 1, 1939”

Auðumbla
Primeval cow of Norse mythology

Aura
In Greek and Roman mythology, the divine personification of the breeze

Auto-antonym
Also known as contronym, word with a homograph that is also an antonym

Autobiographies

Alda, Alan Never Have Your Dog Stuffed

Bush, George W. Decision Points
Douglas, Kirk The Ragman’s Son
Ford, Gerald A Time to Heal
Gillespie, Dizzy To Be or Not to Bop
Holliday, Billie Lady Sings the Blues
Jones, Davy They Made a Monkee Out of Me
Ketcham, Hans The Merchant of Dennis
Mandela, Nelson A Long Walk to Freedom
Martin, George (Beatles producer) All You Need Is Ears
McEnroe, John You Cannot Be Serious
Navratilova, Martina Being Myself
Phillips, Julia You’ll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again
Rooney, Mickey Life Is Too Short
Spelling, Tori sTori Telling
Strug, Kerri Landing on My Feet

Avalon
Legendary island which was the place where King Arthur’s sword Excalibur was forged and later
where Arthur was taken to recover from his wounds after the Battle of Camlann
Awdry, Wilbert
English Anglican cleric, railway enthusiast, and children’s author best known as the creator of
Thomas the Tank Engine, the central figure in his acclaimed Railway Series

Azkaban
In Harry Potter series, the prison where wizards that violate the laws of the British wizarding world
are sent

Baba Yaga
In Slavic mythology, supernatural being (or one of a trio of sisters of the same name) who appears
as a deformed and/or ferocious-looking woman

Babieca
El Cid’s warhorse

Bakku-shan
Japanese term for the experience of seeing a woman who appears pretty from behind but not from
the front

Balfour, David
Narrator in the Robert Louis Stevenson novel Kidnapped

Banshee
Female spirit in Irish mythology, usually seen as an omen of death and a messenger from the
Otherworld

Barnes, Jake
Protagonist of the Ernest Hemingway novel The Sun Also Rises

Barrie, Sir James Matthew

Scottish author and dramatist best remembered today as the creator of Peter Pan

Barron, Thomas Archibald

American writer of fantasy literature, books for children and young adults, and nature books

Baudelaire, Charles
French poet, author of Les Fleurs du mal

de Beaumarchais, Pierre-Auguste Caron

French playwright whose works include Le Barbier de Séville, Le Mariage de Figaro, and La Mère
coupable

Before This Anger

Original title of the Alex Haley novel Roots: The Saga of an American Family

Bel Marduk
Chief god of Babylon

Bellerophon
In Greek mythology, known for killing the Chimera with the help of Pegasus
Bellow, Saul
Winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature, author of The Adventures of Augie March,
Henderson the Rain King, Herzog, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, Seize the Day, Humboldt’s Gift and
Ravelstein

Bemelmans, Ludwig
Author of the Madeline children’s book series

Benchley, Peter
American author best known for his novel Jaws

Bennett, Elizabeth
Heroine in the Jane Austen novel Pride and Prejudice

The Berenstain Bears

Series of children’s books created by Stan and Jan Berenstain that feature a family of
anthropomorphic bears who generally learn a moral or safety-related lesson in the course of each
story

Bierce, Ambrose
Author of The Devil’s Dictionary

Bifröst
Burning rainbow bridge that reaches between the world (Midgard) and Asgard, the realm of the
gods in Norse mythology

Bildungsroman
Literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to
adulthood (coming of age), and in which character change is thus extremely important

Black comedy
Comic work that employs black humor, which, in its most basic definition, is humor that makes
light of otherwise solemn subject matter, or gallows humor

Blackthorne, John
Hero of James Clavell’s 1975 novel Shogun

Blair, Eric Arthur

Real name of British author George Orwell, author of Burmese Days, Animal Farm, and Nineteen
Eighty-Four

Bloomsday
Commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce during which the events of
his novel Ulysses, which is set on 16 June 1904, are relived

Bludso, Jim
In American folklore, Mississippi steamboat engineer who was burned to death while saving his
passengers from fire

Blyton, Enid
Creator of literary character Noddy
Boketto
Japanese term for the act of gazing vacantly into the distance without thinking to give it a name

Bomphiologia
Rhetorical technique wherein the speaker brags excessively

Boothroyd, Major Algernon

Real name of Q in the James Bond novels

Boreas
Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter

Boston
Setting of the novel The Scarlet Letter

Boulle, Pierre
Author of the novels Planet of the Apes and The Bridge Over the River Kwai

Bowden, Mark
Author of Black Hawk Down

Boz
Pen name of Charles Dickens

Bradbury, Ray Douglas

American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction writer best known for his dystopian
novel Fahrenheit 451 and for the science fiction and horror stories gathered together as The
Martian Chronicles and The Illustrated Man

Braille, Louis
Inventor of braille, a system of reading and writing used by people who are blind or visually
impaired

Brave New World

Novel written in 1931 by Aldous Huxley that anticipated developments in reproductive technology,
sleep-learning, psychological manipulation and operant conditioning that combine to profoundly
change society
Title was derived from Miranda’s speech in William Shakespeare’s The Tempest

Breton, Andre
French writer and poet best known as the founder of Surrealism

Bridge to Terabithia
Work of children’s literature about two lonely children who create a magical forest kingdom written
by Katherine Paterson

Brooks, Max
Author of World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War

Brown, Amanda
American novelist who wrote Legally Blonde
Browning, Robert
English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues,
made him one of the foremost Victorian poets

Buck, Pearl S.
First American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward
Coined the phrases “the great unwashed”, “pursuit of the almighty dollar”, “the pen is mightier than
the sword”, and the famous opening line “It was a dark and stormy night”

Burnett, Frances Hodgson

Author of the novels A Little Princess, The Secret Garden and Little Lord Fauntleroy

Bushnell, Candace
Author of Sex and the City

Buttercup
Family cow in the Louisa May Alcott novel Little Men

Cadmus
Traditional founder of the city-state of Thebes

Caduceus
Short staff carried by Hermes or Mercury entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by
wings

Cafune
Brazilian Portuguese word for “tenderly running your fingers through your lover’s hair”

Caldwell, Erskine
American author of Tobacco Road and God’s Little Acre

Caliban
One of the primary antagonists in William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, the subhuman son of
the malevolent witch Sycorax

Calque
Another term for loan translation

Calypso
Nymph in Greek mythology, who lived on the island of Ogygia, where she detained Odysseus for
several years

Canopus
In Greek mythology, pilot of the ship of King Menelaus of Sparta during the Trojan War

Capote, Truman
Born Truman Streckfus Persons, American author, many of whose short stories, novels, plays, and
nonfiction are recognized literary classics, including the novella Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958) and
the true crime novel In Cold Blood (1966), which he labeled a “nonfiction novel”
Captain Flint
Pet parrot of Long John Silver in Treasure Island

Card, Orson Scott

American novelist whose works include Ender’s Game and Speaker for the Dead

Carrie
First breakthrough novel of Stephen King

Cartland, Dame Barbara

English author known for her numerous fictional romantic novels, but also wrote under her married
name Barbara McCorquodale

Carton, Sydney
Central character in the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, lawyer of Charles Darnay

Cassidy, Hopalong
Fictional cowboy hero created in 1904 by the author Clarence E. Mulford, who wrote a series of
popular short stories and twenty-eight novels based on the character

Catastasis
Greek term for a play’s climax

Catch-11
Original title of Joseph Heller novel Catch-22

Caulfield, Holden
Narrator in the J. D. Salinger novel The Catcher in the Rye

Cedric the Saxon

Father of Ivanhoe

Chaac
Mayan rain deity

Changeling
Creature found in European folklore and folk religion typically described as being the offspring of a
fairy, troll, elf or other legendary creature that has been secretly left in the place of a human child

Charley
Pet poodle of John Steinbeck

Charlotte’s Web
Children’s novel by American author E. B. White which tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and
his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte

Charteris, Leslie
Created the fictional detective Simon Templar

Chiasmus
In rhetoric, figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a
reversal of structures in order to make a larger point; that is, the clauses display inverted parallelism
Chiron
Known for mentoring heroes like Jason and Achilles, the wisest of the centaurs

Chollima
Mythical winged horse originated from the Chinese classics and is commonly portrayed in East
Asian cultures that is said to be too swift and elegant to be mounted

Christie, Dame Agatha

English crime writer of novels, short stories and plays best remembered for the 66 detective novels
and 14 short story collections she wrote under her name, most of which revolve around the
investigations of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Miss Jane Marple and Tommy and Tuppence
Author of The Mousetrap (the world’s longest-running play)

Cihuateteo
Spirits of women who died while giving birth in Aztec mythology

Clark, Mary Higgins

Wrote the suspense novel Where Are the Children

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne

Real name of author Mark Twain

Closing Time
1994 novel and sequel to Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Cloud Cuckoo Land

Unrealistically idealistic state where everything is perfect

Colada
Other sword of El Cid

Colfer, Eoin
Best known for being the author of the Artemis Fowl series

Collins, Suzanne
Author of The Hunger Games trilogy (The Hunger Games, Catching Fire and Mockingjay)
Used to be a writer for the American TV series Clarissa Explains It All

Collodi, Carlo
Pen name of Carlo Lorenzini, author of the fairy tale novel The Adventures of Pinocchio

Colophon
• Brief description of publication or production notes relevant to the edition
• Printer’s mark or logotype

Comstock, Gordon
Main protagonist of the George Orwell novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying

Condon, Richard
Author of the 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate
Conrad, Joseph
Born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, author of Almayer’s Folly, An Outcast of the Islands,
Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, Nostromo, The Secret Agent, The Duel, Victory, The Shadow Line,
and The Rover

Cookson, Catherine
Author of The Mary Ann series

Cool Hand Luke

1965 novel by Donn Pearce adapted into a film of the same name

Cooper, James Fenimore

Author of The Last of the Mohicans
Creator of Natty Bumpo

Coraline
Horror/fantasy novella by British author Neil Gaiman, which won the 2003 Hugo Award for Best
Novella, the 2003 Nebula Award for Best Novella and the 2002 Bram Stoker Award for Best Work
for Young Readers

Cordelia
Favorite daughter of King Lear

Crab
Only dog featured in a Shakespeare play (Two Gentlemen of Verona)

Crane, Ichabod
Fictional character and the protagonist in Washington Irving’s short story “The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow”, first published in 1820

Creasey, John
English crime and science fiction writer who wrote more than six hundred novels using twenty
eight different pseudonyms

Crux ansata
Another name for the ankh symbol

Cuneiform
One of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its “wedge-shaped” marks on clay
tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus

Cunningham, Lowell
Author of the Men in Black graphic book

Cyberpunk
Postmodern science fiction genre noted for its focus on “high tech and low life” that featured
advanced science, such as information technology and cybernetics, coupled with a degree of
breakdown or radical change in the social order

Cynosura
In Greek mythology, nymph on Mount Ida, who nursed Zeus when he was being hidden from his
father Cronus with Helike
Daaé, Christine
Female protagonist of the Gaston Leroux novel The Phantom of the Opera

Daedalus
In Greek mythology, skillful craftsman and the father of Icarus and Iapyx
Creator of the Labyrinth

Dagger
Usually used to indicate a footnote

Dahl, Roald
Author of James and the Giant Peach, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, The Witches,
Fantastic Mr. Fox, The Twits, George’s Marvellous Medicine and The BFG
Wrote the screenplay of the James Bond film You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang,
both written by Ian Fleming

Dark horse
Little-known person or thing that emerges to prominence, especially in a competition of some sort
or a contestant that seems unlikely to succeed

Dawkins, Jack
Real name of Oliver Twist character The Artful Dodger

de Balzac, Honoré
French novelist and playwright whose magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels
collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years
after the 1815 fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

de Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel

Author of Don Quixote

De Profundis
Epistle written by Oscar Wilde during his imprisonment in Reading Gaol to Lord Alfred Douglas

Deadpan
Form of comic delivery in which humor is presented without a change in emotion or body language,
usually speaking in a casual, monotone or cantankerous voice and expressing an unflappably calm,
archly insincere or artificially grave demeanor, often in spite of the ridiculousness of the subject
matter

Dear John letter

Letter written to a husband or boyfriend to inform him their relationship is over, usually because the
author found another man

Death
Main theme of the Harry Potter series according to author J. K. Rowling

Debut novels

Berry, Steve The Amber Room

 Chandler, Raymond The Big Sleep
Eco, Umberto The Name of the Rose
Francis, Dick Dead Cert
Green, John Looking for Alaska
Highstreet, Patricia Strangers on a Train
Joyce, James A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
King, Stephen Carrie
Le Carre, John Call for the Dead
MacLean, Alistair HMS Ulysses
Mailer, Norman The Naked and the Dead
Montgomery, Lucy Maud Anne of Green Gables
Plath, Sylvia The Bell Jar
Pratchett, Terry The Carpet People
Sewell, Anna Black Beauty
Sheldon, Sidney The Naked Face
Steinbeck, John Cup of Gold
von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang The Sorrows of Young Werther
Wolfe, Tom The Bonfire of the Vanities

Declension
Inflection of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles to indicate number, case or gender

Deep Thought
Fictional computer in The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy that was created by the pan-
dimensional, hyper-intelligent species of beings to come up with the Answer to The Ultimate
Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything

Defoe, Daniel
English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy, now most famous for his novel Robinson
Crusoe
Also wrote Memoirs of a Cavalier, Moll Flanders and Roxana

Delarge, Alex
Narrator of the Anthony Burgess novelA Clockwork Orange

DeLillo, Don
American essayist, novelist, playwright, and short story writer whose works include White Noise,
Libra, Mao II and Underworld

Dementors
Guards of Azkaban prison
Deschain, Roland
Protagonist of The Dark Tower series by Stephen King

Deus ex machina
Plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and abruptly resolved, with the
contrived and unexpected intervention of some new event, character, ability, or object

Dick, Philip Kindred

American novelist, short story writer and essayist whose published work is almost entirely in the
science fiction genre and explored sociological, political and metaphysical themes in novels
dominated by monopolistic corporations, authoritarian governments, and altered states
First science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series

Dickens, Charles
Author of The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House,
Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, and Great Expectations

Dickinson, Emily
American poet whose works include “Wild Nights!” and “Because I could not stop for Death”

Diggs, Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkel Emmannuel Ambroise

Real name of The Wizard of Oz

Dii Consentes
List of twelve major deities, six gods and six goddesses, in the pantheon of Ancient Rome

Dirge
Song of lamentation in mourning for someone’s death; or a poem in the form of such a song, and
usually less elaborate than an elegy

Dithyramb
Ancient Greek hymn sung and danced in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility

Ditloid
Type of word puzzle, in which a phrase, quotation, date or fact must be deduced from the numbers
and abbreviated letters from the clue, the name given by the Daily Express, originating from the
clue 1 = DitLoID (1 Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich)

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?

Science-fiction novel by Philip K. Dick that became the basis for the 1982 film BladeRunner

Doctor Dolittle’s animals

Chee-Chee – monkey
Dab-Dab – duck
Gub-Gub – pig
Jip – dog
Polynesia – parrot
Too-Too – owl

Doctorow, Edgar Lawrence

Wrote The Book of Daniel, Ragtime, Billy Bathgate, The March and Homer & Langley

Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge

Real name of English writer Lewis Carroll, author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its
sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems “The Hunting of the Snark” and
“Jabberwocky”

dos Passos, John

Author of the USA trilogy (The 42nd Parallel, 1919 and The Big Money)

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
Russian author whose works include Notes from Underground, Crime and Punishment, The Idiot
and The Brothers Karamazov

Dothraki
Language spoken by the fictional people of the same name in the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by
George R. R. Martin

Dove, Rita
First African-American woman to hold the post of Poet Laureate of theUnited States, serving from
1993 to 1995

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan

Scottish physician and writer who is most noted for his fictional stories about the detective Sherlock
Holmes

“Dr. Hug”
Nickname of Leo Buscaglia, self-help author of Living, Loving and Learning, also “Dr. Love”

Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus

Meaning “Never Tickle a Sleeping Dragon”, motto of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft And
Wizardry

Draupnir
In Norse mythology, gold ring possessed by Odin with the ability to multiply itself

Dreiser, Theodore
Author of The American Tragedy

Dryden, John
Only Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom to have been dismissed

Duchess
Mother of Black Beauty

Dupin, Amantine Lucile

Real name of French novelist George Sand

Dupin, C. Auguste
Fictional detective created by Edgar Allan Poe

Eco, Umberto
Author of the novel The Name of the Rose

Egyptian gods

Amun-Ra Universal god

Anubis Funerals
Apis Fertility
Aten Unique god
Geb Earth
Hathor Love
Horus Light
Isis Magic
Khnum Creation
Maat Order and truth
Nephthys Funerals
Nut Sky
Osiris Vegetation, afterlife, underworld and the dead
Ptah Creation, supreme god of Memphis
Sekhmet Might
Set Desert and chaos
Seth Evil
Thoth Supreme scribe, wisdom

Einherjar
In Norse mythology, name given to the spirits of the warriors who died gloriously in battle

Ellis, Bret Easton

Author of American Psycho

Ellison, Ralph
American novelist best known for his novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in
1953

Eliot, George
Pen name used by Mary Ann Evans, author of The Mill on the Floss and Middlemarch

Eliot, Thomas Stearns

Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948, author of the play Murder in the Cathedral

Elysium
Conception of the afterlife that evolved over time and was maintained by certain Greek religious
and philosophical sects, and cults

Emendation
Term referring to a correction made to a text in the belief that the author’s original wording has
been wrongly altered, e.g. by scribal error, printer’s misreading, or the intervention of censorship

Emerald City
Capital city of the fictional Land of Oz in L. Frank Baum’s Oz books, first described in The
Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th
century
Founder and editor of The Dial magazine

Emilia
Wife of Iago and Desdemona’s maid servant in Shakespeare’s Othello

Empress of Blandings
Fictional pig featured in many of the Blandings Castle novels and stories by P. G. Wodehouse

Endymion
Shepherd loved by the moon goddess Selene

Ereshkigal
Sumerian and Akkadian ruler of the underworld

Erik
Title character from the Gaston Leroux novel The Phantom of the Opera

Erinyes
In Greek mythology, also known as Furies, female chthonic deities of vengeance, composed of
Alecto, Megara and Tisiphone

Eroteme
Another term for question mark

Esquivel, Laura
Author of the novels Like Water for Chocolate and Malinche

Euripides
Greek playwright, author of Medea, Andromache, Electra, and The Trojan Women

Europa
Phoenician woman of high lineage who was abducted by Zeus in the form of a white bull

Eurus
Greek deity representing the unlucky east wind

Exposition
Literary term referring to the setting forth of a systematic explanation of or argument about any
subject; or the opening part of a play or story, in which we are introduced to the characters and their
situation, often by reference to precedingevent

The Fairy with Turquoise Hair

Fictional character in the famous children’s novelThe Adventures of Pinocchio

Fallboard
Hinged cover protecting the keyboard of a piano

Farfallino alphabet
Language game used primarily in Italy, which can be regarded as an elementary form of
substitution cipher

Fates

• Atropos
• Clotho
• Lachesis

Faulkner, William
Author of The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying and Light in August
Author of the Snopes trilogy (The Hamlet, The Town, The Mansion)

Fenrir
In Norse mythology, monstrous wolf and son of Loki that is foretold to kill the god Odin during the
events of Ragnarok, but will in turn be killed by Odin’s son Vidarr

Fielding, Henry
English novelist and dramatist known as the author of the novel Tom Jones

Fiesta
Original title of Ernest Hemingway novel The Sun Also Rises, used in foreign language editions

Fifth column
Group of people who undermine a larger group, such as a nation or a besieged city, from within

Figaro
Geppetto’s cat in Pinocchio

Fin de siècle
French for “end of the century”, term describing the movement inaugurated by the Decadent poets
of France and the movement called Aestheticism in England during this period

Fireside Poets

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• William Cullen Bryant
• John Greenleaf Whittier
• James Russell Lowell
• Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
First Folio
First ever edition of the complete works of William Shakespeare

First Impressions
Original title of Jane Austen novel Pride and Prejudice

Five children in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

• Charlie Bucket
• Veruca Salt
• Mike Teavee (last child to be ejected from the tour)
• Violet Beauregarde
• Augustus Gloop (first person to find a Golden Ticket)

Five rivers of the Greek underworld

Akheron Sorrow
Kokytos Lamentation
Lethe Forgetfulness
Phlegethon Fire
Styx Hate

Flaubert, Gustave
Author of Madame Bovary

Fleming, Ian Lancaster

English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer, best known for his James Bond series of
spy novels

Follett, Ken
Welsh author of The Key to Rebecca, Lie Down with Lions, Triple, and World Without End

Ford, Ford Madox

English novelist now remembered best for his publications The Good Soldier (1915), the Parade’s
End tetralogy (1924–28) and The Fifth Queen trilogy (1906–08)

Foreshadowing
Literary device in which an author hints certain plot developments that perhaps will come later in
the story

Forster, Edward Morgan

English novelist whose works include Howards End, A Room with a View, and A Passage to India

Forsyth, Frederick
Author of The Day of the Jackal, The Odessa File, The Dogs of War, The Veteran, The Afghan, The
Cobra and The Fourth Protocol

Founders of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry

• Godric Gryffindor
• Salazar Slytherin
• Rowena Ravenclaw
• Helga Hufflepuff

Frankenstein, Victor
Fictional character and main protagonist in the Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern
Prometheus

Franzen, Jonathan
American author of The Corrections

Frollo, Claude
Main antagonist from Victor Hugo’s 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

Frommer, Paul
Creator of the language for the Na’vi, the fictional indigenous race in James Cameron’s 2009 film
Avatar

Fuentes, Gregorio
Cuban fisherman that became the inspiration of the title character in the Ernest Hemingway novella
The Old Man and the Sea

Fugard, Athol
South African playwright, novelist, actor, and director who writes in English, best known for his
political plays opposing the South African system of apartheid and for the 2005 Academy-Award
winning film of his novel Tsotsi, directed by Gavin Hood

Funke, Cornelia
Multiple award-winning German author of children’s fiction best known for her Inkheart trilogy
(Inkheart, Inkspell, and Inkdeath)

Gaiman, Neil
Author of novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book

Galsworthy, John
Author of The Forsyte Saga

Gardner, Erle Stanley

American lawyer best known for writing the Perry Mason series

Garuda
Large mythical bird or bird-like creature in Hindu mythology, usually the mount of the God Vishnu

Gernsback, Hugo
Popularly called “The Father of Science Fiction”, the annual Science Fiction Achievement awards
are named the “Hugos” in his honor

Ghosts in Charles Dickens novel A Christmas Carol

• Jacob Marley
• Ghost of Christmas Past
• Ghost of Christmas Present
• Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come

Gibran, Khalil
Lebanese-American poet chiefly known in the English-speaking world for his 1923 book The
Prophet

“Gift Outright”
Poem by Robert Frost recited on the inauguration of John F. Kennedy

Gilbert Keith
First and middle names of English writer G. K. Chesterton

Gjallarhorn
Mystical horn blown at the onset of Ragnarök associated with the god Heimdallr

Gleipnir
Magic chain that bound the wolf Fenrir in Norse mythology

Gloop, Augustus
First person to find a Golden Ticket in the Roald Dahl novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

Gogol, Nikolai
Russian dramatist whose works include the novel Taras Bulba and the play Marriage, along with
the short stories “Diary of a Madman”, “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan
Nikiforovich”, “The Portrait” and “The Carriage”

Golden Fleece
In Greek mythology, fleece of the winged ram stolen by the heroJason with the aid of his mistress
Medea

Golding, William
Author of the Lord of the Flies

Gondal
Imaginary world or paracosm created by Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë in their youth

Gonzo journalism
Style of journalism that is written without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part
of the story via a first-person narrative

Graces

• Aglaia
• Euphrosyne
• Thalia

Grafton, Sue
American author of detective novels best known as the author of the “alphabet series” featuring
private investigator Kinsey Millhone in the fictional city of Santa Teresa, California
Grahame, Kenneth
Scottish writer most famous for the children’s classic The Wind in the Willows

Granma
Official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party

“Great American Novel”

Concept of a novel that is distinguished in both craft and theme as being the most accurate
representative of the zeitgeist in the United States at the time of its writing

Year Novel Author

1851 Moby-Dick Herman Melville
The Adventures of Huckleberry
1884 Mark Twain
Finn
1925 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald
1936 Absalom, Absalom! William Faulkner
1938 U.S.A. trilogy John Dos Passos
1939 The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck
1951 The Catcher in the Rye J. D. Salinger
The Adventures of Augie
1953 Saul Bellow
March
1955 Lolita Vladimir Nabokov
1960 To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee
1973 Gravity’s Rainbow Thomas Pynchon
1975 JR William Gaddis
Blood Meridian or the Evening
1985 Cormac McCarthy
Redness in the West
1987 Beloved Toni Morrison
1996 Infinite Jest David Foster Wallace
1997 Mason & Dixon Thomas Pynchon
1997 American Pastoral Philip Roth

Great Ormond Street Hospital

Known internationally for receiving the rights from J. M. Barrie to his play Peter Pan, or the Boy
Who Wouldn’t Grow Up in 1929, which have provided significant funding for the institution

Greek gods

Adonis Vegetation and rebirth

 Aeolus Winds
Aphrodite Love and beauty
Apollo Prophecy, music, youth, archery, healing
Ares War
Arethusa Springs and fountains
Artemis Fertility, chastity and hunting
Asclepius Healing
Athena Prudence and wise counsel
Attis Vegetation
Boreax North wind
Cybele Earth
Demeter Harvest
Dionysus Wine, vegetation and ecstasy
Eos Dawn
Eros Love
Gaia Earth
Ganymede Rain
Hades Underworld
Hebe Youth
Hecate Moon
Helios Sun
Hephaestus Fire
Hera Marriage and childbirth
Hermes Messenger of the gods
Hestia Hearth
Hypnos Sleep
Iris Rainbow
Morpheus Dreams
Nemesis Destiny, divine punishment
Nereus Sea
Notus South wind
Pan Male sexuality and herds
 Persephone Underworld and corn
Poseidon Sea, earthquakes, storms and horses
Selene Moon
Thanatos Death
Zephyrus West wind
Zeus Sky

Green Eggs and Ham

Best selling and critically acclaimed children’s book by Dr. Seuss, resulted from a bet between the
latter and publisher Bennett Cerf that Seuss could not complete an entire book using so few words
(used only 50 words)

Greene, Graham
English writer whose works include Brighton Rock, The Power and The Glory, The Heart of the
Matter and The End of the Affair

Greng-jai
Thai word for the feeling you get when you don’t want someone to do something for you because it
would be a pain for them

Griffonage
Term given for careless handwriting

Grimhilde
Real name of the evil queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

GroKo
Acronym for Große Koalition (“grand coalition”), German word of the year in reference to the
upcoming governmental coalition in the Bundestag, formed by the CDU-CSU and SPD

Gullinkambi
In Norse mythology, rooster who lives in Valhalla

Gulliver, Lemuel
Protagonist and narrator of Jonathan Swift novel Gulliver’s Travels

Gummi Bears

• Gruffi
• Cubbi
• Tummi
• Zummi
• Sunni
• Gusto
• Grammi

Gumusservi
Turkish word for moonlight shining on water
Gungnir
In Norse mythology, spear of the god Odin

Haggard, H. Rider
Author of King Solomon’s Mines

Hale, Sarah Josepha

Author of the nursery rhyme “Mary Had a Little Lamb”

Hallward, Basil
Artist who becomes infatuated with Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray

Hamartia
Greek word for error or failure, used by Aristotle in his Poetics to designate the false step that leads
the protagonist in a tragedy to his or herdownfall

Hammett, Samuel Dashiell

American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories, a screenplay writer, and political
activist, author of Red Harvest, The Dain Curse, The Maltese Falcon, The Glass Key and The Thin
Man

Hanuman
Hindu deity, an ardent devotee of Ramaaccording to the Hindu legends, who participated in Rama’s
war against the demon king Ravana

Hardy, Thomas
English novelist who wrote the novels Far from the Madding Crowd, The Mayor of Casterbridge,
Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure

Harker, Mina
Protagonist of Bram Stoker’s 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula

Harmon, John
Protagonist in the Charles Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend

Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William, 1st Viscount Northcliffe

British newspaper and publishing magnate who was an early pioneer of tabloid journalism

Harpagon
Titular character in the Moliere play The Miser

Harpe
In Greek mythology, sword used by Perseus to decapitate the Medusa

Harry Potter books

• Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

• Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
• Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
• Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
• Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
• Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
• Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Hartwell County
Setting of the Alice Walker novel The Color Purple

Hathaway, Anne
Wife of William Shakespeare

Havel, Vaclav
Czech dramatist who wrote The Garden Party and The Memorandum

Haven, Maine
Setting of the Stephen King novel The Tommyknockers

Haze, Dolores
Real name of the title character in Vladimir Nabokov’sLolita

Heaney, Seamus
Irish poet, playwright, translator, lecturer and recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature whose
notable works include District and Circle and The Spirit Level

Heart of Darkness
1899 short novel by Joseph Conrad which became the basis of the 1979 film Apocalypse Now

Hearts Insurgent
Original title of the Thomas Hardy novel Jude the Obscure

Heinlein, Robert Anson

American science fiction writer often called the “dean of science fiction writers”

Helen of Troy
Wife of Menelaus whose abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War

Heller, Joseph
Author of Catch-22 and Something Happened

Hemingway, Ernest Miller

Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, author of A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell
Tolls, Green Hills of Africa, and The Old Man and the Sea

Henry Louis
First and middle names of American journalist H. L. Mencken, known as the “Sage of Baltimore”
and for writing The American Language

Hephaestus
Greek god who chained Prometheus to a rock

Herlihy, James Leo

Author of Midnight Cowboy

Herostratus
Arsonist who burned down the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in ancient Greece in 356 BCE

He’s Just Not That Into You

Self-improvement book written by Greg Behrendt and Liz Tuccillo that was inspired by an episode
of Sex and the City titled “Pick-A-Little, Talk-A-Little”, in which Miranda Hobbes asks Carrie
Bradshaw’s boyfriend, Jack Berger, to analyze the post-date behavior of a potential love interest

Hestia
Greek goddess of the hearth, architecture, and the right ordering of domesticity, the family and the
state

Hieroglyphs
Formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetical
elements

Hillegass, Clifton
Creator and publisher of CliffsNotes

Hippomenes
In Greek mythology, husband of Atalanta

Hiraoka, Kimitake
Real name of Japanese writer Yukio Mishima, author of Sea of Fertility tetralogy and The Temple
of the GoldenPavilion

Hodr
In Norse mythology, brother of Baldr in Norse mythology who shot the mistletoe arrow which was
to slay the otherwise invulnerable Baldr after being tricked and guided by Loki

Hofud
In Norse mythology, sword of Heimdallr, the guardian of Bifröst

Hogg, James
Scottish poet and novelist best known for his novel Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified
Sinner

Homer
Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Hopkins, Gerald Manley

English poet, Roman Catholic convert, and Jesuit priest, whose experimental explorations in
prosody and his use of imagery established him as a daring innovator in a period of largely
traditional verse

Hornberger, H. Richard
American writer and surgeon, born in Trenton, New Jersey, who wrote under the pseudonym
Richard Hooker whose most famous work was his novel MASH, based on his experiences during
the Korean War and written in collaboration with W. C. Heinz

Hornblower, Horatio
Fictional character well versed in Latin and Greek, played excellent whist, spoke French and
Spanish, was tone deaf and suffered from chronic seasickness
Hornby, Nick
English novelist, essayist, lyricist, and screenwriter best known for the novels High Fidelity and
About a Boy, as well as for the football memoir Fever Pitch

Houyhnhnms
Race of intelligent horses described in the last part of Jonathan Swift’s satirical Gulliver’s Travels

Howe, Julia Ward

American abolitionist, social activist, poet, and the author of “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”

Huginn and Muninn

In Norse mythology, pair of ravens that fly all over the world, Midgard, and bring information to
the god Odin

Hugo, Victor
French novelistwhose best-known works include Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-
Dame

Hugo Awards

Year Best Novel Best Novella Best Novelette Best ShortStory

1946 Isaac Asimov, The George Orwell, Murray Leinster, Hal Clement,
(Retro) Mule “Animal Farm” “First Contact” “Uncommon Sense”
Robert A. Heinlein, Cyril M. Kornbluth,
1951 Robert A. Heinlein, Damon Knight, “To
“The Man Who “The Little Black
(Retro) Farmer in the Sky Serve Man”
Sold the Moon” Bag”
Alfred Bester, The
1953 — — —
Demolished Man
James Blish, Arthur C. Clarke,
1954 Ray Bradbury, James Blish, “A
“Earthman, Come “The Nine Billion
(Retro) Fahrenheit 451 Case of Conscience”
Home” Names of God”
Mark Clifton and
Frank Riley, They’d Walter M. Miller,
Eric Frank Russell,
1955 Rather Be Right — Jr., “The
“Allamagoosa”
(also known as The Darfsteller”
Forever Machine)
Robert A. Heinlein, Murray Leinster, Arthur C. Clarke,
1956 —
Double Star “Exploration Team” “The Star”
Avram Davidson,
Fritz Leiber, The Fritz Leiber, “The
1958 — “Or All the Seas
Big Time Big Time”
with Oysters”
Clifford D. Simak,
James Blish, A Robert Bloch, “That
1959 — “The Big Front
Case of Conscience Hell-Bound Train”
Yard”
1960 Robert A. Heinlein, — — Daniel Keyes,
Year Best Novel Best Novella Best Novelette Best ShortStory
Starship Troopers “Flowers for
Algernon”
Walter M. Miller, Poul Anderson,
1961 Jr., A Canticle for — — “The Longest
Leibowitz Voyage”
Robert A. Heinlein,
Brian Aldiss,
1962 Stranger in a — —
“Hothouse”
Strange Land
Philip K. Dick, The
Jack Vance, “The
1963 Man in the High — —
Dragon Masters”
Castle
Clifford D. Simak,
Here Gather the Poul Anderson, “No
1964 — —
Stars (also known as Truce with Kings”
Way Station)
Fritz Leiber, The Gordon R. Dickson,
1965 — —
Wanderer “Soldier, Ask Not”
Frank Herbert, Dune
Harlan Ellison,
Roger Zelazny,
““Repent,
1966 ...And Call Me — —
Harlequin!” Said the
Conrad (also known
Ticktockman”
as This Immortal)
Robert A. Heinlein,
Jack Vance, “The Larry Niven,
1967 The Moon Is a —
Last Castle” “Neutron Star”
Harsh Mistress
Philip José Farmer,
“Riders of the Fritz Leiber, Harlan Ellison, “I
Roger Zelazny,
1968 Purple Wage” “Gonna Roll the Have No Mouth,
Lord of Light
Anne McCaffrey, Bones” and I Must Scream”
“Weyr Search”
Harlan Ellison, “The
Poul Anderson,
John Brunner, Stand Robert Silverberg, Beast that Shouted
1969 “The Sharing of
on Zanzibar “Nightwings” Love at the Heart of
Flesh”
the World”
Samuel R. Delany,
Ursula K. Le Guin,
Fritz Leiber, “Ship “Time Considered
1970 The Left Hand of —
of Shadows” as a Helix of Semi-
Darkness
Precious Stones”
Larry Niven, Fritz Leiber, “Ill Theodore Sturgeon,
1971 —
Ringworld Met in Lankhmar” “Slow Sculpture”
Philip José Farmer, Poul Anderson,
Larry Niven,
1972 To Your Scattered “The Queen of Air —
“Inconstant Moon”
Bodies Go and Darkness”
Year Best Novel Best Novella Best Novelette Best ShortStory
R. A. Lafferty,
Ursula K. Le Guin,
Isaac Asimov, The Poul Anderson, “Eurema’s Dam”
1973 “The Word for
Gods Themselves “Goat Song” Frederik Pohl, “The
World Is Forest”
Meeting”
Ursula K. Le Guin,
Arthur C. Clarke, James Tiptree, Jr.,
Harlan Ellison, “The “The Ones Who
1974 Rendezvous with “The Girl Who Was
Deathbird” Walk Away from
Rama Plugged In”
Omelas”
Harlan Ellison,
“Adrift Just Off the
George R. R. Islets of
Ursula K. Le Guin, Larry Niven, “The
1975 Martin, “A Song for Langerhans:
The Dispossessed Hole Man”
Lya” Latitude 38° 54’ N,
Longitude 77° 00’
13″ W”
Roger Zelazny,
Joe Haldeman, The Larry Niven, “The Fritz Leiber, “Catch
1976 “Home Is the
Forever War Borderland of Sol” That Zeppelin!”
Hangman”
Spider Robinson,
“By Any Other
Kate Wilhelm,
Name” Isaac Asimov, “The Joe Haldeman,
1977 Where Late the
James Tiptree, Jr., Bicentennial Man” “Tricentennial”
Sweet Birds Sang
“Houston, Houston,
Do You Read?”
Spider Robinson
Frederik Pohl, and Jeanne Joan D. Vinge, Harlan Ellison,
1978
Gateway Robinson, “Eyes of Amber” “Jeffty Is Five”
“Stardance”
John Varley, “The
Vonda N. McIntyre, Poul Anderson, C. J. Cherryh,
1979 Persistence of
Dreamsnake “Hunter’s Moon” “Cassandra”
Vision”
George R. R.
Arthur C. Clarke,
Barry B. Longyear, George R. R. Martin, “The Way
1980 The Fountains of
“Enemy Mine” Martin, “Sandkings” of Cross and
Paradise
Dragon”
Gordon R. Dickson, Clifford D. Simak,
Joan D. Vinge, The Gordon R. Dickson
1981 “The Cloak and the “Grotto of the
Snow Queen “Lost Dorsai”
Staff” Dancing Deer”
C. J. Cherryh, Poul Anderson, Roger Zelazny, John Varley, “The
1982
Downbelow Station “The Saturn Game” “Unicorn Variation” Pusher”
Spider Robinson,
Isaac Asimov, Joanna Russ, Connie Willis, “Fire
1983 “Melancholy
Foundation’s Edge “Souls” Watch”
Elephants”
1984 David Brin, Startide Timothy Zahn, Greg Bear, “Blood Octavia E. Butler,
Year Best Novel Best Novella Best Novelette Best ShortStory
Rising “Cascade Point” Music” “Speech Sounds”
William Gibson, John Varley, “Press Octavia E. Butler, David Brin, “The
1985
Neuromancer Enter ■” “Bloodchild” Crystal Spheres”
Roger Zelazny, “24 Harlan Ellison,
Orson Scott Card, Frederik Pohl,
1986 Views of Mt. Fuji, “Paladin of the Lost
Ender’s Game “Fermi and Frost”
by Hokusai” Hour”
Orson Scott Card, Robert Silverberg,
Roger Zelazny, Greg Bear,
1987 Speaker for the “Gilgamesh in the
“Permafrost” “Tangents”
Dead Outback”
Ursula K. Le Guin, Lawrence Watt-
David Brin, The Orson Scott Card, “Buffalo Gals, Evans, “Why I Left
1988
Uplift War “Eye for Eye” Won’t You Come Harry’s All-Night
Out Tonight” Hamburgers”
George Alec
Connie Willis, “The
C. J. Cherryh, Effinger, Mike Resnick,
1989 Last of the
Cyteen “Schrödinger’s “Kirinyaga”
Winnebagos”
Kitten”
Lois McMaster Robert Silverberg,
Dan Simmons, Bujold, “The “Enter a Soldier. Suzy McKee
1990
Hyperion Mountains of Later: Enter Charnas, “Boobs”
Mourning” Another”
Lois McMaster Terry Bisson,
Joe Haldeman, “The Mike Resnick, “The
1991 Bujold, The Vor “Bears Discover
Hemingway Hoax” Manamouki”
Game Fire”
Lois McMaster Nancy Kress, Isaac Asimov, Geoffrey A. Landis,
1992
Bujold, Barrayar “Beggars in Spain” “Gold” “A Walk in the Sun”
Vernor Vinge, A
Lucius Shepard,
Fire Upon the Deep Janet Kagan, “The Connie Willis,
1993 “Barnacle Bill the
Connie Willis, Nutcracker Coup” “Even the Queen”
Spacer”
Doomsday Book
Kim Stanley Harry Turtledove, Charles Sheffield,
Connie Willis,
1994 Robinson, Green “Down in the “Georgia on My
“Death on the Nile”
Mars Bottomlands” Mind”
Lois McMaster Mike Resnick,
David Gerrold, “The Joe Haldeman,
1995 Bujold, Mirror “Seven Views of
Martian Child” “None So Blind”
Dance Olduvai Gorge”
Allen Steele, “The James Patrick Kelly, Maureen F.
Neal Stephenson,
1996 Death of Captain “Think Like a McHugh, “The
The Diamond Age
Future” Dinosaur” Lincoln Train”
Kim Stanley George R. R. Bruce Sterling, Connie Willis, “The
1997 Robinson, Blue Martin, “Blood of “Bicycle Soul Selects Her
Mars the Dragon” Repairman” Own Society:
Year Best Novel Best Novella Best Novelette Best ShortStory
Invasion and
Repulsion: A
Chronological
Reinterpretation of
Two of Emily
Dickinson’s Poems:
A Wellsian
Perspective”
Allen Steel, Bill Johnson, “We Mike Resnick, “The
Joe Haldeman,
1998 “...Where Angels Will Drink a Fish 43 Antarean
Forever Peace
Fear to Tread” Together...” Dynasties”
Connie Willis, To Michael Swanwick,
Greg Egan, Bruce Sterling,
1999 Say Nothing of the “The Very Pulse of
“Oceanic” “Taklamakan”
Dog the Machine”
James Patrick Kelly,
Connie Willis, “The Michael Swanwick,
Vernor Vinge, A “1016 to 1”
2000 Winds of Marble “Scherzo with
Deepness in the Sky Eleanor Arnason
Arch” Tyrannosaur”
“Stellar Harvest”
J. K. Rowling, Jack Williamson, Kristine Kathryn David Langford,
2001 Harry Potter and “The Ultimate Rusch, “Millennium “Different Kinds of
the Goblet of Fire Earth” Babies” Darkness”
Vernor Vinge, “Fast Ted Chiang, “Hell Is Michael Swanwick,
Neil Gaiman,
2002 Times at Fairmont the Absence of “The Dog Said
American Gods
High” God” Bow-Wow”
Robert J. Sawyer, Neil Gaiman, Michael Swanwick, Geoffrey A. Landis,
2003
Hominids “Coraline” “Slow Life” “Falling Onto Mars”
Lois McMaster
Vernor Vinge, “The Michael Swanwick, Neil Gaiman, “A
2004 Bujold, Paladin of
Cookie Monster” “Legions in Time” Study in Emerald”
Souls
Susanna Clarke, Mike Resnick,
Charles Stross, “The Kelly Link, “The
2005 Jonathan Strange & “Travels with My
Concrete Jungle” Faery Handbag”
Mr Norrell Cats”
Robert Charles Connie Willis, Peter S. Beagle, David D. Levine,
2006
Wilson, Spin “Inside Job” “Two Hearts” “Tk’tk’tk”
Tim Pratt,
Vernor Vinge, Robert Reed, “A Ian McDonald, “The
2007 “Impossible
Rainbows End Billion Eves” Djinn’s Wife”
Dreams”
Michael Chabon, Connie Willis, “All Ted Chiang, “The
Elizabeth Bear,
2008 The Yiddish Seated on the Merchant and the
“Tideline”
Policemen’s Union Ground” Alchemist’s Gate”
Elizabeth Bear,
Neil Gaiman, The Nancy Kress, “The Ted Chiang,
2009 “Shoggoths in
Graveyard Book Erdmann Nexus” “Exhalation”
Bloom”
 Year Best Novel Best Novella Best Novelette Best ShortStory
Paolo Bacigalupi,
The Windup Girl Charles Stross, Peter Watts, Will McIntosh,
2010
China Miéville, The “Palimpsest” “The Island” “Bridesicle”
City & the City
Ted Chiang, The Allen Steele, Mary Robinette
Connie Willis,
2011 Lifecycle of “The Emperor of Kowal,”For Want of
Blackout/All Clear
Software Objects Mars” a Nail”
Charlie Jane
Kij Johnson, The
Jo Walton, Among Anders, “Six Ken Liu, “The Paper
2012 Man Who Bridged
Others Months, Three Menagerie”
the Mist
Days”
Pat Cadigan, “The
John Scalzi, Brandon Sanderson, Ken Liu, “Mono no
2013 Girl-Thing Who
Redshirts The Emperor’s Soul Aware”
Went Out for Sushi”

Huitain
French stanza form consisting of eight lines of either 8 or 10 syllables each, usually rhyming
ababbcbc or abbaacac

Humpty-Dumpty
Nursery rhyme where the title of the Robert Penn Warren novel All the King’s Men was drawn

Hyacinth
In Greek mythology, divine hero loved by Apollo killed by Zephyrus by blowing Apollo’s discus
off course so as to injure and kill him

Ibsen, Henrik
Norwegian playwright, author of Brand, Peer Gynt, An Enemy of the People, Emperor and
Galilean, A Doll’s House, Hedda Gabler, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Rosmersholm, and The Master
Builder

Ichor
In Greek mythology, ethereal golden fluid that is the blood of the gods and/or immortals

Idyll
Short poem describing an incident of country life in terms ofidealized innocence and contentment,
or any such episode in a poem or prose work

If I Ran the Zoo

Children’s book by Dr. Seuss often credited with the first modern English use of the word “nerd”

Iktsuarpok
Inuit word for the feeling of anticipation when one is waiting for someone to show up at your house
and you keep going outside to see if they’re there yet

Imagism
Movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and
clear, sharp language

Incident at West Egg

Original title of the F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby

Inklings
Informal literary discussion group associated with the University of Oxford which praised the value
of narrative in fiction and encouraged the writing of fantasy

Interview
American magazine founded in late 1969 by Andy Warhol

Irving, Washington
American author best known for his short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van
Winkle”, both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.

Isengard
Large fortress in J. R. R. Tolkien’s fictional universe of Middle-earth

Ishiguro, Kazuo
Author of The Remains of the Day

Isis
In Egyptian mythology, the consort of Osiris

Islands in the Stream

First posthumously released work of Ernest Hemingway

Iving
In Norse mythology, river, which never freezes over, that separates Jotunheim from Asgard

“Jabberwocky”
Nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What
Alice Found There, a sequel to Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Jack Frost
Personification of frost and cold weather

Jack Ryan novels

Wrote by Tom Clancy

• The Hunt for Red October (1984)

• Patriot Games (1987)
• The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
• Clear and Present Danger (1989)
• The Sum of All Fears (1991)
• Without Remorse (1993)
• Debt of Honor (1994)
• Executive Orders (1996)
• Rainbow Six (1998)
• The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
• Red Rabbit (2002)
• The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)
• Dead or Alive (2010)
• Locked On (2011)
• Threat Vector (2012)

James, Erika Leonard

British author of the bestselling erotic romance novels trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades
Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed

James, Henry
Author of The Turn of the Screw

Jarndyce v. Jarndyce
Fictional court case in the English Court of Chancery in the Charles Dickens novel Bleak House by
which concerns the fate of a large inheritance which drags on for so many generations that legal
costs devour the entire estate

Jarnvidjur
In Norse mythology, race of witches who lived east of Midgard in a place called Jarnvid

Javert
Primary antagonist in Victor Hugo’s 1862 novel Les Misérables

Jeeves, Reginald
Fictional character in the short stories and novels of P. G. Wodehouse, being the valet of Bertie
Wooster

Jerigonza
Spanish language game played by children in Spain and all over Latin America that consists of
adding the letter p after each vowel of a word, and repeating the vowel

Jerome, Jerome Klapka

English writer and humorist best known for the comic travelogue Three Men in a Boat

Jerome David
First and middle names of author J. D. Salinger, author of Catcher in the Rye

Jerusalem Prize
Biennial literary award given to writers whose works have dealt with themes of human freedom in
society

1963 Bertrand Russell

1965 Max Frisch
1967 André Schwarz-Bart
1969 Ignazio Silone
1971 Jorge Luis Borges
1973 Eugène Ionesco
 1975 Simone de Beauvoir
1977 Octavio Paz
1979 Isaiah Berlin
1981 Graham Greene
1983 V. S. Naipaul
1985 Milan Kundera
1987 J. M. Coetzee
1989 Ernesto Sabato
1991 Zbigniew Herbert
1993 Stefan Heym
1995 Mario Vargas Llosa
1997 Jorge Semprún
1999 Don DeLillo
2001 Susan Sontag
2003 Arthur Miller
2005 António Lobo Antunes
2007 Leszek Kołakowski
2009 Haruki Murakami
2011 Ian McEwan
2013 Antonio Muñoz Molina

Jocasta
Queen consort of Thebes, wife of Laius and mother of Oedipus

John Henry
American folk hero and tall tale who worked as a “steel-driver”, a man tasked with hammering a
steel drill into rock to make holes for explosives to blast the rock away

Joro Kumo
In Japanese folklore, ghost resembling a spider woman, who lures men to their death

Joseph, Jenny
English poet best known for her poem “Warning”

Jotunheim
In Norse mythology, land of the frost giants located under one of the treeroots of Yggdrasil

Joukahainen
In the Finnish epic poem “Kalevala”, evil youth who entered into a contest with Vainamoinen and
was defeated

Junger, Sebastian
Author of The Perfect Storm

Junkie
First published work of William S. Burroughs (1953) considered as a seminal text on the lifestyle of
heroin addicts in the early 1950s

Kafka, Franz
German-language author of The Metamorphosis and The Trial

Kansas City Star

Newspaper in the United States where author Ernest Hemingway honed his writing skills

Kazantzakis, Nikos
Author of the novel Zorba the Greek

Keats, John
English Romantic poet whose poetry is characterized by sensual imagery, most notably in the series
of odes
Works include “Ode to a Nightingale” and “Ode on a Grecian Urn”

Keene, Carolyn
Pseudonym of the authors of the Nancy Drew and The Dana Girls series

Kelpie
Supernatural water horse from Celtic folklore that is believed to haunt the rivers and lochs of
Scotland and Ireland

Keneally, Thomas
Author of Schindler’s Ark

Kesey, Kenneth
American author best known for his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest

Kilmer, Joyce
American writer and poet mainly remembered for a short poem titled “Trees” (1913)

King Solomon’s Mines

Popular novel by the Victorian adventure writer and fabulist Sir H. Rider Haggard which tells of a
search of an unexplored region of Africa by a group of adventurers led by Allan Quatermain for the
missing brother of one of the party, first English adventure novel set in Africa

Kinney, Jeff
Author of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid book series and designer of the online game Poptropica

Kipling, Rudyard
Author of The Jungle Book, Captains Courageous, Just So Stories, and Kim

Knights of the Round Table

• King Arthur
• Sir Gawain
• Sir Lancelot
• Sir Perceval
• Sir Galahad
• Sir Bors
• Sir Kay
• Bedivere
• Lucan the Butler
• Sir Girflet
• Sir Yvain
• Sir Erec
• Cadre
• Hoel
• King Pellinor
• Tristan (Tristram)
• Morholt (Marhaus)
• Palemedes
• Dinadan
• Sir Agravain
• Sir Gaheris
• Sir Gareth
• Mordred
• Galeshin
• Sir Yvain the Bastard
• Sir Hector
• Sir Lionel
• Sir Lamerocke
• Agloval
• King Baudemagus
• Sir Sagremor
• Guinglain

Koi No Yokan
Japanese phrase for the sense upon first meeting a person that the two of you are going to fall in
love

Korak
Son of Tarzan in the books by Edgar Rice Burroughs

Kronborg
Castle in Denmark that is immortalized as Elsinore in William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet

Kummerspeck
German word for the excess weight gained from emotional overeating

Labyrinth
Complicated building or maze said to have been built by Daedalus for king Minos of Crete, where
the Minotaur was kept, and from which no one could escape

Lacuna
Gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting or musical work

Laertes
In Greek mythology, father of Odysseus

Lambda Literary Awards

Known as “Lammys”, awarded yearly by the US-based Lambda Literary Foundation to published
works which celebrate or explore LGBT themes

Larsson, Stieg
Swedish journalist best known for writing the “Millennium series” of crime novels, which were
published posthumously

Lasky, Kathryn
American author whose work includes several Dear America books, The Royal Diaries books,
Sugaring Time, The Night Journey, Wolves of the Beyond, and the Guardians of Ga’Hoole series

Laura
Name of the idealized love of Italian poet Petrarch

Lawrence, David Herbert

English novelist whose works include Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, and Lady
Chatterley’s Lover

Le Carre, John
Creator of the fictional British MI6 spy George Smiley

Lear, Edward
English artist, illustrator and poet known mostly for his literary nonsense in poetry and prose and
especially his limericks

Lee, William
Pen name used by William S. Burroughs

Legree, Simon
Cruel slave owner who killed the title character in Harriet Beecher Stowe novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Leitmotif
Frequently repeated phrase, image, symbol, or situation in a literary work, the recurrence of which
usually indicates or supports a theme

Leonard, Elmore
American novelist and screenwriter whose best-known works are Get Shorty, Out of Sight, Hombre,
Mr. Majestyk, and Rum Punch

Leprechaun
Type of fairy in Irish folklore, usually taking the form of an old man, clad in a red or green coat,
which enjoys partaking in mischief

Leroux, Gaston
French journalist best known for writing the novel The Phantom of the Opera
Lessing, Doris
Nobel laureate, author of The Golden Notebook

Leto
In Greek mythology, mother of deities Apollo and Artemis

Levin, Ira
Author of Rosemary’s Baby

Lewis, Sinclair
First writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, author of the novels
Babbit, Main Street, Martin Arrowsmith and Elmer Gantry
Only person ever to decline a Pulitzer Prize for fiction for Arrowhead

Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis

Longest Etruscan text and the only extant linen book

Lindgren, Astrid
Swedish author and screenwriter best known for the Pippi Longstocking, Karlsson-on-the-Roof and
the Six Bullerby Children book series

Lingua franca
Language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a
mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues

Lipogram
Kind of constrained writing or word game consisting of writing paragraphs or longer works in
which a particular letter or group of letters is avoided—usually a common vowel, and frequently
“E”, the most common letter in the English language

Loki
In Norse mythology, father of the world serpent Jörmungandr

Long John Silver

Primary antagonist of the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth

American poet and educator whose works include “Paul Revere’s Ride”, “The Song of Hiawatha”,
and “Evangeline”
First American to translate Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy

Longueur
French for “length”, literary term referring to any tediously prolonged passage or scene in a literary
work

Lönnrot, Elias
Finnish physician best known for compiling Kalevala, the national epic of Finland, from national
folk tales that he gathered during several expeditions in Finland, Russian Karelia, the Kola
Peninsula and Baltic countries

Loos, Anita
Author of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
Lope de Vega, Felix
Nicknamed “The Phoenix of Wits”and “Monster of Nature”by Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish
playwright and poet that was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century Baroque
literature

Lorenzo, Aldonza
Real name of fictional character Dulcinea del Toboso in Miguel de Cervantes’ novel Don Quixote

Lorien Legacies
Series of young adult science fiction books written by James Frey and Jobie Hughes under the
collective pseudonym Pittacus Lore

• I Am Number Four
• The Power of Six
• The Rise of Nine
• The Fall of Five

Lowry, Lois
American writer credited with more than thirty children’s books and an autobiography and won the
American Library Association annual Newbery Medal for both Number the Stars in 1989 and The
Giver in 1993

Lucas, Victoria
Pen name used by Sylvia Plath

Lustbader, Erik van

Continued writing the Jason Bourne novels after the death of Robert Ludlum

Macbeth
Play written by William Shakespeare and is considered one of his darkest and most powerful
tragedies

Macron
Term for a diacritic placed above a vowel

Mag’s Diversion
Original title of the Charles Dickens novel David Copperfield

Mahfouz, Naguib
Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature, the only Arab writer who has won
the award

Maid Marian
Love interest of the legendary English outlaw Robin Hood

Malapropism
Use of an incorrect word in place of a word with a similar sound, resulting in a nonsensical, often
humorous utterance

Mamihlapinatapa
Yaghan word that refer to a special look shared between two people, when both are wishing that the
other would do something that they both want, but neither want to do

Man Booker International Prize winners

2005 Ismail Kadare

2007 Chinua Achebe
2009 Alice Munro
2011 Philip Roth
2013 Lydia Davis

Man Booker Prize winners

Year Author Novel

1969 P. H. Newby Something to Answer For
Bernice Ruben The Elected Member
1970
J. G. Farrell Troubles
1971 V. S. Naipaul In a Free State
1972 John Berger G.
1973 J. G. Farrell The Siege of Krishnapur
1974 Nadine Gordimer The Conservationist
1975 Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Heat and Dust
1976 David Story Saville
1977 Paul Scott Staying On
1978 Iris Murdoch The Sea, the Sea
1979 Penelope Fitzgerald Offshore
1980 William Golding Rites of Passage
1981 Salman Rushdie Midnight’s Children
1982 Thomas Keneally Schindler’s Ark
1983 J. M. Coetzee Life and Times of Michael K
1984 Anita Brookner Hotel du Lac
1985 Keri Hulme The Bone People
1986 Kingsley Amis The Old Devils
1987 Penelope Lively Moon Tiger
1988 Peter Carey Oscar and Lucinda
 Year Author Novel
1989 Kazuo Ishiguro The Remains of the Day
1990 A. S. Byatt Possession: A Romance
1991 Ben Okri The Famished Road
1992 Michael Ondaatje The English Patient
1993 Roddy Doyle Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha
1994 James Kelman How Late It Was, How Late
1995 Pat Barker The Ghost Road
1996 Graham Swift Last Orders
1997 Arundhati Roy The God of Small Things
1998 Ian McEwan Amsterdam
1999 J. M. Coetzee Disgrace
2000 Margaret Atwood The Blind Assassin
2001 Peter Carey True History of the Kelly Gang
2002 Yann Martel Life of Pi
2003 D. B. C. Pierre Vernon God Little
2004 Alan Hollinghurst The Line of Beauty
2005 John Banville The Sea
2006 Kiran Desai The Inheritance of Loss
2007 Anne Enright The Gathering
2008 Aravind Adiga The White Tiger
2009 Hilary Mantel Wolf Hall
2010 Howard Jacobson The Finkler Question
2011 Julian Barnes The Sense of an Ending
2012 Hilary Mantel Bring Up The Bodies
2013 Eleanor Catton The Luminaries

Mangani
Name of a fictional species of great apes in the Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs, and of the
invented language used by these apes

Mann, Thomas
German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize
laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their
insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual
Notable works include Buddenbrooks, The Magic Mountain and Death in Venice

Man’yoshu
Oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, compiled sometime after 759 CE during the Nara
period

Maquet, Auguste
French author best known as the chief collaborator of French novelist Alexandre Dumas, père, co-
writing such works as The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers

Marginalia
Scribbles, comments and illuminations in the margins of a book

Markham, Robert
Pseudonym used by author Kingsley Amis to publish Colonel Sun in March 1968, the first
continuation James Bond novel following the death of Bond’s creator, Ian Fleming

Marlowe, Christopher
Author of The Jew of Malta, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love and The Tragical History of the
Life and Death of Doctor Faustus

Martel, Yann
Canadian author best known for the Man Booker Prize-winning novel Life of Pi

Martial
Latin poet from Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) best known for his twelve books of Epigrams,
published in Rome between 86 and 103 CE, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and
Trajan
Considered to be the creator of the modern epigram

Martin, George Raymond Richard

American screenwriter and author of fantasy, horror, and science fiction best known for A Song of
Ice and Fire series

Maruts
In Hindu mythology, wind gods who form part of the entourageof Indra or of Shiva

Mason, Richard
Author of The World of Suzie Wong

Mater Matuta
In Roman mythology, goddess of sea travel, originally anearly Italian goddess of birth, dawn,
harbors, and the sea, and as such identifiedwith the Greek Leucothea

Matheson, Richard
Author of the novel I Am Legend, that became the basis of the 2007 film of the same name

Max
Young boy in the Maurice Sendak story Where the Wild Things Are

McCarthy, Cormac
American novelist and playwright who has written ten novels, spanning the Southern Gothic,
Western, and Post-apocalyptic genres

McCrae, John
Canadian soldier best known for writing the famous war memorial poem “In Flanders Fields”

McCullough, Colleen
Australian author whose best-known work is The Thorn Birds

McGonagall, Minerva
Transfiguration professor of Hogwarts in Harry Potter

McKenna, Richard
Author of The Sand Pebbles

Megara
In Greek mythology, oldest daughter of Creon, king of Thebes who was offered to Heracles in
reward for his contribution to the defense of Thebes from the Minyans at Orchomenus in single-
handed battle

Meleager
In Greek mythology, host of the Calydonian Boar Hunt

Mellors, Oliver
The lover in D. H. Lawrence novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover

Melmoth, Sebastian
Assumed name of author Oscar Wilde while living in Paris

Mencolek
Indonesian word for the old trick where you tap someone lightly on the opposite shoulder from
behind to fool them

Menelaus
In Greek mythology, king of Mycenaean Sparta and the husband of Helen of Troy

Mephistopheles
Demon featured in German folklore that originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust
legend, and has since appeared in other works as a stock character version of the Devil

Mercutio
Close friend to Romeo in the Shakespeare tragedy Romeo and Juliet

Mermen
Male counterpart of mermaids

Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year

2003 Democracy
2004 Blog
 2005 Integrity
2006 Truthiness
2007 w00t
2008 Bailout
2009 Admonish
2010 Austerity
2011 Pragmatic
2012 Socialism / Capitalism
2013 Science

Metafiction
Literary term for describing fictional writing that self-consciously andsystematically draws
attention to its status as an artifact in posing questions about the relationship between fiction and
reality,usually using irony and self-reflection

Meyer, Stephenie
American young adult author and producer, best known for her vampire romance series Twilight

Mezrich, Ben
Author of the 2009 book The Accidental Billionaires, which became the basis of the film The Social
Network

Michener, James Albert

American author of Tales of the South Pacific, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in
1948
Author of Chesapeake and Hawaii

Millhone, Kinsey
Fictional character created by Sue Grafton for her “alphabet mysteries” series of novels

1. “A” Is for Alibi (1982)

2. “B” Is for Burglar (1985)
3. “C” Is for Corpse (1986)
4. “D” Is for Deadbeat (1987)
5. “E” Is for Evidence (1988)
6. “F” Is for Fugitive (1989)
7. “G” Is for Gumshoe (1990)
8. “H” Is for Homicide (1991)
9. “I” Is for Innocent (1992)
10. “J” Is for Judgment (1993)
11. “K” Is for Killer (1994)
12. “L” Is for Lawless (1995)
13. “M” Is for Malice (1996)
14. “N” Is for Noose (1998)
15. “O” Is for Outlaw (1999)
16. “P” Is for Peril (2001)
17. “Q” Is for Quarry (2002)
18. “R” Is for Ricochet (2004)
19. “S” Is for Silence (2005)
20. “T” Is for Trespass (2007)
21. “U” Is for Undertow (2009)
22. “V” Is for Vengeance (2011)
23. “W” Is for Wasted (2013)

Milton, John
English poet best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost and its sequel Paradise Regained

Ministry of Truth
Organization where Winston Smith work in the George Orwell novelNineteen Eighty-Four

Minnehaha
Fictional Native American woman documented in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s 1855 epic poem
“The Song of Hiawatha”

Mister Geppetto
Fictional character, the creator of Pinocchio in the 1883 novel

Mistletoe
Sacred plant Druids use to treat arthritis and epilepsy according to Pliny the Elder

Mistress Mary
Working title of the Frances Hodgson Burnett novel The Secret Garden

Mitchell, Margaret
American journalist who wrote the novel Gone with the Wind

Mithras
In Persian mythology, god of life, heat, fertility, a mediator between the gods and men, and chief
aide to the good god, Ahura Mazda, in his war against the evil spirit, Ahriman

Mitokht
In Persian mythology, demon of falsehood and the son of the evil spirit, Ahriman

Moccia, Federico
Italian writer whose successful book and film I Want You made many people put love padlocks on
Ponte Milvio in Rome

Modesty cover
Plastic cover used when an adult magazine is displayed on store shelves

Mjölnir
Hammer of Thor, the Norse god of thunder

Moliere
Pseudonymof of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, French playwright whose works include Tartuffe, The
Misanthrope, The Learned Women, The School for Wives and L’Avare

Momotaro
In Japanese folktales, hero who emerged from a peach and defeated the demon Akandoji

Moore, Robin
American writer who is most known for his books The Green Berets, The French Connection: A
True Account of Cops, Narcotics, and International Conspiracy

Morphology
Branch of linguistics concerned with analyzing the structure ofwords

Morris, Quincey
Last person to donate his blood to Lucy Westenra before her death in the Bram Stoker novel
Dracula

Muggle
In Harry Potter, someone who lacks magic

Mumpsimus
Action by a person, or the person themselves, who adheres to a routine, idea, custom, set of beliefs,
or a certain use of language that has been shown to be unreasonable or incorrect

Murasaki Shikibu
Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court during the Heian period best
known as the author of The Tale of Genji

Murdoch, Dame Iris

Irish-born British author and philosopher, best known for her novels about good and evil, sexual
relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious

Murakami, Haruki
Author of the novels Norwegian Wood, Kafka on the Shore and The Wind-up BirdChronicle

Muses in Greek mythology

Calliope Epic poetry

Clio History
Erato Love poetry
Euterpe Song and Elegiac poetry
Melpomene Tragedy
Polyhymnia Hymns
Terpsichore Dance
Thalia Comedy
Urania Astronomy

The Mysterious Island

Crossover sequel to Jules Verne’s famous Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and In Search
of the Castaways
Nabokov, Vladimir
Russian author whose most famous novel is Lolita

Nadsat
Language spoken by teens in the Anthony Burgess novel A Clockwork Orange

Nagini
Pet snake of Lord Voldemort

Naglfar
Boat made entirely from the fingernails and toenails of the dead in Norse mythology

Naiads
In classical mythology, nymphs of springs, rivers, and lakes

Nash, Ogden
American poet well known for his light verse

Nathanson, E. M.
Author of the 1965 novel The Dirty Dozen, which was adapted into the film of the same name

Nelle
Real first name of author Harper Lee

Neoptolemus
In Greek mythology, son of Achilles who killed King Priam afterthe fall of Troy

Nesbit, Edith
Author of The Railway Children

Nidhoggr
In Norse mythology, a dragon who gnaws at a root of the World Tree, Yggdrasil

Nimbus Two-Thousand
Harry Potter’s first broomstick

Nine circles of Hell in Dante’s Inferno

First Circle – Limbo

Second Circle – Lust
Third Circle – Gluttony
Fourth Circle – Greed
Fifth Circle – Anger
Sixth Circle – Heresy
Seventh Circle – Violence
Eighth Circle – Fraud
Ninth Circle – Treachery

Nine Spheres of Heaven in Dante’s Paradiso

First Sphere – The Moon: The Inconstant

Second Sphere – Mercury: The Ambitious
Third Sphere – Venus: The Lovers
Fourth Sphere - The Sun: The Wise
Fifth Sphere – Mars: The Warriors of the Faith
Sixth Sphere – Jupiter: The Just Rulers
Seventh Sphere – Saturn: The Contemplatives
Eighth Sphere – The Fixed Stars: Faith, Hope, and Love
Ninth Sphere – The Primum Mobile: The Angels

Njord
In Norse mythology, god of winds, sea, fire, and wealth, and the father ofFrey and Freyja

Nobel Prize for Literature winners

1901 Rene F. A. Sully Prudhomme

1902 Theodore Mommsen
1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson
Frederic Mistral
1904
Jose Echegaray
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906 Giosue Carducci
1907 Rudyard Kipling
1908 Rudolf C. Eucken
1909 Selma Lagerlöf
1910 Paul J. L. Heyse
1911 Maurice Maeterlinck
1912 Gerhart Hauptmann
1913 Rabindranath Tagore
1914 —
1915 Romain Rolland
1916 Verner von Heidenstam
Karl A. Gjellerup
1917
Henrik Pontoppidan
1918 —
1919 Carl F. G. Spitteler
1920 Knut Hamsun
1921 Anatole France
1922 Jacinto Benavente
1923 William Butler Yeats
1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont
1925 George Bernard Shaw
1926 Grazia Deledda
1927 Henri Bergson
1928 Sigrid Undset
1929 Thomas Mann
1930 Sinclair Lewis
1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt
1932 John Galsworthy
1933 Ivan A. Bunin
1934 Luigi Pirandello
1935 —
1936 Eugene O’Neill
1937 Roger Martin du Gard
1938 Pearl S. Buck
1939 Frans E. Sillanpää
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 —
1944 Johannes V. Jensen
1945 Gabriela Mistral
1946 Hermann Hesse
1947 André Gide
1948 T. S. Eliot
1949 William Faulkner
1950 Bertrand Russell
1951 Pär F. Lagerkvist
1952 Francois Mauriac
1953 Sir Winston Churchill
1954 Ernest Hemingway
1955 Halldor K. Laxness
1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez
1957 Albert Camus
1958 Boris Pasternak (declined)
1959 Salvatore Quasimodo
1960 Saint-John Perse
1961 Ivo Andric
1962 John Steinbeck
1963 Giorgos Seferis
1964 Jean Paul Sartre (declined)
1965 Mikhail Sholokhov
Samuel Joseph Agnon
1966
Nelly Sachs
1967 Miguel Angel Asturias
1968 Yasunari Kawabata
1969 Samuel Beckett
1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn
1971 Pablo Neruda
1972 Heinrich Böll
1973 Patrick White
Eyvind Johnson
1974
Harry Edmund Martinson
1975 Eugenio Montale
1976 Saul Bellow
1977 Vicente Aleixandre
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer
1979 Odysseus Elytis
1980 Czeslaw Milosz
1981 Elias Canetti
1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez
1983 William Golding
1984 Jaroslav Siefert
1985 Claude Simon
1986 Wole Soyinka
1987 Joseph Brodsky
 1988 Naguib Mahfouz
1989 Camilo José Cela
1990 Octavio Paz
1991 Nadine Gordimer
1992 Derek Walcott
1993 Toni Morrison
1994 Kenzaburo Oe
1995 Seamus Heaney
1996 Wislawa Szymborska
1997 Dario Fo
1998 José Saramago
1999 Günter Grass
2000 Gao Xingjian
2001 Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
2002 Imre Kertész
2003 J. M. Coetzee
2004 Elfriede Jelinek
2005 Harold Pinter
2006 Orhan Pamuk
2007 Doris Lessing
2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
2009 Herta Müller
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa
2011 Tomas Tranströmer
2012 Mo Yan
2013 Alice Munro

Norse gods

Baldr Beauty, innocence, peace and rebirth

Borr Father of Odin, Vili and Ve
Bragi Poetry
Buri First god
 Dagr Daytime
Delling Dawn
Eir Healing
Forseti Justice, peace and truth
Freya Love, sexuality, fertility and battle
Freyr Fertility
Frigg Marriage and motherhood
Fulla Frigg’s handmaid
Gmot Moon
Gefjun Fertility and plough
Hel Queen of Nifelheim (underworld)
Heimdallr Guardian of Asgard
Hermodr Odin’s son
Hlin Consolation and protection
Hodr Winter
Hœnir Silent god
Idunn Youth
Jörd Earth
Kvasir Inspiration
Lofn Love
Loki Mischief
Mani Moon
Mimir Odin’s uncle
An Ásynja married with Baldr and mother to
Nanna
Forseti
Goddess mentioned by Tacitus and is connected
Nerbus
to that of Njordr
Nott Night
Odin Ruler of the gods
Sjofn Love
Skadi Winter
Snotra Prudence
Sol Sun
 Thor Thunder and battle
Tiki Stone
Tree Life
Tyr War and the skies
Ullr Skill, hunt and duel
Vali Revenge
Var Contract
Ve Creation
Vor Wisdom
Weth Anger

O’Brien, Howard Allen Frances

Real name of The Vampire Chronicles author Anne Rice

Oceania
Nation ruled by Big Brother in the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four

Okri, Ben
Nigerian author of Astonishing the Gods, A Way of Being Free and most famously The Famished
Road

The Old Man and the Sea

The final masterpiece of Ernest Hemingway, novel aboutSantiago’s quest for a pesky giant marlin

Once-ler
Antagonist to the title character in the Dr. Seuss novel The Lorax

Ondaatje, Michael
Author of The English Patient

Onomatopoeia
Word that phonetically imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes

Orczy, Baroness Emma

British novelist most known for her series of novels featuring the Scarlet Pimpernel

Ovid
Banished to Tomis, on the Black Sea, by the exclusive intervention of the Emperor Augustus,
without any participation of the Senate or of any Roman judge, an event which would shape all of
his following poetry

Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year

Year UK US
 Year UK US
2004 Chav
2005 Sudoku Podcast
2006 Bovvered Carbon-neutral
2007 Carbon footprint Locavore
2008 Credit crunch Hypermiling
2009 Simples Unfriend
2010 Big society Refudiate
2011 Squeezed middle
2012 Omnishambles GIF
2013 Selfie

Oxymoron
Figure of speech that combines contradictory terms

Palamedes
In Greek mythology, prince of Nauplia who is said to have invented counting, currency, weights
and measures, jokes, dice and pessoi, as well as military ranks

Palindrome
Word, phrase, number or any other sequence of units which has the property of reading the same
forwards as it does backwards, character for character, sometimes disregarding punctuation,
capitalization and diacritics

Palladium
In Greek and Roman mythology, cult image of great antiquity on which the safety of Troy and later
Rome was said to depend, the wooden statue of Pallas Athena that Odysseus and Diomedes stole
from the citadel of Troy and which was later taken to the future site of Rome by Aeneas

Pana Po’o
Hawaiian word for the act of scratching one’s head in order to help remember something forgotten

Pangram
Term for a sentence which contains all 26 letters of the alphabet

Panem
Fictional nation that is the setting of The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins

Papyrology
Study of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc., as preserved in manuscripts written
on papyrus, the most common form of writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece,
and Rome

Parker, Dorothy
American poet, short story writer, critic and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for
20th century urban foibles

Parvenu
Person who is a relative newcomer to a socioeconomic class

Pascal, Francine
Creator of the Sweet Valley High novel series

Passepartout
Name of the servant in the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days

Pathetic fallacy
Poetic convention whereby natural phenomena which cannot feel as humans do are described as if
they could: thus rainclouds may ‘weep’, or flowers may be ‘joyful’ in sympathy with the poet’s or
imagined speaker’s mood

Patterson, James
American author largely known for his novels about fictional psychologist Alex Cross, the
protagonist of the Alex Cross series

Paton, Alan
Author of Cry, the Beloved Country

Patusan
Fictional country in the novel Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad

Paul Morrel
Original title of the D. H. Lawrence novel Sons and Lovers

Paz, Octavio
Winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature, Mexican author ofThe Monkey
Grammarian,TheLabyrinth of Solitude and The Sun Stone

Peake, Mervyn
English writer, artist, poet and illustrator best known for what are usually referred to as the
Gormenghast books

“Pease Porridge Hot”

Children’s singing game and nursery rhyme where the title of the film Some Like It Hot was taken

Pele
Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes, fire and lightning

Pelinti
Ghanaian word meaning “to move hot food around in your mouth”

Penelope
In Greek mythology, wife of Odysseus

Penthesilea
Amazonian queen in Greek mythology who killed Hippolyta with a spear when they were hunting
deer that caused her so much grief that she wished only to die, but, as a warrior and an Amazon, she
had to do so honorably and in battle and therefore was easily convinced to join in the Trojan War,
fighting on the side of Troy’s defenders

Periphrasis
In linguistics, device by which grammatical meaning is expressed by one or more free morphemes,
instead of by inflectional affixes or derivation

Perrault, Charles
French author whose best known fairy tales include Le Petit Chaperon rouge (Little Red Riding
Hood), Cendrillon (Cinderella), Le Chat Botté (Puss in Boots) and La Barbe bleue (Bluebeard)

Persephone
Greek goddess of death and Queen of the Underworld
Wife of Hades

Perseus
Killer of the Gorgon Medusa and claimed Andromeda
Legendary founder of Mycenae

Persona non grata

Literally meaning “an unwelcome person”, refers to a foreign person whose entering or remaining
in a particular country is prohibited by that country’s government

Philoctetes
Greek hero, famed as an archer, and was a participant in the Trojan War

The Picture of Dorian Gray

Only novel written by Oscar Wilde

Pilgrim, Billy
Fictional character and protagonist of Kurt Vonnegut’s 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five

Pirrip, Philip
Real name of Great Expectations character Pip

Pitt, Dirk
Protagonist of a series of bestselling adventure novels written by Clive Cussler

Planchet
Servant of d’Artagnan

Pleonasm
Use of unnecessary, additional words or a phrase in which suchneedless repetition occurs

Poe, Edgar Allan

American short-story writer and critic credited with creating three literary genres: science fiction,
the detective story and the horror story
Sometimes referred to as “thefather of speculative poetry”

Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom

 1599 Samuel Daniel
1616 Ben Jonson
1638 Sir William d'Avenant
1668 John Dryden
1689 Thomas Shadwall
1692 Nathan Tate
1715 Nicholas Rowe
1718 Rev. Laurence Eusden
1730 Colley Cibber
1757 William Whiteheed
1785 Thomas Warton
1799 Henry James Pye
1813 Robert Southey
1843 William Wordsworth
1850 Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1898 Alfred Austin
1913 Robert Bridges
1930 John Masefield
1968 Cecil Day Lewis
1972 Sir John Betjeman
1984 Edward “Ted” Hughes
1999 Andrew Motion
2009 Carol Ann Duffy

Poetic justice
Term referring to morally reassuring allocation of happy and unhappy fates to the virtuous and
vicious characters respectively, usually at the end of a narrative or dramatic work

Portnoy’s Complaint
1969 novel that made Philip Roth into a celebrity

Pratchett, Terry
English author of fantasy novels, especially comical works best known for the Discworld series of
about 40 volumes

Primus inter pares

Latin phrase describing the most senior person of a group sharing the same rank or office

Printer's devil
Apprentice in a printing establishment who performed a number of tasks, such as mixing tubs of ink
and fetching type

Prometheus
In Greek mythology, Titan, culture hero, and trickster figure who is credited with the creation of
man from clay and the theft of fire for human use, an act that enabled progress and civilization

Proulx, Edna Annie

American author who wrote the novel The Shipping News and the short story “Brokeback
Mountain”

Ptah
Egyptian god credited with saving Pelusium and forcing Sennacherib’sAssyrians to retreat in the
face of an army of rats

Puig, Manuel
Argentine author best known for his novels Betrayed by Rita Hayworth, Heartbreak Tango, and
Kiss of the Spider Woman

Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography

Year Title Author

Laura E. Richards, Maud
1917 Julia Ward Howe Howe Elliott, Florence Howe
Hall
Benjamin Franklin, Self-
1918 William Cabell Bruce
Revealed
1919 The Education of Henry Adams Henry Adams
1920 The Life of John Marshall Albert J. Beveridge
The Americanization of
1921 Edward Bok
Edward Bok
A Daughter of the Middle
1922 Hamlin Garland
Border
The Life and Letters of Walter
1923 Burton J. Hendrick
H. Page
1924 From Immigrant to Inventor Michael I. Pupin
Barrett Wendell and His
1925 M. A. Dewolfe Howe
Letters
1926 The Life of Sir William Osler Harvey Cushing
1927 Whitman Emory Halloway
1928 The American Orchestra and Charles Edward Russell
Year Title Author
Theodore Thomas
The Training of an American:
1929 The Earlier Life and Letters of Burton J. Hendrick
Walter H. Page
1930 The Raven Marquis James
1931 Charles W. Eliot Henry James
1932 Theodore Roosevelt Henry F. Pringle
1933 Grover Cleveland Allan Nevins
1934 John Hay Tyler Dennett
1935 R. E. Lee Douglas S. Freeman
The Thought and Character of
1936 Ralph Barton Perry
William James
1937 Hamilton Fish Allan Nevins
Pedlar's Progress Odell Shepard
1938
Andrew Jackson Marquis James
1939 Benjamin Franklin Carl Van Doren
Woodrow Wilson, Life and
1940 Ray Stannard Baker
Letters (Vols. VII & VIII)
Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758:
1941 Ola Elizabeth Winslow
a biography
1942 Crusader in Crinoline Forrest Wilson
1943 Admiral of the Ocean Sea Samuel Eliot Morison
The American Leonardo: The
1944 Carleton Mabee
Life of Samuel F. B. Morse
George Bancroft: Brahmin
1945 Russel Blaine Nye
Rebel
1946 Son of the Wilderness Linnie Marsh Wolfe
The Autobiography of William
1947 William Allen White
Allen White
Forgotten First Citizen: John
1948 Margaret Clapp
Bigelow
1949 Roosevelt and Hopkins Robert E. Sherwood
John Quincy Adams and the
1950 Foundations of American Samuel Flagg Bemis
Foreign Policy
1951 John C. Calhoun: American Margaret Louise Coit
Year Title Author
Portrait
1952 Charles Evans Hughes Merlo J. Pusey
1953 Edmund Pendelton 1721-1803 David J. Mays
1954 The Spirit of St. Louis Charles A. Lindbergh
1955 The Taft Story William S. White
1956 Benjamin Henry Latrobe Talbot Faulkner Hamlin
1957 Profiles in Courage John F. Kennedy
Douglas Southall Freeman
(Volumes I-VI)
1958 George Washington John Alexander Carroll &
Mary Wells Ashworth
(Volume VII)
Woodrow Wilson, American
1959 Arthur Walworth
Prophet
1960 John Paul Jones Samuel Eliot Morison
Charles Sumner and the
1961 David Donald
Coming of the Civil War
1962 — —
1963 Henry James Leon Edel
1964 John Keats Walter Jackson Bate
1965 Henry Adams Ernest Samuels
1966 A Thousand Days Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
1967 Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain Justin Kaplan
1968 Memoirs George Frost Kennan
The Man From New York:
1969 Benjamin Lawrence Raid
John Quinn and His Friends
1970 Huey Long Thomas Harry Williams
Robert Frost: The Years of
1971 Lawrence Thompson
Triumph, 1915-1938
1972 Eleanor and Franklin Joseph P. Lash
1973 Luce and His Empire W. A. Swanberg
1974 O'Neill, Son and Artist Louis Sheaffer
The Power Broker: Robert
1975 Moses and the Fall of New Robert Caro
York
Year Title Author
1976 Edith Wharton: A Biography R. W. B. Lewis
A Prince of Our Disorder: The
1977 John E. Mack
Life of T. E. Lawrence
1978 Samuel Johnson Walter Jackson Bate
Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo
1979 Leonard Baker
Baeck and the Berlin Jews
The Rise of Theodore
1980 Edmund Morris
Roosevelt
Peter the Great: His Life and
1981 Robert K. Massie
World
1982 Grant: A Biography William S. McFeely
1983 Growing Up Russell Baker
Booker T. Washington: The
1984 Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901- Louis R. Harlan
1915
The Life and Tomes of Cotton
1985 Kenneth Silverman
Mather
1986 Louise Bogan: A Portrait Elizabeth Frank
Bearing the Cross: Martin
Luther King Jr. and the
1987 David J. Garrow
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference
Look Homeward: A Life of
1988 David Herbert Donald
Thomas Wolfe
1989 Oscar Wilde Richard Ellmann
1990 Machiavelli in Hell Sebastian de Grazia
Jackson Pollock: An American Steven Naifeh & Gregory
1991
Saga White Smith
Fortunate Son: The
1992 Autobiography of Lewis B. Lewis B. Puller
Puller Jr.
1993 Truman David McCullough
W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of
1994 David Levering Lewis
a Race, 1868-1919
1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life Joan D. Hedrick
1996 God: A Biography Jack Miles
1997 Angela's Ashes: A Memoir Frank McCourt
 Year Title Author
1998 Personal History Katharine Graham
1999 Lindbergh A. Scott Berg
2000 Vera, Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov Stacy Schiff
W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight
2001 for Equality and The American David Levering Lewis
Century, 1919-1963
2002 John Adams David McCullough
Master of the Senate: The
2003 Robert Caro
Years of Lyndon Johnson
Khrushchev: The Man and His
2004 William Taubman
Era
de Kooning: An American Mark Stevens and Annalyn
2005
Master Swan
American Prometheus: The
2006 Triumph and Tragedy of J. Kai Bird & Martin J. Sherwin
Robert Oppenheimer
The Most Famous Man in
2007 Debby Applegate
America
Eden's Outcasts: The Story of
2008 Louisa May Alcott and Her John Matteson
Father
American Lion: Andrew
2009 John Meacham
Jackson in the White House
The First Tycoon: The Epic
2010 T. J. Stiles
Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt
2011 Washington: A Life Ron Chernow
George F. Kennan: An
2012 John Lewis Gaddis
American Life
The Black Count: Glory,
2013 Revolution, Betrayal, and the Tom Reiss
Real Count of Monte Cristo

Pulitzer Prize for Drama

Year Title Author

1918 Why Marry? Jesse Lynch Williams
1919 — —
1920 Beyond the Horizon Eugene O'Neill
Year Title Author
1921 Miss Lulu Bett Zona Gale
1922 Anna Christie Eugene O'Neill
1923 Icebound Owen Davis
1924 Hell-Bent Fer Heaven Hatcher Hughes
1925 They Knew What They Wanted Sidney Howard
1926 Craig's Wife George Kelly
1927 In Abraham's Bosom Paul Green
1928 Strange Interlude Eugene O'Neill
1929 Street Scene Elmer Rice
1930 The Green Pastures Marc Connelly
1931 Alison's House Susan Glaspell
George S. Kaufman, Morrie
1932 Of Thee I Sing
Ryskind, Ira Gershwin
1933 Both Your Houses Maxwell Anderson
1934 Men in White Sidney Kingsley
1935 The Old Maid Zoë Akins
1936 Idiot's Delight Robert E. Sherwood
1937 You Can't Take it with You Moss Hart, George S. Kaufman
1938 Our Town Thornton Wilder
1939 Abe Lincoln in Illinois Robert E. Sherwood
1940 The Time of Your Life William Saroyan
1941 There Shall Be No Night Sidney Kingsley
1942 — —
1943 The Skin of Our Teeth Thornton Wilder
1944 — —
1945 Harvey Mary Coyle Chase
Russel Crouse, Howard
1946 State of the Union
Lindsay
1947 — —
1948 A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams
1949 Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller
Richard Rodgers, Oscar
1950 South Pacific
Hammerstein II, Joshua Logan
Year Title Author
1951 — —
1952 The Shrike Joseph Kramm
1953 Picnic William Inge
The Teahouse of the August
1954 John Patrick
Moon
1955 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Tennessee Williams
Albert Hackett, Frances
1956 The Diary of Anne Frank
Goodrich
1957 Long Day's Journey into Night Eugene O'Neill
1958 Look Homeward, Angel Ketti Frings
1959 J.B. Archibald MacLeish
Jerome Weidman, George
1960 Fiorello! Abbott, Jerry Bock, Sheldon
Harnick
1961 All the Way Home Tad Mosel
How to Succeed in Business
1962 Frank Loesser, Abe Burrows
Without Really Trying
1963 — —
1964 — —
1965 The Subject Was Roses Frank D. Gilroy
1966 — —
1967 A Delicate Balance Edward Albee
1968 — —
1969 The Great White Hope Howard Sackler
1970 No Place to be Somebody Charles Gordone
The Effect of Gamma Rays in
1971 Paul Zindel
Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds
1972 — —
1973 That Championship Season Jason Miller
1974 — —
1975 Seascape Edward Albee
Michael Bennett, Nicholas
Dante, James Kirkwood, Jr.,
1976 A Chorus Line
Marvin Hamlisch, Edward
Kleban
Year Title Author
1977 The Shadow Box Michael Cristofer
1978 The Gin Game Donald L. Coburn
1979 Buried Child Sam Shepard
1980 Talley's Folly Lanford Wilson
1981 Crimes of the Heart Beth Henley
1982 A Soldier's Play Charles Fuller
Night, Mother Marsha Norman
1983
True West Sam Shepard
1984 Glengarry Glen Ross David Mamet
Sunday in the Park with James Lapine and Stephen
1985
George Sondheim
1986 — —
1987 Fences August Wilson
1988 Driving Miss Daisy Alfred Uhry
1989 The Heidi Chronicles Wendy Wasserstein
1990 The Piano Lesson August Wilson
1991 Lost in Yonkers Neil Simon
1992 The Kentucky Cycle Robert Schenkkan
Angels in America: Millennium
1993 Tony Kushner
Approaches
1994 Three Tall Women Edward Albee
1995 The Young Man From Atlanta Horton Foote
1996 Rent Jonathan Larson
1997 — —
1998 How I Learned to Drive Paula Vogel
1999 Wit Margaret Edson
2000 Dinner with Friends Donald Margulies
2001 Proof David Auburn
2002 Topdog/Underdog Suzan-Lori Parks
2003 Anna in the Tropics Nilo Cruz
2004 I Am My Own Wife Doug Wright
2005 Doubt: A Parable John Patrick Shanley
2006 — —
 Year Title Author
2007 Rabbit Hole David Lindsay-Abaire
2008 August: Osage County Tracy Letts
2009 Ruined Lynn Nottage
2010 Next to Normal Tom Kitt, Brian Yorkey
2011 Clybourne Park Bruce Norris
2012 Water by the Spoonful Quiara Alegría Hudes
2013 Disgraced Ayad Akhtar

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Year Title Author

1917 — —
1918 His Family Ernest Poole
1919 The Magnificent Ambersons Booth Tarkington
1920 — —
1921 The Age of Innocence Edith Wharton
1922 Alice Adams Booth Tarkington
1923 One of Ours Willa Cather
1924 The Able McLaughlins Margaret Wilson
1925 So Big Edna Ferber
1926 Arrowsmith Sinclair Lewis (declined)
1927 Early Autumn Louis Bromfield
1928 The Bridge of San Luis Rey Thornton Wilder
1929 Scarlet Sister Mary Julia Peterkin
1930 Laughing Boy Oliver La Farge
1931 Years of Grace Margaret Ayer Barnes
1932 The Good Earth Pearl S. Buck
1933 The Store Thomas Sigismund Stribling
1934 Lamb in His Bosom Caroline Miller
1935 Now in November Josephine Winslow Johnson
1936 Honey in the Horn Harold L. Davis
1937 Gone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell
Year Title Author
1938 The Late George Apley John Phillips Marquand
1939 The Yearling Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
1940 The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck
1941 — —
1942 In This Our Life Ellen Glasgow
1943 Dragon's Teeth Upton Sinclair
1944 Journey in the Dark Martin Flavin
1945 A Bell for Adano John Hersey
1946 — —
1947 All the King's Men Robert Penn Warren
1948 Tales of the South Pacific James A. Michener
1949 Guard of Honor James Gould Cozzens
1950 The Way West A. B. Guthrie, Jr.
1951 The Town Conrad Richter
1952 The Caine Mutiny Herman Wouk
1953 The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway
1954 — —
1955 A Fable William Faulkner
1956 Andersonville MacKinlay Kantor
1957 — —
1958 A Death in the Family James Agee (posthumous)
The Travels of Jaimie
1959 Robert Lewis Taylor
McPheeters
1960 Advise and Consent Allen Drury
1961 To Kill A Mockingbird Harper Lee
1962 The Edge of Sadness Edwin O'Connor
1963 The Reivers William Faulkner
1964 — —
1965 The Keepers of the House Shirley Ann Grau
The Collected Stories of
1966 Katherine Anne Porter
Katherine Anne Porter
1967 The Fixer Bernard Malamud
Year Title Author
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner William Styron
1969 House Made of Dawn N. Scott Momaday
1970 Stories of Jean Stafford Jean Stafford
1971 — —
1972 Angle of Repose Wallace Stegner
1973 The Optimist's Daughter Eudora Welty
1974 — —
1975 The Killer Angels Michael Shaara
1976 Humboldt's Gift Saul Bellow
1977 — —
1978 Elbow Room James Alan McPherson
1979 The Stories of John Cheever John Cheever
1980 The Executioner's Song Norman Mailer
John Kennedy Toole
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces
(posthumous)
1982 Rabbit Is Rich John Updike
1983 The Color Purple Alice Walker
1984 Ironweed William Kennedy
1985 Foreign Affairs Alison Lurie
1986 Lonesome Dove Larry McMurtry
1987 A Summons to Memphis Peter Taylor
1988 Beloved Toni Morrison
1989 Breathing Lessons Anne Tyler
The Mambo Kings Play Songs
1990 Oscar Hijuelos
of Love
1991 Rabbit at Rest John Updike
1992 A Thousand Acres Jane Smiley
A Good Scent from a Strange
1993 Robert Olen Butler
Mountain
1994 The Shipping News E. Annie Proulx
1995 The Stone Diaries Carol Shields
1996 Independence Day Richard Ford
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of Steven Millhauser
 Year Title Author
an American Dreamer
1998 American Pastoral Philip Roth
1999 The Hours Michael Cunningham
2000 Interpreter of Maladies Jhumpa Lahiri
The Amazing Adventures of
2001 Michael Chabon
Kavalier & Clay
2002 Empire Falls Richard Russo
2003 Middlesex Jeffrey Eugenides
2004 The Known World Edward P. Jones
2005 Gilead Marilynne Robinson
2006 March Geraldine Brooks
2007 The Road Cormac McCarthy
The Brief Wondrous Life of
2008 Junot Díaz
Oscar Wao
2009 Olive Kitteridge Elizabeth Strout
2010 Tinkers Paul Harding
2011 A Visit From the Goon Squad Jennifer Egan
2012 — —
2013 The Orphan Master's Son Adam Johnson

Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Year Title Author

1922 Collected Poems Edwin Arlington Robinson
The Ballad of the Harp-
Weaver: A Few Figs from
1923 Thistles: Eight Sonnets in Edna St. Vincent Millay
American Poetry, 1922. A
Miscellany
New Hampshire: A Poem with
1924 Robert Frost
Notes and Grace Notes
1925 The Man Who Died Twice Edwin Arlington Robinson
1926 What's O'Clock Amy Lowell
1927 Fiddler's Farewell Leonora Speyer
1928 Tristam Edwin Arlington Robinson
Year Title Author
1929 John Brown's Body Stephen Vincent Benét
1930 Selected Poems Conrad Aiken
1931 Collected Poems Robert Frost
1932 The Flowering Stone George Dillon
1933 Conquistador Archibald MacLeish
1934 Collected Verse Robert Hillyer
1935 Bright Ambush Audrey Wurdemann
1936 Strange Holiness Robert P. T. Coffin
1937 A Further Range Robert Frost
1938 Cold Morning Sky Marya Zaturenska
1939 Selected Poems John Gould Fletcher
1940 Collected Poems Mark Van Doren
1941 Sunderland Capture Leonard Bacon
1942 The Dust Which Is God William Rose Benét
1943 A Witness Tree Robert Frost
1944 Western Star Stephen Vincent Benét
1945 V-Letter and Other Poems Karl Shapiro
1946 — —
1947 Lord Weary's Castle Robert Lowell
1948 The Age of Anxiety W. H. Auden
1949 Terror and Decorum Peter Viereck
1950 Annie Allen Gwendolyn Brooks
1951 Collected Poems Carl Sandburg
1952 Collected Poems Marianne Moore
1953 Collected Poems 1917-1952 Archibald MacLeish
1954 The Waking Theodore Roethke
1955 Collected Poems Wallace Stevens
1956 Poems - North & South Elizabeth Bishop
1957 Things of This World Richard Wilbur
1958 Promises: Poems 1954-1956 Robert Penn Warren
1959 Selected Poems 1928-1958 Stanley Kunitz
1960 Heart's Needle W. D. Snodgrass
Year Title Author
Times Three: Selected Verse
1961 Phyllis McGinley
From Three Decades
1962 Poems Alan Dugan
1963 Pictures from Brueghel William Carlos Williams
1964 At The End Of The Open Road Louis Simpson
1965 77 Dream Songs John Berryman
1966 Selected Poems Richard Eberhar
1967 Live or Die Anne Sexton
1968 The Hard Hours Anthony Hecht
1969 Of Being Numerous George Oppen
1970 Untitled Subjects Richard Howard
1971 The Carrier of Ladders William S. Merwin
1972 Collected Poems James Wright
1973 Up Country Maxine Kumin
1974 The Dolphin Robert Lowell
1975 Turtle Island Gary Snyder
Self-portrait in a Convex
1976 John Ashbery
Mirror
1977 Divine Comedies James Merrill
1978 Collected Poems Howard Nemerov
1979 Now and Then Robert Penn Warren
1980 Selected Poems Donald Justice
1981 The Morning of the Poem James Schuyler
1982 The Collected Poems Sylvia Plath
1983 Selected Poems Galway Kinnell
1984 American Primitive Mary Oliver
1985 Yin Carolyn Kizer
1986 The Flying Change Henry S. Taylor
1987 Thomas and Beulah Rita Dove
Partial Accounts: New and
1988 William Meredith
Selected Poems
1989 New and Collected Poems Richard Wilbur
1990 The World Doesn't End Charles Simic
 Year Title Author
1991 Near Changes Mona Van Duyn
1992 Selected Poems James Tate
1993 The Wild Iris Louise Glück
Neon Vernacular: New and
1994 Yusef Komunyakaa
Selected Poems
1995 The Simple Truth Philip Levine
1996 The Dream of the Unified Field Jorie Graham
Alive Together: New and
1997 Lisel Mueller
Selected Poems
1998 Black Zodiac Charles Wright
1999 Blizzard of One Mark Strand
2000 Repair C. K. Williams
2001 Different Hours Stephen Dunn
2002 Practical Gods Carl Dennis
2003 Moy Sand and Gravel Paul Muldoon
2004 Walking to Martha's Vineyard Franz Wright
2005 Delights & Shadows Ted Kooser
2006 Late Wife Claudia Emerson
2007 Native Guard Natasha Trethewey
Time and Materials Robert Hass
2008
Failure Philip Schultz
2009 The Shadow of Sirius W. S. Merwin
2010 Versed Rae Armantrout
The Best of It: New and
2011 Kay Ryan
Selected Poems
2012 Life on Mars Tracy K. Smith
2013 Stag's Leap Sharon Olds

Pushkin, Alexander
Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and
the founder of modern Russian literature
Author of the play Boris Godunov and the novel Eugene Onegin

Putana
Demoness in Hindu mythology who tried to kill the infant-god Krishna by breastfeeding him
poisoned milk
Pynchon, Thomas Jr.
American author whose works include V., The Crying of Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow, and Mason &
Dixon

Pythia
Commonly known as the Oracle of Delphi, priestess at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, located on
the slopes of Mount Parnassus, beneath the Castalian Spring, widely credited for her prophecies
inspired by Apollo

“The Queen of Crime”

Nickname given to author Dame Agatha Christie

Quetzalcoatl
Chiefgod of the Aztecs

Quijano, Alonso
Real name of the title character in the novel Don Quixote

Quilp, Daniel
Primary antagonist of the Charles Dickens novel The Old Curiosity Shop

Radley, Arthur “Boo”

Most mysterious character in To Kill a Mockingbird

Raggedy Ann
Fictional character created by American writer Johnny Gruelle

Ragnarök
Series of future events, including a great battle foretold to ultimately result in the death of a number
of major figures in Norse mythology, the occurrence of various natural disasters, and the
subsequent submersion of the world in water

Rand, Ayn
Born Alisa Zinov’yevna Rosenbaum, Russian-American novelist and philosopher known for her
two best-selling novels, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged

Rankin, Ian
Scottish crime writer best known for his Inspector Rebus novels

Rattigan, Sir Terence

British dramatist known for works such as The Winslow Boy, The Browning Version, The Deep
Blue Sea, and Separate Tables, among many others

Remarque, Erich Maria

German author best known for his novel All Quiet on the Western Front

“Richard Cory”
Narrative poem by Edwin Arlington Robinson which described a person who is wealthy, well
educated, mannerly, and admired by the people in his town and despite all this, he takes his own life

Riddle, Tom Marvolo

Real name of the Harry Potter’s main antagonist Lord Voldemort

Rieux, Bernard
Narrator in Albert Camus’ The Plague

Riordan, Rick
American author best known for writing the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series

Rocinante
Old horse of Don Quixote

Roman à clef
French for “novel with a key”, a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction

Roman gods

Apollo Sun
Bacchus Wine and ecstasy
Bellona War
Ceres Corn
Consus Seed sowing
Cupid Love
Diana Fertility and hunting
Epona Horses
Fauna Fertility
Faunus Crops and herbs
Feronia Spring flowers
Fides Honesty
Flora Fruitfulness and flowers
Fortuna Chance and fate
Janus Entrances, travel and the dawn
Juno Marriage, childbirth and light
Jupiter Sky
Liber Pater Agricultural and human fertility
Libitina Funeral rites
Luna Moon
Maia Fertility
Mars War
Mercury Messenger of the gods, merchants
 Minerva War, craftsmen, education and the arts
Mithras Sun, regeneration
Neptune Sea
Ops Harvest
Orcus Death
Pales Flocks
Pax Peace
Penates Food and drink
Picus Words
Pluto Underworld
Pomona Fruit trees
Portunus Husbands
Proserpina Underworld
Rumina Nursing mothers
Saturn Fertility and agriculture
Silvanus Trees and forests
Venus Spring, gardens and love
Vertumnus Fertility
Vesta Hearth and household
Victoria Victory
Vulcan Fire

Rostam
Pre-Islamic hero of Persia whose deeds are recounted in Ferdowsi’s epic Shahnameh

Rostand, Edmond
French poet and dramatist best known for his play Cyrano de Bergerac

Roth, Philip
Winner of the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for his novel American Pastoral

Rövarspråket
Swedish language game that became popular after the books about Kalle Blomkvist by Astrid
Lindgren, where the children use it as a code, both at play and in solving actual crimes

Rowling, J. K.
Confirmed in July 2013 that she penned a crime novel under the guise of male debut writer Robert
Galbraith
Author of the Harry Potter series
R.U.R.
1920 science fiction play in the Czech language by Karel Čapek that introduced the word “robot” to
the English language and to science fiction as a whole

Ruritania
Fictional country in central Europe which forms the setting for three books by Anthony Hope: The
Prisoner of Zenda, The Heart of Princess Osra and Rupert of Hentzau

Ryder, Charles
Narrator in the Evelyn Waugh novel Brideshead Revisited

Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François

French aristocrat who wrote philosophical and sadomasochistic novels exploring such controversial
subjects as rape, bestiality and necrophilia

Salinas Valley
Original title of the John Steinbeck novel East of Eden

Sanditon
Unfinished novel by Jane Austen

Sandleford
Original home of the rabbits in the novel Watership Down

Sandy
Pet dog of Little Orphan Annie

Santa Claus's reindeers

• Dasher
• Dancer
• Prancer
• Vixen
• Comet
• Cupid
• Donner
• Blitzen
• Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

Saudade
Word describing a deep emotional state of nostalgic or deeply melancholic longing for an absent
something or someone that one loves

Savrola: A Tale of the Revolution in Laurania

Only fiction book written by Sir Winston Churchill

Scenes of Clerical Life

Title of George Eliot's first published fictional work

Scheherazade
Legendary Persian queen and the storyteller of One Thousand and One Nights
Selfishness
Main theme of the Charles Dickens novel Martin Chuzzlewit

Semele
Mortal mother of the Greek god Dionysus

Semiotics
Systematic study of signs, or, more precisely, of the production of meanings from sign-systems,
linguistic or non-linguistic

Semordnilap
Word, phrase, or sentence that has the property of forming another word, phrase, or sentence when
its letters are reversed

Sendak, Maurice
American illustrator and writer of children’s books best known for his book Where the Wild Things
Are

Seven against Thebes

• Adrastus
• Hippomedon
• Polynices
• Amphiarus
• Capaneus
• Parthenopaeus
• Tydeus

Seven Dwarfs

• Bashful
• Doc
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Happy
• Sleepy
• Sneezy

Seven dirty words

• Shit
• Piss
• Fuck
• Cunt
• Cocksucker
• Motherfucker
• Tits

Seven terraces in Dante’s Purgatorio

First terrace - the proud

Second terrace - the envious
Third terrace - the wrathful
Fourth terrace - the slothful
Fifth terrace - the covetous
Sixth terrace - the gluttonous
Seventh terrace - the lustful

Sewell, Anna
English novelist best known as the author of the classic novel Black Beauty

Sex
1926 play, written by, and starring, Mae West

Sexton, Anne
American poet known for her highly personal, confessional verse

Shadowfax
Horse of Gandalf

Shakespeare, William
Often called England’s national poet and the “Bard of Avon”

Shakespeare’s works

Comedy

• All’s Well That Ends Well

• As You Like It
• The Comedy of Errors
• Love’s Labour’s Lost
• Measure for Measure
• The Merchant of Venice
• The Merry Wives of Windsor
• A Midsummer Night’s Dream
• Much Ado About Nothing
• Pericles, Prince of Tyre
• The Taming of the Shrew
• The Tempest
• Twelfth Night
• The Two Gentlemen of Verona
• The Two Noble Kinsmen
• The Winter’s Tale

Histories

• King John
• Richard II
• Henry IV, Part 1
• Henry IV, Part 2
• Henry V
• Henry VI, Part 1
• Henry VI, Part 2
• Henry VI, Part 3
• Richard III
• Henry VIII

Tragedies

• Romeo and Juliet

• Coriolanus
• Titus Andronicus
• Timon of Athens
• Julius Caesar
• Macbeth
• Hamlet
• Troilus and Cressida
• King Lear
• Othello
• Antony and Cleopatra
• Cymbeline

Shalimar the Crown

Salman Rushdie novel that sees the diplomat Maximillian Ophuls murdered by thetitular Kashmiri
tightrope walker, his former chauffeur

Shangri-La
Fictional place described in the 1933 James Hilton novel Lost Horizon

Sharp, Becky
Central character in the William Makepeace Thackeray novel Vanity Fair

Sharpe, Tom
English satirical author best known for his Wilt series of novels and Porterhouse Blue

Shemomedjamo
Georgian word for “I accidentally ate the whole thing”

Shepard, Sara
American author known for the bestselling Pretty Little Liars and The Lying Game book series

Shibboleth
Word, sound, or custom that a person unfamiliar with its significance may not pronounce or
perform correctly relative to those who are familiar with it

Shylock
Jewish antagonist of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice

Silverman, Sime
American newspaper publisher best known as the founder of the weekly Variety in New York in
1905 and the Hollywood-based Daily Variety in 1933

Sinbad the Sailor

Fictional sailor and hero of a story-cycle of Middle Eastern origin, who went to magical places,
meeting monsters and encountering supernatural phenomena
Sisu
Finnish term loosely translated into English as strength of will, determination, perseverance, and
acting rationally in the face of adversity

Skald
Old Norse word for a poet is usually applied to a Norwegian or Icelandic court poet or bard of the
period from the 9th to the 13th centuries

Skeleton Island
Island where the treasure is located in Treasure Island

Skeeter, Rita
In Harry Potter, reporter for the Daily Prophet who specializes in yellow journalism

Sleipnir
In Norse mythology, eight-legged horse that became Odin’s steed

Slice of life
Literary term for a storytelling technique that presents a seemingly arbitrary sample of a character's
life, which often lacks a coherent plot, conflict or ending

Smith, Lisa Jane

Author of The Vampire Diaries series

Smith, Winston
Fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell’s 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four

Snicket, Lemony
Pen name of American novelist Daniel Handler, author of several children’s biographies, serving as
the narrator of A Series of Unfortunate Events and appearing as a character within the series

Sobek
Deification of crocodiles in Egyptian mythology, as crocodiles were deeply feared in the nation that
was so dependent on the Nile River

Solanas, Valerie
American radical feminist writer best known for her assassination attempt on artist Andy Warhol

Solidus
Another term for the punctuation slash

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr
Russian author whose works include Cancer Ward, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and The
Gulag Archipelago

Sontag, Susan
American writer and filmmaker, professor, literary icon, and political activist best known for her
works that include On Photography, Against Interpretation, The Way We Live Now, Illness as
Metaphor, Regarding the Pain of Others, The Volcano Lover and In America

Sophocles
Ancient greek playwright whose works include Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus and
Antigone

South Africa
Setting of The Power of One and Cry, the Beloved Country

Southey, Robert
Author of The Story of the Three Bears, the original Goldilocks story

Soyinka, Akinwande Oluwole

Best known for his plays such as A Dance of the Forests, The Trials of Brother Jero and The Lion
and the Jewel, first black African Nobel Prize winner

The Space Trilogy

Series of science fiction novels by C. S. Lewis

Spanish Civil War

Setting of Ernest Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms

Spark, Muriel
Author of the novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie

Speos Artemidos
Rock cut temple dedicated to Egyptian god Pakhet

Spoonerism
Error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or
morphemes are switched

Spyri, Johanna
Swiss author of children’s stories, and is best known for her book Heidi

Starship Troopers
Robert A. Heinlein novel that was turned into a movie by Dutch director Paul Verhoeven about a
young soldier from the Philippines named Juan “Johnnie” Rico and his exploits in the Mobile
Infantry, a futuristic military service branch equipped with powered armor

Steepletop
Farmhouse home of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Edna St. Vincent Millay

Steig, William
American cartoonist, sculptor and, later in life, an illustrator and writer of popular children’s
literature most noted for the picture books Sylvester and the Magic Pebble, Abel’s Island and
Doctor De Soto, also the creator of Shrek!, who inspired the popular movie series of the same name

Stentor
Greek at the siege of Troy who could shout as loudly as fifty men

Stevenson, Robert Louis

Scottish novelist who works include Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll
and Mr. Hyde
Stormalong, Alfred Bulltop
American folk hero and the subject of numerous nautical-themed tall tales originating in
Massachusetts who was said to be a sailor and a giant, some 30 feet (9.1 m) tall
Master of a huge clipper ship known in various sources as either the Courser or the Tuscarora, a
ship so tall that it had hinged masts to avoid catching on the moon

Stowe, Harriet Beecher

American author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Strangelove ocean
Term taken from a 1960s movie satire on nuclear war that describes the lifeless seas resulting from
mass extinction events

Stranger in a Strange Land

1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein that tells the story of Valentine
Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars
and raised by the Martians

Strategic incompetence
Art of avoiding certain tasks by pretending you don’t know how to do them

Streaking
Act of taking off one’s clothes and running naked through a public place

Strindberg, August
Considered the “father” of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room has frequently been
described as the first modern Swedish novel

Stringer
Freelance journalist or photographer who contributes reports or photos to a news organization on an
ongoing basis but is paid individually for each piece of published or broadcast work

Stump speech
Standard speech used by a politician running for office

Styron, William
Author of Lie Down in Darkness, The Confessions of Nat Turner and Sophie’s Choice

“Super-Toys Last All Summer Long”

Short story by British science fiction author Brian Aldiss that became the literary basis for the first
act of the feature film A.I. Artificial Intelligence

Susann, Jacqueline
American novelist whose most famous work is Valley of the Dolls, also wrote The Love Machine

Svengali
Antagonist in George du Maurier’s 1894 novel Trilby

Swan song
Metaphorical phrase for a final gesture, effort, or performance given just before death or retirement

Swarup, Vikas
Indian novelist who wrote Q & A, which became the basis for the film Slumdog Millionaire

Swift, Jonathan
Author of A Modest Proposal and Gulliver’s Travels

Swift, Tom
Central character in five series of books, first appearing in 1910, totaling more than 100 volumes, of
American juvenile science fiction and adventure novels that emphasize science, invention and
technology created by Edward Stratemeyer

Syncope
The loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed
vowel

Synecdoche
Figure of speech in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole of something,
or vice-versa

Synopsis
rief summary or pr cis of a work’s plot or argument

Szujet
Term used in Russian Formalism to denote the plot of a narrative work as opposed to the events of
its story

Tagore, Rabindranath
Bengali author of Gitanjali, first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913

Talaria
Winged sandals which is a symbol of the Greek messenger god Hermes

Tartle
Scottish word for the panicky hesitation just before introducing someone whose name you can’t
quite remember

Tartt, Donna
American writer and author of the novels The Secret History, The Little Friend, and The Goldfinch

Tashbaan
Capital of Calormen, fictional country south of Narnia

Teknonym
Name for an adult derived from that of a child, especially that of the eldest child

Telemachus
Son of Odysseus and Penelope

Ten Little Niggers

Original title of the Agatha Christie detective novel And Then There Were None

Tenderness
Original title of the D. H. Lawrence novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover
Tengwar
Artificial script created by J. R. R. Tolkien

Tête-à-tête
Literally meaning “head to head”, an intimate get-together or private conversation between two
people

Thayer, Ernest
American writer and poet who wrote “Casey at the Bat”

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

First novel ever written on a typewriter

The Catcher in the Rye

Controversial 1951 novel by J. D. Salinger
On the night Mark David Chapman shot John Lennon, Chapman was found with a copy of the book
in which he had written “This is my statement” and signed Holden’s name
After John Hinckley, Jr.’s assassination attempt on then US President Ronald Reagan in 1981,
police found The Catcher in the Rye among half a dozen other books in his hotel room

The Chronic Argonaut

Original title of the H. G. Wells novel The Time Machine

“The Curious Case of Benjamin Button”

Short story written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and used for an adaptation of the story as the 2008 film of
the same name, directed by David Fincher

The Cynic’s Word Book

Original title of The Devil’s Dictionary

The Dead Un-Dead

Original title of Bram Stoker’s Dracula

The Dolliver Romance

Unfinished novel of Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Eyes of the Dragon

Novel by Stephen King dedicated to his daughter

“The Gray Lady”

Nickname of the newspaper The New York Times

The Great Gatsby

Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, other titles include Trimalchio in West Egg, Among Ash-Heaps and
Millionaires, On the Road to West Egg, Under the Red, White, and Blue, Gold-Hatted Gatsby, and
The High-Bouncing Lover

The Heretic
Working title of the Robert A. Heinlein novel Stranger in a Strange Land

The House at Pooh Corner

Second volume of stories about Winnie-the-Pooh, written by A. A. Milne and illustrated by E. H.
Shepard
Notable for the introduction of the character Tigger

The Imaginary Invalid

Three-act comédie-ballet by the French playwright Molière with dance sequences and musical
interludes by Marc-Antoine Charpentier that would turn out to be Molière’s last work, collapsed
during his fourth performance as Argan on 17 February and died soon after

The Last Man in Europe

First title of George Orwell novel 1984

The Love of the Last Tycoon

Unfinished novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Mystery of Edwin Drood

Unfinished novel of Charles Dickens

The Mysterious Stranger

Unfinished novel of Mark Twain

The Necessity of Atheism

Treatise on atheism by the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley by which he was expelled from the
University of Oxford for refusing to deny authorship

The Parish Boy’s Progress

Subtitle of the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist

The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the
Younger of Blunderstone Rookery (Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account)
Full title of the Charles Dickens novel David Copperfield

The Sea Cook

Original title of Robert Louis Stevenson novel Treasure Island

The Seagull
First play of Anton Chekhov

The Spy Who Loved Me

Shortest and most sexually explicit of Ian Fleming's novels

The Starlight Barking

Sequel to the Dodie Smith's novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians

The Strike
First title of the Ayn Rand novel Atlas Shrugged

The Summer of the Shark

Original title of the Peter Benchley novel Jaws

The Time Traveler

Title given to the unnamed protagonist in the H. G. Wells novel The Time Machine
“The United States and the Philippine Islands”
Subtitle of the Rudyard Kipling poem “The White Man’s Burden”

The Vicar of Wakefield

Novel by Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith mentioned in George Eliot’s Middlemarch, Jane Austen’s
Emma, Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities and David Copperfield, Mary Shelley’s
Frankenstein, Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s The Sorrows
of Young Werther

The Village Virus

Original title of the Sinclair Lewis novel Main Street

Thenardier, Eponine
Also known as the Jondrette girl in Les Miserables

Therapy
Winning word at the 1940 National Spelling Bee

Theseus
In Greek mythology, killer of the Minotaur

Thetis
In Greek mythology, mother of Achilles

Thomas, Helen
American actress and news service reporter who became the first female officer of the National
Press Club, the first female member and president of the White House Correspondents' Association
and the first female member of the Gridiron Club

Thor
God of Norse myth that wields the hammer Mjolnir and presides over thunder

Three Plays for Puritans

Collection of plays by George Bernard Shaw published in 1901

• The Devil's Disciple

• Caesar and Cleopatra
• Captain Brassbound's Conversion

Tittle
Small distinguishing mark such as a diacritic or the dot on a lowercase i or j

Tizona
El Cid's personal sword

Tlaloc
Aztec rain god

Tmesis
Linguistic phenomenon in which a word or phrase is separated into two parts, with other words
interrupting between them
Tolstoy, Leo
Russia author of Anna Karenina and War and Peace

Tragic flaw
Literary term referring to the defect of character that brings about the protagonist’s downfall in a
tragedy

Trishula
Trident of the Hindu deity Shiva

Trollope, Anthony
One of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era whose
some of his best-loved works, collectively known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around
the imaginary county of Barsetshire

Tsukuyomi
Moon god in Shinto and Japanese mythology

Tsoukalos, Giorgio A.
Swiss-born Greek writer, television presenter, and proponent of the idea that ancient astronauts
interacted with ancient humans

Tsundoku
Act of leaving a book unread after buying it, typically piled up together with such other unread
books

Tulpar
Winged or swift horse in Turkic mythology corresponding to Pegasus
Also in state emblems of Kazakhstan and Mongolia

Twelve Labors of Heracles

1. Slay the Nemean Lion

2. Slay the nine-headed Lernaean Hydra
3. Capture the Golden Hind of Artemis
4. Capture the Erymanthian Boar
5. Clean the Augean stables in a single day
6. Slay the Stymphalian Birds
7. Capture the Cretan Bull
8. Steal the Mares of Diomedes
9. Obtain the girdle of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons
10. Obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon
11. Steal the apples of the Hesperides (He had the help of Atlas to pick them after Hercules had
slain Ladon)
12. Capture and bring back Cerberus

Twilight
Original title of the William Faulkner novel The Sound and the Fury

Tybalt
Juliet’s short-tempered cousin, and Romeo’s rival
Uchchaihshravas
In Hindu mythology, even-headed flying horse, that was obtained during the churning of the milk
ocean

Ulysses in Dublin
Original title of the James Joyce novel Dubliners

Under The Net

First published novel of Dame Iris Murdoch

Underworlds by mythology

Aztec mythology – Mictlan

Babylonian mythology – Irkalla
Buddhist mythology – Naraka (also Niraya)
Celtic mythology – Annwn, Mag Mell
Chinese mythology – Diyu
Christian mythology – Hades, Hell, Sheol, Gehenna, Tártaros, Limbo, Purgatory
Egyptian mythology – Aaru, Duat, Neter-khertet, Amenti
Estonian mythology – Toonela
Finnish mythology – Tuonela
Germanic – Hel, Niflheim
Greek mythology – Elysium, Asphodel Meadows, Hadēs, Tártaros
Guanche mythology – Echeide, Guayota
Hindu mythology – Naraka or Yamaloka, Patala
Hopi mythology – Maski
Hungarian mythology – Alvilág
Inca mythology – Uku Pacha
Inuit mythology – Adlivun
Islamic mythology – Jahannam, Naar, Barzakh, Araf
Jain mythology – Naraka, Adho Loka (the lower worlds)
Japanese mythology/Shinto – Yomi, Jigoku
Jewish/Hebrew mythology – Sheol, Gehenna
Korean mythology – “Ji-Ok”
Latvian mythology – Aizsaule
Malay / Indonesian mythology – Alam Ghaib (The unseen realm)
Māori mythology – Hawaiki, Rarohenga
Mapuche mythology – Pellumawida, Degin, Wenuleufu, Ngullchenmaiwe
Maya mythology – Metnal, Xibalba
Melanesian mythology – Bulu, Burotu, Murimuria, Nabangatai, Tuma
Norse mythology – Gimlé, Hel, Niflheim, Vingólf
Oromo mythology – Ekera
Persian mythology – Duzakh
Philippine mythology – Kasanaan
Polynesian mythology – Avaiki, Bulotu, Iva, Lua-o-Milu, Nga- Atua, Pulotu, Rangi Tuarea, Te Toi-
o-nga-Ranga, Uranga-o-Te-Ra
Pueblo mythology – Shipap
Roman mythology – Inferno, Avernus, Orcus/Hadēs, Pluto
Slavic mythology – Nav, Podsvetie, Peklo
Sumerian mythology – Dilmun, Kur, Irkalla, Hubur
Turko-Mongol – Erlik
Vodou mythology – Guinee
Wagga Wagga mythology – Hiyoyoa

Unicorn
National animal of Scotland

University wits
Name given by some modern literary historians to a group of English poets and playwrights who
established themselves in London in the 1580s and 1590safter attending university at either Oxford
or Cambridge

Updike, John
American novelist famous for his Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom series

Verisimilitude
Term referring to the semblance of truth or reality in literary works; or theliterary principle that
requires a consistent illusion of truth to life

Verne, Jules Gabriel

French novelist who wrote From the Earth to the Moon, Journey to the Center of the Earth, Twenty
Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and Around the World in Eighty Days
Second most translated author in the world

Veritas
• Motto of the Dominican Order, translated in English as “Truth”
• Motto of Harvard University, translated in English as “Truth”

Vidopnir
In Norse mythology, a rooster that sits at the top of Mímameiðr, a tree often taken to be identical
with the World Tree Yggdrasil

Viracocha
Great creator-god in the pre-Inca mythology, worshipped as god of the sun and of storms

Virgil
Author of the epic poem Aeneid

Freiherr von Hardenberg, Georg Philipp Friedrich

Real name of German author Novalis

Vonnegut, Kurt
Author of the novels Cat’s Cradle, Slaughterhouse-Five, and Breakfast of Champions

Vulgaria
Fictional European barony in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang

Waldo
Nephew of Mr. (Quincy) Magoo

Warren, Rick
Author of The Purpose Driven Life
Warren, Robert Penn
Winner of the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Novel for his novel All the King's Men (1946)

“The Waste Land”

Five-part poem of T. S. Eliot dedicated to Ezra Pound

Parts

1. The Burial of the Dead

2. A Game of Chess
3. The Fire Sermon
4. Death by Water
5. What the Thunder Said

“We Can Remember It for You Wholesale”

Story by Philip K. Dick that became the basis of the 1990 film Total Recall

Weisberger, Lauren
American novelist and author of the 2003 bestseller The Devil Wears Prada, a speculated roman à
clef of her real life experience as a put-upon assistant to Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour

Wells, Herbert George

Referred to as “The Father of Science Fiction”, author of The War of the Worlds, The Time
Machine, The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau

Wells, Martha
Author of the novel The Death of the Necromancer

West Egg
Setting of the F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby

Westeros
Fictional continent and primary setting of A Song of Ice and Fire series

Westmacott, Mary
Pseudonym used by English author Agatha Christie for her six romances

Wharton, Edith
Author of The Age of Innocence and The Buccaneers

“Whipple-Scrumpets”
Original name given to Oompa-Loompas before the publication of the novel Charlie and the
Chocolate Factory

Wilbur
Name of the pig that is the main character in the book Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White

Wilde, Oscar
Author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Salome, A Woman of No Importance, and The Importance of
Being Earnest

Williams, Tennessee
American writer who wrote plays such as A Streetcar Named Desire, The Glass Menagerie and Cat
on a Hot Tin Roof

Wilson, Myrtle
Mistress of Tom Buchanan in F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby

Winkie Country
Country ruled by the Wicked Witch of the West before Dorothy “melted” her with a bucket of
water in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Wodehouse, Pelham Grenville

English humorist, whose body of work includes novels, short stories, plays, poems, song lyrics and
numerous pieces of journalism

Woolf, Adeline Virginia

English writer whose most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and
Orlando, and the book-length essay A Room of One’s Own

Wystan Hugh
First and middle names of author W. H. Auden

Wyvern
Legendary winged creature with a dragon’s head, reptilian body, two legs (sometimes none), and a
barbed tail, which may be said to breathe fire or possess a venomous bite

Xiuhtecuhtli
Aztec fire god

Yates, Richard
American novelist who wrote Revolutionary Road

Yeats, William Butler

Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923

Yellow
• Color of critters on the cover of Dr. Seuss classic children’s book Hop on Pop
• Commonly associated with gold, sunshine, reason, optimism and pleasure, but also with envy,
jealousy and betrayal
• Color most associated with weddings in Ancient Rome

Yellow journalism
Type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-
catching headlines to sell more newspapers

Yggdrasil
Immense tree that is central in Norse cosmology, in connection to which the nine worlds exist

Yomi
In Shinto mythology, place where the dead go to dwell and apparently rot indefinitely

Yuri
First name of the title character in the Boris Pasternak novelDoctor Zhivago
Zamenhof, Ludwig Lazarus
Creator of Esperanto

Zeg
Georgian word meaning “the day after tomorrow”

Zhaghzhagh
Persian word for the chattering of teeth from the cold or from rage

von Ziegesar, Cecily Brooke

American author best known for the young adult Gossip Girl series of novels
Music and the Arts

12
Number of basic hues in the color wheel

32
Number of completed, numbered piano sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven

88
Number of piano keys

Adams, John
American minimalist composer of Nixon in China

Aida
Opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni, based on a
scenario often attributed to French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, although Verdi biographer Mary
Jane Phillips-Matz has argued that the scenario was actually written by Temistocle Solera; first
performed at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo on 24 December 1871, conducted by Giovanni
Bottesini

Aldeburgh Festival of Music and the Arts

English arts festival devoted mainly to classical music founded by the composer Benjamin Britten,
the singer Peter Pears and the librettist/producer Eric Crozier

Alfano, Franco
Italian composer best known for having completed Giacomo Puccini’s opera Turandot in 1926

Amazon Theatre
Opera house located in Manaus, in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil and the location of
the annual Festival Amazonas de Ópera (Amazonas Opera Festival) and the home of the Amazonas
Philharmonic Orchestra

American Gothic
Painting by Grant Wood that shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter (figures were
modeled by the artist's sister and their dentist)

Amorino
Chubby, naked winged boy used in European decorative art from the Renaissance onwards

Aquarelle
Transparent watercolor painting

Arabesque
• Form of artistic decoration consisting of “surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of
scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils”or plain lines, often combined with other elements
• Used as a term in European art, including Byzantine art, is, on one definition, a decorative motif
comprising a flowing and voluted formalistic acanthus composition
• In classical ballet, ballet position, designed linearly, parallel to the balletic position, because the
body “spirals” from the crown of the head through the back and then straightens through the
extended leg
ArcelorMittal Orbit
114.5 meter tall sculpture and observation tower in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and London
designed by Anish Kapoor and Cecil Balmond
Largest piece of public art in Great Britain

Aria
Self-contained piece for one voice, with or without orchestral accompaniment, normally part of a
larger work

Arpeggio
In music, chord whose notes are performed one after another instead of together, usually beginning
with the lowest note and ending with the highest

Avedon, Richard
American fashion and portrait photographer who designed the opening title sequence of the 1957
American musical film Funny Face

Babou
Pet ocelot of Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí

Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis
Numbering system identifying compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach

Bagpipe
Class of musical instrument, aerophones, using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air
in the form of a bag

Ball, Harvey
American commercial artist recognized as the earliest known designer of the smiley, which became
an enduring and notable international icon

Balloon Dog
Work by Jeff Koons, sold at Christie's Post-War and Contemporary Art Evening Sale in New York
for US$58.4 million in November 2013 that became the most expensive work by a living artist sold
at auction

Banksy
Pseudonymous United Kingdom-based graffiti artist, political activist, film director, and painter
whose satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine dark humor with graffiti done in a
distinctive stenciling technique

Bansuri
Transverse flute of India made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with six or seven finger holes

Bartók, Béla
Hungarian composer and pianist regarded as one of Hungary’s greatest composers (the other being
Franz Liszt)

Bayreuth Festival
Music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of operas by the 19th
century German composer Richard Wagner are presented
“Beautiful singing”
Literal meaning of Italian opera term bel canto

Becket, Marta
Actress, dancer, choreographer and painter who performed for more than four decades at her own
theater, the Amargosa Opera House in Death Valley Junction, California

Berlioz, Hector
French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande
messe des morts (Requiem)

Big band
Term given to any band with 10 or more musicians

Big Day Out

Annual music festival in Australia held every January

Blake, Sir Peter Thomas

English pop artist best known for the sleeve design for the Beatles’ album Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely
Hearts Club Band

Blue Rider
Group of artists from Germany, lasting from 1911 to 1914 fundamental to expressionism

Body
Term used to describe the material pottery or porcelain is made from

Botticelli, Sandro
Born Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, Italian painter whose best known works include The
Birth of Venus and Primavera

Bourke-White, Margaret
First foreign photographer permitted to take pictures of Soviet industry
First female war correspondent and the first woman permitted to work in combat zones
First female photographer for Henry Luce’s Life magazine, where her photograph appeared on the
first cover

Brancusi, Constantin
Called the patriarch of modern sculpture, Romanian-born sculptor whose works include Bird in
Space, and The Endless Column

Brazing
Method of joining one piece of metal to another by making both red-hot so that the metal fuses

British Museum
Museum in London dedicated to human history and culture

Britten, Edward Benjamin

English composer, conductor, and pianist whose best-known works include the opera Peter Grimes
and the orchestral showpiece The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra
Browne, Malcolm Wilde
Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist and photographer whose best known work was the
award-winning photograph of the self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc in 1963

Calligraphy
Most highly regarded and most fundamental element of Islamic art

Camaieu
Painting executed in several shades of a single color

Camerata
Small chamber orchestra or choir, with up to 40 to 60 musicians or choristers

Cameo
Small-scale, low relief sculpture, carved from banded or stratified material, usually a hardstone
such as onyx (black and white) or sardonyx

Canticle
Hymn, psalm or other song of praise taken from biblical texts other than the Psalms

Caravaggio
Painted the Death of the Virgin in 1606

Carillon
Musical instrument that is typically housed in the bell tower of a church or other municipal building

Carter, Kevin
South African photojournalist who was the recipient if a Pulitzer Prize for his photograph depicting
the 1933 famine in Sudan

Cartier-Bresson, Henri
French photographer considered to be the father of modern photojournalism

Caruso, Enrico
Italian tenor whose 1904 recording of “Vesti la giubba” from Leoncavallo’s opera Pagliacci was
the first sound recording to sell a million copies

Cassatt, Mary
American Impressionist painter whose works include Tea and The Boating Party

Cel
Transparent sheet of celluloid that is drawn on to produce a single frame of an animated cartoon

Celesta
Struck idiophone operated by a keyboard

Cézanne, Paul
French post-Impressionist artist whose works include The Card Players, The Bathers and Rideau,
Crouchon et Compotier

Chant
Rhythmic speaking or singing of words or sounds, often primarily on one or two pitches called
reciting tones

Chiaroscuro
In art, use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole
composition

Chinoiserie
French term referring to a recurring theme in European artistic styles since the seventeenth century,
which reflect Chinese artistic influences

Chryselephantine
Term that refers to the sculptural medium of gold and ivory

Clef
Sign that fixes the pitch of a particular line

Coda
A passage which brings a movement or piece to a conclusion through prolongation

Color Field painting

Style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s characterized
primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas creating areas of
unbroken surface and a flat picture plane

Coloratura
Musical term referring to a passage, sometimes for instruments but more often for voice, that
contains many elaborate musical ornaments, such as rapid runs, arpeggios and trills

Comin, Jacopo
Real name of Tintoretto, Venetian artist who painted Adoration of the Calf, The Miracle of the
Slave, TheOrigin of the Milky Way and Last Supper

Contrapposto
Term used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot
so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs

Coppélia
Comic ballet originally choreographed by Arthur Saint-Léon to the music of Léo Delibes, with
libretto by Charles Nuitter

Coquelicot
Shade of red, originally a French vernacular name for the wild corn poppy

Counterpoint
Two or more melodies played simultaneously

Crawford, Thomas
Sculptor of the Statue of Freedom

Crescendo
Passage of music in which there is a gradual increase in volume
Cubism
Early 20th century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso

Da capo
Musical term denoting a direction to repeat a section or whole composition from the beginning

da Silva Costa, Heitor

Brazilian civil engineer, designer and constructor of the Christ the Redeemer monument in Rio de
Janeiro

da Vinci, Leonardo
Italian polymath who painted the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitruvian Man and Lady with an
Ermine

Dada
European artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century whose work was characterized by
anarchy, irrationality, and irreverence

Daggering
Form of erotic dance originating from Jamaica

Dalcroze Eurhythmics
Teaches concepts of rhythm, structure, and musical expression using movement

Dalí, Salvador
Prominent Spanish surrealist painter whose best known work is The Persistence of Memory,
completed in 1931

David, Jacques-Louis
Influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the
era whose cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity
toward a classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling chiming with the moral climate of the
final years of the Ancien Régime
Painted Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Marat, The Coronation of Napoleon and Napoleon at the
Saint-Bernard Pass

de Kooning, Willem
Dutch American artist whose works include Woman I, Easter Monday, Attic, and Excavation

Decoupage
Art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint
effects, gold leaf and so on

Degas, Edgar
French artist famous for his paintings that depict dancers

Delacroix, Eugène
French Romantic artist whose best known work is Liberty Leading the People

Delius, Frederick
Englishman who composed the operas Irmelin and Fennimore and Gerda
Deposition
Representation of the lowering of Christ’s body from the cross

des Prez, Josquin

Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance who was the most famous European composer
between Guillaume Dufay and Palestrina, and is usually considered to be the central figure of the
Franco-Flemish School

Diaghilev, Sergei
Founder of Ballet Russes

Dosado
Basic dance step in such dances as square dance, contra dance, polka, various historical dances, and
some reels

Dramaturge
Professional position within a theatre or opera company that deals mainly with research and
development of plays or operas

Duchamp, Marcel
French-American painter, sculptor and writer whose works include Nude Descending a Staircase,
No. 2, Fountain, The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even and Étant donnés

Dürer, Albrecht
German printmaker whose works include the Knight, Death, and the Devil, Saint Jerome in his
Study and Melencolia I

Dvořák, Antonín
Czech composer whose best known works include the New World Symphony, the “American”
String Quartet, the opera Rusalka and his Cello Concerto in B minor

Ebauche
First coat or undercoat in an oil painting

Elgar, Edward
Composer of the Enigma Variations and Pomp and Circumstance

Elgin Marbles
Also known as the Parthenon Marbles, collection of classical Greek marble sculptures, inscriptions
and architectural members that originally were part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the
Acropolis of Athens, currently located at the British Museum

Emblem
Visual image imbued with a symbolic meaning, usuallyaccompanied by an explanatory text

Epstein, Jacob
American-born British sculptor who was commissioned to create the tomb of Oscar Wilde in Père
Lachaise Cemetery in Paris

Ernst, Max
German artist who painted Ubu Imperator and L’Ange du Foyer
Escher, Maurits Cornelis
Dutch graphic artist known for his mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints
whose works include Relativity, Drawing Hands and Waterfall

Etching
Process of using strong acid or mordaut to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create
a design in intaglio in the metal

Expressionism
Artistic style that departs from the conventions of realism and naturalism and seeks to convey inner
experience by distorting rather than directly representing natural images

F-hole
Opening in the upper sound board of violin

Fidelio
Only opera of Ludwig van Beethoven

Fimbriation
Small stripes of color on flags

Fioritura
Musical term used for any embellishment or ornamentation of a melody, whether written out or
improvised by the performer

The Five
Circle of composers who met in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the years 1856–1870: Mily Balakirev,
César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin

Flam
Drumbeat in which the accented stroke is preceded by one quick unaccented stroke

Fonteyn, Dame Margot

English ballerina who was appointed Prima Ballerina Assoluta by Queen Elizabeth II

Freedom Triumphant in War and Peace

Original name of the Statue of Freedom

Fry, Roger
English artist, art critic and Bloomsbury Group member who coined the term post-impressionism

Fumage
Surrealist technique popularized by Wolfgang Paalen in which impressions are made by the smoke
of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas

Fuseli, Henry
Swiss painter of The Nightmare

Gainsborough, Thomas
English artist who painted Mr. and Mrs. Andrews and The Blue Boy
Gamelan
Traditional musical ensemble from Indonesia, typically from the islands of Java and Bali, featuring
a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, kendang (drums) and gongs, bamboo
flutes, bowed and plucked strings

Gamut
Musical term refers to the entire range of a voice, instrument, or scale, that is, all the notes it can
produce or includes

The Garden of Earthly Delights

Title given to the triptych by Hieronymous Bosch depicting the genesis ofthe world, scenes of
debauchery and punishment in hell

Gauguin, Paul
French Post-Impressionist artist who was later recognized for his experimental use of colors and
synthetist style that were distinguishably different from Impressionism

Geisha
Traditional Japanese female entertainers who act as hostesses and whose skills include performing
various Japanese arts such as classical music, dance and games

Glissando
Execution of rapid scales by a sliding movement

Glyndebourne Festival Opera

English opera festival particularly celebrated for its productions of Mozart operas

Globe Theatre
Theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613

Goddess of Democracy
Name given to the 10-meter statue made of foam and papier-mâché created during the 1989
Tiananmen Square protests

Gorecki, Henryk
Composer of Beatus Vir

Gouache
Watercolor painting that uses opaque paint

Graham, Robert
American sculptor whose works include the Joe Louis Memorial in Detroit, MI and Olympic
Gateway in Los Angeles, CA

Grinding
Type of close partner dance where two or more dancers rub or bump their bodies against each other,
especially a male dancer rubbing his crotch against a female dancer’s buttocks, in imitation of rear-
entry or “doggie-style” intercourse

Gropius, Walter
Founder and first director of the Bauhaus School
Group
In music, assemblage of instruments or musicians with a common function or purpose, for example
an orchestral section of one class of instruments or a small ensemble that performs or records
together

Haiga
Style of Japanese painting that incorporates the aesthetics of haikai typically painted by haiku poets
and often accompanied by a haiku poem

Haka
Traditional ancestral war cry, dance or challenge from the Maori people of New Zealand

Hals, Frans
Dutch Golden Age painter notable for his loose painterly brushwork, and helped introduce this
lively style of painting into Dutch art and whose works include Gipsy Girl and The Laughing
Cavalier

Hammond, Laurens
American engineer who invented the Hammond organ, the Hammond Clock, and the world’s first
polyphonic musical synthesizer, the Novachord

Handel, George Frideric

German-born British Baroque composer, famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems and organ
concertos whose works include Water Music, Music for the Royal Fireworks and Messiah

Hiffernan, Joanna
Believed to be the model of Gustave Courbet’s L’Origine du Monde

Hockney, David
English painter, draughtsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer considered one of the
most influential British artists of the 20th century

Hofman, Florentijn
Dutch artist known for playful urban installations such as the Rubber duck sculpture

Holbein, Hans the Younger

German Renaissance painter of The Ambassadors

Homomonument
Memorial in the centre of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands that commemorates all gay
men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality
First monument in the world to commemorate gays and lesbians who were killed by the Nazis

Hopak
National dance of Ukraine

Iconography
Branch of art history which studies the identification, description and the interpretation of the
content of the images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so,
and other elements that are distinct from artistic style

Impasto
Application of oil paint in which solid masses to the canvas

Impresario
A person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays or operas analogous to a film producer
or television producer

Indiana, Robert
American pop artist who is best known for creating the image of the word love in upper-case letters,
arranged in a square with a tilted letter O

Intaglio
Techniques in art in which an image is created by cutting, carving or engraving into a flat surface

Jingles
Metal discs on a tambourine

Jorrin, Enrique
Inventor of the Cuban dance music Cha-cha-cha

Kantele
Traditional plucked string instrument of the dulcimer and zither family native to Finland and
Karelia

Karsh, Yousuf
Armenian-Canadian portrait photographer known for the portrait of Winston Churchill on cover of
Life magazine

Katsushika Hokusai
Japanese ukiyo-e painter best known as author of the woodblock print series Thirty-six Views of
Mount Fuji

Kensington Gore
Trademark for fake blood used in films and in theatre

Kisaeng
Officially sanctioned Korean female entertainers or sometimes prostitutes

Kouros
Name given to a sculptured representation of a youth, found in Ionic architecture

Kitsch
Low-brow style of mass-produced art or design using popular or cultural icons

Klee, Paul
German-Swiss painter whose highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that
included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism

Klimt, Gustav
Austrian painter and designer, cofounder of the Vienna Secession,known for his decorative and
allegorical paintings and his portraits of women
Painted Judith and the Head of Holofernes, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, The Kiss and Danaë
Köchel-Verzeichnis
Chronological catalogue of all the compositions of W. A. Mozart

Kokoschka, Oskar
Austrian artist, poet and playwright best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and
landscapes

Koons, Jeff
American artist known for his reproductions of banal objects—such as Balloon animals produced in
stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces
Collaborated with Lady Gaga on the cover of the latter's studio album ARTPOP

La Bocca della Verità

An image, carved from Pavonazzo marble, of a man-like face, located in the portico of the church
of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome, Italy, thought to be part of a first-century ancient Roman
fountain, or perhaps a manhole cover, portraying one of several possible pagan gods, probably
Oceanus

La Sylphide
First ballet where dancing en pointe had an aesthetic rationale and was not merely an acrobatic
stunt, often involving ungraceful arm movements and exertions, as had been the approach of
dancers in the late 1820s

Landowski, Paul
Polish-French monument sculptor whose best-known work is the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil

Leibovitz, Annie
Last person to professionally photograph John Lennon

Leoncavallo, Ruggero
Italian opera composer of Pagliacci

Liberty Enlightening the World

Full name of the Statue of Liberty

Lichtenstein, Roy
American pop artist whose works include Drowning Girl, Whaam!, Woman with Flowered Hat,
Look Mickey and Oh Jeff… I Love You Too… But…

Lim Nang Seng

Sculptor of the Merlion in Singapore

Lind, Jenny
Swedish opera singer often known as the “Swedish Nightingale”

Lingten, Arthur
American physician who can recognize classical phonograph records with the naked eye

Lindy Hop
American dance that evolved in Harlem, New York City in the 1920s and originally evolved with
jazz music
Liszt, Franz
Hungarian composer who invented the symphonic poem, developing the concept of thematic
transformation as part of his experiments in musical form and making radical departures in
harmony

The Louvre
World famous museum, at a cost of €100 million, that opened a new wingdedicated to Islamic art in
2012

Lover, Samuel
Anglo-Irish songwriter, novelist, and a painter of portraits, chiefly miniatures

Maestà
Iconic formula of the enthroned Madonna with the child Jesus, whether or not accompanied with
angels and saints

Magritte, Rene
Belgian Surrealist known for The Treachery of Images, Time Transfixed and images of bowler hats

Mahler, Gustav
Late-Romantic Austrian composer

Man Ray
Born Emmanuel Radnitzky, American modernist artist best known in the art world for his avant-
garde photography, and is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called “rayographs”
in reference to himself

Manhwa
Korean equivalent of the Japanese manga

McCurry, Steve
American photojournalist best known for his photograph, “Afghan Girl” that originally appeared in
National Geographic magazine

Mediation
Term referring to an inflection in plainchant occurring at the end of first section ofa psalm-tune

Memento mori
Latin for “remember that you will die”, artistic or symbolic reminder of the inevitability of death

Method acting
Any of a family of techniques used by actors to create in themselves the thoughts and feelings of
their characters, so as to develop lifelike performances

Mezzo-soprano
Type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto
voice types

Mezzotint
Tonal technique of printmaking working from dark to light
Michelangelo
Italian Renaissance sculptor and painter whose works include David, The Creation of Adam, Pietà,
The Unfinished Slaves and the Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Millais, Sir John Everett

English painter and illustrator and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Millefiori
Glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative patterns on glassware

Miss Kitty
Statue by Paolo Schmidlin that featured then Pope Benedict XVI wearing stockings and a blonde
wig and standing provocatively

Mon
Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family

Mondrian, Piet
Dutch painter whose works include Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red and Broadway Boogie-
Woogie

Monet, Claude
Founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the
movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s perceptions before nature, especially as applied to
plein-air landscape painting
Works include Impression, Sunrise and Les Coquelicots

Morin khuur
Traditional Mongolian bowed stringed instrument considered a symbol of the Mongolian nation

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus

Austrian composer of The Marriage of Figaro

Mukhina, Vera
Soviet sculptor of Worker and Kolkhoz Woman

Murrine
Italian term for colored patterns or images made in a glass cane that are revealed when cut in cross-
sections

Mussorgsky, Modest
Russian composer of Boris Godunov and Pictures at an Exhibition

My Bed
Work by British artist Tracey Emin that gained considerable media furore over the fact that the
bedsheets were stained with bodily secretions and the floor had items from the artist's room

Natya Shastra
Ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music that is very
important to the history of Indian classical music because it is the only text which gives such detail
about the music and instruments of the period
Neo-plasticism
Term coined by Piet Mondrian for his style of austerely geometrical abstract painting and more
broadly for the philosophical ideas about art that his work embodied

Neume
In plainsong, term referring to a prolonged group of notes sung to a single syllable, or the sign used
to indicate the melody

o vea alisme
Term coined by the French critic Pierre Restany in 1960 to characterize the work of a group of
artists who incorporated real objects in their work to make ironic comments on modern life

Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio

First opera of Giuseppe Verdi

Offenbach, Jacques
German-born French composer remembered for his nearly 100 operettas and his uncompleted opera
The Tales of Hoffmann

O’Keeffe, Georgia
American artist known as the “Mother of American Modernism”

Orchestration
Study or practice of writing music for an orchestra or of adapting for orchestra music composed for
another medium

Orientalism
Term used by art historians and literary and cultural studies scholars for the imitation or depiction
of aspects of Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures (Eastern cultures) by writers, designers and
artists in the West

Orphée aux enfers

Translated as “Orpheus in the Underworld”, said to be the first classical full-length operetta by
Jacques Offenbach

Overacting
Also known as “chewing the scenery”, exaggeration of gestures and speech when acting

Pantograph
Mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one
pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen

Pantone Color of the Year

Year Color
2000 Cerulean
2001 Fuchsia Rose
2002 True Red
2003 Aqua Sky
 Year Color
2004 Tigerlily
2005 Blue Turquoise
2006 Sand Dollar
2007 Chili Pepper
2008 Blue Iris
2009 Mimosa
2010 Turquoise
2011 Honeysuckle
2012 Tangerine
2013 Emerald (smaragdine)

Passionato
Musical term denoting a direction to perform in a fervent, highly expressive manner

Pentimento
Alteration in a painting, evidenced by traces of previous work, showing that the artist has changed
his or her mind as to the composition during the process of painting

Peredvizhniki
Often called The Wanderers or The Itinerants, group of Russian realist artists who, in protest at
academic restrictions, formed an artists’ cooperative

Phidias
Greek sculptor who designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis and the
Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Photographic mosaic
Picture that has been divided into rectangular sections, each of which is replaced with another
photograph that matches the target photo

Photomontage
Process and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other
photographs

Pieta
Only work signed by Michelangelo

Pigment
Material that changes color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective
absorption

Pitch bend
Musical term referring to a slight raising or lowering of a note's pitch
Playbill
Program of a theatrical performance

Pointillism
Technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to form an
image developed by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac

Pollock, Paul Jackson

Influential American abstract expressionist painter well known for his unique style of drip painting

Pomposo
Musical direction that denotes a direction to perform in a stately, dignified manner

Port Crayon
Literally meaning ‘chalk holder’, instrument for holding a piece of chalk, crayon, or pastel used for
drawing

Postlude
Closing piece of music, usually played by the organist at the endof a church music, while the
congregation is leaving

Precisionism
Name given to a type of painting which evolved in America in the 1920s,took its formal language
from Cubism and depicted forms in a sharply definedmanner

Presto
Musical tempo marking, sometimes used as a movement name, meaning “very fast”

Prokofiev, Sergei
Russian composer of the ballets Cinderella and Romeo and Juliet and the opera The Love for Three
Oranges

Puccini, Giacomo
Italian composer of Turandot and La Boheme

Pulitzer Prize for Music

Year Winner Title

Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free
1943 William Schuman
Song
1944 Howard Hanson Symphony No. 4, “Requiem”
1945 Aaron Copland Appalachian Spring (ballet)
1946 Leo Sowerby The Canticle of the Sun
1947 Charles Ives Symphony No. 3
1948 Walter Piston Symphony No. 3
1949 Virgil Thomson Louisiana Story (film score)
1950 Gian Carlo Menotti The Consul (opera)
Year Winner Title
1951 Douglas Stuart Moore Giants in the Earth (opera)
1952 Gail Kubik Symphony Concertante
1953 — —
Concerto Concertante for two
1954 Quincy Porter
pianos and orchestra
The Saint of Bleecker Street
1955 Gian Carlo Menotti
(opera)
1956 Ernst Toch Symphony No. 3
1957 Norman Dello Joio Meditations on Ecclediastes
1958 Samuel Barber Vanessa (opera)
1959 John La Montaine Piano Concerto
1960 Elliott Carter String Quartet No. 2
1961 Walter Piston Symphony No. 7
1962 Robert Ward The Crucible (opera)
1963 Samuel Barber Piano Concerto
1964 — —
1965 — —
1966 Leslie Bassett Variations for Orchestra
Quartet No. 3 for strings and
1967 Leon Kirchner
electronic tape
1968 George Crumb Echoes of Time and the River
1969 Karel Husa String Quartet No. 3
1970 Charles Wuorinen Time's Encomium
1971 Mario Davidovsky Synchronisms No. 6
1972 Jacob Druckman Windows
1973 Elliott Carter String Quartet No. 3
1974 Donald Martino Notturno
From the Diary of Virginia
1975 Dominck Argento
Woolf
1976 Ned Rorem Air Music
1977 Richard Wernick Visions of Terror and Wonder
Deja Vu for percussion and
1978 Michael Colgrass
orchestra
Year Winner Title
1979 Joseph Schwantner Aftertones of Infinity
1980 David Del Tredici In Memory of a Summer Day
1981 — —
1982 Roger Sessions Concerto for Orchestra
Three Movements for
1983 Ellen Zwilich
Orchestra (Symphony No. 1)
1984 Bernard Rands Canti del Sole
1985 Stephen Albert Symphony No. 1”RiverRun”
Wind Quintet No. 4 for flute,
1986 George Perle oboe, clarinet, horn and
bassoon
1987 John Harbison The Flight into Egypt
1988 William Bolcom 12 New Etudes for Piano
1989 Roger Reynolds Whispers Out of Time
1990 Mel D. Powell Duplicates: A Concerto
1991 Shulamit Ran Symphony
The Face of the Night, the
1992 Wayne Peterson
Heart of the Dark
1993 Christopher Rouse Trombone Concerto
Of Reminiscences and
1994 Gunter Schuller
Reflections
1995 Morton Gould Stringmusic
Lilacs (for soprano and
1996 George Walker
orchestra)
1997 Wynton Marsalis Blood on the Fields (oratorio)
String Quartet No. 2, Musica
1998 Aaron Jay Kernis
Instrumentalis
Concerto for Flute, Strings and
1999 Melinda Wagner
Percussion
2000 Lewis Spratlan Life is a Dream (opera)
Symphony No. 2 (for string
2001 John Corigliano
orchestra)
2002 Henry Brant Ice Field
On the Transmigration of
2003 John Adams
Soule
 Year Winner Title
2004 Paul Moravec Temple Fantasy
2005 Steven Stucky Second Concerto for Orchestra
Chiavi in Mano (piano
2006 Yehudi Wyner
concerto)
2007 Ornette Coleman Sound Grammar
2008 David Lang The Little Match Girl Passion
2009 Steve Reich Double Sextet
2010 Jennifer Higdon Violin Concert
2011 Zhou Long Madame White Snake (opera)
Silent Night: Opera in Two
2012 Kevin Puts
Acts
2013 Caroline Shaw “Partita for 8 Voices”

Additional citations

1974: Roger Sessions (1896-1985)

1976: Scott Joplin (1868-1917, posthumous)
1982: Milton Babbitt (1916–2011)
1985: William Schuman (1910-1992)
1998: George Gershwin (1898-1937, posthumous)
1999: Duke Ellington (1899-1974, posthumous)
2006: Thelonious Monk (1917-1982, posthumous)
2007: John Coltrane (1926-1967, posthumous)
2008: Bob Dylan (b. 1941)
2010: Hank Williams (1923-1953, posthumous)

Putto
Chubby, naked child, represented in art since classical times,often as a decorative feature

Pyramidion
Small pyramid, such as that on the top of an obelisk

Rachmaninoff, Sergei Vasilievich

Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor widely considered one of the finest pianists of his
day and, as a composer, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian classical
music

Rauschenberg, Robert
American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement and is well
known for his “Combines” of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials and objects were
employed in innovative combinations

“Red Priest”
Nickname given to classical composer Antonio Vivaldi
Regalia
Term that refers to the emblems or symbols of royalty and may also refer to any insignia or
accouterments associated with authority or indicative of elevated status

Relief
Sculpture made so that all or part of it projects from a flat surface

Respighi, Ottorino
Italian composer, musicologist and conductor best known for his orchestral music, particularly the
three Roman tone poems: Fountains of Rome, Pines of Rome, and Roman Festivals

Retroussage
Method of removing excess ink from an intaglio printing plate after it has been inked, but prior to
printing

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai
Russian composer, and a member of the group of composers known as The Five whose best-known
orchestral compositions include Capriccio Espagnol, the Russian Easter Festival Overture, and the
symphonic suite Scheherazade
Composer of the operas The Golden Cockerel and The Snow Maiden

Ritardando
Musical term denoting a direction to slow down gradually

Rocker
Spiked tool used for the preparatory work of roughening the plate in the mezzotint technique of
printmaking

Rodin, Auguste
French sculptor whose best known works include The Age of Bronze, The Walking Man, The
Burghers of Calais, and The Kiss

Rosso antico
Red unglazed stoneware created by Josiah Wedgwood used for designs based on Egyptian or Greek
prototypes

Royal Danish Orchestra

Claims to be the oldest orchestra in the world

Rubato
Coming from the Italian word for stolen, musical term referring to a passage in which certain notes
are lengthened while others are shortened

Rubens, Sir Peter Paul

German-born Flemish Baroque painter well known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces,
portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects

Rubrication
One of several steps in the medieval process of manuscript making that usually entailed the addition
of red headings to mark the end of one section of text and the beginning of another
Ruiz y Picasso, Pablo
Spanish painter known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed
sculpture, the co-invention of collage and for the wide variety of styles that he helped developed
and explore
Works include Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Guernica, and The Weeping Woman

Ryom-Verzeichnis
Catalogue of compositions by Antonio Vivaldi

Saint-Saëns, Camille
Composer of the opera Samson and Delilah

Sargent, John Singer

American artist who painted The Portrait of Madame X, El Jaleo, The Daughters of Edward Darley
Boit, Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, and Lady Agnew of Lochnaw

Satie, Éric
French composer and pianist known for Gymnopédies

Sax, Adolphe
Inventor of the saxophone

Scarlatti, Alessandro
Italian Baroque composer especially famous for his operas and chamber cantatas and is considered
the founder of the Neapolitan school of opera

Schubert, Franz
Austrian composer who wrote some 600 Lieder, nine symphonies, including the famous
“Unfinished Symphony”, liturgical music, operas, some incidental music and a large body of
chamber and solo piano music

Scorper
Metal tool used in wood engraving for clearing away large areas of the block or for engraving broad
lines

Sélavy, Rrose
Pseudonym of artist Marcel Duchamp

Selfie
Type of self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a hand-held digital camera or camera phone
and is usually taken in a slightly tilted manner

Shade
Mixture of a color with black, which reduces lightness

Shakuhachi
Japanese end-blown flute

Shostakovich, Dmitri
Soviet Russian composer and pianist who wrote the Leningrad Symphony

Shunga
Japanese term for erotic art; most of them are a type of ukiyo-e, usually executed in woodblock
print format

Siccative
Material added to oil colors to speed their drying

Sightreading
Ability to perform a piece of music at first sight, without studying or practicing it beforehand

Smetana, Bedrich
Czech composer of “From My Life” string quartet as well as the operas Libuse and The Bartered
Bride and two sets of Czech dances

Spackling paste
Putty used to fill holes, small cracks, and other minor surface defects in wood, drywall or plaster

Staccato
Italian musical term denoting a direction to perform a note quickly, lightly and separated from the
notes before and after it

Stanislavski, Constantin
Founder of the Moscow Art Theatre

Stanton, Brandon
American photographer and blogger most known for his photo blog Humans of New York, started in
2010

State Hermitage
Largest art museum in the world

Statue of Freedom
Crowned the dome of the US Capitol

Stele
Stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerals or commemorative
purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living — inscribed,
carved in relief, or painted onto the slab

Stieglitz, Alfred
American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in
making photography an accepted art form
Known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he
introduced many avant-garde European artists to the US

Still life
Art form in which the subjects of the picture is made up of inanimate objects

Strapwork
Type of ornament consisting of interlaced bands and decorativeforms resembling strips of leather or
parchment that have been elaborately cut andpierced

Strauss II, Johann

Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas, known as “The Waltz
King”, and was largely then responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th
century

Stravinsky, Igor
Russian composer of The Firebird, Petrushka and The Rite of Spring

Sunset at Montmajour
First full-size painting by Vincent Van Gogh to be discovered since 1928

Surrealism
Early 20th-century movement in art and literature that tried to represent the subconscious mind by
creating fantastic imagery and juxtaposing ideas that seem to contradict each other

“Swan of Catania”
Nickname of Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini whose works include I Capuleti ed i
Montecchi, La sonnambula, Norma, Beatrice di Tenda, and I puritani

Swingout
Defining dance move of Lindy Hop

Symphony no. 41
Final symphony of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Taglioni, Marie
First ballerina to dance on pointes and to wear a tutu

Tampon
Drumstick with two heads

Tate, Sir Henry

English sugar merchant noted for establishing the Tate Gallery in London

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilich

Composer of the opera The Queen of Spades

Tenebrism
Style of painting using very pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and
dark and darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image

Tessellation
Tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps

The Battle of Anghiari

Only painting that Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo worked together

The Red Vineyard

Only painting that Vincent van Gogh sold in his lifetime

The Scream
Painting by Edvard Munch that became the most expensive painting in 2012, sold for $119,922,600
The Slave of Duty
Subtitle of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance

Theotokópoulos, Doménikos
Real name of painter El Greco, best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or
phantasmagorical pigmentation, marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting
whose works include El Expolio, The Assumption of the Virgin, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz,
View of Toledo and Opening of the Fifth Seal

Time signature
Sign placed after the clef and key-signature at the beginning of a piece of music, or during the
course of it, to indicate the time or meter of the music

Tincture
Colors used to emblazon a coat of arms

Tint
Mixture of a color with white, which increases lightness

To the Struggle Against World Terrorism

10-story sculpture by Zurab Tsereteli that was given to the United States as an official gift of the
Russian government as a memorial to the victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World
Trade Center bombing

Tour en l’air
In ballet, movement which involves the dancer turning while atthe same time jumping straight up
into the air

Three Studies of Lucian Freud

1969 oil-on-canvas painting by Francis Bacon that was sold in 2013 for US$ 142.4 million, the
highest price attained at auction for a work of art

Tonguing
Term referring to the use of the tongue to articulate certain notes in playing of wind instruments

Tosca
Opera by Giacomo Puccini in which arias include “Vissi d’Arte”, “Vissi d’Amore”, “E Lucevan le
Stelle” and “Recondita Armonia”

Tranquillo
Musical term that denotes a direction to perform in a quiet, calm manner

Triptych
Three carved panels which are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open

Trumbull, John
American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War notable for his Declaration
of Independence (1817)

Tudo, Pepita
Likely the model for Goya’s La maja desnuda
Turner, Joseph Mallord William
Known as “the painter of light”, British painter of The Fighting Temeraire, and Rain, Steam and
Speed

Turner Prize winners

1984 Malcolm Morley

1985 Howard Hodgkin
1986 Gilbert and George
1987 Richard Deacon
1988 Tony Cragg
1989 Richard Long
1990 —
1991 Anish Kapoor
1992 Grenville Davey
1993 Rachel Whiteread
1994 Antony Gormley
1995 Damien Hirst
1996 Douglas Gordon
1997 Gillian Wearing
1998 Chris Ofili
1999 Steve McQueen
2000 Wolfgang Tillmans
2001 Martin Creed
2002 Keith Tyson
2003 Grayson Perry
2004 Jeremy Deller
2005 Simon Starling
2006 Tomma Abts
2007 Mark Wallinger
2008 Mark Leckey
2009 Richard Wright
2010 Susan Philipsz
2011 Martin Boyce
2012 Elizabeth Price
 2013 Laure Provost

Twerking
Type of dancing in which an individual dances to popular music in a sexually provocative manner
involving thrusting hip movements and a low, squatting stance

Uccello, Paolo
Born Paolo di Dono, Italian painter notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art and
for his three paintings representing the Battle of San Romano

Van Dyck, Anthony

Court painter to Charles I of England

van Gogh, Vincent

Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose works include Starry Night, Sunflowers, Bedroom in Arles,
Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Sorrow, Wheatfield with Crows and The Potato Eaters

van Goyen, Jan

Dutch landscape painter famously influential on the landscape painters of his century

Vasari, Giorgio
Italian painter, architect, writer and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Eminent
Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing

Vecelli, Tiziano
Known as Titian, Italian painter whose works include Assumption of the Virgin, Pesaro Madonna
and Venus of Urbino

Velázquez, Diego
Spanish painter who was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV, painted the portrait of
Pope Innocent X,Las Meninas, Rokeby Venus, and The Surrender of Breda

Vellum
Mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books

Verdi, Giuseppe
Italian Romantic composer primarily known for his operas Rigoletto, La traviata, Nabucco, Il
trovatore and Aida

Verdigris
Technical term to the distinctive shade of green in the Statue of Liberty

Vermeer, Jan
Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life
Painted View of Delft, The Milkmaid and Girl With a Pearl Earring

Vibrato
Musical term referring to a slight wavering in pitch, occurring so quickly that it resembles a
vibration and sounds like a single pitch

Vignetting
In photography and optics, the reduction of an image’s brightness or saturation at the periphery
compared to the image center

Villa-Lobos, Heitor
South American composer who wrote a series of pieces inspired by Brazilian street music, h ros,
as well as Bachianas Brasileiras

Vivace
Italian musical term indicating a movement that is in a lively mood and so usually in a fast tempo

von Weber, Carl Maria

German composer considered the “Father of German Romantic Opera”
First to design a seating arrangement for orchestra players
First to hold rehearsals conducting a baton

Wagner, Richard
Composer of the opera Tristan and Isolde

Wagner-Werke-Verzeichnis
Catalogue of compositions by Richard Wagner

Warhol, Andy
Pop artist who designed album covers for John Lennon, Rolling Stones and Velvet Underground

Warping
Term referring to the crooked state of a canvas or stretcher produced by uneven expansion or
contraction

Water Lilies
Series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet that depict his
flower garden at Giverny and were the main focus of Monet's artistic production during the last
thirty years of his life

Winged Victory of Samothrace

2nd century BCE sculpture of the Greek goddess Nike

Whistler, James McNeill

American artist who painted Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, popularly known as Whistler's
Mother

Wood, Grant
American Regionalist painter of Daughters of the Revolution and American Gothic

“Wooden sound”
Literal Greek meaning of the word xylophone

Xoanon
Archaic wooden cult image of Ancient Greece

Xylography
Art engraved on wood
Yoshizawa-Randlett system
Series of diagrams describing the art of origami

Zanelle
Artwork painted by a robot

Zills
Tiny metallic cymbals used in belly dancing and similar performances

de Zurbarán, Francisco
Spanish painter known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and
for his still-lifes
Philosophy

Abelard, Peter
Medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician whose story of his
affair with and love for Heloise has become legendary

Argumentum ad hominem
General category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected in the basis of some irrelevant
fact about the author of or person presenting the claim or argument

Averroes
Islamic philosopher considered to be the “founding father of secular thought in Western Europe”

Axiarchism
View that values rule or explain the natural order

Bacon, Francis, 1st Viscount St. Alban

English philosopher regarded as the creator of empiricism and famously died by contracting
pneumonia while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat

Bentham, Jeremy
British philosopher considered as the “Father of Utilitarianism”

Berkeley, George
Irish philosopher who wrote the Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge and
Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonus

Blavatsky, Helena
Founder of the Theosophical Society

Boethius
Roman philosopher who sought to interpret Greek philosophy to the Romans and expound orthodox
Christian doctrine, best known for The Consolation of Philosophy

Comte, Auguste
French philosopher who founded the discipline of sociology and the doctrine of positivism

Democritus
Pre-Socratic philosopher who formulated the atomic theory of the universe

Descartes, René
French philosopher dubbed the Father of Modern Philosophy, known for “Cogito ergo sum”,
method of doubt, Cartesian coordinate system, Cartesian dualism, ontological argument for the
existence of Christian God, and mathesis universalis

Diogenes of Sinope
Greek philosopher who became one of the founders of Cynic philosophy

Empedocles
Greek pre-Socratic philosopher best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the
four Classical elements (All matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire)
Epicurus
Greek founder of a school called The Garden who held the avoidance of pain and the seeking of
simple pleasure as the greatest good
Greek philosopher who espoused living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friendsand that good and
evil can be measured by pleasure and pain

Foucault, Michel
French philosopher best known for his critical studies of social institutions, most notably
psychiatry, the social anthropology of medicine, the human sciences, the prison system, and the
history of human sexuality

Freire, Paulo
Brazilian philosopher best known for his influential work Pedagogy of the Oppressed

Gramsci, Antonio
Italian philosopher renowned for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how states use
cultural institutions to maintain power in a capitalist society

Hedonism
School of ethic which argues that pleasure has an ultimate importance

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

German philosopher who developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or “system”, of
Absolute idealism to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and
nature, the subject and object of knowledge, psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and
philosophy

Heidegger, Martin
Author of Being and Time, German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological
explorations of the “question of Being”

Henosis
In Classical Greek, word for mystical “oneness”, “union” or “unity”
In Platonism, goal is union with what is fundamental in reality: The One

Heraclitus of Ephesus
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for his insistence on ever-present change in the universe

Hume, David
Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical
empiricism and skepticism

Husserl, Edmund
Philosopher and mathematician who founded the 20th century philosophical school of
phenomenology

Ibn Khaldun
Arab Muslim historiographer and historian, and one of the founding fathers of modern
historiography, sociology and economics, best known for his Muqaddimah

Idealism
Philosophical theory that maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on ideas
Kalam
In Islamic philosophy, process of adducing philosophical proofs to justify elements of religious
doctrine

Kant, Immanuel
German philosopher who argued that human perception structures natural law, and that reason is the
source of morality

Kierkegaard, Søren
Danish philosopher widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher

Kuon
Nickname given to Greek philosopher Diogenes

Laozi
Born Li Erh, philosopher of ancient China best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching

Lateral thinking
Popular term for a creative, imaginative approach to problem-solving that changes one’s
perceptions and conception of a problem, allegedly contrasted with ‘linear’ or ‘logical’ thinking

Locke, John
English philosopher who postulated that the mind was a blank state or tabula rasa
First philosopher to define the self through a continuity of consciousness

Logical atomism
Philosophical belief which holds that the world consists of ultimate logical facts that cannot be
broken down any further

Lukács, György
Hungarian philosopher who was one of the founders of Western Marxism, the interpretive tradition
that departed from the Marxist ideological orthodoxy of the USSR

Machiavelli, Niccolò
Italian philosopher best known as the author of The Prince

Mandate of Heaven
Traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy predicated on the conduct of
the ruler in question

Marx, Karl
Prussian-German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who played a significant role in the
establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement
Author of The Communist Manifesto and Capital, together with Friedrich Engels

McLuhan, Marshall
Canadian philosopher known for coining the expressions the medium is the message and the global
village

Mill, John Stuart

British philosopher who wrote On Liberty
Neutral monism
Metaphysical view that the mental and the physical are two ways of organizing or describing the
same elements, which are themselves “neutral”, that is, neither physical nor mental

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm

German philosopher whose key ideas include the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism,
the Will to Power, the “death of God”,the Übermensch and eternal recurrence

Nihilism
Philosophical doctrine suggesting the negation of one or more putatively meaningful aspects of life

Opportunism
Conscious policy and practice of taking selfish advantage of circumstances with little regard for
principles, or with what the consequences are for others

Perspectivism
Often confused with relativism and skepticism, concept which states that objectscannot be viewed
from all view point simultaneously, and knowledge is always biased

Phallocentrism
Neologism coined by Jacques Derrida to refer to the privileging of the masculine in the construction
of meaning

Phenomenalism
View that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves but only as perceptual
phenomena or sensory stimuli situated in time and in space

Plenum
In philosophy, conception of space as entirely filled with matter

Plotinus
Major philosopher of the ancient world

Protagoras
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who is credited with having invented the role of the professional
sophists

Pythagoras of Samos
First man to call himself a philosopher or lover of wisdom

Seneca the Younger

Roman Stoic philosopher who became the tutor and later adviser to Roman Emperor Nero

Smith, Adam
Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy best known for two classic works:
The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations
Cited as the “father of modern economics”

Solipsism
Philosophical idea that only one’s own mind is sure to exist
Sophist
Specific kind of teacher in both ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire

Sophrosyne
Greek philosophical term etymologically meaning healthy-mindedness and from there self-control
or moderation guided by knowledge and balance

Spinoza, Baruch
Dutch philosopher whose magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes’s
mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy’s most important
thinkers

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

French philosopher and Jesuit priest who trained as a paleontologist and geologist and took part in
the discovery of Peking Man and Piltdown Man

Thales of Miletus
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to
mythology
First to define general principles and set forth hypotheses

Tract
Short pamphlet or essay presenting some religious or politicalargument or doctrine

Veil of ignorance
Metaphorical description of the barrier against using special concerns in order to assess principles
of justice

Vico, Giambattista
Italian political philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist who criticized the expansion and
development of rationalism and was an apologist of classical antiquity and is best known for his
magnum opus, the Scienza Nuova

Weber, Max
German philosopher who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Politics as a
Vocation

Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Austrian-British philosopher who authored Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Yamaga Sokō
Japanese philosopher and strategist during the Tokugawa shogunate who applied Confucius’s idea
of the “superior man”to the samurai class of Japan

Zeno of Citium
Founder of the Stoic school of philosophy

Zeno of Elea
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher best known for his paradoxes
Religion

8
• Number of Angels carrying The Holy Throne of Allah in heavens
• Number of Beatitudes
• Number of days in Hanukkah

9
As the highest single-digit number, symbolizes completeness in the Baha’i Faith

19
Number of angels guarding Hell according to the Qur’an

24
• Number of books in Tanakh
• Number of tirthankaras in Jainism

33
• Number of recorded miracles that Jesus performed
• Number of days that Pope John Paul I reigned

50
• Number of Gates of Wisdom (or Understanding) and Gates of Impurity in Kabbalah, respectively
• Number of chapters in Genesis

70
• Number of the dead among prophet Muhammad’s adversary during the Battle of Badr
• Number of Prophet Muhammad’s followers martyred at the Battle of Uhud

72
• Number of languages spoken at the Tower of Babylon
• Number of sects or denominations that are doomed to Hell, according to Hadith
• In Cao Dai, number of planets between hell and heaven

114
Number of chapters or suras in the Quran

140
Age that Job died

360
Number of idols inside the Kaaba, destroyed by the prophet Muhammad

Ablutions
Term referring to the washing of fingers and chalice by the celebrant after Communion in the
Eucharist

Ad extirpanda
Papal bull promulgated on Wednesday, May 15, 1252 by Pope Innocent IV which authorized in
limited and defined circumstances the use of torture by the Inquisition for eliciting confessions from
heretics
“Ad maiorem Dei gloriam”
Latin motto of the Society of Jesus, translated into English as “For the greater glory of God”

Adhan
Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day

Adi Granth
Holy book of Sikhism

Adrian IV
Born Nicholas Breakspear, only Englishman to become Pope of the Roman Catholic Church

Adrian VI
Born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, last non-Italian Pope of the Roman Catholic Church until
Blessed John Paul II 455 years later

Agape
Term used particularly by Christian writers to signify fraternal and filiallove, as opposed to eros or
sexual love

Aggadah
Homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical texts in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism,
particularly as recorded in the Talmud and Midrash

Agni
Hindu god of fire and the acceptor of sacrifices

Agnus Dei
Latin for “lamb of God”, title for Jesus at appears in John 1:29

Ahimsa
Important tenet of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism that denotes kindness and non-violence
towards all living things including animals

Ahl al-Hadith
Term that has been used to refer to many Islamic movements, both historical and modern, that
emphasize the use of hadith in Islam

Ahura Mazda
Highest deity of worship in Zoroastrianism

Al-Masjid Al-Haram
Largest mosque in the world, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia and surrounds the Kaaba

Alberioni, Blessed James

Italian Catholic priest and the founder of the Society of St. Paul and other religious institutes that
form the Pauline Family

Alexander III
Born Roland of Siena, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who laid the foundation stone for the
famous Notre-Dame de Paris
Alexander VI
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, father of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia
Elected in the first conclave to be held in the Sistine Chapel
Excommunicated Girolamo Savonarola

Alpha course
Course which seeks to explore the basics of the Christian faith, described as “an opportunity to
explore the meaning of life”

Amen
Last word in the Bible

St. Anne
Mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Animism
Religious worldview that natural physical entities—including animals, plants, and often even
inanimate objects or phenomena—possess a spiritual essence

Antinomianism
Tendency in all religions, for some among those who believe to regard themselves as so possessed
of grace/salvation/enlightenment, etc., that existing laws are no longer applicable

Anusim
People compelled unwillingly to convert from Judaism to another faith

Aparigraha
In Jainism, concept of non-possessiveness

Apollinarism
View proposed by Apollinaris of Laodicea that Jesus could not have a human mind; rather, that
Jesus had a human body and lower soul but a divine mind

Apostolic Palace of Castel Gandolfo

Summer residence and vacation retreat for the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church

Apotheosis
Also called deification, glorification of a subject to divine level

Arihant
In Jainism, a step before becoming siddha

Armageddon
Site of a battle during the end times, variously interpreted as either a literal or symbolic location,
term also used in a generic sense to refer to any end of the world scenario

As-Sirāt
Hair-narrow bridge which every person must pass on the Yawm ad-Din to enter Paradise

Aspersion
In religious context, act of sprinkling with water, especially holy water
Asteya
In Jainism, Sanskrit word meaning avoidance of stealing

St. Athanasius I of Alexandria

Labeled in the Eastern Orthodoxy as the “Father of Orthodoxy”

Augsburg Confession
Primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church

St. Augustine of Hippo

Author of The City of God and Confessions

Avesta
Primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism

Azrael
Islamic archangel of death

Bahá’u’lláh
Born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí, founder of the ahá’í Faith

Balder
Norse god of light who was killed by a dart of mistletoe by Hoder

Bar Mitzvah
Jewish coming of age rituals

Barabbas
Insurrectionary whom Pontius Pilate freed at the Passover feast in Jerusalem, instead of Jesus Christ

Bardo
In Tibetan tradition, state of intermediate existence between two separate lives on earth

Barker, Robert
Printer of the King James Bible

St. Basil the Great

Greek theologian who supported the Nicene Creed and opposed the heresies of the early Christian
church, fighting against both Arianism and the followers of Apollinaris of Laodicea

Bat Mitzvah
Female equivalent of Bar Mitzvah

Beatific vision
Term referring to the ultimate direct self communication of God to the individual person, when she
or he reaches, as a member of redeemed humanity in the communion of saints, perfect salvation in
its entirety, that is the heaven

Becket, Thomas
Archbishop of Canterbury (1162-1170) who engaged in conflict with Henry II of England over the
rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by the followers of the king in Canterbury
Cathedral
Benedict IX
Only man to have been Pope on more than one occasion, the only man ever to have sold the papacy,
and the first verifiable person to have resigned the papacy

Benedict XVI
Born Josef Alois Ratzinger, first Roman Catholic pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415,
and the first to do so on his own initiative since Pope Celestine V in 1294

Bernard of Clairvaux
French abbot, the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order

Black Stone
Eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba, the ancient stone building toward which Muslims pray, in the
center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Revered by Muslims as an Islamic relic which, according to Muslim tradition, dates back to the
time of Adam and Eve

Bodhisattva
In Mahayana Buddhism, term referring to people who refrain from reachingnirvana in order to save
others

Bojaxhiu, Anjezë Gonxhe

Real name of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta

Boniface VIII
Born Benedetto Gaetani, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church best remembered for his feuds with
Dante, who placed him in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs

Book of Common Prayer

Short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the
Continuing Anglican and other Anglican churches

Books of the Bible

Written by Moses
1. Genesis
2. Exodus
3. Leviticus
4. Numbers
5. Deuteronomy

Old Testament Narratives

6. Joshua
7. Judges
8. Ruth
9. 1 Samuel
10. 2 Samuel
11. 1 Kings
12. 2 Kings
13. 1 Chronicles
14. 2 Chronicles
15. Ezra
16. Nehemiah
17. Esther

Wisdom Literature
18. Job
19. Psalms
20. Proverbs
21. Ecclesiastes
22. Song of Songs

Major Prophets
23. Isaiah
24. Jeremiah
25. Lamentations
26. Ezekiel
27. Daniel

Minor Prophets
28. Hosea
29. Joel
30. Amos
31. Obadiah
32. Jonah
33. Micah
34. Nahum
35. Habakkuk
36. Zephaniah
37. Haggai
38. Zechariah
39. Malachi

New Testament Narratives

40. Matthew
41. Mark
42. Luke
43. John
44. Acts

Epistles by Paul
45. Romans
46. 1 Corinthians
47. 2 Corinthians
48. Galatians
49. Ephesians
50. Philippians
51. Colossians
52. 1 Thessalonians
53. 2 Thessalonians
54. 1 Timothy
55. 2 Timothy
56. Titus
57. Philemon

General Epistles
58. Hebrews
59. James
60. 1 Peter
61. 2 Peter
62. 1 John
63. 2 John
64. 3 John
65. Jude

Apocalyptic Epistle by John

66. Revelation

Booth, William
British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Army and became its first General

Borobudur
9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Indonesia
Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction

“Butcher of Cesena”
Nickname given to Antipope Clement VII, the first Avignon antipope of the Western Schism,
opposing Pope Urban VI

Cadaver Synod
Name commonly given to the posthumous ecclesiastical trial of Catholic Pope Formosus

Callixtus III
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who allegedly issued a bull against a comet in 1456

Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church

Administrator of the property and revenues of the Holy See

Canonization
Act by which the Catholic Church or Eastern Orthodox Church declares a deceased person to be a
saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the canon, or list, of recognized saints

Canopic jars
Sets of pottery containers served as receptacles for the organs ofmummies

Cao Dai
Asian syncretic monotheistic religion that reveres Charlie Chaplin and Victor Hugo

Celestine II
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church that became the first pope listed in the Prophecies of St.
Malachy

Chaturmas
Holy period of four months (July to October) in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, reserved the
year for penance, austerities, fasting, bathing in holy rivers and religious observances for all
Chinjusha
Shinto shrine which enshrines a patron spirit that protects a given area, village, building or Buddhist
temple

Chinvat Bridge
In Zoroastrianism, sifting bridge which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Site in Jerusalem that is venerated as Golgotha, where Jesus was crucified, and is said also to
contain the place where Jesus was buried

Clement V
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, memorable in history for suppressing the order of the Knights
Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members, and as the Pope who moved the Curia
from Rome to Avignon, ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy

Clement VI
Most notable as the Pope who reigned during the time of the Black Death, during which he granted
remission of sins to all that died of the plague

Clement VII
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church notable for excommunicating Henry VIII of England

Clement XII
Born Lorenzo Corsini, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church known for building the new façade of
the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, beginning construction of the Trevi Fountain, and the
purchase of Cardinal Alessandro Albani’s collection of antiquities for the papal gallery

Codex Iuris Canonici

Code of canon law in force in the Roman Catholic Church since 1918

Converso
A Jew or Muslim who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th
and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants

Daibutsu
Japanese term, often used informally, for large statues of Buddha

Dakhma
Also known as Tower of Silence, circular, raised structure used by Zoroastrians for exposure of the
dead, particularly to scavenging birds

Daniel
Biblical character whose name means “God is my judge”

Darbar Sahib
Main hall within a Sikh gurdwara

de Jasso y Azpilicueta, Francisco

Real name of St. Francis Xavier, patron saint of African missions, Australia, Cape Town, South
Africa, foreign missions, missionaries, parish missions, and plague epidemics
de Paul, St. Vincent
Priest of the Roman Catholic Church renowned for his compassion, humility and generosity and is
known as the “Great Apostle of Charity”
Founded the Ladies of Charity and the Congregation of the Mission

Decet Romanum Pontificem

Papal bull issued by Pope Leo X excommunicating Martin Luther

Decretum de Judaeis
Name given to the series of draft documents of the Second Vatican Council which led to the
groundbreaking progress in the Catholic Church’s relations with Jews

Deism
Belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a
Creator, accompanied with the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious
knowledge

Dhikr
Islamic devotional act which is a form of prayer in which the Muslim will express his or her
remembrance of God either within or overtly

Dispensation
In the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, the suspension by competent authority of general
rules of law in particular cases

Diwali
Hindu festival popularly known as the “festival of lights”

Doctors of the Roman Catholic Church

Name Title(s) Promoted Activity

St. Gregory the Great — 1298 Pope
St. Ambrose — 1298 Bishop of Milan
Doctor Gratiae Bishop of Hippo (now
St. Augustine 1298
(Doctor of Grace) Annaba)
St. Jerome — 1298 Priest, monk
Archbishop of
St. John Chrysostom — 1568
Constantinople
St. Basil the Great — 1568 Bishop of Caesarea
Archbishop of
St. Gregory Nazianzus — 1568
Constantinople
Patriarch of
St. Athanasius — 1568
Alexandria
Doctor Angelicus Priest, Theologian,
St. Thomas Aquinas 1568
(Angelic Doctor) O.P.
 Name Title(s) Promoted Activity
Doctor Communis
(Common Doctor)
Cardinal Bishop of
Doctor Seraphicus Albano, Theologian,
St. Bonaventure 1588
(Seraphic Doctor) Minister General,
O.F.M.
Doctor Magnificus Archbishop of
St. Anselm 1720
(Magnificent Doctor) Canterbury, O.S.B.
St. Isidore of Seville — 1722 Bishop of Seville
St. Peter Chrysologus — 1729 Bishop of Ravenna
St. Leo the Great — 1754 Pope
Cardinal Bishop of
St. Peter Damian — 1828
Ostia, monk, O.S.B.
St. Bernard of Doctor Mellifluus
1830 Priest, O.Cist.
Clairvaux (Mellifluous Doctor)
St. Hilary of Poitiers — 1851 Bishop of Poitiers
Bishop of Sant'Agata
Doctor Zelantissimus
St. Alphonsus Liguori 1871 de' Goti, C.Ss.R.
(Doctor Most Zealous)
(Founder)
Doctor Caritatis
St. Francis de Sales 1877 Bishop of Geneva
(Doctor of Charity)
Doctor Incarnationis
Patriarch of
St. Cyril of Alexandria (Doctor of the 1883
Alexandria
Incarnation)
St. Cyril of Jerusalem — 1883 Bishop of Jerusalem
St. John Damascene — 1883 Priest, monk
St. Bede the Venerable — 1899 Priest, monk
St. Ephrem — 1920 Deacon
St. Peter Canisius — 1925 Priest, S.J.
Doctor Mysticus Priest, mystic, O.C.D.
St. John of the Cross 1926
(Mystic Doctor) (Founder)
Archbishop of Capua,
St. Robert Bellarmine — 1931
Theologian, S.J.
Doctor Universalis Bishop of Regensburg,
St. Albertus Magnus 1931
(Universal Doctor) Theologian, O.P.
St. Anthony of Padua Doctor Evangelicus
1946 Priest, O.F.M.
and Lisbon (Evangelic Doctor)
St. Lawrence of Doctor Apostolicus 1959 Priest, Diplomat,
 Name Title(s) Promoted Activity
Brindisi (Apostolic Doctor) O.F.M. Cap.
Mystic, O.C.D.
St. Teresa of Ávila — 1970
(Founder)
Mystic, O.P.
St. Catherine of Siena — 1970
(Consecrated virgin)
Doctrix Amoris
St. Thérèse de Lisieux 1997 O.C.D. (Nun)
(Doctor of Love)

Dome of the Rock

Shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem built by Arab conquerors between
685-691 CE to commemorate the spot where the Prophet Mohammed is believed to have risen to
heaven

Dreamtime
In the animist framework of Australian Aboriginal mythology, sacred era in which ancestral totemic
spirit beings created the world

Drukpa Kunley
Buddhist monk known for his crazy methods of enlightening other beings, mostly women, which
earned him the title “The Saint of 5,000 Women”, promising women a path to Nirvana through the
use of his penis or “Thunderbolt of Flaming Wisdom” as he called it

Eddy, Mary Baker

Founder of Christian Science, a new religious movement that emerged in New England in the late
19th century

Eid al-Fitr
Important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks the end of Ramadan, the
Islamic holy month of fasting

En no Ozunu
Japanese ascetic, mystic, and apothecary, who was banished to Izu Ōshima on June 26, 699 CE and
traditionally held to be the founder of Shugendō, a syncretic religion incorporating aspects of
Taoism, Shinto, esoteric Buddhism (especially Shingon Mikkyō and the Tendai sect) and traditional
Japanese shamanism

Epiphany
Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation of God the Son as a human being in Jesus Christ

Eschatology
Branch of theology concerned with studying events taking place in the last days of the world

Esther
Only book in the Bible which does not explicitly mention God

Blessed Eugene III

Born Bernardo da Pisa, first Cistercian to become Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
Excommunication
Religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to
restrict certain rights within it

Exsurge Domine
Papal bull issued on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X in response to the teachings of Martin Luther
which opposed the views of the papacy

Father Damien
Born Jozef de Veuster, Roman Catholic priest who won recognition for his ministry in Hawaii to
people with leprosy who have been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on
the island of Molokai
Canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009

Felici, Pericle
Roman Catholic cardinal who had the rare honor of giving twice the Habemus Papam
announcement, the first after the election of Albino Luciani as Pope John Paul I, and the second,
after the election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II

Fire temple
Place of worship for Zoroastrians

First Great Awakening

Christian revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially
the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion
that resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their
need of salvation by Jesus Christ

First Vatican Council

Ecumenical council convoked by Pope Pius IX to deal with the contemporary problems of the rising
influence of rationalism, liberalism and materialism as well as defining papal infallibility

Five Ks of Sikhism

Kesh – uncut hair

Kangha – a wooden comb
Kara – a metal bracelet
Kachera – a specific style of cotton undergarments
Kirpan – a strapped curved sword, length ranging from a few inches to 3 feet long

Five Pillars of Islam

1. The shahada (Islamic creed)

2. Daily prayers (salat)
3. Fasting during Ramadan (sawm)
4. Almsgiving (zakāt)
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Black Famine
 Red Bloodshed and war
Pale Pestilence and Death
White Evil

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

1. The truth of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, stress)

2. The truth of the origin of dukkha
3. The truth of the cessation of dukkha
4. The truth of the path leading to the cessation of dukkha

Fox, George
English Dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the
Quakers or Friends

Francis
Born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, first Jesuit Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, the first pope from
the Americas, and the first pope from the Southern Hemisphere
First non-European pope since Gregory III, 1272 years earlier
First pope since Pius X to live outside the papal apartments

Fravashi
In Zoroastrianism, term referring to the guardian spirit mentioned in the Avestaof an individual,
who sends out the urvan, often translated as “soul”, into thematerial world to fight the battle of good
versus evil

Gabbai
A person who assists in the running of synagogues in some way

Gathas
17 hymns believed to have been composed by Zoroaster himself

Gautama, Siddharta
Known as “Buddha” or “the enlightened one”, founder of Buddhism

Gemara
Component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah

Golem
In Jewish folklore, animated anthropomorphic being created in times of danger to protect the Jews

Grace
In Christianity, term referring to the gift from God of power that makes salvationpossible

Grand Master
In Freemasonry, the leader of the lodges within his Masonic jurisdiction

Great Architect of the Universe

Conception of God discussed by many Christian theologians and apologists, used within
Freemasonry to neutrally represent deity

Great Spirit
Called Wakan Tanka among the Sioux and Gitche Manitou in Algonquian, a conception of a
supreme being prevalent among some Native American and First Nations cultures

Great Tribulation
Refers to tumultuous events that are described during the “signs of the times”, first mentioned by
Jesus in the Olivet discourse

Gregory IV
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church notable for his attempts to intervene in the quarrels between
the emperor Louis the Pious and his sons and saw the breakup of the Carolingian Empire in 843

Gregory VII
Roman Catholic pope best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy
First pope in several centuries to rigorously enforce the Catholic Church’s ancient policy of
celibacy for the Catholic clergy and attacked the practice of simony

Gregory IX
Roman Catholic pope known for instituting the Papal Inquisition, a mechanism that severely
punished people accused of heresy

Gregory XI
Last of the Avignon popes

Gregory XIII
Born Ugo Boncompagni, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church best known for commissioning and
being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar

Gregory XVI
Born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who opposed democratic
and modernizing reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for
revolutionary leftism, and he sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy

Gurdwara
Place of worship for Sikhs

Guru
Sanskrit term for “teacher” or “master”, especially in Indian religions

Guru Nanak Dev

First guru of Sikhism

Hadith
Collection of sayings and deeds of Muhammad, the second most important text in Islam that
complements the Qu’ran

Hafiz
Term used by modern Muslims for someone who has completely memorized the Qur’an
Hajj
One of the five pillars of Islam, a religious duty that must be carried out by every able-bodied
Muslim who can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime

Halakha
Collective body of religious laws for Jews, including biblical law and later Talmudic and rabbinic
law, as well as customs and traditions

Hanukkah
Eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem at the
time of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire of the 2nd Century BCE

Haraam
In Islamic jurisprudence, term used to refer to any act that is forbidden by God

Haredi
Most conservative form of Orthodox Judaism

Haredim
Termfor Jews who observe the tenets of their religion with care

Harmandir Sahib
Known as the Golden Temple, most well-known Gurdwara in Sikhism

Hasidim
Term referring to Jews who maintain the highest standard of religious observance and moral action

Heaven’s Gate
American UFO religion doomsday cult whose members committed mass suicide in 1997 in order to
reach what they believed was an alien space craft following the Comet Hale–Bopp, which was at its
brightest

Heresy
Any religious doctrine opposed to the dogma of a particular church, especially a doctrine held by a
person professing faith in the teachings of that church

Hermitage
Dwelling of a religious recluse, in the medieval period oftenassociated with religious foundations,
endowed for an anchorite in a churchyard or some other place, often attached to a monastery, and
frequently associated with an oratory

Hieros gamos
Term referring to a sexual ritual that plays out a marriage between a god and a goddess, especially
when enacted in a symbolic ritual where human participants represent the deities

Hi’iaka
Patroness of the hula dance

Hindu gods

Agni Fire
 Brahma Creation
Indra Storms and war
Iswara Nature and soul
Kali Destruction
Kama Lust and desire
Lakshmi Wealth and good luck
Mara Death
Pushan Enlightenment
Radha Love
Sarasvati Art, learning and music
Shiva Creation and destruction
Soma Speech
Surya Sun
Varuna Sea
Vishnu Creation
Yama Death

Hitchens, Christopher
British-American author who was famously asked by the Vatican to testify against the beatification
of Mother Teresa in 2002

Holy of Holies
Term in the Hebrew Bible which refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle and later the
Temple in Jerusalem where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple, which could
be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur

Homoousion
Term used by Augustine to express the identity of the substance of the members of the trinity; the
principal doctrine affirmed in the Athanasian creed, drawn up to confute the Arian heresy

Honorius III
Roman Catholic pope who gave papal sanction to the Dominican Order and the Franciscan Order

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founder, first Superior General, and patron saint of the Society of Jesus
Author of Spiritual Exercises

Imam
Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community

Immersion
Method of Baptism whereby part of the candidate’s body is submerged in the baptismal water
which is poured over the remainder

In nomine Domini
Papal bull written by Pope Nicholas II in 1059 that caused major reforms in the system of papal
election, most notably establishing the cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope with the
consent of the minorclergy

Incubation
Practice of sleeping in churches or their precincts in expectation of visions, revelations, and healing
from disease

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

List of publications prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church, formally abolished in 1966 by Pope
Paul VI

Ineffabilis Deus
Apostolic constitution by Pope Pius IX that defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the
Blessed Virgin Mary

Inhibition
Episcopal order suspending from the performance of his office an incumbent whose conduct makes
such action advisable

Innocent III
Born Lothar of Segni, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who exerted a wide influence over the
Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe's kings
Notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions

Innocent X
Born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, head of the Catholic Church noted as one of the most politically
shrewd pontiffs of the era

Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theologu

Interdict
In the Roman Catholic canon law, ecclesiastical censure that excludes from certain rites of the
Church individuals or groups who nonetheless do not cease to be members of the Church

Intinction
In liturgical use, practice of absorbing some consecrated orunconsecrated wine into the Eucharistic
bread before Communion

Istita’ah
Term for the state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj

Jah
Shortened name for God YHWH, most commonly used in the Rastafari movement

Jamaraat Bridge
Pedestrian bridge in Mina, Saudi Arabia used by Muslims during the stoning of the devil ritual of
the Hajj

Jansenism
Christian theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human
depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination originated from the posthumously
published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen

Jatakas
Precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha

Jesse
Father of King David

John
Most common name adopted by Roman Catholic popes

John XXII
Second Pope of the Avignon Papacy, faced controversy in theology involving his views on the
Beatific Vision, opposed the Franciscan understanding of the poverty of Christ and his apostles, and
canonized St. Thomas Aquinas

Blessed John XXIII

Born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who convoked the Second
Vatican Council
First to take the name John upon his election in more than 500 years

John Paul I
Born Albino Luciani, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who became the only Pope to have lived
his entire life in the 20th century
First pope to be born in the 20th century and the last pope to die in it
First pope to choose an investiture to commence his papacy rather than the traditional papal
coronation
Most recent Italian-born pope
Last pope to use the sedia gestatoria

Blessed John Paul II

Born Karol Wojtyla, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who became the first pope to enter a
mosque
First non-Italian pope since Pope Adrian VI
First pope to visit a communist country (Poland)
First pope to visit the White House
First pope to visit United Kingdom in 450 years (1982)

Joseph of Arimathea
Man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after the latter’s crucifixion

Julius III
Head of the Catholic Church from 7 February 1550 to his death in 1555 who made only reluctant
and short-lived attempts at reform, mostly devoting himself to a life of personal pleasure

Kabbalah
Discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism

Kaddish
Hymn of praises to God found in the Jewish prayer service

Kali
Hindu goddess associated with eternal energy

Kami
General term for the divine being in the Shinto religion

Kanthaka
Favorite white horse of Gautama Siddharta

Kapparot
Jewish ritual practiced by some Jews on the eve of Yom Kippur where the person swings a live
chicken or a bundle of coins over one's head three times, symbolizing transferring one's sins to the
chicken or coins

Karaite Judaism
Jewish movement characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh alone as its supreme legal
authority in Halakha and theology

Ketubah
Special type of Jewish prenuptial agreement considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish
marriage, and outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom, in relation to the bride

Keyumars
Avestan name of the mythological first Man in Old Iranian culture

Khadijah
First wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and commonly regarded as the first Muslim and
“mother of Islam”

Khanda
Term for the emblem of Sikhism

Kiswah
Cloth that covers the Kaaba

Knox, John
Leader of the Protestant Reformation who brought reformation to the church in Scotland
Considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination in Scotland

Kolbe, St. Maximilian

Polish Franciscan friar who volunteered to die in place of a stranger in Auschwitz concentration
camp

Kumbh Mela
Mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred river
Considered to be largest peaceful gathering in the world with over 100 million people visiting
during the Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013
Lakshmi
Hindu goddess of wealth, prosperity, light, wisdom, fortune, fertility, generosity and change

Lamech
• Father of Noah
• First polygamist mentioned in the Bible

Lang, Cosmo Gordon

Archbishop of Canterbury who first used the term weapon of mass destruction

Langar
Term used in the Sikh religion for common kitchen or canteen where food is served in a Gurdwara
to all the visitors for free

Langton, Stephen
Archbishop of Canterbury credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern
arrangement of chapters used today

LaVey, Anton
American author, occultist, and musician who was the founder of the Church of Satan as well as the
author of The Satanic Bible

Lectern
Reading desk in a church, usuallymade of wood or brass but sometimes of stone or marble

Leo I
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who persuaded Attila the Hun not to attack Rome

Leo III
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him
Emperor and Augustus of the Romans

Leo X
Born Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church best remembered for
granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter’s Basilica, which was
challenged by Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses

Leo XIII
Born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, oldest pope, reigning until the age of 93 and
known for intellectualism, the development of social teachings with his encyclical Rerum Novarum
and his attempts to define the position of the Church with regard to modern thinking
First Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix

Leshan Giant Buddha

Largest stone Buddha in the world and tallest pre-modern statue in the world, located at Mount
Emei Scenic Area in China

Liberation theology
Political movement in Catholic theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in relation to
a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions
Lumen fidei
First encyclical of Pope Francis

Luther, Martin
German monk known for his Ninety-Five Theses and the seminal figure of Protestant Reformation

MacKillop, Mary
Only Australian thus far to be recognized by the Catholic Church as a saint, canonized by Pope
Benedict XVI in 2010

Madrasa
Any type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be
the only subject studied

Mahabodhi Temple
Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya where Siddharta Gautama is said to have attained enlightenment

Mahavir Jayanthi
Most important religious holiday in Jainism that celebrates the birth anniversary of Mahavira, the
last Tirthankara

Mahavira
Also known as Vardhamana, twenty-fourth and last tirthankara of Jainism

Malachi
Final book of the Old Testament in the Authorized King James Version of the Bible

Mandala
Sanskrit for “circle”, sacred diagram used in Hinduism and Buddhism, especially in secret rituals
known as Tantric rituals

Manichaeanism
Doctrine that the world is not governed by one perfect Being,but by a balance of the forces of good
and evil

Mara
Demon that tempted Gautama Buddha by trying to seduce him with the vision of beautiful women
who are often said to be her daughters

Marcellus II
Most recent Pope of the Roman Catholic Church to choose to retain his birth name as his regnal
name upon his accession, as well as only the second and most recent pope to date to take the name
“Marcellus”upon being elected

Marrano
Term referring to originally Jews living in the Iberian Peninsula who converted or been forced to
convert to Christianity, some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret

Masih ad-Dajjal
Literally meaning “the false Messiah”, evil figure in Islamic eschatology

Mawlid
Observance of the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Mercurius
First pope to adopt a new name upon the elevation to the papacy

Midrash
In Judaism, body of homiletic stories told by Jewish rabbinic sages to explain passages in the
Tanakh

Mihrab
Semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla

Mikveh
Term referring to a Jewish ritual bath, used for ritual cleansing after contact withthe dead or after
menstruation

Minbar
Pulpit in the mosque where the imam stands to deliver sermons

Minyan
Term for the quorum of ten Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations

Miriam
Elder sister of Moses

Mishnah
First major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the “Oral Torah” and also the first
major work of Rabbinic Judaism

Monophysitism
Christological position that Christ has only one true nature

Monstrance
Vessel used for exposing relics or, more usually, the EucharisticHost for veneration

Months in the Islamic Calendar

1. Muharram
2. Safar
3. Rabi’ al-awwal
4. Rabi’ al-thani
5. Jumada al-awwal
6. Jumada al-thani
7. Rajab
8. Sha’aban
9. Ramadan
10. Shawwal
11. Dhu al-Qi’dah
12. Dhu al-Hijjah

Moroni
Angel said to have appeared before Joseph Smith to inform him that he hadbeen chosen to restore
God’s church on earth

Moksha
In Indian religions, term for liberation or release

Mottos of Roman Catholic Popes

St. Pius X Instaurare Omnia in Christo “Restore all things in Christ”

“The Peace of Christ in the
Pius XI Pax Christi in Regno Christi
Reign of Christ”
“The work of justice shall be
Pius XII Opus Justitiae Pax
peace”
Blessed John XXIII Obedientia et Pax “Obedience and peace”
Paul VI Cum Ipso in Monte “With Him on the mount”
John Paul I Humilitas “Humility”
Blessed John Paul II Totus tuus “Totally yours”
Benedict XVI Cooperatores veritatis “Cooperators of the truth”
“By having mercy, by choosing
Francis Miserando atque Eligando
Him”

Mount Ararat
In Judeo-Christian tradition, associated with the “Mountains of Ararat” where, according to the
book of Genesis, Noah's ark came to rest

Mount Meru
Sacred mountain in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

Muezza
Said to have been the Islamic prophet Muhammad's favorite cat

Muezzin
Chosen person at the mosque who leads the call to Friday service and the five daily prayers from
one of the mosque’s minarets

Mustati
Muslim who fulfills the state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj

Mutawa
Religious police that patrol in Saudi Arabia to enforce morality based on Islamic teachings

Mutaween
Police force responsible for the enforcement of sharia in some Muslim-majority countries

Navratri
Festival dedicated to the worship of the Hindu deity Durga
Nestorianism
Christological doctrine that emphasizes the disunion between the human anddivine natures of Jesus

Niddah
Hebrew term describing a woman during menstruation, or a woman who has menstruated and not
yet completed the associated requirement of immersion in a mikveh

Nirvana
Ancient Sanskrit term used in Indian religions to describe the profound peace of mind that is
acquired with moksha

Nishan Sahib
Sikh holy triangular flag made of cotton or silk cloth, with a tassel at its end

Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism

1. Right view
2. Right intention
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration

“Ora et labora”
Motto of the Benedictine Order, translated in English as “pray and work”

Orisha
Spirit or deity that reflects one of the manifestations of God in the Yoruba spiritual or religious
system

Orphism
Ascetic cult of ancient Greece, stressing the transmigration of souls, moral and ritual purity, and
individual responsibility of guilt and having mystical rites of initiation and purification

Pacem in Terris
Last encyclical drafted by Pope John XXIII which argued that peace between all peoples must be
based on truth, justice, love and freedom
First encyclical that the Pope addressed to “all men of good will”, rather than only to Catholics

Padmasana
• Lotus throne in Hindu-Buddhist art
• Lotus position in yoga meditative position

Papabile
Unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologist to describe a Roman Catholic man who is
thought a likely or possible candidate to be elected pope

Pashkvil
Broadside or poster that has been situated on a public wall or location in an Orthodox Jewish
community

Pastor Bonus
Apostolic Constitution promulgated by Blessed John Paul II on June 28, 1988 instituting a number
of reforms in the process of running the central government of the Roman Catholic Church

Pastoralis Praeeminentiae
Papal bull issued by Pope Clement V ordering the arrest of all Knights Templar and seizure of their
properties on behalf of the Church

Patron saints

St. Ambrose Beekeepers

St. Anthony of Padua Amputees
St. Anthony the Abbot Swine and gravediggers
St. Bernardine of Siena Hoarseness
St. Clare of Assisi Television
St. Dominic Savio Juvenile delinquents
St. Drogo Unattractive people
St. Fiacre Venereal diseases
St. Gabriel the Archangel Stamp collectors and postal workers
St. Hubert Against dog bites
St. Isidore of Seville Internet and computers
St. Jerome Emiliani Abandoned children
St. John Bosco Apprentices
Air travelers, aviators, astronauts, people with a mental handicap,
St. Joseph of Cupertino
test takers, and poor students
St. Jude Thaddeus Lost causes
St. Louis IX Distillers
St. Luke the Evangelist Art schools
St. Martin de Porres Mixed-race people and all those seeking interracial harmony
Drug addicts, political prisoners, families, journalists, prisoners and
St. Maximilian Kolbe
the pro-life movement
St. Mungo Glasgow
St. Phocas Agriculture
St. Rose Philippine
Opposition of Church Authorities
Duchesne
St. Sebastian Cranky children
 St. Teresa of Avila Against headaches
St. Therese of Lisieux African missions, AIDS sufferers
St. Thomas Aquinas Academics
St. Thomas the Apostle Architects
St. Timothy Against intestinal disorders and stomach diseases

Paul II
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church allegedly died while being sodomized by a page boy

Paul III
Born Alessandro Farnese, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who convened the Council of Trent
in 1545 and to whom that Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
Excommunicated Henry VIII of England

Paul IV
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who was instrumental in setting up the Roman Inquisition, and
was opposed to any dialogue with the emerging Protestant party in Europe

Paul VI
Born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who
continued the Second Vatican Council and fostered ecumenical relations with Orthodox and
Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements
Discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old Roman nobility at the papal court by
virtue of his motu proprio apostolic letter Pontificalis Domus
Abolished the Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, leaving the Swiss Guard as the sole military
order of the Vatican
First pope to visit six continents
First pope to visit the United States
First pope to visit the Holy Land

Paul the Apostle

Also known as Saul of Tarsus, responsible for spreading the gospel of Christianity through early
Christian communities across the Roman Empire

Pelagianism
Belief that original sin did not taint human nature and that mortal will is still capable of choosing
good or evil without special Divine aid

People of the Book

Term used to designate non-Muslim adherents to faiths which have a revealed scripture called, in
Arabic, Ahl-Al-Kitab; types of adherents to faiths that the Qur’an mentions as people of the book
are the Jews, Sabians, Magians and Christians

Photine
Name given to the Samaritan woman at the well in the Gospel of John

St. Pius V
Born Antonio Ghislieri, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church chiefly notable for his role in the
Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, the standardization of the Roman rite within the Latin
Church, declared Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church and patronized prominent sacred music
composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Pius IX
Born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, head of the Catholic Church who convened the First Vatican
Council and defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Longest reigning elected pope in the history of the Catholic Church
Last pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to Italian nationalist
armies and were incorporated to the Kingdom of Italy

Pius X
Born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, Pope of the Catholic Church, serving from 1903 to 1914 whose
most important reform was to publish the first Code of Canon Law, which collected the laws of the
Church into one volume for the first time
First pope since Pius V to be canonized

Pius XI
Born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who canonized
important saints including Thomas More, Petrus Canisius, Konrad von Parzham, Andrew Bobola,
Don Bosco, and Thérèse de Lisieux and created the feast of Christ the King in response to anti-
clericalism

Pius XII
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church whose
pontificate coincided with the Second World War and commencement of the Cold War
Served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to
Germany (1917–1929), and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude
treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi
Germany

Plagues of Egypt

1. Water, which turned to blood and killed all fish and other aquatic life (Exodus 7:14–25)
2. Frogs (Exodus 8:1–8:15)
3. Lice (Exodus 8:16–19)
4. Flies or wild animals (Exodus 8:20–30)
5. Disease on livestock (Exodus 9:1–7)
6. Incurable boils (Exodus 9:8–12)
7. Hail and thunder (Exodus 9:13–35)
8. Locusts (Exodus 10:1–20)
9. Darkness (Exodus 10:21–29)
10. Death of the first-born of all Egyptian humans and animals. To be saved, the Israelites had to
place the blood of a lamb on the front door of their houses. (Exodus 11, Exodus 12)

Pole, Reginald
Last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury

Pontius Pilate
Fifth Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea, from 26–36, best known as the judge at the trial of
Jesus and the man who authorized the crucifixion of Jesus
Popes of the Roman Catholic Church

Reign Regnal name Personal name

32–67 St. Peter —
67-76 St. Linus —
76–88 St. Anacletus —
88–97 St. Clement I —
97–105 St. Evarisrus —
105–115 St. Alexander I —
115–125 St. Sixtus I —
125–136 St. Telesphorus —
136–140 St. Hyginus —
140–155 St. Pius I —
155–166 St. Anicetus —
166–175 St. Soter —
175–189 St. Eleutherius —
189–199 St. Victor I —
199–217 St. Zephyrinus —
217–222 St. Callistus —
222–230 St. Urban I —
230–235 St. Pontain —
235–236 St. Anterus —
236–250 St. Fabian —
251–253 St. Cornelius —
253–254 St. Lucius I —
254–257 St. Stephen I —
257–258 St. Sixtus II —
260–268 St. Dionysus —
269–274 St. Felix I —
275–283 St. Eutychian —
283–296 St. Caius —
296–304 St. Marcellinus —
308–309 St. Marcellus I —
 Reign Regnal name Personal name
309 or 310 St. Eusebius —
311–314 St. Miltiades —
314–315 St. Sylvester I —
336 St. Marcus —
337–352 St. Julius I —
352–366 Liberius —
366–383 St. Damasus I —
384–399 St. Siricius —
399–401 St. Anastasius I —
401–417 St. Innocent I —
417–418 St. Zosimus —
418–422 St. Boniface I —
422–432 St. Celestine I —
432–440 St. Sixtus III —
440–461 St. Leo I, the Great —
461–468 St. Hilarius —
468–483 St. Simplicius —
483–492 St. Felix III (II) —
492–496 St. Gelasius I —
496–498 Anastasius II —
498–514 St. Symmachus —
514–523 St. Hormisdas —
523–526 St. John I —
526–530 St. Felix IV (III) —
530–532 Boniface II —
533–535 John II —
535–536 St. Agapetus I —
536–537 St. SIlverius —
537–555 Vigilius —
556–561 Pelagius I —
561–574 John III —
575–579 Benedict I —
Reign Regnal name Personal name
579–590 Pelagius I —
590–604 St. Gregory I, the Great —
604–606 Sabinian —
607 Boniface III —
608–615 St. Boniface IV —
615–618 St. Deusdedit (Adeodatus I) —
619–625 Boniface V —
625–638 Honorius I —
640 Severinus —
640–642 John IV —
642–649 Theodore I —
649–655 St. Martin I —
655–657 St. Eugene I —
657–672 St. Vitalian —
672–676 Adeodatus (II) —
676–678 Donus —
678–681 St. Agatho —
682–683 St. Leo II —
684–685 St. Benedict II —
685–686 John V —
686–687 Conon —
687–701 St. Sergius I —
701–705 John VI —
705–707 John VII —
708 Sisinnius —
708–715 Constantine —
715–731 St. Gregory II —
731–741 St. Gregory III —
741–752 St. Zachary —
752–757 Stephen II —
758–767 St. Paul I —
767–772 Stephen III —
Reign Regnal name Personal name
772–795 Adrian I —
795–816 St. Leo III —
816–817 Stephen V —
817–824 St. Paschal I —
824–827 Eugene II —
827 Valentine —
827–844 Gregory IV —
844–847 Sergius II —
847–855 St. Leo IV —
855–858 Benedict III —
858–867 St. Nicholas I, the Great —
867–872 Adrian II —
872–882 John VIII —
882–884 Marinus I —
884–885 St. Adrian III —
885–891 Stephen VI —
891–896 Formosus —
896 Boniface VI —
896–897 Stephen VII —
897 Romanus —
897 Theodore II —
898–900 John IX —
900–903 Benedict IV —
903 Leo IV —
904–911 Sergius III —
911–913 Anastasius III —
913–914 Lando —
914–928 John X —
928 Leo VI —
929–931 Stephen VIII —
931–935 John XI —
936–939 Leo VII —
 Reign Regnal name Personal name
939–942 Stephen IX —
942–946 Marinus II —
946–955 Agapetus II —
955–963 John XII Octavian
963–964 Leo VIII —
964 Benedict V —
965–972 John XIII —
973–974 Benedict VI —
974–983 Benedict VII —
983–984 John XIV Pietro Campanora
985–996 John XV —
996–999 Gregory V Bruno of Carinthia
999–1003 Sylvester II Gerbert d'Aurillac
1003 John XVII Siccone
1003–1009 John XVIII Giovanni Fasano
1009–1012 Sergius IV Pietro Boccapecora
1012–1024 Benedict VIII Theophylactus II
1024–1032 John XIX Romanus
1032–1045 Benedict IX Theophylactus III
1045 Sylvester III John
1045 Benedict IX Theophylactus III
1045–1046 Gregory VI Johannes Gratianus
1046–1047 Clement II Suidger
1047–1048 Benedict IX Theophylactus III
1048 Damasus II Poppo
1049–1054 St. Leo IX Bruno
1055–1057 Victor II Gebhard
1057–1058 Stephen X Frederic de Lorraine, O.S.B.
1058–1061 Nicholas II Gerard de Bourgogne
1061–1073 Alexander II Anselmo da Baggio
1073–1085 St. Gregory VII Hildebrand, O.S.B.
1086–1087 Blessed Victor III Desiderio, O.S.B.
 Reign Regnal name Personal name
1088–1099 Blessed Urban II Odo of Lagery, O.S.B.
1099–1118 Paschal II Raniero, O.S.B.
1118–1119 Gelasius II Giovanni Coniulo, O.S.B.
1119–1124 Callistus II Guido
Lamberto Scannabecchi,
1124–1130 Honorius II
Can.Reg.
1130–1143 Innocent II Gregorio Papareschi, Can.Reg.
1143–1144 Celestine II Guido
Gerardo Caccianemici dal
1144–1145 Lucius II
Orso, Can.Reg.
1145–1153 Blessed Eugene III Bernardo da Pisa, O.Cist.
1153–1154 Anastasius IV Corrado Demetri della Suburra
1154–1159 Adrian IV Nicholas Breakspear, Can.Reg.
1159–1181 Alexander III Rolando
1181–1185 Lucius III Ubaldo
1185–1187 Urban III Uberto Crivelli
1187 Gregory VIII Alberto di Morra, Can.Reg.
1187–1191 Clement III Paolo Scolari
1191–1198 Celestine III Giacinto Bobone
1198–1216 Innocent III Lothario dei Conti di Segni
1216–1227 Honorius III Cencio
1227–1241 Gregory IX Ugolino dei Conti di Segni
1241 Celestine IV Goffredo Castiglioni
1243–1254 Innocent IV Sinibaldo Fieschi
1254–1261 Alexander IV Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne
1261–1264 Urban IV Jacques Pantaléon
1265–1268 Clement IV Gui Faucoi
1271–1276 Blessed Gregory X Tebaldo Visconti
1276 Blessed Innocent V Pierre de Tarentaise, O.P.
1276 Adrian V Ottobuono Fieschi
1276–1277 John XXI Pedro Julião
1277–1280 Nicholas III Giovanni Gaetano Orsini
 Reign Regnal name Personal name
1281–1285 Martin IV Simon de Brion
1285–1287 Honorius IV Giacomo Savelli
1288–1292 Nicholas IV Girolamo Masci, O.F.M.
1294 St. Celestine V Pietro da Morrone, O.S.B.
1294–1303 Boniface VIII Benedetto Caetani
1303–1304 Blessed Benedict XI Niccolò Boccasini, O.P.
1305–1314 Clement V Bertrand de Got
1316–1334 John XXII Jacques d'Euse
1334–1342 Benedict XII Jacques Fournier, O.Cist.
1342–1352 Clement VI Pierre Roger, O.S.B.
1352–1362 Innocent V Étienne Aubert
1362–1370 Blessed Urban V Guillaume Grimoard, O.S.B.
1370–1378 Gregory XI Pierre Roger de Beaufort
1378–1389 Urban VI Bartolomeo Prignano
1389–1404 Boniface IX Pietro Tomacelli
1404–1406 Innocent VII Cosimo Gentile Migliorati
1406–1415 Gregory XII Angelo Correr
1417–1431 Martin V Oddone Colonna
1431–1447 Eugene IV Gabriele Condulmer, O.S.A.
1447–1455 Nicholas V Tommaso Parentucelli
1455–1458 Callistus III Alfonso de Borgia
1458–1464 Pius II Enea Silvio Piccolomini
1464–1471 Paul II Pietro Barbo
Francesco della Rovere,
1471–1484 Sixtus IV
O.F.M.
1484–1492 Innocent VIII Giovanni Battista Cybo
1492–1503 Alexander VI Rodrigo de Lanzol-Borgia
Francesco Todeschini
1503 Pius III
Piccolomini
1503–1513 Julius II Giuliano della Rovere
Giovanni di Lorenzo de'
1513–1521 Leo X
Medici
1522–1523 Adrian VI Adrian Floriszoon Boeyens
 Reign Regnal name Personal name
1523–1534 Clement VII Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici
1534–1549 Paul III Alessandro Farnese
Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del
1550–1555 Julius II
Monte
1555 Marcellus II Marcello Cervini
1555–1559 Paul IV Giovanni Pietro Carafa, C.R.
1559–1565 Pius IV Giovanni Angelo Medici
1566–1572 St. Pius V Michele Ghislieri, O.P.
1572–1585 Gregory XIII Ugo Boncompagni
1585–1590 Sixtus V Felice Peretti, O.F.M. Conv.
1590 Urban VII Giovanni Battista Castagna
1590–1591 Gregory XIV Niccolò Sfondrati
1591 Innocent IX Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
1592–1605 Clement VIII Ippolito Aldobrandini
Alessandro Ottaviano de'
1605 Leo XI
Medici
1605–1621 Paul V Camilo Borghese
1621–1623 Gregory XV Alessandro Ludovisi
1623–1644 Urban VIII Maffeo Barberini
1644–1655 Innocent X Giovanni Battista Pamphilj
1655–1667 Alexander VII Fabio Chigi
1667–1669 Clement IX Giulio Rospigliosi
1670–1676 Clement X Emilio Altieri
1676–1689 Blessed Innocent XI Benedetto Odescalchi
1689–1691 Alexander VIII Pietro Vito Ottoboni
1691–1700 Innocent XII Antonio Pignatelli
1700–1721 Clement XI Giovanni Francesco Albani
1721–1724 Innocent XIII Michelangelo de' Conti
1724–1730 Benedict XIII Pierfrancesco Orsini, O.P.
1730–1740 Clement XII Lorenzo Corsini
1740–1758 Benedict XIV Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini
1758–1769 Clement XIII Carlo della Torre Rezzonico
 Reign Regnal name Personal name
Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio
1769–1774 Clement XIV
Ganganelli, O.F.M. Conv.
Count Giovanni Angelo
1775–1799 Pius VI
Braschi
Count Barnaba Niccolo Maria
1800–1823 Pius VII
Luigi Chiaramonti, O.S.B.
Count Annibale Francesco
1823–1829 Leo XII Clemente Melchiore Girolamo
Nicola Sermattei della Genga
1829–1830 Pius VIII Francesco Saverio Castiglioni
Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari,
1831–1846 Gregory XVI
O.S.B. Cam
Count Giovanni Maria Mastai-
1846–1878 Blessed Pius IX
Ferretti, O.F.S.
Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele
1878–1903 Leo XIII
Luigi Pecci, O.F.S.
1903–1914 St. Pius X Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto
Giacomo Paolo Giovanni
1914–1922 Benedict XV
Battista della Chiesa
Achille Ambrogio Damiano
1922–1939 Pius XI
Ratti
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe
1939–1958 Pius XII
Giovanni Pacelli
1959–1963 Blessed John XXIII Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
Giovanni Battista Enrico
1963–1978 Paul VI
Antonio Maria Montini
1978 John Paul I Albino Luciani
1978–2005 Blessed John Paul II Karol Józef Wojtyla
2005–2013 Benedict XVI Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger
2013– Francis Jorge Mario Bergoglio, S.J.

Preah Vihear Temple

Ancient Hindu temple built during the reign of Khmer Empire, that is situated atop a 525-meter cliff
in the Dângrêk Mountains, in the Preah Vihear province, Cambodia

Qibla
Direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during salat

Quas Primas
Encyclical of Pope Pius XI that introduced the Feast of Christ the King

Rama Navami
Hindu festival, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama to King Dasharatha and Queen Kausalya of
Ayodhya

Raphael
In Islam, angel responsible for signaling the coming of the Judgment Day by blowing the trumpet

Rapture
In popular Christian apocalyptic literature, term referring to a belief that before openly coming for
the Last Judgment of the Dead, Christ will secretly return to take those who truly believe in him
directly up to Heaven

Ravasi, Gianfranco
Italian cardinal who said that Jesus Christ was the first tweeter

Recapitulation
In the writings of the Christian fathers, term referring to the restoration of fallenhumanity to
communion with God through the obedience of Christ

Red heifer
Heifer that was sacrificed and whose ashes were used for the ritual purification

Requiem
Mass offered for the dead

Retrojection
Term referring to the possibility that Christian experience in the early Church has been put back by
the writers of the gospels into the lifetime and ministry of Jesus

Ring of the Fisherman

Official part of the regalia worn by the Pope of the Catholic Church, signet used until 1842 to seal
official documents signed by the Pope

St. Rose of Lima

First person born in the Americas to be canonized by the Catholic Church

Russell, Charles Taze

Founder of the Bible Student movement
Co-founder of Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881

Sabellanism
Nontrinitarian belief that the Heavenly Father, Resurrected Son and Holy Spirit are different modes
or aspects of one God

Salome
Daughter of Herodias who requested John the Baptist’s head on a platter

Samadhi
Term for a higher level of concentrated meditation in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and
yogic schools
Samsara
Repeating cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth

Santeria
Religion similar to voodoo that combines elements of Yoruba and Roman Catholictraditions and is
noted for its animal sacrifices

Sawm
Arabic word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence

Scarab
Object symbolizing the holy beetle in Ancient Egypt

Second Vatican Council

Ecumenical council that addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern
era

Sedia gestatoria
Ceremonial throne on which Popes were carried on shoulders until 1978

Semikhah
Jewish rite of ordination

Sergius III
First Pope to be depicted wearing the papal tiara and the only pope to have allegedly fathered an
illegitimate son who later became pope (John XI)

Servant of God
In the Catholic Church, title given to a deceased person of the Catholic Church whose life and
works are being investigated in consideration for official recognition by the Pope and the Catholic
Church as a saint in Heaven

Seton, St. Elizabeth Ann

First native-born citizen of the United States to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in
1975

Seven Champions of Christendom

• St. George of England

• St. Andrew of Scotland
• St. Patrick of Ireland
• St. David of Wales
• St. Denys of France
• St. James of Spain
• St. Anthony of Italy

Seven Deadly Sins

• Luxuria (lechery/lust)
• Gula (gluttony)
• Avaritia (avarice/greed)
• Acedia (acedia/discouragement/sloth)
• Ira (wrath)
• Invidia (envy)
• Superbia (pride)

Seven Virtues

• Faith
• Hope
• Charity
• Justice
• Prudence
• Temperance
• Fortitude

Shabbat
Jewish day of rest and seventh day of the week, on which they remember the traditional creation of
the heavens and the earth in six days and the Exodus of the Hebrews, and look forward to a future
Messianic Age

Shakti
Meaning sacred force or empowerment, term referring to the primordial cosmic energy and
represents the dynamic forces that are thought to move through the entire universe in Hinduism

Shambhala
In Tibetan Buddhist and Indian Buddhist traditions, mythical kingdom hidden somewhere in Inner
Asia

Shoji
Cycle of birth and death in Japanese Buddhism

St. Simeon Stylites

Christian ascetic saint who achieved fame for living 37 years on a small platform on top of a pillar
near Aleppo in Syria

Simony
Act of paying to receive sacraments, including those for ordination to a holy office or other position
in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus

Sixtus IV
Born Francesco della Rovere, head of the Roman Catholic Church who saw the establishment of the
Sistine Chapel, furthered the agenda of the Spanish Inquisition and annulled the decrees of the
Council of Constance, and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi Conspiracy

Smith, Joseph Jr.

Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement

Soteriology
Study of religious doctrines of salvation

Stephen VI
Head of the Catholic Church from 22 May 896 to his death in 897 who is chiefly remembered in
connection with his conduct towards the remains of Pope Formosus

Stoup
Vessel containing holy water generally placed near the entrance of a church

Sufism
Sect of Islam explores the inner, mystical and esoteric aspects of the religion,famous for its
Whirling Dervishes

Suizen
Zen practice of consisting of playing the shakuhachi bamboo flute as a means of attaining self-
realization

Sun Myung-moon
Founder of the Unification Church

Sunnah
Sayings and living habits of Muhammad

Susanoo
Shinto god of the sea and storms and also considered to be ruler of Yomi

Suttee
Social funeral practice among some Indian communities in which a recently widowed woman
would immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre

Swayambhunath
Ancient religious complex atop a hill in the Kathmandu Valley, west of Kathmandu city
Also known as the Monkey Temple as there are holy monkeys living in the north-west parts of the
temple

Syllabus of Errors
Document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on the same day as the Pope's encyclical
Quanta Cura, which condemns a number of political propositions involving democracy, socialism
and freedom of speech and religion

Sylvester II
Born Gerbert d’Aurillac, first French Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who endorsed and
promoted study of Arab/Greco-Roman arithmetic, mathematics, and astronomy, reintroducing to
Europe the abacus and armillary sphere

Syncretism
Movement aimed at establishing a harmony between apparentlyopposing positions in philosophy or
theology

Synod
Council of a church, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application

Taffarel, Vincenza
Catholic nun who found the body of Pope John Paul I
Tekakwitha, St. Kateri
First Native American to be venerated and canonized

St. Telemachus
Monk that tried to stop a gladiator fight in a Roman amphitheater, and was stoned to death by the
crowd

Templeton Prize
Established in 1972, it is awarded to a living person who, in the estimation of the judges, “has made
an exceptional contribution to affirming life’s spiritual dimension, whether through insight,
discovery, or practical works”

1973 Blessed Teresa of Calcutta

1974 Frère Roger
1975 Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
1976 Leo Josef Cardinal Suenens
1977 Chiara Lubich
1978 The Very Rev. Thomas Torrance
1979 Nikkyo Niwano
1980 Ralph Wendell Burhoe
1981 Dame Cicely Saunders
1982 The Rev. Billy Graham
1983 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1984 The Rev. Michael Bourdeaux
1985 Sir Alister Hardy
1986 The Rev. James I. McCord
1987 The Rev. Stanley Jaki
1988 Inamullah Khan
Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker
1989 The Very Rev. And Rt. Hon. The Lord
MacLeod of Fuinary
Baba Amte
1990
Charles Birch
1991 Rabbi The Rt. Hon. The Lord Jakobovitz
1992 The Rev. Han Kyung-chik
1993 Charles Colson
1994 Michael Novak
1995 Paul Davies
 1996 Bill Bright
1997 Pandurang Shastri Athavale
1998 Sir Sigmund Sternber
1999 Ian Barbour
2000 Freeman Dyson
2001 The Rev. Canon Arthur Peacocke
2002 The Rev. John Polkinghorne
2003 The Rev. Holmes Rolston III
2004 George F. R. Ellis
2005 Charles Hard Townes
2006 John D. Barrow
2007 Charles Taylor
2008 The Rev. Michał Heller
2009 Bernard d'Espagnat
2010 Francisco J. Ayala
2011 The Rt. Hon. The Lord Rees of Ludlow
His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin
2012
Gyatso
2013 The Most Rev. Desmond Tutu

Ten avatars of Vishnu

1. Matsya, the fish

2. Kurma, the tortoise
3. Varaha, the boar
4. Narasimha, the Man-Lion
5. Vamana, the Dwarf
6. Parashurama, Rama with the axe
7. Rama, Sri Ramachandra, the prince and king of Ayodhya
8. Krishna, considered Purna avatar, which means full incarnation of Vishnu
9. Buddha
10. Kalki, who is expected to appear at the end of Kali Yuga, the time period in which we currently
exist, though it has not happened yet

Tetragrammaton
Term referring to the Hebrew theonym transliterated to the Latin letters YHWH that may be derived
from the verb that means “to be”, and is considered in Judaism to be a proper name of the God of
Israel used in the Hebrew Bible

Tetzel, Johann
German Dominican preacher known for selling indulgences, which inspired Martin Luther to write
his Ninety-Five Theses

“The Morning Star of the Reformation”

Nickname given to religious reformer John Wycliffe

The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences

Disputation written by Martin Luther in 1517 widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the
Protestant Reformation, which protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences

The Wicked Bible

Term referring to the Bible published in 1631 by Robert Barker and Martin Lucas, the royal printers
in London, which was meant to be a reprint of the King James Bible; name is derived from the
compositors’ mistake: in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:14) the word not in the sentence
“Thou shalt not commit adultery” was omitted

St. Thérèse of Lisieux

French Carmelite nun also known as “The Little Flower of Jesus”

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

Historically defining statements of doctrines of the Church of England with respect to the
controversies of the English Reformation

St. Thomas the Apostle

Apostle best known for questioning Jesus' resurrection when first told of it

Three Wise Men

• Melchior
• Gaspar
• Balthazar

St. Timothy
Patron saint against intestinal disorders and stomach diseases

Tirthankara
In Jainism, a human being who helps in achieving liberation and enlightenment as an “Arihant”

“[to (the)] City and to [the] World”

Meaning of the phrase Urbi et Orbi, which denotes a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is
given to the City of Rome and to the entire world, on certain occasions

Torana
Gateway seen in the Hindu and Buddhist architecture of the Indian subcontinent

Torii
Traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where
it symbolically marks the transition from the profane to the sacred

de Torquemada, Tomas
Dominican friar who eventually became the first Inquisitor-General of Spain, known as the “Black
Legend”
Transubstantation
In Roman Catholic theology, doctrine that, in the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and the wine
used in the sacrament is literally changed into the substance of the Body and the Blood of Jesus,
while all that is accessible to the senses remains as before

Twelfth Night
Festival in some branches of Christianity marking the coming of the Epiphany and concluding the
Twelve Days of Christmas

Tzedakah
Term in Judaism referring to the religious obligation to do what is right and just, which Judaism
emphasizes are important parts of living a spiritual life

Umrah
Pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of
the year

Unam sanctam
Papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII considered as one of the most extreme statements of papal
spiritual supremacy ever made

Urban II
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church best known for initiating the First Crusade and setting up the
modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church

Urban VII
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church for thirteen days in September 1590, the shortest papal reign in
history and gave rise to the world’s first known public smoking ban, as he threatened to
excommunicate anyone who “took tobacco in the porchway of or inside a church, whether it be by
chewing it, smoking it with a pipe or sniffing it in powdered form through the nose”

Ussher, James
Irish scholar who famously published a chronology that purported to establish the time and date of
the creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BCE, according to the proleptic Julian
calendar

Vampirism
Phenomenon where the dead rise from their graves in order tofeast upon the living, most closely
associated with Count Dracula

Vermes, Géza
British scholar of Jewish Hungarian origin and writer on religious history, particularly Jewish and
Christian and a noted authority on the Dead Sea Scrolls and ancient works in Aramaic such as the
Targums, and on the life and religion of Jesus

Vesak
Most important Buddhist festival, commemorating the birth, enlightenment and death of Buddha

Vulgate Bible
Late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible, largely the work of St. Jerome, who was
commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations
Wailing Wall
Most sacred site recognized by the Jewish faith outside of the Temple Mount itself

Waqf
Inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically donating a building or plot of land or
even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes

Well of Zamzam
Well located within the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia believed to be a miraculously-
generated source of water from Allah

Wesley, John
Anglican cleric and Christian theologian largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as
founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching in a similar
manner to George Whitefield

Whitefield, George
English Anglican preacher who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain, and especially in the
British North American colonies

Wives of Muhammad

• Khadija bint Khuwaylid

• Sawda bint Zamʿa
• Aisha bint Abi Bakr
• Hafsa bint Umar
• Zaynab bint Khuzayma
• Hind bint Abi Umayya
• Zaynab bint Jahsh
• Juwayriyya bint al-Harith
• Safiyya bint Huyayy
• Ramla bint Abi Sufyan
• Maymuna bint al-Harith

Yasna
Primary liturgical collection of texts of the Avesta as well as the name of the principal Zoroastrian
act of worship at which those verses are recited

Year of the Three Popes

827: Eugene II — Valentine — Gregory IV

896: Formosus — Boniface VI — Stephen VI
897: Stephen VI — Romanus — Theodore II
928: John X — Leo VI — Stephen VII
964: Leo VIII — Benedict V — John XIII
1003: Sylvester II — John XVII — John XVIII
1187: Urban III — Gregory VIII — Clement III
1503: Alexander VI — Pius III — Julius II
1555: Julius III — Marcellus II — Paul IV
1590: Sixtus V — Urban VII — Gregory XIV
1605: Clement VIII — Leo XI — Paul V
1978: Paul VI — John Paul I — John Paul II

Year of the Four Popes (1276)

Gregory X — Innocent V — Adrian V — John XXI

Zakat
Pillar of Islam commands that those who have money above 20 gold mithqals or 200 silver dirhams
to give alms to the poor in the community

Zoroaster
Founder of Zoroastrianism
Sciences

Astronomy and Earth Sciences

2 Pallas
Second asteroid to have been discovered (1802) by Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers

88
Number of constellations

206P/Barnard–Boattini
First comet to be discovered by photographic means

323 Brucia
First asteroid to be discovered by the use of astrophotography

433 Eros
First near-Earth asteroid to be found (by Carl Gustav Witt)

1970 Bhola cyclone

Deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded

Aa
Lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker

Accretion disc
Structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a central body

Albert II
First monkey in space

Aldrin, Edwin Eugene Jr. “Buzz”

American astronaut who became the second person to walk on the moon

Alluvium
Loose, unconsolidated soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form,
and redeposited in a non-marine setting

American Golden Topaz

Largest-cut yellow topaz in the world

Andromeda
First nebula to be reclassified as a galaxy in 1924

Ansari, Anousheh
First self-funded woman to fly to the International Space Station

Apollo 7
First mission in the United States’s Apollo program to carry a crew into space
First American space flight to carry astronauts into low-Earth orbit after a cabin fire killed the
Apollo 1 crew in 1967
Apollo 8
First manned spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, reach the Earth’s moon, orbit it and return safely to
Earth

Apollo 11
Spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon

Apollo 17
Final mission of the United States’ Apollo lunar landing program, and was the sixth landing of
humans on the Moon
Most recent manned Moon landing and the most recent crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit
Longest manned lunar landing flight
Longest total lunar surface extravehicular activities
Largest lunar sample return
Longest time in lunar orbit

Apollo Guidance Computer

Digital computer produced for the Apollo program that was installed onboard each Apollo
Command Module and Lunar Module

Ariel
Brightest of the 27 known moons of Uranus

Armstrong, Neil
American astronaut that became the first person to walk on the Moon
Took the picture of Buzz Aldrin while doing their moonwalk

Aryabhata
First satellite of India, launched by the Soviet Union in 1975

Asthenosphere
Region of the earth, located between 100 and 200 kilometers below the surface,lies just below the
lithosphere and is the soft region of the upper mantle

Astronomers Royal of United Kingdom

1675–1719 John Flamsteed

1720–1742 Edmond Halley
1742–1762 James Bradley
1762–1764 Nathaniel Bliss
1765–1811 Nevil Maskelyne
1811–1835 John Pond
1835–1881 Sir George Biddell Airy
1881–1910 Sir William Christie
1910–1933 Sir Frank Dyson
 1933–1955 Sir Harold Spencer Jones
1956–1971 Richard van der Riet Woolley
1972–1982 Sir Martin Ryle
1982–1990 Sir Francis Graham–Smith
1991–1995 Sir Arnold Wolfendale
1995– Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow

Axial precession
In astronomy, gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical
body's rotational axis

Bahia Emerald
Largest single shard of emerald ever discovered

Baltis Vallis
Longest known channel of any kind in the Solar System, located in Venus

Barnard’sStar
Very low-mass red dwarf star about six light-years away from Earth in the constellation of
Ophiuchus, the Snake-holder

Barometer
Device that measures atmospheric pressure and is often used to gauge altitude

Bedrock
In stratigraphy, common term for consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet

Bell-Burnell, Dame Jocelyn

Known for discovering the first four pulsars

Beregoyov, Georgy
Soviet cosmonaut who commanded the space mission Soyuz 3 in 1968

Binary star
Star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common center of mass

Black hole
Region of spacetime bounded by an event horizon

Blue Giant of the Orient

Largest faceted blue sapphire in the world

Brahe, Tycho
Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary
observations

Brightest stars by constellation

Andromeda - Alpheratz
Antlia - α Antliae
Apus - α Apodis
Aquarius - Sadalsuud
Aquila - Altair
Ara - β Arae
Aries - Hamal
Auriga - Capella
Boötes - Arcturus
Caelum - α Caeli
Camelopardalis - β Camelopardalis
Cancer - Tarf
Canes Venatici - Cor Caroli
Canis Major - Sirius
Canis Minor - Procyon
Capricornus - Deneb Algiedi
Carina - Canopus
Cassiopeia - Shedir
Centaurus - Rigil Kentaurus
Cepheus - Alderamin
Cetus - Deneb Kaitos
Chamaeleon - α Chamaeleontis
Circinus - α Circini
Columba - Phact
Coma Berenices - β Comae Berenices
Corona Australis - Alphekka Meridiana
Corona Borealis - Alphecca
Corvus - Gienah
Crater - Labrum
Crux - Acrux
Cygnus - Deneb
Delphinus - Rotanev
Dorado - α Doradus
Draco - Etamin
Equuleus - Kitalpha
Eridanus - Achernar
Fornax - Fornacis
Gemini - Pollux
Grus - Alnair
Hercules - Kornephoros
Horologium - α Horologii
Hydra - Alphard
Hydrus - β Hydri
Indus - The Persian
Lacerta - α Lacertae
Leo - Regulus
Leo Minor - Praecipua
Lepus - Arneb
Libra - Zubeneshamali
Lupus - Men
Lynx - Elvashak
Lyra - Vega
Mensa - α Mensae
Microscopium - γ Microscopii
Monoceros - β Monocerotis
Musca - α Muscae
Norma - γ2 Normae
Octans - ν Oct
Ophiuchus - Ras Alhague
Orion - Rigel
Pavo - Peacock
Pegasus - Enif
Perseus - Mirfak
Phoenix - Ankaa
Pictor - α Pictoris
Pisces - Alpherg
Piscis Austrinus - Fomalhaut
Puppis - Naos
Pyxis - α Pyxidis
Reticulum - α Reticuli
Sagitta - γ Sagittae
Sagittarius - Kaus Australis
Scorpius - Antares
Sculptor - α Sculptoris
Scutum - α Scuti
Serpens - Unukalhai
Sextans - α Sextantis
Taurus - Aldebaran
Telescopium - α Telescopii
Triangulum - β Trianguli
Triangulum Australe - Atria
Tucana - α Tucanae
Ursa Major - Alioth
Ursa Minor - Polaris
Vela - Regor
Virgo - Spica
Volans - β Volantis
Vulpecula – Anser

“Bud”
Childhood nickname of astronaut John Glenn

Burney, Venetia
First person to suggest the name Pluto for the dwarf planet discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930

C/2012 S1
Also known as Comet ISON, sungrazing comet discovered on September 21, 2012 that was fully
disintegrated from the Sun's heat and tidal forces in November 2013

C/2013 R1
Long-period comet discovered in September 2013 that came to perihelion on December 22, 2013

Caldera
Cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption,
coined by Leopold von Buch

Carpenter, Scott
Second American to orbit the Earth and the fourth American in space, following Alan Shepard, Gus
Grissom and John Glenn

Cassini Division
4,800 km (3,000 mi) wide region between the A Ring and B Ring of Saturn

Ceres
Only dwarf planet in the inner Solar System
Once the largest asteroid, and the first asteroid to be identified

Cernan, Eugene
Last man on the moon

Challenger
Space shuttle which exploded after liftoff in 1986
Second space shuttle to be launched

Chang’e 3
Lunar exploration mission operated by China National Space Administration, incorporating a
robotic lander and a rover, launched on December 1, 2013
China's first lunar rover
First spacecraft in 37 years to make a soft landing on the Moon since the Soviet Luna 24 mission

Charlie Brown
Callsign of Apollo 10’s Command Module

Christy, James Walter

American astronomer who discovered that Pluto had a moon, which he named Charon shortly
afterwards

Circumstellar habitable zone

Also known as the Goldilocks zone, region around stars within which planetary-mass objects with
commensurate atmospheric pressure could support liquid water at the surface

Cislunar space
Region outside Earth’s atmosphere and extending out to just beyond the Moon’s orbit, including the
Lagrangian points

Cloud
In meteorology, visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals made of water or various chemical
suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body

Collins, Eileen Marie

First female pilot and first female commander of a Space Shuttle

Columbia
First space-worthy Space Shuttle in NASA’s orbital fleet
Comet
Only celestial objects that are typically named for their discoverers

Comet Hale-Bopp
Discovered in 1995, most widely observed comet of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen
for many decades

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
Comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation
of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects

Convection
In meteorology, process in which air, having been warmed close to the ground, rises

Copernicus, Nicolaus
Polish mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which
placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center

Coral Triangle
Geographical term referring to a roughly triangular area of the tropical marine waters of Indonesia,
Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands and East Timor that contain at least
500 species of reef-building corals in each ecoregion

Corona
Type of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other celestial bodies, including the Earth

Cosmic latte
Name assigned to the average color of the universe, given by a team of astronomers from the Johns
Hopkins University

Craton
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere

Crux
Smallest of the 88 modern constellations

Curiosity
Car-sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory
mission

Cyclogenesis
Development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in theatmosphere

Cynosura
Another name for Polaris

De Beers Diamond
Largest missing diamond in the world, part of the Patiala Necklace

Desertification
Term referring to the spread of desert-like conditions, particularly in arid or semi-arid areas due to
the influence of human activity and climatic change
Doldrums
Colloquial expression derived from historical maritime usage, in which it refers to those parts of the
Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean affected by the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a low-
pressure area around the equator where the prevailing winds are calm

Drake equation
Probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial
civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy written in 1961 by Frank Drake

Drizzle
Light liquid precipitation consisting of liquid water drops smaller than those of rain - generally
smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter

Drumlin
Elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting in
underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine

Dysnomia
Moon of the dwarf planet Eris

Dyson, Sir Frank Watson

English astronomer and Astronomer Royal who is remembered today largely for introducing time
signals (“pips”) from Greenwich, England

Eclipse
Astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by
passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it

Edwin Eugene
First and middle names of astronaut Buzz Aldrin

Elongation
In astronomy, angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point

Enos
First chimpanzee that was launched into space

Eridanus
Sixth largest of the modern constellations

Escarpment
Steep slope or long cliff that occurs from erosion or faultingand separates two relatively level areas
of differing elevations

Estuary
Semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and where fresh
water, derived from land drainage, is mixed with sea water

Etesian winds
Greek name for north-easterly, easterly, northerly, or north-westerly winds which blow between
May and September in the Aegean Sea
Europa
Smallest of Jupiter’s four Galilean satellites

Event horizon
Boundary around a black hole

Explorer 1
First Earth satellite of the United States, launched as part of its participation in the International
Geophysical Year
First spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt

Explorer 6
Transmitted the first pictures of Earth from orbit

Extravehicular Mobility Unit

Independent anthropomorphic spacesuit that provides environmental protection, mobility, life
support, and communications for astronauts performing extra-vehicular activity (EVA) in Earth
orbit

Filament
In physical cosmology, one of the largest cosmic structures in the universe

First human spaceflight by country

Soviet Union - Yuri Gagarin

United States - Alan Shepard
Czechoslovakia - Vladimír Remek
Poland - Mirosław Hermaszewski
East Germany - Sigmund Jähn
Bulgaria - Georgi Ivanov
Hungary - Bertalan Farkas
Vietnam - Pham Tuan
Cuba - Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
Mongolia - Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa
Romania - Dumitru Prunariu
France - Jean-Loup Chrétien
West Germany - Ulf Merbold
India - Rakesh Sharma
Canada - Marc Garneau
Saudi Arabia - Sultan al-Saud
Netherlands - Wubbo Ockels
Mexico - Rodolfo Neri Vela
Syria - Muhammed Faris
Afghanistan - Abdul Ahad Mohmand
Japan - Toyohiro Akiyama
United Kingdom - Helen Sharman
Austria - Franz Viehböck
Russia - Aleksandr Kaleri, Aleksandr Viktorenko
Belgium - Dirk Frimout
Italy - Franco Malerba
Switzerland - Claude Nicollier
Ukraine - Leonid Kadenyuk
Spain - Pedro Duque
Slovakia - Ivan Bella
South Africa - Mark Shuttleworth
Israel - Ilan Ramon
China - Yang Liwei
Brazil - Marcos Pontes
Iran - Anousheh Ansari
Sweden - Christer Fuglesang
Malaysia - Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
South Korea - Yi So-yeon

First orbital launches by country

Soviet Union – Sputnik 1 (4 October 1957)

United States – Explorer 1 (1 February 1958)
France – Astérix (26 November 1965)
Japan – Osumi (11 February 1970)
China – Dong Fang Hong I (24 April 1970)
United Kingdom – Prospero (28 October 1971)
India – Rohini (18 July 1980)
Israel – 0feq 1 (19 September 1988)
Russia – Kosmos 2175 (21 January 1992)
Ukraine – Tsyklon-3 (13 July 1992)
Iran – Omid (2 February 2009)
North Korea – Kwangmyongsong-3 Unit 2 (12 December 2012)

First satellites by country

Soviet Union - Sputnik 1

United States - Explorer 1
United Kingdom - Ariel 1
Canada - Alouette 1
Italy - San Marco 1
France - Astérix
Australia - WRESAT
Europe - ESRO-2B
West Germany - Azur
Japan - Osumi
People’s Republic of China - Dongfanghong I
Netherlands - ANS
Spain - Intasat
India - Aryabhata
Indonesia - Palapa A1
Czechoslovakia - Magion 1
Bulgaria - Bulgaria 1300
Saudi Arabia - Arabsat 1A
Brazil - Brasilsat A1
Mexico - Morelos 1
Sweden - Viking SSC
Israel - Ofek-1
Luxembourg - Astra 1A
Argentina - Lusat
Pakistan - Badr A
Russia - Kosmos 2175
South Korea - Kitsat-1
Portugal - PoSAT-1
Thailand - Thaicom-1
Turkey - Turksat 1B
Czech Republic - Magion 4
Ukraine - Sich-1
Chile - Fasat-Alfa
Malaysia - MEASAT-1
Norway - Thor 2
Philippines - Mabuhay 1
Egypt - Nilesat 101
Singapore / Republic of China - ST-1
Republic of China - Formosat-1
South Africa - Sunsat
Denmark - Ørsted
United Arab Emirates - Thuraya 1
Morocco - Maroc-Tubsat
Algeria - AlSAT-1
Greece - Hellas-Sat 2
Nigeria - NigeriaSat-1
Iran - Sina-1
Kazakhstan - KazSat-1
Colombia - Libertad-1
Mauritius - Rascom-QAF 1
Vietnam - Vinasat-1
Venezuela - Venesat-1
Switzerland - SwissCube-1
Singapore - X-Sat
Hungary - MaSat-1
Poland - PW-Sat 1
Romania - Goliat
Belarus - BKA
North Korea - Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
Azerbaijan - Azerspace-1/Africasat-1a
Austria - TUGSAT-1/UniBRITE
Ecuador - NEE-01 Pegaso
Estonia - ESTCube-1
Jersey - O3b-1, O3b-2, O3b-3, O3b-4

Flamsteed, John
First Astronomer Royal of the United Kingdom who catalogued over 3,000 stars

Foale, Michael
First British to walk in space

Foliation
In geology, repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks

Forward scatter
In astronomy, deflection of a portion of an incident electromagnetic wave

Freedom 7
First US manned spaceflight

Frost line
In astronomy or planetary science, also known as the snow line or ice line, refers to a particular
distance in the solar nebula from the central protosun where it is cool enough for hydrogen
compounds such as water, ammonia, and methane to condense into solid ice grains

Fulgurite
Variety of the mineraloid lechatelierite, natural hollow glass tubes formed by lightning strikes in
quartzose sand, silica or soil

Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich

First human to journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth
on 12 April 1961

Gaia
Unmanned space observatory of the European Space Agency to compile a 3D space catalogue of
approximately 1 billion astronomical objects

Galactic Center
Rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy

Gale Crater
Mars crater that is Curiosity's initial target and landing zone

Galilei, Galileo
Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the
Scientific Revolution and whose achievements include improvements to the telescope and
consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism
First person to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star

Galle, Johann
First person to view the planet Neptune

Ganymede
Solar System’s largest natural satellite
Largest moon of Jupiter
Only Galilean moon namedfor a male

Garn
NASA’s unit of measure for symptoms resulting from space adaptation syndrome, the response of
the human body to weightlessness in space, named after US Senator Jake Garn, first sitting member
of the United States Congress to fly in space in 1985, who became exceptionally spacesick during
an orbital flight in 1985

Garneau, Marc
First Canadian in space

Genesis
First NASA sample return mission to return material since the Apollo Program
First to return material from beyond the orbit of the Moon

Georgian
Original name given to the planet Uranus

Giotto
European robotic spacecraft mission from the European Space Agency that flew by and studied
Halley's Comet and thereby become the first spacecraft to make close up observations of a comet

Glenn, John
First American to orbit the Earth
Oldest person to fly in space, and the only one to fly in both the Mercury and Space Shuttle
programs, when, at age 77, he flew on Discovery (STS-95)

Globular cluster
Spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite

Golden Jubilee
Largest faceted diamond in the world, currently owned by King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand

Graff Pink Diamond

Most expensive gem ever sold at auction, purchased by diamond dealer Laurence Graff for US $46
million

Gravity assist
astronautical technique whereby a spacecraft takes up a tiny fraction of the orbital energy of a
planet that it is flying past, allowing it to change direction and speed

Gravity Probe B
Satellite that confirmed the two predictions of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity

Grissom, Virgil
First NASA astronaut to fly into space twice

Hadfield, Chris
Retired Canadian astronaut who was the first Canadian to walk in space

Hall, Asaph III

American astronomer who is most famous for having discovered the moons of Mars, Deimos and
Phobos, in 1877

Halley’s Comet
Only short-period comet that is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-
eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime

Hawking radiation
Black body radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes due to quantum effects near the
event horizon

Haze
Atmospheric phenomenon where dust, smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky
Heat wave
Term generally referring to a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, whichmay be
accompanied by high humidity

Herschel, Frederick William

German-born British astronomer famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus, along with two of
its major moons, Titania and Oberon, and also discovered two moons of Saturn
First person to prove the existence of infrared radiation

Herschel, John
Originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy
Named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus

Herschel Space Observatory

European Space Agency space observatory, active from 2009 to 2013 and the largest infrared
telescope ever launched

Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
Scatter graph of stars showing the relationship between the stars’ absolute magnitudes or
luminosities versus their spectral types or classifications and effective temperatures

Hewish, Antony
British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 together with fellow radio-
astronomer Martin Ryle for his work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and its role in
the discovery of pulsars

Hind, John Russell

English astronomer who discovered the asteroids 12 Victoria and 22 Kalliope

Howard, Luke
British manufacturing chemist and an amateur meteorologist whose lasting contribution to science
is a nomenclature system for clouds, which he proposed in an 1802 presentation to the Askesian
Society

Hoyle, Sir Fred

English astronomer noted primarily for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and
his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters—in particular his
rejection of the “Big Bang” theory, a term originally coined by him on BBC radio

Hurricane Hunters
Nickname for the 53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the only Department of Defense
organization still flying into tropical storms and hurricanes

Huygens, Christiaan
Dutch scientist known for early telescopic studies elucidating the nature of the rings of Saturn and
the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in
timekeeping, and studies of both optics and the centrifugal force

Ibuki
Also known as Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite or GOSAT, world’s first satellite dedicated to
greenhouse-gas-monitoring
Infiltration
Downward entry of water into soil

Innes, Robert
Scottish-South African astronomer best known for discovering Proxima Centauri (1915)
First astronomer to have seen the Great January Comet of 1910

Intelsat I
Nicknamed Early Bird, first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous
orbit

International Scientific Optical Network

International project, currently consisting of about 30 telescopes at about 20 observatories in about
ten countries, which have organized to detect, monitor and track objects in space

International Ultraviolet Explorer

First space observatory to be operated in real time by astronomers who visited the groundstations in
the United States and Europe

Interstellar medium
Matter that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy

Intrusion
Liquid rock that forms under Earth's surface

Io
With over 400 active volcanoes, most geologicallyactive object in the Solar System

Ionosphere
Region of the upper atmosphere that plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms
the inner edge of the magnetosphere, also has practical importance because, among other functions,
it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth

Isthmus
Narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas, usually with water on either side

James Webb Space Telescope

Planned space telescope optimized for observations in the infrared, and a scientific successor to the
Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope

Jansky
Unit of flux density adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1973 and used throughout
the spectral range, especially for radio and far-infrared measurements

Jansky, Karl Guthe

American physicist and radio engineer who in August 1931 first discovered radio waves emanating
from the Milky Way

Janssen, Pierre
French astronomer who, along with the English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with
discovering the gas helium
Jemison, Mae
First African-American in space

Juno
First probe to Jupiter without atomic battery, launched August 8, 2011

Jupiter X
Former name of Jupiter moon Lysithea, discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson in 1938

Kármán line
Commonly used to define the boundary between the Earth’s atmosphere and outer space

Kepler, Johannes
German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer best known for his eponymous laws of planetary
motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi,
and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy

Kepler-37b
Smallest extrasolar planet ever discovered around a main sequence star, with a mass and radius
slightly greater than that of Earth's Moon

Kerberos
Fourth known moon of Pluto

Komarov, Vladimir
First human to be killed during a spaceflight

Korolev, Sergei
Lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States
and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s

Krikalev, Sergei Konstantinovich

Russian cosmonaut who has spent more time in space than any other human

Kuiper belt
Region of the Solar System beyond the planets, extending from the orbit of Neptune to
approximately 50 AU from the Sun that consists mainly of small bodies, or remnants from the Solar
System’s formation

Lampland, Carl Otto

American astronomer whose date of birth is the starting point for the Mars Sol Date calendar

Langsdorf, Martyl
American artist who created the Doomsday Clock image for the June 1947 cover of the Bulletin of
the Atomic Scientists

Lava tube
Natural conduit formed by flowing lava which moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow

Marquis de Laplace, Pierre-Simon

French mathematician and astronomer whose work was pivotal to the development of mathematical
astronomy and statistics

Lehmann discontinuity
Boundary between the inner and outer core

Lemaître, Georges
Belgian priest and astronomer who was the first person to propose the theory of the expansion of
the Universe
First to derive what is now known as the Hubble's law and made the first estimation of what is now
called the Hubble constant
Proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe, which he called
his “hypothesis of the primeval atom”

Leonov, Alexei
First human to conduct an extra-vehicular activity (EVA), also known as a space walk

Low-energy transfer
Route in space that allows spacecraft to change orbits using very little fuel

Liquefaction
In geology, process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a
substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake

Liu Yang
First Chinese woman astronaut launched into space

Luna 1
First spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon
First spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit and the first spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit

Luna 2
First spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon

Luna 9
First spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, or any planetary body other than Earth, and
to transmit photographic data to Earth

Luna 10
First space probe to enter orbit around the Moon

Luna 16
First unmanned robotic sample return probe from the Moon

Luna 24
Last lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union

Lunar Orbiter 1
First American spacecraft to orbit the Moon

Lunar Seas
• Lake of Death
• Lake of Dreams
• Southern Sea
• Sea of Crises
• Sea of Fertility
• Sea of Cold
• Humboldt’s Sea
• Sea of Moisture
• Sea of Showers
• Sea of Geniuses
• Marginal Sea
• Moscow Sea
• Sea of Nectar
• Sea of Clouds
• Eastern Sea
• Sea of Serenity
• Smyth’s Sea
• Foaming Sea
• Sea of Tranquility
• Sea of Waves
• Sea of Vapours
• Ocean of Storms
• Marsh of Epidemics
• Marsh of Mists
• Marsh of Decay
• Marsh of Sleep
• Bay of Heaths
• Bay of Rainbows
• Central Bay
• Bay of Dew

Lunokhod 1
First of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its
Lunokhod program
First roving remote-controlled robot to land on another celestial body

Lyell, Charles
Best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularized James Hutton's concept of
uniformitarianism

Lyra
Visible from the northern hemisphere from spring through autumn, and nearly overhead, in
temperate latitudes, during the summer months

Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)

Mars orbiter that was successfully launched into Earth orbit on November 5, 2013 by the Indian
Space Research Organization

Malenchenko, Yuri
First person to marry in space (2003)

Mangalyaan
Planned Mars orbiter to be launched in October 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organization

Mariner 2
American space probe to Venus, the first robotic space probe to conduct a successful planetary
encounter

Mariner 4
Performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian
surface

Mariner 9
First spacecraft to orbit another planet (Mars)

Mariner 10
First space probe to fly by Mercury

Mars 3
First soft landing on Mars

Massimino, Michael J.
First person to use Twitter in space

Maxwell Montes
Highest point in Venus

McCandless, Bruce II
Former NASA astronaut who made the first untethered space walk

Medicean stars
Term Galileo used to refer to the Jupiter moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto

Membrane stress
Stress on a tectonic plate resulting from its motion over an Earth with a non-spherical shape

Mercury Seven astronauts

• Alan Shepard
• Gus Grissom
• John Glenn
• Scott Carpenter
• Wally Schirra
• Gordon Cooper
• Deke Slayton

Messier catalog
List, named after a French astronomer, that contains over one hundred objects including galaxies
and various star clusters, although it was originally designed onlyto determine comet from non-
comet

Metal
In astronomy, term referring to any element heavier than helium
Metonic cycle
For astronomy and calendar studies, period of very close to 19 years that is remarkable for being a
nearly common multiple of the solar year and the synodic lunar month

Milankovitch theory
Theory describing the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate

Mimas
Moon of Saturn which was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel named after Mimas, a son of
Gaia in Greek mythology, and is also designated Saturn I
Smallest astronomical body that is known to be rounded in shape because of self-gravitation
Resembles the Death Star, a fictional space station known from the film Star Wars Episode IV: A
New Hope

Mohorovicic discontinuity
Separation of the crust from the underlying mantle, discoveredin 1909

Mons Huygens
Moon’s tallest mountain

Moonbow
Rainbow produced by light reflected off the surface of the moon, rather than direct sunlight,
refracting off moisture in the air

Moraine
Any landform directly deposited by a glacier or ice sheet

Musgrave, Story
Only astronaut to have flown missions on all five Space Shuttles

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - Shoemaker

First probe to asteroid with landing

Nearside
Hemisphere of the Moon that is permanently turned toward the Earth because of the tidal
synchronization of the lunar day and the sidereal month

Nebular hypothesis
Most widely accepted model explaining the formation and evolution of the Solar System, where
stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds

Neelanjali Ruby
Largest double star ruby in the world

Nephology
Study of clouds

Neptune
Fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass

Neritic zone
Part of the pelagic zone, zone that contains the waters over the shallowest part of the ocean, the
continental shelf

New Horizons
First probe to be launched to Pluto

Nikolayev, Andriyan
First person to float in microgravity
First person to make a television broadcast from space

Nova
Cataclysmic nuclear explosion in a white dwarf star

Oberth, Hermann
Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer considered one of the founding fathers of
rocketry and astronautics

Occultation
Event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the
observer

Okta
Unit of measurement used to describe the amount of cloud cover at any given location such as a
weather station

Olympic Australis
Largest and most valuable opal yet found, valued at 2,500,000 Australian dollars

Olympus Mons
Large shield volcano on the planet Mars, the tallest mountain on any planet in the Solar System

Oort, Jan
Dutch astronomer who became the first person to discover evidence of dark matter

Oort cloud
Hypothesized spherical cloud of predominantly icy planetesimals that may lie roughly 50,000 AU,
or nearly a light-year, from the Sun

Orogeny
Forces and events leading to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere due to the
engagement of tectonic plates

Panthalassa
Vast global ocean that surrounded Pangaea

Parsec
Abbreviated form of “a distance corresponding to a parallax of one arc second”, unit of length used
in astronomy, equal to about 30.9 trillion kilometers

Payne-Scott, Ruby
First female radio astronomer
Pelagic zone
Zone that encompasses the waters of the ocean

Petrification
In geology, process by which organic material is converted into stone through the replacement of
the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals

Photic zone
Depth of the water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to
occur

Piazzi, Giuseppe
Discovered the dwarf planet Ceres

Pillow lava
Lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or subglacial
volcano or a lava flow enters the ocean

Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System

Pioneer 11
Also known as Pioneer G, the first probe to encounter Saturn and the second to fly through the
asteroid belt and by Jupiter

Polyakov, Valeri
Russian former cosmonaut who holds the record for the longest single spaceflight in human history,
staying aboard the Mir space station for more than 14 months (437 days 18 hours) during one trip

Pore
Void surrounded completely by soil or rock materials and created by the packing of mineral and
organic particles

Precession
Gradual circular motion of the Earth's axis of rotation which causes the position of the celestial
poles to describe a circle over a period of 25,800 years

Precipitation
In meteorology, any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity

Primeval nebula
Term referring to the cloud of interstellar gas – mainly hydrogen and helium –and dust grains from
which the Solar System developed

Project Stormfury
Project run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983 in an attempt to weaken tropical
cyclones by flying aircraft into them and seeding with silver iodide

Psychrometer
Instrument measuring atmospheric humidity

Pulsar
Portmanteau of pulsating star, highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of
electromagnetic radiation

Quasar
Derived from “quasi-stellar object”, term used to denote an object far beyond our galaxy which
appears as a star on photographs
Astronomical body producing vast amounts of energy

Red giant
Star that has finished burning hydrogen in its core and that is experiencing hydrogen shell burning

Retrograde motion
In astronomy, term describing the orbit of a celestial body that runs counter to the direction of the
spin of that body which it orbits

Richter, Charles
Author of the 1958 book Elementary Seismology

Ride, Sally
First American woman to enter into low Earth orbit in 1983

Riparian zone
Interface between land and a river or stream

Roche limit
Minimum distance from a planet at which a satellite can remain intact, without being torn apart by
gravitational forces

Rogue waves
Relatively large and spontaneous ocean surface waves that occur far out at sea, and are a threat even
to large ships and ocean liners

Rømer, Ole Christensen

Danish astronomer who theorized that light actually traveled at a finite speed

Roscosmos
Government agency responsible for the Russian space science program and general aerospace
research

Rosetta
Robotic spacecraft built and launched by the European Space Agency to perform a detailed study of
comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

Standard scaleintroduced in 1955 by meteorologists of theUS Weather Bureaufor reporting tropical
cyclones

Sagittarius A*
Bright and very compact astronomical radio source at the center of the Milky Way galaxy that is
believed to be a location of a supermassive black hole

Sakigake
Japan's first interplanetary satellite and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country
other than the US or the Soviet Union

Salyut 1
First space station of any kind, launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971

Salt marsh
Vegetation often found on mud banks formed at river mouths, showing regular zonation reflecting
the length of time different areas are inundated by tides

Santa Ana winds

Strong, extremely dry down-slope winds that originate inland and affect coastal Southern California
and northern Baja California, infamous for fanning regional wildfires

Saprolite
Chemically weathered rock

Satellite
Relatively small natural body that orbits a planet

Saturn V
Only launch vehicle to transport human beings beyond low Earth orbit
Tallest, heaviest and most powerful rocket ever brought to operational status and still holds the
record for the heaviest payload launched and heaviest payload capacity to low Earth orbit

Savitskaya, Svetlana
Second woman in space
First woman to walk in space on Salyut 7 in 1984

Schmitt, Harrison
Twelfth and last man to walk on the Moon
Only geologist to have walked on the Moon
Only person to have walked on the Moon who was never a member of the United States Armed
Forces

Schwarzschild radius
Radius of a sphere such that, if all the mass of an object is compressed within that sphere, the
escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light

Sea of Tranquility
Landing site for first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969

Seismology
Study of elastic waves and how they are produced

Shenzhou 5
First human spaceflight mission of the People’s Republic of China

Shepard, Alan
Fifth person to walk on the moon
First American to travel into space
SK-1
First spacesuit ever used, developed specially for Yuri Gagarin

Skylab
First space station of the United States

Smithsonian Alexandrite
Largest faceted alexandrite in the world

Sojourner
Mars Pathfinder robotic Mars rover that landed onJuly 4, 1997 and explored Mars for around three
months

Solar constant
Amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane
perpendicular to the rays

Space probe
Scientific space exploration mission in which a spacecraft leaves Earth and explores space

Space Shuttle Atlantis

Only orbiter which lacked the ability to draw power from the International Space Station while
docked there

SpaceShipOne
First privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight

Space Transportation System – 135

Final mission of the American Space Shuttle program

Spacetime singularity
Also called gravitational singularity, location where the quantities that are used to measure the
gravitational field become infinite in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system

Spaghettification
In astrophysics, vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes in a
very strong gravitational field, and is caused by extreme tidal forces

Sputnik 1
First artificial Earth satellite

Sputnik 2
First spacecraft to carry a living animal, a dog named Laika

Stardust
300-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA on February 7, 1999to collect dust samples
from the coma of comet Wild 2, as well as samples of cosmic dust, and return these to Earth for
analysis

Steady State theory

In cosmology, discredited theory which states that new matter is continuously created as the
universe expands, so that the perfect cosmological principle is adhered to
Stellar wind
Radial outflow of matter from the atmosphere of a very hot star

Stevenson screen
Also called instrument shelter, enclosure to shield meteorological instruments against precipitation
and direct heat radiation from outside sources, while still allowing air to circulate freely around
them, designed by Thomas Stevenson

Stratigraphy
Branch of geology which studies rock layers and layering

Stratum
In geology, layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that
distinguish it from other layers

Strawn-Wagner Diamond
Only perfect diamond in the world so far found, graded a “perfect” 0/0/0 by the American Gem
Society in 1998

Styx
Fifth confirmed satellite of Pluto

Subduction
In geology, process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves
under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge

Sullivan, Kathryn D.
First American woman to walk in space

Sungrazing comet
Comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion,sometimes within a few thousand
kilometers of the Sun’s surface

Sunspot
Temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to
surrounding regions

Supergalactic plane
Dominant plane of the greatest concentration of nearby galaxy clusters in the sky which passes
through the Virgo cluster

Supermassive black hole

Largest type of black hole, on the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar masses

Supermoon
Coincidence of a full moon or a new moon with the closest approach the Moon makes to the Earth
on its elliptical orbit, resulting in the largest apparent size of the lunar disk as seen from Earth

Supernova
Name given to the explosion produced by the destruction of a star, the light from which may be
seen as long as two years afterwards
Surveyor I
First U.S. spacecraft to soft-land on another world

Syncom 2
First geosynchronous communication satellite

Syncom 3
First geostationary communication satellite

Syzygy
Configuration arising when the Sun, Earth and either the Moon or a planet lie approximately in line

Taieb, Maurice
French geologist and paleoanthropologist who discovered the Hadar formation, recognized its
potential importance to paleoanthropology

Taikonaut
Chinese term for astronaut

Tektite
Gravel-size bodies that are composed of black, green, brown or gray, natural glass that are formed
from terrestrial debris ejected during extraterrestrial impacts

Tephra
Fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or
emplacement mechanism

Tereshkova, Valentina
First woman to go to space
First civilian ever to go to space

Terminator
In astronomy, boundary between the illuminated and non-illuminated hemispheres of a planet or a
satellite

Till
Term for an unsorted glacial sediment

Titan
Largest moon of Saturn
Only natural satellite known to have a dense atmosphere
Only object other than Earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been
found

Tito, Dennis
First space tourist to fund his own trip into space

Titov, Gherman Stepanovich

Second human to orbit the Earth, aboard Vostok 2

Tombaugh, Clyde
American astronomer best known for discovering the dwarf planet Pluto in 1930

Tombolo
Deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such
as a spit or bar

Trans-lunar injection
Propulsive maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory which will cause it to arrive at the
Moon

Tree line
Edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing

Trojan
Minor planet or natural satellite (moon) that shares an orbit with a planet or larger moon, but does
not collide with it because it orbits around one of the two Lagrangian points of stability, which lie
approximately 60° ahead of and behind the larger body, respectively

Turner, Herbert Hall

Credited with coining the word parsec

Tychonic system
Geocentric model of the solar system published by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century which
combined what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the
philosophical and “physical” benefits of the Ptolemaic system

“Unnamed Brown”
First name given to the Golden Jubilee diamond

Vadose zone
Term given to the unsaturated region of the earth between the topsoil and the actual groundwater in
an aquifer

Valles Marineris
System of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region

Venera 1
First man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus

Venera 3
Probe from the Soviet Union was the first man-made spacecraft to impact on another planet (Venus)

Venera 4
First spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet

Venera 7
First manmade spacecraft to land successfully on another planet and to transmit data from there
back to Earth

Venus Express
First Venus exploration mission of the European Space Agency launched in 2005
Very Large Telescope
Telescope operated by the European Southern Observatory on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert
of northern Chile

Virga
In meteorology, observable streak or shaft of precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates or
sublimes before reaching the ground

Void
In astronomy, vast empty spaces between filaments which contain very few or no galaxies

Vostok 6
First human spaceflight mission to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space

Voyager 1
First probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their moons
Farthest man-made object from Earth and is currently traveling in a previously unknown region of
space
First probe to provide detailed images of Jupiter and Saturn and their moons
First human-made object to enter interstellar space

Voyager 2
Only spacecraft to have visited the two outer gas giant planets Uranus and Neptune

Weathering
Process of breakdown and alteration of rocks on the earth’ssurface by mechanical or chemical
processes

Westar 1
United States’ first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite,
launched by Western Union and NASA on April 13, 1974

White, Edward Higgins

First American to “walk” in space

Whiteout
Weather condition in which visibility and contrast are severely reduced by snow or sand

Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer

NASA infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope active from December 2009 to February
2011 that discovered the first Y Dwarf and Earth trojan, as well as tens of thousands of new
asteroids

Wormhole
Common name for an Einstein-Rosen Bridge

X
Stands for a comet of unknown orbit

X-ray astronomy
Study of X-ray sources by rockets and balloons in the earth’satmosphere and by satellites beyond it
Yang Liwei
First man sent into space by the Chinese space program and his mission, Shenzhou 5

Yellow dwarf
Another term for a G-type main-sequence star

Yutu
Meaning “jade rabbit”, name given to the Chinese lunar probe launched in December 2013

z8_GND_5296
Announced as the farthest and earliest galaxy whose distance has been confirmed by spectroscopy,
discovered in 2013

Zhai Zhigang
First Chinese citizen to carry out a spacewalk

Zhubov scale
Way of reporting polar sea ice coverage

Zodiacal light
Faint luminous glow in the sky that can be observed on a moonless night on the western horizon
after sunset or on the eastern horizon before sunrise

Zond 5
First spacecraft to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth
Biology

Achene
Type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants that contain a single seed
that nearly fills the pericarp but does not adhere to it

Acnestis
Part of an animal’s skin that it cannot reach to scratch itself, usually the space between the shoulder
blades

Adhesions
Fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, often as a result of injury during surgery

Aestivation
State of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, characterized by inactivity and a lowered
metabolic rate, which is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions

Agility
Ability to change the body’s position efficiently, and requires the integration of isolated movement
skills using a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength and endurance

Allosteric regulation
In biochemistry, the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the
protein's allosteric site

Ambergris
Solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish color produced in the digestive system
of sperm whales

Ameboid movement
Crawling-like type of movement accomplished by protrusion of cytoplasm of the cell involving the
formation of pseudopodia

Amines
Organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair

Amino acids
Biologically important organic compounds made from amine and carboxylic acid functional groups,
along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid

Ampullae of Lorenzini
Special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores mostly
discussed as being found in cartilaginous fishes

Anobium pertinax
Scientific name of bookworm

Antirrhinium
Genus of plants commonly known as snapdragons

Apiary
Place where beehives of honeybees are kept
Apoptosis
Process of cell death that occurs naturally as part of the normal development, maintenance, and
renewal of tissues within an organism

Arrectores pilorum
Small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals, in which its contraction causes the hairs to
stand on end, known colloquially as goose bumps

Auxins
Any of a group of plant hormones responsible for such processes as the promotion of growth by cell
enlargement, the maintenance of apical dominance and the initiation of root formation in cuttings

Aye-aye
World’s largest nocturnal primate

Banks, Joseph
English naturalist who took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage and credited with the
introduction to the Western world of the eucalyptus, the acacia and the genus Banksia

Barbary macaque
Only free-living primates in Europe

Basenji
Only dog that doesn’t bark

Basset hound
Breed of dog of Jason the Hush Puppies dog

Bat
Only flying mammal

Bauhinia blakeana
Flower in the flag of Hong Kong

Bedford, James Hiram

First person whose body was cryonically preserved after legal death

Biodiversity hotspot
Biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans

Biogeography
Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological
time

Bottleneck
Term refers to a severe reduction in population size, often leading to a foundereffect

Bowerbird
Renowned for their unique courtship behavior, where males build a structure and decorate it with
sticks and brightly colored objects in an attempt to attract a mate
Box jellyfish
Cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae and are known for the
extremely potent venom produced by some species

Brush
Term for a tail of a fox

Bulb
Underground plant organ that enables a plant to survive from one growing season to the next

Bullfrog
Only animal that never sleeps

Bustard
Large and highly terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old
World

Butenandt, Adolf
German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his “work on sex
hormones”

Caenorhabditis elegans
First animal to have its genome sequenced

Caliology
Study of bird nests

Calla lily
Also known as the “lily of the Nile”

Capitalsaurus
Official dinosaur of Washington, D.C.

Capybara
World’s largest rodent

Carapace
Dorsal section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods such
as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates such as turtles and tortoises

Carolina Parakeet
Only parrot native to eastern United States that became extinct in1918

Carson, Rachel Louise

American marine biologist and conservationist whose book Silent Spring and other writings are
credited with advancing the global environmental movement

Caryopsis
Type of simple dry fruit that resembles an achene, except that the pericarp is fused with the thin
seed coat

Caspian tiger
Extinct tiger subspecies that were formerly found in Chinese and Russian Turkestan, Afghanistan,
Iran and Turkey

Cellular respiration
Set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert
biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate and then release waste products

Cellulose
The structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the
oomycetes

Chalaza
Structure inside bird and reptile eggs and plant ovules which attaches or suspends the yolk or
nucellus within the larger structure

Chambers of a cow’s stomach

• Rumen
• Reticulum
• Omasum
• Abomasum

Chamois
Goat-antelope species native to mountains in Europe, including the Carpathian Mountains of
Romania, the European Alps, the Tatra Mountains, the Balkans, parts of Turkey, and the Caucasus

Chihuahua
Smallest breed of dog

Chinese gooseberry
Another name for kiwi

Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant cells and some other eukaryotic organisms that carry out almost all fatty
acid synthesis in plants, and are involved in a plant’s immune response

Chrysalis
Pupal stage of butterflies

Coccyx
Final segment of the vertebral column in tailless primates

Codon
Unit of the genetic code that determines the synthesis of oneparticular amino acid

Coffea charrieriana
Only known caffeine-free coffee plant from Cameroon

“Colored body”
Literal Greek meaning of chromosome

Commensalism
Association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor
harm

“Covered lizard”
Meaning of stegosaurus

Cuticularization
Secretion by the outer (epidermal) layer of cells of plants and many invertebrates of substances that
then harden to form a cuticle

Cytology
Study of microscopic study of individual cells

Cytosol
Also known as intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix, liquid found inside cells

Darwin, Charles
English naturalist best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory
Established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors

Dawkins, Richard
English ethiologist who came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which
popularized the gene-centered view of evolution and introduced the term meme

de Vries, Hugo
Dutch botanist who introduced the term “mutation”

Deciduous
Term typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the
shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe

Dewclaw
Commonly referred to as a dog’s thumb, vestigial digit on the foot of many mammals, birds, and
reptiles

Dextrality
Scientific term for right-handedness

DNA sequencing
Process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule

Dork
Male organ of a whale

Draculin
Glycoprotein found in the saliva of vampire bats that functions as an anticoagulant, thus keeping the
blood of the bitten victim from clotting while the bat is drinking

Dragonfly
World’s fastest flying insect

Duff
Another name for plant litter, plant material that has fallen to the ground

Dwarf lantern shark

Smallest shark

Dwarf leopard
Another name for ocelot

Ehrlich, Paul Ralph

American biologist best known for his dire warnings about population growth and limited resources

Elytron
Wingcases of beetles

Emasculation
Removal of the anthers of a flower in order to prevent self-pollination or the undesirable pollination
of neighboring plants

Embryology
Science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage

Emu
Largest bird native to Australia

Endemism
Ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation or other
defined zone, or habitat type

Entomology
Study of insects

Ennui
Gripping listlessness or melancholia

Epistasis
In genetics, suppression or masking of a gene by another gene that is not its allele

Ergot
Small callosity on the underside of the fetlock of a horse or other equine

Evolution
Term referring to the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over
successive generations

Excretion
Process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are elimination from
an organism

Fertilisation
Fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism

Fibroblast
Term referring to the widely distributed cell in connective tissue that isresponsible for the
production of both the ground substance and of the precursors ofcollagen, elastic fibers, and
reticular fibers

Fission
Type of asexual reproduction occurring in some unicellular organisms, e.g. diatoms, protozoans,
and bacteria, in which the parent cell divides toform two or more similar daughter cells

Fleming, Sir Alexander

Scottish biologist is best-known for his discoveries of the enzyme lysozyme in1923 and the
antibiotic substance penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in1928

Folivore
Organism that eat only leaves

Frigatebird
Appears on the flag of Kiribati

Gall
Abnormal growth or swelling in a plant

Gel electrophoresis
Method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their
fragments, based on their size and charge

Genetically modified organism

Organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

Genus
Taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms that comes
above species and below family

Giant Asian Hornet

Largest hornet in the world

Giant huntsman spider

Largest spider in the world

Giant squid
Largest invertebrate animal

Gila monster
Only venomous lizard native to the United States

GloFish
First genetically modified animals to become publicly available as a pet

Goldfish
Only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light

Golgi bodies
Eukaryotic organelle often called the “post office”of the cell because it receives molecules through
transport vesicles and chemically modifies them before shipping them out again

Gongylonema neoplasticum
Species of nematode previously known as Spiroptera carcinoma, as it became the basis of the
research that won Johannes Fibiger the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Used as one of the first demonstrations that an infection could be a carcinogen

Goodall, Dame Jane Morris

Considered to be the world's foremost expert in chimpanzees, British primatologist best known for
her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National
Park in Tanzania

Gorgonacea
Order of sessile colonial cnidarian found throughout the oceans of the world, especially in the
tropics and subtropics
Also known as sea whips or sea fans

Gram staining
Method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups

Granivore
Organism that eat only seeds

Great Dane
Breed of dog of Scooby Doo

Green anaconda
Largest snake in the world

Grey-crowned crane
Bird found in the flag of Uganda

Hales, Stephen
English clergyman best known for his Statical Essays, in which he accounts his experiment in plant
physiology, chemistry and animal physiology including the measurement of blood pressure

Halteres
Small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in some two-winged insects

Harpy Eagle
Largest and most powerful raptor found in the Americas, and among the largest extant species of
eagles in the world

Haemophilus influenzae
First free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced

Heifer
Term for a young cow before she has had her first calf

Hemoglobin
Iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the
exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates

Histology
Study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals

Holstein Friesians
Breed of cattle is known today as the world’s highest-production dairyanimals

Homoplasy
Phenomenon in which two or more organisms share characterswithout having descended from a
common organism

von Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander

Prussian geographer whose quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the
field of biogeography

Humpback whale
Acrobatic animal known for breaching and slapping the water with its tail and pectorals

Hundred Horse Chestnut

Largest and oldest known chestnut tree in the world

Hyphae
Thread-like filaments in the mycelium of fungi

Hyponome
Also known as “siphon”, organ used by cephalopods to expel water, a function that produces a
locomotive force

Imago
In biology, last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and
development

Imitation
Acquisition of patterns of behavior by repeating similar behavior observed in others, not necessarily
of the same species

Indian Peafowl
National bird of India

Indian ricegrass
Official state grass of Nevada and Utah

Informative site
In phylogenetics, nucleotide or amino acid site which is represented by at least two character states,
each represented by at least two sequences, from which a phylogenetic deduction can be reached

Inquilism
Intimate association between two animals in which one partner lives within the host, obtaining
shelter and, perhaps, a share of the host's food
Institute of Cetacean Research
Japanese non-profit research organization specializing in the “biological and social sciences related
to whales” which some environmental groups and governments oppose its programs, claiming it to
be a disguise for commercial whaling

Interferon
Substance produced by cells infected with a virus andhas the ability to inhibit viral growth

International Union for Conservation of Nature

International organization dedicated to finding “pragmatic solutions to our most pressing
environment and development challenges”

Iris
In anatomy, pigmented ring of muscular tissue, lying between the cornea and the lens, in the eyes of
vertebrates and some cephalopod mollusks

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Founded in 1963, the world’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of
biological species

Jacaranda
Genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and
subtropical regions of Central America, South America, Cuba, Hispaniola and the Bahamas
Planted widely in Asia, especially in Nepal

Jeffreys, Sir Alec

British geneticist, who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are
now used all over the world in forensic science to assist police detective work, and also to resolve
paternity and immigration disputes

Johannsen, Wilhelm
Danish botanist who coined the terms gene, phenotype and genotype

Koch, Robert
German scientist and physician who became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the
Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883)

Kuhne, Wilhelm Friedrich

German physiologist who coined the term enzyme

Landsteiner, Karl
Austrian biologist noted for the development of the blood group system, discovery of the Rh factor
and the discovery of the poliovirus

Leatherback turtle
Largest of all living sea turtles

Leeuwenhoek, Antoni
Dutch naturalist who developed the microscope

Leveret
Term for a hare less than one year old
Limacology
Study of slugs

Lion’s Mane Jellyfish

Largest jellyfish in the world

Locavore
Person interested in eating food that is locally produced, not moved long distances to market

Loganberry
Hybrid produced from pollination of a plant of blackberry by raspberry

Lolong
The largest crocodile in captivity measured at 20 feet 3 inches (6.17 m), making him one of the
largest crocodiles ever measured from snout-to-tail

Lonesome George
Male Pinta Island tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii) and the last known individual of the
subspecies

Lonicera periclymenum
Scientific name of the common honeysuckle

Lorenz, Konrad
Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch
Often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, developing an approach that began with
an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth

Lysosome
Particle in the cytoplasm of cells that contains enzymesresponsible for breaking down substances in
the cell and is bounded by a singlemembrane

Mandragora officinarum
Scientific name of mandrake, plant being used in magic rituals

Mandrill
World's largest monkey

McCarty, Maclyn
American geneticist best known for his part in the monumental discovery that DNA, rather than
protein, constituted the chemical nature of the gene

Meiosis
Type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each having half the number of the
chromosomes of the original cell

Melzi, Francesco
Inherited the artistic and scientific works, manuscripts, and collections of Leonardo da Vinci, and
would henceforth faithfully administer the estate
Mendel, Gregor
Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics and
who demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now
referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance

Mephitis mephitis
Scientific name of the striped skunk

Migration
In biology, seasonal movement of complete populations ofanimals to a more favorable environment

Mimicry
In evolutionary biology, similarity of one species to another which protects one or both

Ming
Ocean quahog clam (Arctica islandica, family Veneridae) and the oldest living animal ever
discovered

“Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”

Article published by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in the scientific journal Nature
First publication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

Morbidity
Term referring to the proportion of individuals in a population suffering from aparticular disease

Mucophagy
Feeding on mucus of fishes or invertebrates; may also refer to consumption of mucus or dried
mucus in primates

Mulder, Gerardus Johannes

Dutch chemist who coined the term protein

Mule
State animal of Missouri

Müller, Paul Hermann

Swiss chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery
of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow
fever

Myxomavirus
Virus introduced in Australia in 1950 to control the rabbit plague

Natural selection
Gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a
population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers

Newfoundland
Breed of dog of Nana (the pet of the Darling family in Peter Pan)

Nymph
Term for juvenile stage of certain insects, such as dragonflies, grasshoppers, and earwigs, which
resembles the adult except that the wings and reproductive organs are undeveloped

Olinguito
First new carnivoran species found in the Americas in 35 years

Oliver
Common chimpanzee and a former performing ape once promoted as a missing link or
“Humanzee”due to his unusually human-like face and a tendency to walk upright

Onager
Also called the Asian wild ass

Operculum
Technical term for gill cover

Operon
In genetics, functioning unit of genomic DNA containing acluster of genes under the control of a
single regulatory signal or promoter

Ornithogalum thyrsoides
Scientific name of the flower chincherinchee

Osmoregulation
Control of the water content and the concentration of salts inthe body of an animal or protist

Ossicones
Horn-like (or antler-like) protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct
relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras

Owen, Richard
British anatomist who invented the word dinosaur in 1841

Oxygen debts
Physiological state that exists in a normally aerobic animal when insufficient oxygen is available
for metabolic requirements

Panthera onca
Scientific name of jaguar

Peptidoglycan
Polymer consisting of sugar and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma
membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall

Permineralization
Process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms

Peroxisome
Organelle found in the cytoplasm of virtually all plant and animal cellsthat contains several
enzymes involved in oxidation processes

Petri, Julius Richard

German microbiologist who is generally credited with inventing the Petri dish while working as
assistant to pioneering bacteriologist Robert Koch

Petrichor
Scent of rain on dry earth, or the scent of dust after rain

Pharmacology
Branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action

Philtrum
Vertical groove in the middle area of the upper lip, common to many mammals, extending from the
nose to the upper lip

Photosynthesis
Photochemical process green plants use to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and
water

Phylogenetics
Study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms, which are discovered through
molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices

Piddlin
Baby beluga whale

Pinna
In animal anatomy, visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head

Plastic pink flamingo

Official city bird of Madison, Wisconsin

Plastron
Nearly flat part of the shell structure of a turtle, what one would call the belly or ventral surface of
the shell

Plate count
Estimate of the number of viable cells in a culture

Platypus
Only animal known to have bird, reptile and mammal genomes in its genetic code

Polar bear
First animal to be added in 2008 to the list of endangered species due to climate change

Pollutant
Any substance, produced and released into the environment as a result of human activities, which
has damaging effects on living organisms

Polyembryony
In botany, the occurrence of many embryos in one ovule

Poodle
Name which comes from the German for “to splash about” as it was originally a water retriever
Pollen sac
Chamber in which the pollen is formed in the angiosperms and conifers

Potometer
Apparatus for measuring the rate of water uptake by a cut shoot or whole plant

Predation
Biological interaction where an organism that is hunting feeds on its prey

Proboscis
Term for the nose of a mammal especially when it is long and mobile, such as the trunk of an
elephant

Procambium
Plant tissue formed by the apical meristems of shoots and roots that consist of cells elongated
parallel to the long axis of the plant

Programmed cell death

Death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intercellular program

Promession
“Environmentally friendly form of burial” in which human remains are disposed by way of freeze
drying invented by Swedish biologist Susanne Wiigh-Mäsak, who founded Promessa Organic AB
in 1997

Prometea
First ever cloned horse

Pruning
Horticultural and silvicultural practice involving the selective removal of parts of a plant such as
branches, birds or roots

Putrefaction
Microbial decomposition of organic matter, especially the anaerobic breakdown of proteinaceous
material with the production of foul-smelling amines

Quagga
Extinct subspecies of the plains zebra that lived in South Africa
First extinct animal to have its DNA analyzed

Quahog
Official shellfish of Rhode Island

Quarantine
Period of isolation imposed on an animal that moves from an area where particular diseases are
prevalent to an area where those diseases are not prevalent

Rachis
Biological term for a main axis or “shaft”

Raggiana Bird-of-paradise
National bird of Papua New Guinea and silhouetted in the national flag

Reafference
Stimulation of an animal as a result of the movements of its own body

Resplendent Quetzal
National bird of Guatemala

Roan
Horse coat color pattern characterized by an even mixture of colored and white hairs on the body
while the head, lower legs, mane and tail are mostly solid-colored

Roe
Fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries, or the released external egg masses of fish and certain
marine animals, such as shrimp, scallop and sea urchins

Rosette
Rose-like marking or formation found on the fur and skin of some animals, particularly cats of the
family Felidae

Rubisco
Enzyme responsible for fixing carbon dioxide to ribulose in the first stage of the Calvin cycle

Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Only species of hummingbird that regularly nests east of the Mississippi River in North America

Saprotrophic nutrition
Process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of dead or
decayed organic matter

Sarv-e Abarkuh
Also called the Zoroastrian Sarv, tree estimated to be over 4000 years old and may be the oldest
living thing in Asia

Scarabaeus sacer
Scientific name of the scarab beetle worshiped by Ancient Egyptians

Scarification
In botany, involves cutting the seed coat using abrasion, thermal stress or chemicals to encourage
germination

Sea cow
Another name for manatee

Shonisaurus
Official state fossil of Nevada

Shortfin mako
Fastest shark

Simpson, James Young

Scottish obstetrician who discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully
introduced it for general medical use

Snuppy
World’s first cloned dog

Southern Cassowary
Also known by its scientific name Casuarius casuarius, third tallest and second heaviest living bird,
smaller only than the ostrich and emu

Spat
Settled larvae of shellfish such as oysters and scallops

Speleology
Scientific study of caves

Spencer, Herbert
Best known for coining the expression “survival of the fittest”

Spermology
Study of seeds

Spicules
Tiny spine-like structures that perform structural function in sponges

Spinneret
Silk-spinning organ of a spider or the larva of an insect

Spirillum
In microbiology, bacterium with a cell body that twists like spiral

Staminode
Term for a sterile stamen

Stearic acid
Another name for beef fat

Succession
In ecology, series of changes in an ecological community that occur over time after a disturbance

Tapirus kabomani
Smallest tapir species announced in 2013
First odd-toed ungulate discovered in over 100 years

Teratogen
Any substance, agent, or process that induces the formation ofdevelopmental abnormalities in a
fetus

The Kennel Club

Oldest recognized kennel club in the world

Tiergarten Schönbrunn
Oldest zoo in the world, located in Vienna, Austria

Topsy
Name of the circus elephant electrocuted by Thomas Edison during the War of the Currents

Toxoplasma gondii
Obligate, intracellular, parasitic protozoan that causes the disease toxoplasmosis
Has been shown to alter the behavior of infected rodents in ways thought to increase the rodents’
chances of being preyed upon by cats

Transcription
Process that encodes messenger RNA and precedes translation

Transformation
Permanent heritable change in a cell, particularly a bacterial cell, which occurs as a result of its
acquiring foreign DNA

Translation
Process in living cells in which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) in the
form of a sequence of nucleotide triplets (codons) is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain during protein synthesis

Triceratops
State dinosaur of Wyoming

Tritonia khaleesi
Species of sea slug discovered off northeast Brazil and first described in 2013, named after the title
“Khaleesi” used by A Song of Ice and Fire character Daenerys Targaryen

Tulip
National flower of The Netherlands

Uncia uncia
Also Panthera uncia, scientific name of snow leopard

Vacuole
Space within the cytoplasm of a living cell that is filled with air,water or other liquid, sap, or food
particles

Vesicle
In cell biology, small bubble within a cell

Vibrissae
Type of mammalian hair that are typically characterized, anatomically, by their large size and large
and well-innervated hair follicle

Vivisection
Surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central
nervous system, to view living internal structure

Ritter von Frisch, Karl

Austrian ethiologist whose work centered on investigations of the sensory perceptions of the honey
bee and was one of the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance

Walcott, Charles Doolittle

American invertebrate paleontologist who became known for his discovery in 1909 of well-
preserved fossils in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Wallace, Alfred Russel

British naturalist best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural
selection

Watermelon
Official state vegetable of Oklahoma

Whale shark
World’s largest shark

Wilting
Condition that arises in plants when more water is lost by evaporation than is absorbed from the soil

Wolverine
Largest land-dwelling species of the weasel family

Xenothrix mcgregori
Also known as Jamaican monkey, extinct species of monkey first uncovered at Long Mile Cave in
Jamaica by Harold Anthony in 1919

Xibalbanus tulumensis
Previously known as Speleonectes tulumensis, venomous, hermaphroditic crustacean found in
anchialine caves on the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea

Xylem
Tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral nutrients in vascular plants

Yellow fever
First human virus discovered

Yolk
Food stored in an egg for the use of the embryo

Yucca brevifolia
Scientific name of the Joshua tree

Zorilla
Common name for the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus)

Zygote
From the Greek for “yoke”, cell formed when two gametes are joined by means of sexual
reproduction
Chemistry

15
Atomic number of phosphorus

24
Number of carats representing 100% pure gold

Acetylsalicylic acid
Chemical name of aspirin

Aerosol
Colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas

Amalgam
Alloy of mercury with various metals used for dental fillings

Anastas, Paul
American scientist known as the “Father of Green Chemistry” for his ground-breaking work on the
design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign

Analyte
Substance or chemical constituent that is of interest in an analytic procedure

Baking soda
Common name of sodium bicarbonate

Bastnasite
Principal ore of the element lanthanum

Bauxite
Main source of aluminum

Becher, Johann Joachim

German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar and adventurer, best known for his
development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian cameralism

Berzelius, Jöns Jacob

Swedish chemist known for discovering silicon, selenium, thorium and cerium

Boiling
Rapid vaporization of liquid which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid
by the surrounding environmental pressure

Boiling point
Temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid
and the liquid changed into a vapor

Boyle, Robert
First modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the
pioneers of modern experimental scientific method
Bunsen, Robert
German chemist who discovered caesium and rubidium and developed the Bunsen burner

Buoyancy
Upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object

Calvin, Melvin
American chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and
James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Carbon fixation
Conversion of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms

Carbonado
Term for a black diamond

Cassiterite
Chief ore of tin

Catalysis
Increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst

Cavendish, Henry
British scientist noted for his discovery of hydrogen

Chadwick, Sir James

English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery of the
neutron in 1932

Charles' Law
Gas law which states that the volume and temperature of a gas are directlyproportional

Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, state in which both reactants and products are present at concentrations
which have no further tendency to change with time

Chirality
Property of existing in left- and right-handed structuralforms

Cinnabar
Common ore of mercury

Colloid
Substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance

Combustion
Sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the
production of heat and conversion of chemical species

Concentration
In chemistry, abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture
Cosmochemistry
Study of the chemical, isotopic and mineralogical composition of materials originating in outer
space

Cullet
Term for the waste version of glass with impurities

Davy, Sir Humphry

Cornish chemist and inventor known for discovering electrolysis, sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, barium, boron, and invented the Davy lamp which allowed miners to work safely in the
presence of flammable gases
Proved that diamonds were composed only of carbon

Deacon process
Process used during the manufacture of alkalis by the Leblanc process

Decoction
Solution made by boiling material in water, followed by filtration

Density
Measure of how much of some entity is within a fixed amount of space

Dessication
Long-term loss of water associated with regional climaticchange

Dew point
Temperature below which the water vapor in air at constant barometric pressure condenses into
liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates

Dialysis
In biochemistry, process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of
diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, such as dialysis tubing

Distillation
Process of boiling a liquid and condensing the vapor, used to purify liquids or to separate
components of a liquid mixture

Effusion
Process in which a gas escapes through a small hole

Elution
Process of removing an adsorbed material from an adsorbent by washing it in a liquid

Emulsion
Mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible

Evaporation
Type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is
not saturated with the evaporating substance

Excitation
Excited state of an atom

Fahlberg, Constantin
Discovered the sweet taste of anhydroorthosulphaminebenzoic acid in 1877–78 when analyzing the
chemical compounds in coal tar at Johns Hopkins University for Professor Ira Remsen

Fermat’s principle
In optics, principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be
traversed in the least time

Flocculation
In chemistry, combining of the particles of a finely divided precipitate, such as a colloid, into larger
particles or clumps that sink and are easier to filter off

Fugacity
Tendency of a molecule to expand or escape its current phase

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis

French chemist known mostly for two laws related to gases, and for his work on alcohol-water
mixtures, which led to the degrees Gay-Lussac used to measure alcoholic beverages in many
countries

Gel
Solid, jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough

Goldschmidt process
Process for extracting certain metals from their oxides by reduction with aluminum

Graham, Thomas
Nineteenth century Scottish chemist best remembered for his pioneering work in dialysis and the
diffusion of gases

Gregor, William
British clergyman and mineralogist who discovered the elemental metal titanium

Hahn, Otto
German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission

Hardness
Term for the resistance of a solid substance to scratching or local deformation by indentation

Heat of solution
Energy liberated or absorbed when one mole of a given substance is completely dissolved in a large
volume of solvent

Hofmann, Albert
Swiss scientist best known for being the first person to synthesize, ingest and learn of the
psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide
First to isolate psylocybin and psylocin

Homeostasis
Property of a system in which variables are regulated so that the internal conditions remain stable
and relatively constant

Hydrolysis
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water

Hygroscope
Device that indicates the humidity of the air, often in the form ofa substance that changes color in
the presence of moisture

Hysteresis
Phenomenon in which two physical quantities are related in a manner that depends on whether one
is increasing or decreasing in relation to the other

Intermetallic compound
Compound consisting of two or more metallic elements present in definite proportions in an alloy

Internal conversion
Transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule or atom

Ionization
Process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing
electrons

Isotones
Two or more nuclides that have the same neutron numbers butdifferent proton numbers

Isotope
One of two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in their
nucleus but different numbers of neutrons

Krebs, Hans
German-born British physician and chemist best known for his identification of two important
metabolic cycles, the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle

Krokodil
Street name for the morphine derivative desomorphine

Langmuir, Irving
First industrial chemist to become a Nobel laureate, American chemist and physicist known for
inventing the high-vacuum tube

Lavoisier, Antoine
French scientist considered as “father of modern chemistry”
Coined the terms hydrogen and oxygen

Le Chatelier's principle
In chemistry, principle that can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical
equilibrium

Libby, Willard Frank

American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating
Liquefaction
Process of becoming or making a liquid by heating, cooling, or achange in pressure

Lithium
Lightest metal and the least dense solid element

Magnetochemistry
Branch of chemistry concerned with measuring andinvestigating the magnetic properties of
compounds

Mendeleev, Dmitri
Russian chemist who developed the periodic table of elements

Mercury
Only metal that is liquid at room temperature

Metalloid
Chemical element that has properties that are in between or a mixture of those of metals and
nonmetals and is consequently difficult to classify unambiguously as either a metal or a nonmetal

Minamata Convention on Mercury

International treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic
emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds

Moissan, Henri
French chemist who succeeded in isolating fluorine

Monotropy
Existence of a single allotrope of an element that is always more stable than the other regardless of
temperature

Müller, Paul Hermann

Swiss chemist who won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal
qualities and use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the control of vector diseases such as
malaria and yellow fever

Napalm
Substance in incendiary bombs and flamethrowers made by forming a gel of petrol with aluminum
soaps

Neutralization
Term referring to stoichiometric reaction of an acid and a base in volumetric analysis

Nobel Prize for Chemistry winners

1901 Jacobus H. van't Hoff

1902 Hermann Emil Fischer
1903 Svante A. Arrhenius
1904 Sir William Ramsay
1905 Adolf von Baeyer
1906 Henri Moissan
1907 Eduard Buchner
1908 Ernest Rutherford
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald
1910 Otto Wallach
1911 Marie Curie
1912 Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
1913 Alfred Werner
1914 Theodore W. Richards
1915 Richard M. Willstätter
1916 —
1917 —
1918 Fritz Haber
1919 —
1920 Walter H. Nernst
1921 Frederick Soddy
1922 Francis W. Aston
1923 Fritz Pregl
1924 —
1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy
1926 Theodor Svedberg
1927 Heinrich O. Wieland
1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus
1929 Sir Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1930 Hans Fischer
1931 Friedrich Bergius, Karl Bosch
1932 Irving Langmuir
1933 —
1934 Harold C. Urey
1935 Jean Frédéric Joliot, Iréne Joliot-Curie
1936 Peter J. W. Debye
1937 Walter N. Haworth, Paul Karrer
1938 Richard Kuhn
1939 Adolf F. J. Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 Georg de Hevesy
1944 Otto Hahn
1945 Artturi I. Virtanen
James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell
1946
M. Stanle
1947 Sir Robert Robinson
1948 Arne W. K. Tiselius
1949 William F. Giauque
1950 Kurt Alder, Otto P. H. Diels
1951 Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg
1952 Archer J. P. Martin, Richard L. M. Synge
1953 Hermann Staudinger
1954 Linus C. Pauling
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud
1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, Nikolai N. Semenov
1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd
1958 Frederick Sanger
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky
1960 Willard F. Libby
1961 Melvin Calvin
1962 John C. Kendrew, Max F. Perutz
1963 Giulio Natta, Karl Ziegler
1964 Dorothy Hodgkin
1965 Robert B. Woodward
1966 Robert S. Mulliken
Manfred Eigen, Ronald G. W. Norrish, George
1967
Porter
1968 Lars Onsager
1969 Derek H. R. Barton, Odd Hassel
1970 Luis F. Leloir
1971 Gerhard Herzberg
Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William
1972
H. Stein
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson
1974 Paul J. Flory
1975 Sir John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
1976 William N. Lipscomb
1977 Ilya Prigogine
1978 Peter Mitchell
1979 Herbert C. Brown, George Wittig
1980 Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
1981 Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
1982 Aaron Klug
1983 Henry Taube
1984 Bruce Merrifield
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle
Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C.
1986
Polanyi
Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pedersen, Jean-
1987
Marie Lehn
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut
1988
Michel
1989 Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman
1990 Elias James Corey
1991 Richard R. Ernst
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus
1993 Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith
1994 George A. Olah
Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, F. Sherwood
1995
Rowland
Harold W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl, Jr., Richard E.
1996
Smalley
1997 Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
 1998 Walter Kohn, John A. Pople
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail
Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki
2000
Shirakawa
William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry
2001
Sharpless
2002 John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich
2003 Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin
2004
Rose
Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R.
2005
Schrock
2006 Roger D. Kornberg
2007 Gerhard Ertl
Osamu Shimamura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y.
2008
Tsien
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz,
2009
Ada E. Yonath
2010 Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki
2011 Dan Shechtman
2012 Brian K. Kobilka, Robert J. Lefkowitz
2013 Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel

Osmium
Densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 grams per cubic meter

Oxygen
Most abundant element by mass in the Earth’s crust

Pasteur, Louis
French chemist and microbiologist remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and
preventions of diseases and whose discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and created
the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax

Pauling, Linus
American chemist that became one of only two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different
fields (Chemistry and Peace), the other being Marie Curie (Chemistry and Physics)

Pearl
Only birthstone that comes from an animal

Peptide
Compound formed by linkage of two or more amino acid groups

Perey, Marguerite Catherine

French physicist who discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that
contained actinium
First woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences

Periodic Table of Elements

Perkin, Sir William Henry

British organic chemist who became famous for his discovery of mauve, the firstsynthetic dye

Pewter
Common name for the alloy of lead and tin traditionally used for utensils

pH
Measure of the activity of the (solvated) hydrogen ion

Plunkett, Roy J.
American chemist who discovered polytetrafluoroethylene in 1938

Plutonium
Heaviest primordial element by virtue of its most stable isotope, plutonium-244, whose half-life of
about 80 million years is just long enough for the element to be found in trace quantities in nature

Pnictogens
Chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table also known as the nitrogen family
Consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi)
and the synthetic element ununpentium (Uup)
Pneumatics
Study of air and gases

Pons, Stanley
American-French electrochemist known for his work with Martin Fleischmann on cold fusion in the
1980s and 1990s

Poison
General term referring to a substance that destroys catalyst activity

Priestley, Joseph
English chemist usually credited with the discovery of oxygen

Pyrolysis
Thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of
oxygen or any halogen

Radon
Heaviest of the noble gases

Raffinate
Liquid remained after the solvent extraction of a dissolvedsubstance

Ramsay, Sir William

Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases

Reduction
Process in which a molecule, atom, or ion gains electrons or undergoes a decrease in oxidation state

Rhenium
Only element named after a river

Rutherford, Daniel
Scottish chemist famous for the isolation of nitrogen (1772)

S
Symbol for entropy

Saccharin
World’s oldest artificial sweetener, discovered in 1879 by researchers at Johns Hopkins University

Salt
In chemistry, electrically neutral compound that is produced by the reaction of an acid and a base
(with water as a by-product)

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm

German-Swedish chemist who discovered molybdenum, tungsten and chlorine

Schönbein, Christian Friedrich

German-Swiss chemist who is best known for inventing the fuel cell and his discoveries of
guncotton and ozone
Sedimentation
Settling of the solid particles through a liquid either to produce a concentrated slurry from a dilute
suspension or to clarify a liquid containing solid particles

Shulgin, Alexander
American medicinal chemist credited with introducing MDMA (ecstasy) to psychologists in the late
1970s for psychopharmacological use

Smoke
Fine fine suspension of solid particles in a gas

Solder
Alloy used to join metal surfaces

Soot
Impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

Sørensen, Søren Peder Lauritz

Danish chemist, famous for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and
basicity

Sternbach, Leo
First synthesized the drug diazepam

Supercritical drying
Process to remove liquid in a precise and controlled way

Superphosphate
First artificial fertilizer

Technetium
Discovered by Carlo Perrier and Emiliano Segre, first artificially-created element
Lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes

Thiols
Used as odorants to assist in the detection of natural gas

Tibetan silver
Alloy of copper and sometimes tin or nickel with a small percentage of pure silver used primarily in
jewelry components

Titration
Also known as titrimetry, common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used
to determine the unknown concentration of an identified analyte

Transuranium elements
Chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92

• Neptunium
• Plutonium
• Americium
• Curium
• Berkelium
• Californium
• Einsteinium
• Fermium
• Mendelevium
• Nobelium
• Lawrencium
• Rutherfordium
• Dubnium
• Seaborgium
• Bohrium
• Hassium
• Meitnerium
• Darmstadtium
• Roentgenium
• Copernicium
• Ununtrium
• Flerovium
• Ununpentium
• Livermorium
• Ununseptium
• Ununoctium

Twaddell scale
Hydrometer scale for reporting the measured specific gravity of a liquid relative to water

Tyndall scattering
Light scattering by particles in a colloid or particles in a fine suspension

Ultrafiltration
Process in which hydrostatic pressure causes water and smalldissolved molecules and ions to move
across a membrane against a concentrationgradient

Ultramarine
Deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder

Uraninite
Another name for pitchblende

Valence
Combining power of an element to radical, equal to the numberof hydrogen atoms that will
combine with or displace one atom of the element

Valence bond theory

Theory of the electronic structure of molecules and solids in which the quantum state of the system
corresponds to a mixture of molecular structures involving chemical bonds formed by pairs of
electrons

van Helmont, Jan Baptist

Flemish chemist remembered today for his introduction of the word “gas”
Vein
Tabular deposit of minerals occupying a fracture in whichparticles may grow away from the walls
toward the middle

Verdigris
Common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates
or the natural patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or
seawater over a period of time

von Liebig, Justus

German chemist known as the “father of the fertilizer industry” for his discovery of nitrogen as an
essential plant nutrient, and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect
of individual nutrients on crops

Water
Known as the universal solvent
Only common chemical compound to expand when it freezes

Wollaston, William Hyde

English chemist who discovered rhodium and palladium

Yellowcake
Concentrated uranium oxide used in the preparation of fuel for nuclear reactors and in uranium
enrichment, one of the essential steps for creating nuclear weapons

Yield
Amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction

Ziegler process
Industrial process for the manufacture of high density polyethene using the catalysts of titanium
(IV) chloride and aluminum alkyls

Zymogen
Any inactive enzyme precursor that, following secretion, is chemically altered to the active form of
the enzyme
Physics

Acceleration
Rate at which the velocity of a body changes with time

Actinometer
Instrument used to measure the heating power of radiation

Adiabatic process
Any process occurring without gain or loss of heat within a system

Albedo
Term introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria defined as
the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it

Angular momentum
Quantity of rotation of a body, which is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity

Anodizing
Electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the
surface of metal parts

Bardeen, John
American physicist who invented the transistor together with William Shockley and Walter Brattain
Only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice

Barn
Unit of particle interaction cross section area used in nuclear and particle physics

Becquerel, Antoine Henri

French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the discoverer of radioactivity along with Marie Skłodowska-
Curie and Pierre Curie, for which all three won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics

Black rain
Also called nuclear fallout, residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere
following a nuclear blast or a nuclear reaction conducted in an unshielded facility

Bohr, Niels
Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and
quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922

Bose, Satyendra Nath

Indian physicist best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the
foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate

Bremsstrahlung
Electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by
another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus

C
Letter generally used to represent the speed of light constant
Centripetal force
Force that makes a body follow a curved path

Cherenkov radiation
Electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle such as an electron passes through a
dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium

Chicago Pile-1
World’s first nuclear reactor

China Syndrome
Fictional nuclear reactor operations accident characterized by the sever meltdown of the core
components which then burn through the containment vessel then notionally through the crust and
body of the Earth until reaching the other side

Christin, Jean-Pierre
Inventor of the Celsius thermometer

Color confinement
Physics phenomenon that color charged particles such as quarks cannot be isolated singularly and
therefore cannot be directly observed

Compton scattering
Inelastic scattering of a photon by a free charged particle, usually an electron, which results in a
decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of the photon (which may be an X-ray or gamma ray
photon), called the Compton effect

Coulomb's law
In physics, law that expresses a force as function of the electric charge of two bodies, the square of
their distance and the permittivity of free space

Criticality accident
Term for an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction

Curie, Marie
Polish physicist and chemist, working mainly in France, who is famous for her pioneering research
on radioactivity
Discoverer of polonium and radium
First woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win
in multiple sciences
First female professor at the University of Paris (La Sorbonne)
First woman to be entombed on her own merits in Paris’ Panthéon

Cyclotron
Device for accelerating charged particles to high energies

Daghlian, Harry
American physicist with the Manhattan Project who accidentally irradiated himself on August 21,
1945, during a critical mass experiment at the remote Omega Site facility at Los Alamos National
Laboratory in New Mexico, resulting in his death 25 days later

Degeneracy pressure
Pressure that occurs in systems with degenerate fermions because of a combination of the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Pauli exclusion principle

Demon core
6.2-kilogram (14 lb; 1 st), 3.5-inch-diameter (89 mm) subcritical mass of plutonium which went
briefly critical in two separate accidents at the Los Alamos laboratory in 1945 and 1946

Depolarizer
Substance used in a voltaic cell to prevent polarization

Distortion
Alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of something, such as an object, image,
sound or waveform

Doppler effect
Change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its
source

Effusion
In physics, process in which individual molecules flow through a hole without collisions between
molecules

Eigengrau
Term for the uniform dark gray background that many people report seeing in the absence of light

Elastic limit
Point at which a material achieves its maximum elastic strain and beyond which strain is no longer
linearly related to stress

Electric current
Term referring to a flow of electric charge

Electrical impedance
Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied

Electromotive force
Voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or dynamo

Electron
Antiparticle of the positron

Enthalpy
Measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system thatincludes the internal energy, which is
the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by
displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure

Escape velocity
In physics, speed at which the kinetic energy plus the gravitational potential energy of an object is
zero

Event horizon
In general relativity, boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer
Excitation
Elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state

Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel

Dutch-German-Polish physicist best known for inventing the mercury-in-glass thermometer and for
developing a temperature scale now named after him

Faraday, Michael
English scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis

Fermion
In particle physics, any particle characterized by Fermi-Dirac statistics and following the Pauli
exclusion principle

Ferromagnetism
Basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are
attracted to magnets

Feynman, Richard Phillips

American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum
mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of
supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics

Fermi, Enrico
Italian theoretical and experimental physicist, best known for his work on the development of
Chicago Pile-1, the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum
theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics

Fermion
Any particle characterized by Fermi–Dirac statistics and following the Pauli Exclusion Principle
that includes all quarks and leptons

Flavors of quarks

• Up
• Down
• Strange
• Charm
• Bottom
• Top

Fluid
Substance that continually deforms or flows under applied stress, including liquids, gases and
plasmas

Fluid statics
Also known as hydrostatics, branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest

Fluorescence
Transformation of photons of relatively high energy to lower energy photons through interactions
with atoms
Fourier, Joseph
French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and
their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations and is also generally credited with the
discovery of the greenhouse effect
Made governor of Lower Egypt and secretary of the Institut d’Égypte by Napoleon Bonaparte

Fraunhofer lines
Dark lines in the solar spectrum that result from the absorptionby elements in the solar
chromosphere of some of the wavelengths of the visibleradiation emitted by the hot interior of the
sun

Frequency
Number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time

Fresnel
Formerly-used unit equal to one terahertz

Fresnel, Augustin-Jean
French engineer and physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of
wave optics

Fulcrum
Support about which a lever pivots

Geiger, Hans
German physicist best known as the co-inventor of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger-Marsden
experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus

Gell-Mann, Murray
American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of
elementary particles
Coined the term “quark”

“God particle”
Moniker given to the elementary particle Higgs Boson

Goddard, Robert Hutchings

American professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world’s
first liquid-fueled rocket
First American to explore mathematically the practicality of using rocket propulsion to reach high
altitudes and to traject to the moon (1912)
First to receive a U.S. patent on the idea of a multistage rocket (1914)
First to prove, by actual static test that rocket propulsion operates in a vacuum that it needs no air to
push against (1915-1916)
First to develop suitable pumps for liquid-fuel rockets (1923)
First to develop and successfully fly a liquid-fuel rocket (March 16, 1926)
First to launch a scientific payload (a barometer, a thermometer, and a camera) in a rocket flight
(1929)
First to use vanes in the rocket thrust for guidance (1932)
First to develop gyro control apparatus for rocket flight (1932)
First to fire a liquid-fuel rocket faster than the speed of sound (1935)
First to launch successfully a rocket with a motor pivoted in gimbals controlled by a gyro
mechanism (1937)

Halo
Optical phenomenon produced by ice crystals creating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky

Incandescence
Emission of light from a hot body as a result of its temperature

Internal conversion
Radioactive decay process where an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with an electron
in one of the lower atomic orbitals, causing the electron to be emitted from the atom

Ionization energy
Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase

Isomerism
In physics, existence of atomic nuclei that have the same atomic number and the same mass number
but different energy states

Jablonski diagram
Diagram that represents the electronic energy levels, and their relative positions, of a molecule

Joule
SI unit of work and energy equal to the work done when the point of application of a force of one
newton moves, in the direction of the force, a distance of one meter

Kirlian photography
Collection of photographic techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal
discharges

Knot
Unit of measurement equal to one nautical mile per hour

Large Hadron Collider

World’s largest and highest-energy particle accelerator ever made, built by the European
Organization for Nuclear Research, with the aim of allowing physicists to test the predictions of
different theories of particle physics and high-energy physics

Los Alamos National Laboratory

One of two laboratories in the United States where classified work towards the design of the nuclear
weapons is undertaken (the other being the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), founded as a
secret, centralized facility to coordinate the scientific research of the Manhattan Project

Magnetic dipole moment

In physics, the measure of strength of a magnet or current-carrying coil

Magnetohydrodynamics
Study of how magnetic fields interact with conducting fluids

Maiman, Theodore
American physicist who is credited with being the inventor of the first laser
Marconi, Guglielmo
Italian inventor, known for his pioneering work on long distance radio transmission and for his
development of Marconi’s law and a radio telegraph system
Often credited as the inventor of radio

Maxwell, James Clerk

Scottish theoretical physicist whose most prominent achievement was formulating a set of
equations that united previously unrelated observations, experiments, and equations of electricity,
magnetism, and optics into a consistent theory

Mean free path

Average distance that an object can move before colliding with something

Meltdown
Informal term for a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in core damage from overheating

Metrication
Conversion to the metric system of weights and measures

Mho
Reciprocal of one ohm

Migration
Movement of ions in an electric field

Mohs Scale of Hardness

1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Flourite
5 Apatite
6 Orthoclase Feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond

Mouton, Gabriel
French scientist whose 1670 book Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium came to
form the basis of what was to become the metric system hundred years later

Müller, Walther
German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger’s counter for ionizing
radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube

Newton, Sir Isaac

English physicist and mathematician who built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed
a theory of color based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colors
of the visible spectrum

Nobel Prize for Physics winners

1901 Wilhelm Röntgen

1902 Hendrik Lorentz, Peter Zeeman
1903 Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie
1904 The Lord Rayleigh
1905 Philipp Lenard
1906 J. J. Thomson
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson
1908 Gabriel Lippmann
1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun, Guglielmo Marconi
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1911 Wilhelm Wien
1912 Gustav Dalén
1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1914 Max von Laue
1915 William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg
1916 —
1917 Charles Glover Barkla
1918 Max Planck
1919 Johannes Stark
1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume
1921 Albert Einstein
1922 Niels Bohr
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan
1924 Manne Siegbahn
1925 James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin
 Arthur Compton, Charles Thomson Rees
1927
Wilson
1928 Owen Willans Richardson
1929 Louis de Broglie
1930 C. V. Raman
1931 —
1932 Werner Heisenberg
1933 Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac
1934 —
1935 James Chadwick
1936 Victor Francis Hess, Carl David Anderson
1937 Clinton Davisson, George Paget Thomson
1938 Enrico Fermi
1939 Ernest Lawrence
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 Otto Stern
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi
1945 Wolfgang Pauli
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman
1947 Edward Victor Appleton
1948 Patrick Blackett
1949 Hideki Yukawa
1950 C. F. Powell
1951 John Cockcroft, Ernest Walton
1952 Felix Bloch, Edwards Mills Purcell
1953 Frits Zernike
1954 Max Born, Walther Bothe
1955 Willis Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, William
1956
Shockley
1957 Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee
1958 Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank, Igor Tamm
1959 Emilio G. Segrè, Owen Chamberlain
1960 Donald A. Glaser
1961 Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer
1962 Lev Landau
Eugene Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J.
1963
Hans D. Jensen
Charles Hard Townes, Nikolay Basov,
1964
Alexander Prokhorov
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard
1965
Feynman
1966 Alfred Kastler
1967 Hans Bethe
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez
1969 Murray Gell-Mann
1970 Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel
1971 Dennis Gabor
John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, John Robert
1972
Schrieffer
1973 Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
1974 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, James
1975
Rainwater
1976 Burton Richter, Samuel C. C. Ting
Philip Warren Anderson, Nevill Francis Mott,
1977
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert
1978
Woodrow Wilson
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven
1979
Weinberg
1980 James Cronin, Val Lodgson Fitch
Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard
1981
Schawlow, Kai Siegbahn
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred
1983
Fowler
1984 Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
1985 Klaus von Klitzing
1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnigm Heinrich Rohrer
Johannes Georg Bednorz, Karl Alexander
1987
Müller
Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack
1988
Steinberger
Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr., Hans Georg
1989
Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall,
1990
Richard E. Taylor
1991 Pierre-Giles de Gennes
1992 Georges Charpak
1993 Russell Alan Hulse, Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.
1994 Bertram Brockhouse, Clifford Shull
1995 Martin Lewis Perl, Frederick Reines
David Lee, Douglas Osheroff, Robert Coleman
1996
Richardson
Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji. William
1997
Daniel Phillips
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Störmer,
1998
Daniel C. Tsui
1999 Gerard 't Hooft, Martinus J. G. Veltman
2000 Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack Kilby
Eric Allin Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl
2001
Wieman
Raymond Davis, Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba,
2002
Riccardo Giacconi
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Vitaly
2003
Ginzburg, Anthony James Leggett
David Gross, Hugh David Politzer, Frank
2004
Wilczek
Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W.
2005
Hänsch
2006 John C. Mather, George Smoot
2007 Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
2008 Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide
 Maskawa
Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E.
2009
Smith
2010 Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov
2011 Saul Perlmutter, Adam G. Riess, Brian Schmidt
2012 Serge Haroche, David J. Wineland
2013 Peter Higgs, François Englert

Oppenheimer, Julius Robert

American theoretical physicist who is often called the “father of the atomic bomb”for his role in the
Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons

Optics
Branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions
with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it

Orbit
In physics, gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space, for example the orbit of
a planet around the center of a star system, such as the Solar System

Ørsted, Hans Christian

Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields

Oscilloscope
Type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages,
usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical
or y‑axis, plotted as a function of time (horizontal or x‑axis)

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Work by Sir Isaac Newton stating his laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical
mechanics, also his law of universal gravitation, and a derivation of Johannes Kepler’s laws of
planetary motion

Phon
Unit of loudness of sound that measures the intensity of a sound relativeto a reference tone of
defined intensity and frequency

Piezometer
Either a device used to measure static liquid pressure in a system by measuring the height to which
a column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device which measures the pressure (more
precisely, the piezometric head) of groundwater

Planck, Max
German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1918

Plasticity
Tendency of a material to suffer a permanent deformation; i.e. not to return to its original
dimensions after a deforming stress has been removed

Polarimeter
Device for measuring the angle of rotation of a plane-polarized beam caused by an optically active
sample

Positron
Antimatter counterpart of electron

Popov, Alexander
Russian physicist who was the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic
waves

Poundal
Unit of force that is part of the foot–pound–second system of units

Prehensility
Quality of an appendage or organ that has adapted for grasping or holding

Prism
Transparent optical element with flat, polished sides used to bend or disperse a beam of light

Pulley
Wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement of a cable or belt along its circumference

Purcell, Edward Mills

American physicist who won the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his role in developing the
technology of nuclear magnetic resonance

Quantization
Process of constructing a quantum theory for a system, using the original classical theory as a basis

Quark
Elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter
Coined by Murray Gell-Mann, inspired by the word “quark” in James Joyce’s book Finnegans
Wake

Radiant flux
Term referring to the total power emitted or received by a body in the form ofradiation, measured in
watts

Rankine scale
Thermodynamic absolute temperature scale named after the Glasgow University engineer and
physicist William John Macquorn Rankine

Rayleigh scattering
Elastic scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the
wavelength of the light

Réaumur scale
Temperature scale in which the freezing and boiling points of water are set to 0 and 80 degrees
respectively, named after René Antoine Fercahukt de Réaumur

Rectifier
Electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to
direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction

Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

German physicist, who produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range
today known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1901

Rutherford, Ernest
New Zealand-born physicist and chemist who became known as the father of nuclear physics,
winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his investigations into the disintegration of the
elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances

Sakharov, Andrei
Soviet physicist best known as the designer of the Soviet Union’s Third Idea, a codename for Soviet
development of thermonuclear weapons; winner of the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize

Schrödinger, Erwin
Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory,
which formed the basis of wave mechanics

Scintillation
Flash of light produced in a transparent material by the passage of a particle

Screw
Simple machine effectively consisting of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder

Self-energy
In classical physics, contribution to the energy of the system resulting from the interaction between
different parts of the system

SI base units

Length - meter (m)

Mass - kilogram (kg)
Time - second
Electric current - ampere (A)
Thermodynamic temperature - kelvin (K)
Amount of substance - mole (mol)
Luminous intensity - candela (cd)

SI derived units

Angle - radian (rad)

Solid angle - steradian (sr)
Frequency - hertz (Hz)
Force - newton (N)
Pressure - pascal (Pa)
Energy - joule (J)
Power - watt (W)
Electric charge - coulomb (C)
Voltage - volt (V)
Electric capacitance - farad (F)
Electric resistance - ohm (Ω)
Electric conductance - siemens (S)
Magnetic flux - weber (Wb)
Magnetic field strength - tesla (T)
Inductance - henry (H)
Luminous flux - lumen (lm)
Radioactivity - becquerel (Bq)
Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation - gray (Gy)
Equivalent dose of ionizing radiation - sievert (Sv)
Catalytic activity - katal (kat)

Solarisation
Phenomenon in photography in which the image recorded on a negative or on a photographic print
is wholly or partially reversed in tone

Solenoid
In electromagnetism, coil of wire, usually cylindrical, in which a magnetic field is created by
passing an electric current through it

Sonic boom
Shock wave that is created when an object is moving faster than the speed of sound in the
atmosphere of the Earth

Spacetime
In physics, any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single interwoven
continuum

Spinthariscope
Instrument for observing the scintillations produced by ionizing radiation when it strikes a zinc
sulfide screen

Statics
Branch of mechanics dealing with the forces on an object or in a system in equilibrium

Stoney, George Johnstone

Introduced the term electron as the “fundamental unit quantity of electricity”

Superfluidity
Property of flowing without friction or viscosity

Szilárd, Leó
Conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933
Wrote the letter for Albert Einstein’s signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the
atomic bomb

Tachyons
Hypothetical particles that travel faster than light
Term coined by Gerald Feinberg

Tesla
SI unit measure for magnetic field strength

Tesla, Nikola
Known for alternating current, arc light systems, bifilar coil, teleforce, electric power transmission,
electrogravitics, induction motor, lightning rods, magnifying transmitter, Tesla coil,
telegeodynamics, wireless transfer of electricity

Tevatron
Second highest energy particle collider in the world

Tokamak
Acronym for toroidal chamber with axial magnetic field, device using a magnetic field to confine
plasma in the shape of a torus invented by Soviet physicists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov

Tonomura, Akira
Japanese physicist best known for his development of electron holography and his experimental
verification of the Aharonov-Bohm effect

Torque
Tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum or pivot

Torricelli, Evangelista
Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the barometer

Transistor
Semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power

Tribology
Study of friction, lubrication and lubricants

Turbulence
Form of fluid flow in which the particles of the fluid move in a disordered manner in irregular
paths, resulting in an exchange of momentum from one portion of a fluid to another

Ultrasonics
Study and use of pressure waves that have a frequency in excess of 20,000 Hz

Umbra
Innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light is completely blocked by the occluding
body

van der Waals, Johannes Diderik

Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for
gases and liquids

van der Waals force

Sum of the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or between parts of the same
molecule) other than those due to covalent bonds, the hydrogen bonds, or the electrostatic
interaction of ions with one another or with neutral molecules or charged molecules
Viscosity
Resistance of a fluid to flow, including resistance of the fluid itself to movement past stationary
obstacles

Watt, James
Scottish inventor known for improving the steam engine and developed the concept of horsepower

Wave
Term for oscillation of water particles in oceans

Weight
Force by which a body is attracted to the earth

Zeeman Effect
Splitting of the spectrum line into several components by theapplication of a magnetic field
Mathematics and Social Sciences

6
In mathematics, first perfect number

19
• Minimum age that is legal to buy tobacco products in Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, Utah and
several counties in New York
• Minimum age to marry in the state of Nebraska

36
Perfect score in ACT

2400
Perfect score on SAT tests administered after 2005

Abel, Niels Henrik

Norwegian mathematician who proved the impossibility of solving the quintic equation by radicals

Adler, Alfred
Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology
whose emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority - the inferiority complex - is recognized
as isolating an element which plays a key role in personality development

al-Biruni
Muslim scholar regarded as the first anthropologist

Alexithymia
Personality construct characterized by the sub-clinical inability to identify and describe emotions in
the self

Archimedes of Syracuse
Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer credited with designing
innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name

Australia
First first to develop and use polymer banknotes or plastic money

Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena

Oldest surviving bank in the world and Italy’s third largest bank

Binet, Alfred
French psychologist who invented the first usable intelligence test, known at the time as the Binet
test and today referred to as the IQ test

Boiler room
In business, outbound call center selling questionable investments by telephone

Burns, Ursula
First African-American woman CEO to head a Fortune 500 company (Xerox)
First woman to succeed another woman as head of a Fortune 500 company
Burrhus Frederic
First and middle names of psychologist B. F. Skinner

Casting couch
Term originated in the motion picture industry that refer to the trading of sexual favors by an
aspirant, apprentice employee or subordinate to a superior in return for entry into an occupation, or
for career advancement within an organization

Chaebol
Large Korean business conglomerate

Cliometrics
Systematic application of economic theory, econometric techniques and other formal or
mathematical methods to the study of history

CNN Effect
Theory in political science and media studies that postulates that the development of the popular 24-
hour international television news channel known as Cable News Network, or CNN, had a major
impact on the conduct of states’ foreign policy in the late Cold War period and that CNN and its
subsequent industry competitors have had a similar impact in the post-Cold War era

Codex Leicester
Also briefly known as Codex Hammer, collection of largely scientific writings by Leonardo da
Vinci

Compensation
In psychology, act or process of making amends or somethingdone or given to make up for a loss

Confidence limits
In statistics, probability that any value in a set of data will fall within a given range of the mean

Copyleft
Practice of using copyright law to offer the right to distribute copies and modified versions of a
work and requiring that the same rights be preserved in modified versions of the work

Corporate raid
In business, term referring to buying a large stake in a corporation and then using shareholder
voting rights to require the company to undertake novel measures designed to increase the share
value, generally in opposition to the desires and practices of the corporation’s current management

Domino theory
Political theory espoused by the United States during the Cold War which speculated that if one
state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would
follow in a domino effect

Dominus illuminatio mea

Motto of the University of Oxford and the opening words of Psalm 27, meaning “The Lord is my
light”

Enclosure
In English social and economic history, process which ends traditional rights such as mowing
meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system
Endowment effect
In behavioral economics, hypothesis that people ascribe more value to things merely because they
own them

Epicaricacy
Term referring to the human psychological response that entails the rejoicing at,taking joy in, or
getting pleasure from the misfortunes of others

Eratosthenes of Cyrene
First person to calculate the circumference of the Earth by using a measuring system called stades
First to calculate the tilt of the Earth’s axis
Founder of scientific chronology

Evergreening
Term referring to a variety of legal and business strategies by which technology producers with
patents over products that are about to expire retain royalties from them, by either taking out new
patents, or by buying out or frustrating competitors, for longer periods of time than would normally
be permissible under the law

Factorial
Product of all possible integers less than, or equal to, a given number, denoted by that number
followed by an exclamation mark

Fibonacci
Known as Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician best known to the modern world for the
spreading of the Hindu-Arabic numerical system in Europe and for a number sequence named after
him

Flynn effect
Substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores
measured in many parts of the world

Freud, Anna
Psychologist whose work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially

Freud, Sigmund
Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis

Fröbel, Friedrich
German pedagogue who created the concept of the “kindergarten”

Gallup, George
American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful
statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion

Galois, Évariste
French mathematician who was the first to use the word “group” as a technical term in mathematics
to represent a group of permutations

Galtung, Johan
Norwegian sociologist who founded the discipline of peace and conflict studies
Green, Hetty
Nicknamed “The Witch of Wall Street”, American businesswoman, remarkable for her frugality
during the Gilded Age, as well as for being the first American woman to make a substantial impact
on Wall Street

Greer, Germaine
Australian academic and journalist who wrote The Female Eunuch

Gresham's Law
Economic principle that states “bad money drives out good”

Group of Eight
Forum for the governments of eight of the world’s eleven largest national economies

Gunboat Diplomacy
In international politics, term referring to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of
conspicuous displays of military power — implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare,
should terms not be agreeable to the superior force

Harvard University
Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States

Heyerdahl, Thor
Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he
sailed 8,000 kilometers across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the
Tuamotu Islands

Horney, Karen
German psychoanalyst whose theories questioned some traditional Freudian views, particularly her
theory of sexuality, as well as the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis and its genetic psychology,
founding Feminist Psychology

Horology
Art or science of measuring time

Industrial espionage
Form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security purposes

Inflation
In economics, rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period
of time

Ivy League Schools

• Brown University
• Columbia University
• Cornell University
• Dartmouth College
• Harvard University
• Princeton University
• University of Pennsylvania
• Yale University

Janov, Arthur
American psychologist, psychotherapist, and the creator of primal therapy, a treatment for mental
illness that involves repeatedly descending into, feeling, and expressing long-repressed childhood
pain

Jones, William
Welsh mathematician most noted for his proposal for the use of the symbol π to represent the ratio
of the circumference of a circle to its diameter

Jung, Carl
Swiss psychologist best known for his work on psychological types andarchetypes such as the
shadow and the persona

Kasner, Edward
American mathematician who introduced the term googol

Keynes, John Maynard

British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern
macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments

Kinesics
Interpretation of body language such as facial expressions or gestures

Kon-Tiki
Raft used by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl in his 1947 expedition across the
Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands

Kübler-Ross Model
Another name for the five stages of grief

Library of Congress
Largest library in the world

Lima syndrome
Psychological phenomenon in which abductors develop sympathy for their hostages

Loan shark
Person or body that offers loans at extremely high interest rates

“Lux et veritas”
Motto of Yale University, Latin for “Light and Truth”

Macroeconomics
Branch of economics that deals with aggregates such as capitaland labor, and their interactions in an
economy as a whole

Mainstreaming
In psychology, practice of placing students who are markedly above or below average in academic
performance in the same classrooms with students who are in the average range in academic
achievement
Maslow, Abraham Harold
American psychologist best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a theory of
psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-
actualization

Mead, Margaret
Anthropologist who wrote Coming of Age in Samoa

“Mens et Manus”
Motto of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, meaning “Mind and Hand”

Napier, John
Scottish mathematician best known as the discoverer of logarithms

National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations

Meaning of American stock exchange NASDAQ

Nelson, Ted
American sociologist who coined the terms “hypertext”and “hypermedia” in 1963

Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics winners

1969 Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen

1970 Paul A. Samuelson
1971 Simon Kuznets
1972 Kenneth J. Arrow, John R. Hicks
1973 Wassily Leontief
1974 Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich A. von Hayek
1975 Tjalling Koopmans, Leonid Kantorovich
1976 Milton Friedman
Bertil Ohlin
1977
James E. Meade
1978 Herbert A. Simon
1979 Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis
1980 Lawrence R. Klein
1981 James Tobin
1982 George J. Stigler
1983 Gerard Debreu
1984 Richard Stone
1985 Franco Modigliani
1986 James M. Buchanan
 1987 Robert M. Solow
1988 Maurice Allais
1989 Trygve Haavelmo
Harry M. Markowit, William F. Sharpe, Merton
1990
H. Miller
1991 Ronald H. Coase
1992 Gary S. Becker
1993 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North
John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash, Reinhard
1994
Selten
1995 Robert E. Lucas, Jr.
1996 James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey
1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes
1998 Amartya Sen
1999 Robert A. Mundell
2000 James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph
2001
E. Stieglitz
2002 Daniel Kahnemann, Vernon L. Smith
2003 Robert F. Engle III, Clive W. J. Granger
2004 Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
2005 Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling
2006 Edmund S. Phelps
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B.
2007
Myerson
2008 Paul Krugman
2009 Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen,
2010
Christopher A. Pissarides
2011 Thomas J. Sargent, Christopher A. Sims
2012 Alvin E. Roth, Lloyd S. Shapley
Eugene Fama, Lars Peter Hansen, Robert J.
2013
Shiller

Octothorpe
Technical term for the number sign

Oedipus complex
Term in psychoanalytic theory denoting the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the
unconscious, via dynamic repression that concentrates upon a child's desire to sexually possess the
parent of the opposite sex

“Oracle of Omaha”
Nickname given to American business magnate Warren Buffett

Ostrom, Elinor
First, and to date, the only woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics

Presque vu
Also known as tip of the tongue phenomenon, failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined
with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent

Quesnay, François
French economist known for publishing the “Tableau économique”(Economic Table) in 1758,
which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats

Quincunx
Geometric pattern consisting of five points arranged in a cross

Recorde, Robert
Welsh physician and mathematician who introduced the “equals”sign (=) and also the “plus”sign
(+) in 1557

Ricardo, David
Economist who wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and advanced the “iron law of
wages”

Rotter, Julian
American psychologist known for developing influential theories including social learning theory
and locus of control

Sauvy, Alfred
French demographer who coined the term Third World (“Tiers Monde”) in reference to countries
that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the
Cold War

Scatter diagram
In statistics, diagram obtained when two sets of observationsare plotted against each other and are
usually employed to visualize any correlationsthat may occur between two sets of observations

Sen, Amartya
Recipient of the 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare
economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society’s poorest
members

Seven Sisters Colleges

• Barnard College
• Bryn Mawr College
• Mt. Holyoke College
• Radcliffe College
• Smith College
• Vassar College
• Wellesley College

Somatology
Study or science of the human body as a branch of anthropology

Soros, George
American business magnate known as “The Man Who Broke the Bank of England”because of his
US$1 billion in investment profits during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis

Stern, Louis
German psychologist who invented the concept of the intelligence quotient

Stockholm syndrome
Psychological phenomenon in which hostages expresses empathy and sympathy, and have positive
feelings toward their captor, sometimes to the point of defending them

Strategic lawsuit against public participation

Lawsuit that is intended to censor, intimidate, and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of
a legal defense until they abandon their criticism or opposition

Symbolization
In psychoanalysis, defense mechanism whereby an unconsciousidea is expressed in the form of a
different idea, object, image, or concept, sometimesresulting in symptom formation

Terman, Lewis
American psychologist known for his revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test

Tissot's indicatrix
Mathematical contrivance presented by French mathematician Nicolas Auguste Tissot in 1859 and
1871 in order to characterize distortions due to map projection

Twinkie Defense
Derisive label for an improbable legal defense coined by reporters as a catchall term during their
coverage of the trial of defendant Dan White for the murders of San Francisco city supervisor
Harvey Milk and mayor George Moscone

University of Timbuktu
World's first university established in 12th century composed of three schools (Masajid of
Djinguereber, Masajid of Sidi Yahya and Masajid of Sankore)

von Hayek, Friedrich

Austro-British economist who authored The Road to Serfdom

Working capital
Financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to a business, organization or other
entity, including governmental entity
Technology and Inventions

4
Number of funnels in the RMS Titanic

39
Japanese Internet chat slang for thank you when written in numbers

140
Twitter entry-character limit

160
Number of characters permitted in a standard short message service in Australia and Europe

201
First telephone area code, designated for northern New Jersey

672
Area code of Antarctica

Abbas ibn Firnas

Muslim polymath reputed to have attempted flight

Abrams, Jonathan
Creator of the social networking site Friendster in 2002

Accelerometer
Device that measures proper acceleration

Adobe Systems
Computer software company founded by Charles Geschke and John Warnock in 1982, named after
the creek that ran behind the house of Warnock

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

Full name of ARPANET, the world’s first operational packet switching network, the first network
to implement Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and the progenitor of what
was to become the global Internet

Adze
Ancient type of edge tool dating back to the Stone Age used for smoothing or carving wood in hand
woodworking, similar to an axe but with the head mounted perpendicular to the handle

Aerogel
Synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the gel has
been replaced with a gas, first created by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931

Aguçadoura Wave Farm

World’s first wave farm, located in Portugal

Aileron
Hinged flight control surface usually attached to the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing
aircraft
Air Force One
Official air traffic control call sign of a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the
United States
Alderson, Samuel W.
Inventor best known for his development of the crash test dummy

Altimeter
Instrument used to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level

Anderson, Mary
American real estate developer, rancher, viticulturist and inventor of the windshield wiper blade

Android versions code names

• Cupcake
• Donut
• Eclair
• Froyo
• Gingerbread
• Honeycomb
• Ice Cream Sandwich
• Jelly Bean
• KitKat

Apple
World’s second-largest information technology company by revenue after Samsung Electronics,
and the world’s third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia founded by Steve Jobs,
Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976

Apple Campus
Corporate headquarters of Apple Inc., located at 1 Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California

Apple Macintosh
World's first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user
interface rather than a command line interface

Arecibo Observatory
Radio telescope in Puerto Rico that is the world's largest single-aperture telescope

Arktika
First surface ship to reach the North Pole, on August 17, 1977

Arkwright, Sir Richard

Credited with inventing the water frame and spinning jenny

Armstrong, Edwin Howard

American electrical engineer and inventor of modern frequency modulation (FM) radio
transmission

Arobase
Another word for ampersat or at sign
Arquebus
Early muzzle-loaded firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries

ASCII
Officially American Standard Code for Information Interchange, character-encoding scheme
originally based on the English alphabet

ASIMO
Acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, humanoid robot designed and developed by
Honda

Ask.com
Originally known as Ask Jeeves, question answering-focused web search engine founded in 1996
by Garrett Gruener and David Warthen in Berkeley, California

Aspdin, Joseph
Inventor of Portland cement

Awesome
Planned name for the Facebook like button

Bain, Alexander
Scottish inventor and engineer who was first to invent and patent the electric clock, also invented
facsimile machine

Barger, Jorn
Coined the term weblog to describe the process of “logging the web”as he surfed

Bathometer
Instrument that measures water depth

Baylis, Trevor
Inventor of the wind-up radio

Beaching
Process in which a ship or boat is laid ashore, or grounded deliberately in shallow water

BEAM Robotics
Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics, Mechanics
Automatically moving machine based on analog electronics

Beidou
Chinese satellite navigation system

Bell, Alexander Graham

Scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical
telephone

Bennett, Susan
American voice-over artist most known for being the female American voice of Apple's Siri
Benz, Karl
Generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile

Berners-Lee, Sir Timothy

British computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web

Bessemer process
First inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel

Bessemer, Sir Henry

English engineer known for the development of the Bessemer process

Bezos, Jeff
Founder and CEO of amazon.com
Purchased The Washington Post for US$ 250 million in cash

Bibendum
Real name of the Michelin Man

Bich, Marcel
Manufacturer and co-founder of Bic, the world’s leading producer of ballpoint pens

Big Blue
Nickname given to multinational technology firm IBM

Bipod
Attachment for either a photographical device or a weapon that creates a steady plane for whatever
it may be attached

The Bird of Prey

First plane of the Wright brothers

Birdseye, Clarence
Considered to be the founder of the modern frozen food industry

Bitcoin
Cryptocurrency first described in a 2008 paper by pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto,
who called it a peer-to-peer, electronic cash system

Blériot, Louis
Famous for making the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier than air aircraft

Blogosphere
Term for the collective community of all blogs

Blue Angels
United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron

The Blue Marble

Famous photograph of the Earth, taken on December 7, 1972, by the crew of the Apollo 17
spacecraft, at a distance of about 45,000 kilometers
Blue Riband
Unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with
the record highest speed

Blunderbuss
Muzzle-loading firearm with a short, large caliber barrel, which is flared at the muzzle and
frequently throughout the entire bore, and used with shot and other projectiles of relevant quantity
and/or caliber

BMW Z3
First modern mass-market roadster produced by BMW
First new BMW model assembled in the United States

Boeing, William
Founder of Boeing

Boeing 777
World’s largest twinjet
First entirely computer-designed commercial aircraft

Bohlin, Nils
Swedish inventor who invented the three-point safety belt while working at Volvo

Bombard
Cannon or mortar used in medieval times
Large caliber, muzzle-loading artillery piece mainly used during sieges to throw stone balls at
opponent’s walls

Booby trap
Device or setup that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a person, unknowingly triggered by the
presence or actions of the victim

Boom
• In sailing, a spar (pole), along the foot (bottom edge) of a fore and aft rigged sail, that greatly
improves control of the angle and shape of the sail
• In windsurfing, a piece of equipment that attaches to the mast, providing structural support for the
sail

Bradley, David
Credited for implementing the Ctrl + Alt + Del key combination

BrahMos
World’s fastest cruise missile, traveling at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0

Brandenburg, Karlheinz
Inventor of the MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3)

Brazil
Country where the last factory in the world that produces the Volkswagen T2 (Kombi) is located

“Broadcast Yourself”
Slogan of the website YouTube
Brownie
Name of a long-running popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak

Brush
Device which conducts current between stationary wires and moving parts, most commonly in a
rotating shaft

Buffer
In computer science, region of physical memory storage used to temporarily store data while it is
being moved from one place to another

Buoyancy compensator
Piece of diving equipment containing a bladder which is worn by divers to establish neutral
buoyancy underwater and positive buoyancy on the surface, when needed

Burgee
Distinguishing flag, regardless of its shape, of a recreational boating organization

Caboose
Railroad car with accommodations for the train crew typicallyattached to the end of the train

Calder Hall
Located in United Kingdom, world’s first nuclear power station to deliver electricity in commercial
quantities

Calypso
Jacques Cousteau’s research ship

Capacitor
Passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field

Carburetor
Device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine

Carlson, Chester
Best known for having invented the process of electrophotography, which produced a dry copy
rather than a wet copy, as was produced by the mimeograph process

Cartography
Study and practice of making maps

Catalytic converter
Vehicle emissions control device which converts toxic byproducts of combustion in the exhaust of
an internal combustion engine to less toxic substances by way of catalyzed chemical reactions

Cayley, George
Considered as the father of aerodynamics

Cellophane
Thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose in which its low permeability to air, oil,
greases, bacteria and water makes it useful for food production
Cerf, Vinton
Along with Robert Kahn, widely credited with the co-invention of theubiquitous TCP/IP protocol
American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of “the fathers of the Internet”, sharing this
title with American computer scientist Robert Kahn

Check digit
Form of redundancy check used for error detection on identification numbers which have been
input manually

Cheget
Russian term for “nuclear briefcase” and a part of the automatic system for the pinnacle command
and control of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces

China
World’s largest source of intellectual property (IP) theft

China Clipper
First plane to offer transpacific air service

Circuit breaker
Automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit

Cité de l’Automobile
Located in Mulhouse, France and houses the Schlumpf Collection of classic automobiles
Contains the largest and most comprehensive collection of Bugatti motor vehicles in the world

Closed platform
Software system where the carrier or service provider has control over applications, content, media
and restricts convenient access or content

Clutch
Mechanical device that provides for the transmission of power (and therefore usually motion) from
one component (the driving member) to another (the driven member) when engaged, but can be
disengaged

Coanda, Henri
Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer and builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coanda-1910
described by Coanda in the mid-1950s as the world’s first jet

Coathanger
Nickname given to the Sydney Harbour Bridge

Cochran, Jackie
First woman to break the sound barrier

Cockerell, Sir Christopher

Inventor of the hovercraft

Cohen, Bram
Creator of Bittorent
Colossus
World’s first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable, used by British codebreakers
during World War II to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher

Colt, Samuel
Inventor of the revolver

Common Business-Oriented Language

Full name of the programming language COBOL

Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart
Meaning of the term CAPTCHA

Computer-aided software engineering

Scientific application of a set of tools and methods to a softwaresystem with the desired end result
of high-quality, defect-free, and maintainablesoftware products

Condenser
Device or unit used to condense vapor into liquid

Convair B-36
Largest mass-produced piston engine aircraft ever made
Longest wingspan of any combat aircraft ever built
First bomber capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal from inside its
two bomb bays without aircraft modifications
World’s first manned bomber with an unrefueled intercontinental range

Cookie
Small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user’s web browser while a user is browsing
a website

Cooper, Martin
Conceived the first handheld mobile phone and led the team that developed it and brought it to
market, considered the “father of the cell phone” and is also cited as the first person in history to
make a handheld cellular phone call in public

Cope rope memory

Form of read only memory for computers first used in the 1960s by early NASA Mars probes and
then in Apollo Guidance Computer designed and programmed by the MIT Instrumentation Lab and
built by Raytheon

Crampons
Traction devices used to improve mobility on snow and ice during ice climbing

CSS H. L. Hunley
First combat submarine to sink an enemy warship

Cunningham, Howard G.
American computer programmer who developed the first wiki

Curtiss NC-4
First aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean, starting in New York State and making the crossing
as far as Lisbon, Portugal in May 1919

D’Aloisio, Nick
British-Australian entrepreneur, computer programmer and designer known for the creation of
Summly and its technology
Youngest person to receive a round of venture capital in technology at just 15 years of age

Daguerre, Louis
French artist and physicist recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of
photography

Daimler, Gottlieb
Inventor of the high-speed petrol engine and the first four-wheel automobile

Daimler Reitwagen
First gasoline internal combustion motorcycle

de Chardonnet, Hilaire
Inventor of artificial silk

De Forest, Lee
American inventor with over 180 patents to his credit and invented the Audion, a vacuum tube that
takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them

de Havilland DH 106 Comet

First production commercial jetliner

de Mestral, George
Electrical engineer who invented Velcro

Dead bolt
Locking mechanism distinct from a spring bolt lock because a deadbolt cannot be moved to the
open position except by rotating the lock cylinder

Deep Blue
Chess-playing supercomputer that defeated Garry Kasparov in the last game of the rematch,
becoming the first computer to beat a world-champion chess player in a classic match format

Denier
Unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers

Devol, George
Recipient of the first patent for a robot

Dewar, Sir James

Inventor of the vacuum flask

Dickson, Earle
American inventor best known for creating Band-Aid brand adhesive bandages

Diesel exhaust
Term for the exhaust gas of a diesel engine

Diode
Electronic device with two electrodes that exhibits rectifying action when a potential difference is
applied

Disneyland Monorail System

First daily operating monorail system in the Western Hemisphere

Dive computer
Device used by an underwater diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent
profile can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness

Dolby, Ray
American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR

Domain Name System

Hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services or any resource connected to the
Internet or a private network

Donovan, Marion
American inventor and entrepreneur who developed the first waterproof disposable diaper

Doping
In semiconductor production, process that intentionally introduced impurities into an extremely
pure semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical properties

Dorsey, Jack
American web developer and businessman widely known as the creator of Twitter

Double Eagle II
Piloted by Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman, first balloon to cross the Atlantic
Ocean

Drogue parachute
Parachute designed to be deployed from a rapidly moving object in order to slow the object, or to
provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute invented by
Giovanni Agusta in 1911

Druzhba pipeline
World's longest oil pipeline

Dummer, Geoffrey
British electronics engineer credited as being the first person to conceptualize and build a prototype
of the integrated circuit, commonly called the microchip, in the late-1940s and early 1950s

Dunlop, John Boyd

Scottish inventor known for the development of the pneumatic tyre

Dushanbe Flagpole
Tallest free-standing flagpole in the world, located in Tajikistan
Dyson sphere
Hypothetical megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson as a system of orbiting solar-
power satellites meant to completely encompass a star and capture most or all of its energy output

Earhart, Amelia
First female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean

Earl, Harley J.
Designer of the Chevrolet Corvette

Easton, Roger L.
Principal inventor and designer of the Global Positioning System

Echo sounding
Type of SONAR used to determine the depth of water by transmitting sound pulses into water

Electromote
World’s first vehicle run like a trolleybus invented by Ernst Werner von Siemens

Engelbart, Douglas
American inventor best known for his work on the challenges of human–computer interaction,
particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International, resulting in the
invention of the computer mouse, and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and
precursors to graphical user interfaces

ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, first electronic general-purpose computer

Epidiascope
Technical term for an opaque projector

Ericsson
Inventor of the Bluetooth short-range wireless technology

Exhaust manifold
In automotive engineering, device that collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one
pipe

Exocet
French-built anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels,
submarines, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft

Facebook
Online social networking site founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg

Facial composite
Graphical presentation of an eyewitness’ memory of a face, as recorded by a composite artist

Fahlman, Scott
Credited with originating the first smiley emoticon

Fastener
Hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together

Fay, Samuel B.
Receiver of the first patent for a bent wire paper clip

Felucca
Traditional wooden sailing boat used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean

Ferrule
Name for types of objects, generally used for fastening, joining, sealing or reinforcement

Finderscope
Small auxiliary telescope mounted atop the main astronomical telescope and pointed in the same
direction

Firmware
In electronic systems and computing, combination of persistent memory and program code and data
stored in it

Flagship
Vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, reflecting the custom of its
commander, characteristically a flag officer, flying a distinguishing flag

Flubber
Common name referring to a rubbery polymer formed by cross linking of polyvinyl alcohol with a
boron compound

“The Flying Kangaroo”

Nickname for the Australian airline Qantas

“Flying Pencil”
Nickname of the World War II German light bomber Dornier Do 17

Fokker, Anthony
Dutch aircraft manufacturer often credited with having invented the synchronization device which
enabled World War I aircraft to fire through the spinning propeller

Ford, Henry
Founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line
technique of mass production
Recipient of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow
on a foreigner on his 75th birthday

Ford Focus
World’s best selling automobile nameplate, surpassing Toyota Corolla

Ford Quadricycle
First vehicle developed by Henry Ford

Forecastle
Upper deck of a sailing ship forward of the foremast, or the forward part of a ship with the sailors’
living quarters
“Fork-tailed devil”
Nickname given by the Luftwaffe to Lockheed P-38 Lightning

Foursquare
Created by Dennis Crowley and Naveen Selvadurai in 2009, location-based social networking
website for mobile devices, such as smartphones, in which users “check in” at venues using a
mobile website, text messaging or a device-specific application by selecting from a list of venues
the application locates nearby

Franklin, Benjamin
Generally credited with inventing bifocal lenses

Fry, Arthur
Co-creator of the Post-It note, together with Spencer Silver

Fuel injection
System for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine that become the primary fuel delivery
system used in automotive engines, having replaced carburetors during the 1980s and the 1990s

Fulton, Robert
American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially
successful steamboat

Fuse
Type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of
either the load or source circuit

Galvin Manufacturing Corporation

Original name of the now-defunct telecommunications firm Motorola

Gayetty, Joseph C.
Inventor of the first packaged bathroom tissue

GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb

Large-yield thermobaric (non-nuclear) bomb, developed for the United States military by Albert L.
Weimorts, Jr. of the Air Force Research Laboratory

General Packet Radio Service

Packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system’s global
system for mobile communications

General Purpose
Designation of the Jeep vehicle

Gentry, Violet
Best known for setting the non-refueling endurance record for women

Gesner, Abraham
Canadian physician and geologist who invented kerosene

Gibson, William
Coined the term “cyberspace” in his 1982 short story “Burning Chrome”

Glamorous Glennis
Named after the wife of Chuck Yeager, aircraft that broke the sound barrier on October 14, 1947

GLONASS
An alternative to the United States’ Global Positioning System, onlyalternative navigational system
in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision
Acronym for Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema, radio-based satellite navigation
system operated by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces

Gnomon
Object that casts a shadow on a sundial

Goodyear, Charles
American inventor who developed a process to vulcanize rubber in 1839

Google
Internet and computer software company founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998
Google.com is the most visited website in the world in December 2012, according to Alexa Internet

Gorton, Mark
Creator of the free peer-to-peer sharing client program Limewire

Gosling, James
Canadian computer scientist best known as the father of the Java programming language

Grandfather paradox
Proposed paradox of time travel first described by the science fiction writer René Barjavel in his
1943 book Le Voyageur Imprudent (Future Times Three) which is described as following: the time
traveller went back in time to the time when his grandfather had not married yet and at that time,
the time traveller kills his grandfather, and therefore, the time traveller is never born when he was
meant to be

Graticule
Glass plate or cell bearing a grid, cross wires or graduated scalethat is set in the focal plane of the
eyepiece of a telescope and is used for positioningor measuring

Greenwood, Chester
Inventor of the earmuff

Gross, Alfred J.
Created and patented many communications devices, specifically in relation to an early version of
the walkie-talkie, Citizens’ Band radio, the telephone pager and the cordless telephone

Half-track
Civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front for steering and continuous tracks at the
back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load

Halyard
In sailing, rope that is used to hoist a ladder, sail, a flag or a yard
Handshaking
In information technology, automated process of negotiation that dynamically sets parameters of a
communications channel established between two entities before normal communication over the
channel begins

Hargreaves, James
Credited with inventing the spinning jenny in 1764

Harryhausen, Ray
American visual effects creator who invented a form of stop-motion model animation known as
“Dynamation”

Hawker Hurricane
British single-seat fighter aircraft that became renowned during the Battle of Britain, accounting for
60% of the Royal Air Force's victory in the battle

Heinkel He 178
World’s first aircraft to fly under turbojet power and the first practical jet aircraft

Hillebrand, Friedhelm
German engineer who conducted experiments to determine the length need for text messages and
found that 160 characters was sufficient

Hollerith, Herman
American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards
to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data
Founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM
Widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation

Holonyak, Nick Jr.

Inventor of the first practically useful visible LED in 1962 while working as consulting scientist at a
GE laboratory in New York
Considered as the “Father of the Light Emitting Diode”

Holtom, Gerald
Designed the logo for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament that became more commonly known
as the peace sign

Honda Accord
First car from a Japanese manufacturer to be produced in the United States

Hopper, Grace
American computer scientist and United States Navy Rear Admiral, one of the first programmers of
the Harvard Mark I computer
Developed the first compiler for a computer programming language
Credited with popularizing the term “debugging” for fixing computer glitches
Conceptualized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the
development of COBOL, one of the first modern programming languages
First person from the United States and the first woman of any nationality to be made a
Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society

Howdah
Chair used in transporting people by elephant

HTC Dream
First commercially released device to use the Linux-based Android operating system

Hubcap
Decorative disk on an automobile wheel that covers at least a central portion of the wheel

Hudl
Tablet computer marketed by British retailer Tesco in 2013

Hwang, Dennis
Graphic artist who designs the festive logos for Google on special days

Hyatt, John Wesley

American inventor mainly known for simplifying the production of celluloid

IBM 305 RAMAC

First commercial computer that used a moving head hard disk drive for secondary storage

IBM AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central

Largest computer system ever built, computerized command and control system for Cold War
ground-controlled interception used in the USAF Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air
defense network

IBM Simon Personal Communicator

Handheld, touchscreen cellular phone and PDA designed and engineered by IBM
First cellular phone to include telephone and PDA features in one device

Ice boat
Boat or purpose-built framework similar in functional design to a sail boat but fitted with skis or
runners and designed to run over ice instead of through water

Immortality Drive
Large memory device which was taken to the International Space Station in a Soyuz spacecraft on
October 12, 2008 that contained digitized DNA sequences of a select group of humans, such as
physicist Stephen Hawking, comedian Stephen Colbert, Playboy model Jo Garcia, game designer
Richard Garriot, fantasy authors Tracy Hickman and Laura Hickman, pro wrestler Matt Morgan,
and athlete Lance Armstrong

Ingot
Material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing

Inoue, Daisuke
Inventor of the karaoke machine

INS Khukri
First warship sunk in action by a submarine since World War II

INS Vikrant
First aircraft carrier to be built in India
Instagram
Online photo-sharing and social networking service that enables its users to take pictures, apply
digital filters to them, and share them on a variety of social networking services, such as media sites
including Facebook or Twitter, created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger in 2010

Instamatic
Series of inexpensive, easy-to-load 126 and 110 cameras made by Kodak beginning in 1963

Instructions per second

Measure of a computer’s processor speed

Integrated Electronics
Company founded in 1968 Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce now known as Intel Corporation

Integrated Services Digital Network

Set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and
other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network

Intercom
Stand-alone voice communications system for use within a building or small collection of
buildings, functioning independently of the public telephone network

Ive, Jonathan
Lead designer of many of Apple’s products, including the MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, iPod,
iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad, iPad Air and iPad Mini

Jib
Triangular staysail that sets ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel

Jiffy
Informal term for any unspecified short period of time

Kalashnikov, Mikhail
Designer of the AK-47, AKM and AK-74

Kapany, Narinder Singh

Indian-born American physicist known for his work in fiber optics

Karp, David
American web developer and entrepreneur who founded the short-form blogging platformTumblr

Kay, John
• English clockmaker known for the scandal associated with the invention of the spinning frame
• Inventor of the flying shuttle

Kies, Mary Dixon

First recipient of a patent granted to a woman by the United States Patent and Trademark Office on
May 5, 1809 for a technique of weaving straw with silk and thread

Kihara, Nobutoshi
Engineer at Sony best known for his work on the original Walkman cassette-tape player in the
1970s
Killick, Marie
Patented the truncated-tip sapphire stylus in 1945 for playing gramophones

Kinemacolor
First successful color motion picture process, first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre
in London in 1909

King, Augusta Ada

Also known as the Countess of Lovelace, English mathematician often considered the world’s first
computer programmer

Kistler, Samuel Stephens

American scientist and chemical engineer, best known as the inventor of aerogels

Kittinger, Joseph
Most famous for his participation in Project Manhigh and Project Excelsior in 1960, setting the
record longest skydive from a height greater than 31 kilometers (19 mi)
First man to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a gas balloon
First man to witness the curvature of the Earth

Klann linkage
Planar mechanism designed to simulate the gait of legged animal and function as a wheel
replacement

Klout
Website and mobile app that uses social media analytics to rank its users according to online social
influence via the “Klout Score”, which is a numerical value between 1 and 100

Kodachrome
Brand name for a non-substantive, color reversal film introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935 and
discontinued in 2009

Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij

Known as KLM, meaning “Royal Aviation Company”, flag carrier of The Netherlands and the
oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name

Kwangmyong
North Korean “walled garden”national intranet opened in 2000 that may be accessed by web
browsers, incorporates email services, news groups, and an internal web search engine

Kwolek, Stephanie
American chemist who invented polyparaphenylene terephtalamide, better known as Kevlar

La Gloire
First ocean-going ironclad in history

Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe
French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816, while working at the Hôpital Necker and
pioneered its use in diagnosing various chest conditions

Lamborghini, Ferruccio
Founder of automobile manufacturer Lamborghini

Lamborghini Aventador
Used as patrol car in Dubai

Land, Edwin Herbert

Known for inventing inexpensive filters for polarizing light, a practical system of in-camera instant
photography

Landmaster
Unique 12-wheeled amphibious articulated vehicle constructed by Dean Jeffries at Jeffries
Automotive in Universal City, California for the 1977 science fiction film Damnation Alley

Lanier, Jaron
Best known for popularizing the term “virtual reality”

Larson, John Augustus

Inventor of the modern polygraph

Lemelson, Jerome Hal

Inventor of automated warehouses, industrial robots, cordless telephones, fax machines,
videocassette recorders, camcorders, and the magnetic tape drive used in Sony’s Walkman tape
players

Lexus SC 430
Last automobile from any manufacturer in the United States to ship with a cassette tape deck

Light emitting diode

Semiconductor light source used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, digital microscopes,
automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals

Light meter
• Device used to measure the amount of light
• In photography, device often used to determine the proper exposure for a photograph

Linux
UNIX-like and POSIX-compliant computer operating system assembled under the model of free
and open source software development and distribution

Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird

Holds the world record for the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft

London Array
World’s largest offshore wind farm

Longeron
Thin strip of material to which the skin of the aircraft is fastened

Lufthansa German Airlines

Flag carrier of Germany and the largest airline in Europe both in terms of overall passengers carried
and fleet size
Lug nut
Also called wheel nut, fastener used to secure a wheel on a vehicle

Ma, Jack
Chinese Internet entrepreneur who is the Executive Chairman of Alibaba Group
First mainland Chinese entrepreneur to appear on the cover of Forbes magazine

Macintosh, Charles
Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof fabrics

Marconi, Guglielmo
Italian inventor known for his pioneering work on long distance radio transmission and for his
development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system

Marlinspike
Tool used in marine ropework to aid in such tasks as unlaying rope for splicing, untying knots,
drawing marline tight using a marlinspike hitch, and as a toggle joining ropes under tension in a
belaying pin splice

Matsuda, Jujiro
Founder of Mazda

Maxwell
Brand of automobiles manufactured in the United States of America from about 1904 to 1925,
succeeded by the Chrysler Group

McAdam, John
Scottish engineer noted for inventing the process of “macadamization” of roads

Memory effect
Effect observed in nickel cadmium and nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries that causes
them to hold less charge

Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe

World’s first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft

Meucci, Antonio
Italian-American inventor best known for developing a voice communication apparatus which
several sources credit as the first telephone

MGR-1 Honest John

First nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile in the US arsenal

Microsoft
World’s largest personal-computer software company founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen

Miguelin
20-foot tall robotic baby featured in the 2010 World Expo Exhibit in Spain

Mockford, Frederick Stanley

Originator of the uniform “distress call” MAYDAY
Modulator-demodulator
Meaning of modem

Monitor
Device that is used for checking the progress and operation of asystem

Morita, Akio
Japanese businessman and co-founder of Sony along with Masaru Ibuka

Morning Cloud
Name given by British politician Edward Heath to a series of five yachts which he owned between
1969 and 1983

Morris worm
Considered the first worm and was certainly the first to gain significant mainstream media attention

Morse, Samuel F. B.
American inventor who contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on
European telegraphs

Mosaic
Web browser credited with popularizing the World Wide Web, first graphical web browser,
developed by Marc Andreessen and James H. Clark

The Mother of All Demos

Name given retrospectively to Douglas Engelbart’s December 9, 1968 computer demonstration at
the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco

Motorola StarTAC
First ever clamshell or flip mobile phone

Multirotor
Rotorcraft with more than two rotors

Muuss, Mike
Author of the freeware network tool ping

Muzzle brakes
Devices that are either fitted to, or designed as a permanent part of, the muzzle of a firearm or
cannon to redirect propellant gases with the effect of countering both recoil of the gun and
unwanted rising of the barrel during rapid fire

Muybridge, Eadweard
English photographer known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion in 1877 and 1878,
which used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-action photographs, and his zoopraxiscope,
a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in
cinematography

Nakamoto, Satoshi
Pseudonymous entity that designed and created the original Bitcoin software

Nao
Autonomous, programmable humanoid robot developed by Aldebaran Robotics, a French robotics
company headquartered in Paris

Nash Rambler
Widely acknowledged to be the first successful modern American compact car

National Accelerator Laboratory

Original name of Fermilab

Nautilus
Often considered the first practical submarine, designed by Robert Fulton

Newcomen, Thomas
English inventor who created the first practical steam engine for pumping water

Night vision device

Optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness

Nissan Maxima
First “talking” car available in the US

Nobel, Alfred
Inventor of dynamite

Nobel, Immanuel
Inventor of the rotary lathe used in plywood manufacturing

Nokia
World’s largest vendor of mobile phones from 1998 to 2012, founded by Fredrik Idestam and Leo
Mechelin as a forestry company

Nook
Brand of e-reader developed by Barnes & Noble

North River Steamboat

Widely regarded as the world’s first commercially successful steamboat, operated on the Hudson
River
First vessel to demonstrate the viability of using steam propulsion for commercial river
transportation

Noyce, Robert
Inventor of the integrated circuit

NS Savannah
First nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship

Obninsk Nuclear Power Station

Located in Russia, first civilian nuclear power station in the world

Octane rating
Standard measure of the performance of a motor or aviation fuel
Odometer
Instrument that indicates distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile

von Ohain, Hans

Designer of the first operational jet engine

Omega Speedmaster
First watch worn on the moon during Apollo 11

Omidyar, Pierre
French-born Iranian American entrepreneur and philanthropist, who is the founder and chairman of
the eBay auction site

Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio

Series of amateur radio satellites that use amateur radio frequency allocations to facilitate
communication between amateur radio stations

Osborne 1
First commercially successful portable microcomputer

Pantograph
Apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train or tram to collect power through contact with an
overhead catenary wire

Papworth, Neil
British software architect known as the sender of the first text message (“Merry Christmas” to his
boss at a staff Christmas party)

Paternoster
Passenger elevator which consists of a chain of open compartments that move up slowly in a loop
up and down inside a building without stopping

Pedometer
Instrument for estimating the distance traveled on foot by recording the number of steps taken

Penny-farthing
Term used to describe a type of bicycle with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel that
was popular after the boneshaker

Personal digital assistant

Also known as a palmtop computer, mobile device that functions as a personal information manager

Philadelphia, PA
First US city to have a public water system

Phishing
Act of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by
masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication

Ping
• Computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network
• Pulse of sound in active sonar
Pipe cleaner
Type of brush originally intended for removing moisture and residue from smoking pipes

Pixel
Physical point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable element in a display device

Plimsoll Line
Line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water, in concept or reality

Pontiac Tempest
First American-built engine to use a belt to time the camshaft to the crankshaft rather than a chain

Porcelator
Little hole in the sink that drains out the water before they overflow

Porsche, Ferdinand
Best known for creating the first hybrid vehicle, the Volkswagen Beetle, and the Mercedes-Benz
SS/SSK

Portable Document Format

Meaning of the file extension PDF

Prairie schooner
Covered wagon used by pioneers in the American old west

Psion Organiser II
Considered as the first usable personal digital assistant

Project Loon
Research and development project being developed by Google with the mission of providing
Internet access to rural and remote areas

Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services

Original name of the Australian airline Qantas, the oldest continuously operated airline in the world

Quenching
In metallurgy, rapid cooling of a metal by immersing it in a bath of liquid in order to improve its
properties

Radiosonde
Unit for use in things such as weather balloons that measures various atmospheric parameters and
transmits them to a fixed receiver

Radome
Structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave antenna

Rainbow Bridge
Suspension bridge crossing northern Tokyo Bay between Shibaura Pier and the Odaiba waterfront
development in Minato, Tokyo, Japan

Ramsey, Alice
First woman to drive across the United States

Rangefinder
Device that measures distance from the observer to a target

Readme file
File that is often included in the release of a software product, which normally contains information
such as the list of bugs eradicated in the release, last-minute information, and installation
instructions

Red dot sight

Common classification for a type of non-magnifying reflector sight for firearms that gives the user
an aimpoint in the form of an illuminated red dot

Remington, Eliphalet
Designed the Remington rifle

Resolution
Ability of a telescope or other instrument to distinguish finedetail

Retina Display
Brand name used by Apple for liquid crystal displays which they claim have a high enough pixel
density that the human eye is unable to notice pixelation at a typical viewing distance

Retroreflector
Device or surface that reflect light back to its source with a minimum of scattering

Rhino
Nickname given to the phased out US fighter plane F-4 Phantom II

Ritty, James
Inventor of the cash register

RMS Queen Mary 2

Only transatlantic ocean liner in line service between Southampton and New York

RoboBee
Smallest man-made device to achieve flight

Rohwedder, Otto Frederick

American inventor and engineer who created the first automatic bread-slicing machine for
commercial use

Rolls, Charles
First man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane

Rudder
Device used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, aircraft, or other conveyance that moves
through air or water

Russian Knight
First four-engine aircraft in the world
Rutan Voyager
First aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling

Samoa Air
Made headlines in April 2013 when they announced that they would base their fares on the weight
of the passengers and their luggage

Samovar
Metal vessels, mostly made of brass or copper that are widely used in Russia for boiling water and
are nowadays also appreciated as works of art

Samsung Electronics
Meaning “three stars” in Korean, world’s largest information technology company and the world’s
largest mobile phone maker

Scissor doors
Automobile doors that rotate vertically at a fixed hinge at the front of the door, rather than
outwardly as with a conventional door

Sculley, John
Apple Computer CEO who coined the term personal digital assistant

Scuttling
Act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull

Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

Collective name for a number of activities people undertake to search for intelligent extraterrestrial
life

Selden, George B.
Patent lawyer and inventor who was granted a US patent for an automobile in 1895

Semiconductor
Material which has electrical conductivity to a degree between that of a metal and that of an
insulator

Slashdot
Technology-related news website founded in 1997 as a blog titled Chips & Dips by Hope College
computer science students Rob Malda and Jeff Bates

Shepard, David Hammond

Prolific American inventor, who invented among other things, the first optical character recognition
device, first voice recognition system and the Farrington B numeric font used on credit cards

Shepherd One
Nickname given by the Americans to the Pope’s aircraft

Shih, Stan
Founder of the hardware and electronics corporation Acer

Shock site
Website that is intended to be offensive, disgusting and/or disturbing to its viewers, containing
materials of high shock value which is also considered distasteful and crude, and is generally of a
pornographic, scatological, extremely violent, insulting, painful, profane, or otherwise provocative
nature

Sholes, Christopher Latham

American inventor who invented the first practical typewriter and the QWERTY keyboard still in
use today

Short circuit
Electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path, often where essentially no
or a very low electrical impedance is encountered

Sigil
In computer programming, symbol attached to a variable name, showing the variable's datatype or
scope, usually a prefix

Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane

American twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter, the civil version of the United States Army’s CH-54
Tarhe

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks

Sim, Jack
Founder of the Restroom Association of Singapore and World Toilet Organization

Singapore Flyer
Tallest Ferris wheel in the world

Singer, Isaac Merritt

American inventor who made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine

Siren
Device for producing loud sounds consisting of a disk with radial louvers which is rotated at high
speed

Skeumorph
Derivative object that retains ornamental design cues that was necessary in the original

Skype
Voice over IP service and software application written by Estonian developers Ahti Heinla, Priit
Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn and was bought by Microsoft in 2011 for US$8.5 billion

Slide rule
Mechanical analog computer, used primarily for multiplication and division

Snapchat
Photo messaging application developed by Evan Spiegel and Robert Murphy, ten Stanford
University students

Snow
Term for the white noise on an analog video or television display

Sockpuppet
Online identity used for purposes of deception

Solenoid
Coil wound into a tightly packed helix
Term invented by French physicist André-Marie Ampère to designate a helical coil

Spirit of Ecstasy
Bonnet ornament or hood ornament on Rolls-Royce cars

Spirit of St. Louis

Custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on
May 20–21, 1927, on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris for which Lindbergh won the
$25,000 Orteig Prize

Spruce Goose
Nickname given to Hughes H-4 Hercules
Largest flying boat ever built

SS Great Eastern
Largest ship ever built at the time of her 1858 launch and had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers
around the world without refueling

SS Ideal X
World’s first successful container ship

SS United States
Largest ocean liner constructed entirely in the US
Fastest ocean liner to cross the Atlantic in either direction and even in her retirement retains the
Blue Riband given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the
record highest speed

Standby power
Also called phantom load, electric power consumed by electronic and electrical appliances while
they are switched off or in a standby mode

Star Alliance
World’s first and largest global airline alliance

Stepped Reckoner
Digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
around 1672 and completed in 1694

Stibitz, George
Bell Labs researcher known for his work in the 1930s and 1940s on the realization of Boolean logic
digital circuits using electromechanical relays as the switching element

Stiletto
Knife or dagger with a long slender blade and needle-like point, primarily intended as a stabbing
weapon
Stone, Marvin Chester
Best known as the inventor of the modern drinking straw

Streisand effect
Phenomenon whereby an attempt to hide or remove a piece of information has the unintended
consequence of publicizing the information more widely, usually facilitated by the Internet

Sundback, Gideon
Swedish-American electrical engineer known with his work on the development of the zipper

Sverdrup
Unit of measure of volume transport

Swallow Sidecar Company

Original name of Jaguar Cars Ltd

Swing wing
Also known as variable-sweep wing, airplane wing that may be swept back and then returned to its
original position during flight

Symbol rate
Also called baud rate, number of symbol changes (waveform changes or signalling events) made to
the transmission medium per second using a digitally modulated signal or a line code

Tachometer
Instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine

Tacking
Sailing maneuver by which a sailing vessel, which is sailing approximately into the wind, turns its
bow through the wind so that the direction from which the wind blows changes from one side to the
other

Taobao Marketplace
Website for online shopping in Chinese language, similar to eBay and Amazon, operated in the
People’s Republic of China by Alibaba Group

Taser
Electroshock weapon that uses electrical current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles causing
“neuromuscular incapacitation”

Teflon
Common name is given to polytetrafluroethylene which was discovered byaccident by Roy Plunkett
in 1938 after a gas he was working with hardened in itscanister

Tethering
Term referring to connecting one device to another that allows sharing the Internet connection of
the phone or tablet with other devices such as laptops

Texas Instruments
Invented the first handheld calculator in 1967
Three Gorges Dam
World’s largest power station in terms of installed capacity

Tianhe-2
Currently the world’s fastest supercomputer according to the TOP500 list for June 2013

Ticker tape parade

Parade event held in a built-up urban setting, allowing large amounts of shredded paper to be
thrown from nearby office buildings onto the parade route, creating a celebratory effect by the
snowstorm-like flurry

Tomlinson, Ray
US programmer who implemented an email system in 1971 on the ARPANET

Torvalds, Linus Benedict

Finnish-American software engineer, who was the principal force behind the development of the
Linux kernel

Tower Bridge
Combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, over the River Thames close to the Tower of
London, from which it takes its name and has become an iconic symbol of London

Toyota Prius
First mass-produced hybrid vehicle

Trabant
Most common vehicle in East Germany

Trackball
Pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the
ball about two axes – like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball

Trans-Siberian Railway
Longest railway line in the world

TRANSIT
First satellite navigation system to be used operationally

Trevithick, Richard
British inventor, mining engineer and builder of the first working railway steam locomotive

Trieste
Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research bathyscaphe that reached a record maximum
depth of about 35,797 feet in the Challenger Deep in 1960

Trubshaw, Brian
First British pilot to fly Concorde in April 1969

Tsar Kolokol
World’s largest bell

Tukey, John W.
Coined the term software

Tull, Jethro
English farmer who invented the seed-planting drill in 1701

Tumbrel
Two-wheeled cart or wagon typically designed to be hauled by a single horse or ox

Tuned mass damper

Device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations frequently used in
power transmission, automobiles, and buildings

Tupolev Tu-144
First commercial transport to exceed Mach 2
First commercial supersonic transport aircraft
One of only two supersonic transport aircrafts to enter commercial service, the other being Anglo-
French Concorde

Turing, Alan
Widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence

Twimmolation
Destruction of a person’s career or reputation caused by lewd or insensitive Twitter posts

Twyford, Thomas William

English inventor of the single piece, ceramic flush toilet

UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer I, Second commercial computer produced in the United States
designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

Unmanned aerial vehicle

Colloquially known as a drone, an aircraft without a human pilot on board

Uriminzokkiri
Website that provides Korean language news and propaganda from North Korea’s central news
agency

Uzi
Family of Israeli open-bolt, blowback-operated submachine guns designed by Major Uziel Gal in
the late 1940s
One of the first weapons to use a telescoping bolt design which allows the magazine to be housed in
the pistol grip for a shorter weapon

Vaporetto
Waterbus in Venice, Italy

Vaporware
Term in the computer industry that describes a product, typically computer hardware or software,
that is announced to the general public but is never actually released nor officially cancelled

Victoria
First ship to successfully circumnavigate the world

“Victorian Internet”
Term given by historians to the telegraph

Video card
Expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display

Viral video
Video that was created and becomes popular through the process of Internet sharing, typically
through video sharing websites, social media and email

Volkswagen
Biggest German automaker and the second biggest automaker in the world

Volkswagen Beetle
Longest running and most manufactured car of a single design platform worldwide
Designed by Ferdinand Porsche

von Braunhut, Harold

Creator of the toys Amazing Sea Monkeys and X-Ray Specs

Wales, Jimmy
Founder of the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia

Walker, John
English chemist who invented the friction match

Wall, Larry
Computer programmer most widely known as the creator of Perl programming language

Wankel, Felix
Only twentieth century engineer to have designed an internal combustion engine which went into
production

Watson, Thomas
• Assistant of Alexander Graham Bell
• Chairman and CEO of International Business Machines (IBM) who oversaw that company’s
growth into an international force from 1914 to 1956

Watt, James
Scottish inventor whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the
changes brought by Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world
Developed the concept of horsepower

Westinghouse, George
Inventor of the AC power system and the railway air brake

Whitney, Eli
American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin

Whittle, Sir Frank

British Royal Air Force engineer officer credited with single handedly inventing the turbojet engine

Wiki
Web application which allows people to add, modify, or delete content in a collaboration with
others

Wilhite, Steve
Inventor of the Graphics Interchange Format file format

Windjammer
Ultimate type of large sailing ship built to carry cargo in the 19th and early 20th century

Wing tip
Part of the wing that is most distant from the fuselage of a fixed-wing aircraft

Wing walking
Seen in airshows and barnstorming during the 1920s, the act of moving on the wings of an airplane
during flight

Wireless Application Protocol

Technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network

Xerox 914
First successful commercial plain paper copier which in 1959 revolutionized the document-copying
industry

X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System

Original name of the computer mouse

Yale, Linus Jr.

American mechanical engineer best known for his inventions of locks, especially the cylinder lock

Yale, Linus Sr.

Inventor of pin tumbler lock

Yeager, Chuck
First pilot to travel faster than sound in 1947

Zuckerberg, Mark
Founder of the social networking site Facebook, together with Eduardo Saverin, Andrew
McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes

Zune
Brand of digital media products and services developed by Microsoft, discontinued in 2011
Health and Human Body

9
Number of months in a human pregnancy

12
Pairs of ribs in a human body

17
Number of muscles needed to smile

27
Number of bones in a human hand

32
Number of teeth of a full set of teeth in an adult human, including wisdom teeth

33
Number of vertebrae when the bones that form the coccyx are counted individually in a normal
human spine

43
Number of muscles needed to frown

46
Number of chromosomes in a normal human body cell

72
• Average number of heart beats per minute for a resting adult
• Percentage of water of which the human body is composed

206
Number of bones in the typical adult human body

Acclimatization
Also known as acclimation, process in which an individual organism adjusts to a gradual change in
its environment, allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions

Acupuncture
Collection of procedures which involves the stimulation of points on the body using a variety of
techniques, such as penetrating the skin with needles that are then manipulated manually or by
electrical stimulation

Adderall
Psychostimulant medication that contains amphetamine, used for the treatment of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy

Agatston, Arthur
Cardiologist who designed the South Beach Diet

Ageusia
Loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness,
bitterness, saltiness and umami

Alopecia
Medical term for baldness

Anamnesis
Technical term for medical history of a patient

Anodyne
Drug that was believed to relieve or soothe pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain or nervous
system

Anosmia
Loss of smell

Anticoagulant
Substance that prevents clotting of blood

Antigen
In immunology, substance that evokes the production of one or more antibodies

Antigenic shift
Process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different
viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more
original strains

Aneurysm
Condition where a localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel occurs

Anisocoria
Condition characterized by an unequal size of the eye's pupils

Aorta
Artery receives blood from the left ventricle and is responsible for sendingblood throughout the rest
of the body
Largest artery in the human body

Apgar score
Simple and replicable method to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn children
immediately after birth

Aprosexia
Abnormal inability to pay attention, characterized by a near-complete indifference to everything

Ascites
Gastroenterological term for an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Asymptomatic carrier
Person or other organism that has contracted an infectious disease, but who displays no symptoms

Atrial fibrillation
Most common cardiac arrhythmia

Axilla
Also known as armpit, underarm or oxter, area of the human body directly under the joint where the
arm connects to the shoulder

Axon
Long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away
from the neuron’s cell body

B Vitamins

B1 – thiamine
B2 – riboflavin
B3 – niacin
B5 – panthothenic acid
B6 – pyridoxine
B7 – biotin
B9 – folic acid
B12 – cyanocobalamin

Banting, Sir Frederick Grant

Canadian medical scientist, doctor, painter and Nobel laureate noted as the primary discoverer of
insulin

Barnard, Christiaan Neethling

South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world’s first successful human-to-human heart
transplant

Bartholin, Thomas
Danish physician best known for his work in the discovery of the lymphatic system in humans and
for his advancements of the theory of refrigeration anesthesia, being the first to describe it
scientifically

Bath, Patricia
American ophthalmologist known for the invention of Laserphaco Probe
First African-American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose

Beauclair, Stephanie Fae

Better known as Baby Fae, first infant subject of a xenotransplant procedure, receiving the heart of
a baboon

Bell’s palsy
Form of facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction of the cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve)
causing an inability to control facial muscles on the affected side

Beriberi
Disease caused by vitamin B1 deficiency, name derived from the Thai expression “I can’t, I can’t”

Bigelow, Wilfred
Canadian heart surgeon known for his role in developing the artificial pacemaker and the use of
hypothermia in open heart surgery
Bile
Bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that
aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine

Bishop score
Also known as cervix score, pre-labor scoring system to assist in predicting whether induction of
labor will be required

Bolus
Mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing

Borborygmus
Scientific name for stomach rumbling

Borrelia burgdorferi
Agent of Lyme disease

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Another name for mad cow disease

Bowman’scaps le
Cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that
performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine

Brachioplasty
Surgical procedure to remove loose skin and excess fat deposits in the upper arm

Buffy coat
Fraction of anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets
following density gradient centrifugation of the blood

Bundle of His
Collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical
impulses from the AV node to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches

Calcaneal tendon
Another name for the Achilles tendon

Calciferol
Another name for Vitamin D

Cannon, Walter Bradford

American physiologist who coined the term fight or flight response and expanded on Claude
Bernard’s concept of homeostasis

Canthus
Either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Median entrapment neuropathy that causes paresthesia, pain, numbness, and other symptoms in the
distribution of the median nerve
Caruncula lachrymalis
Small, pink, globular nodule at the inner corner of the eye

Catatonia
State of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor

Cementum
Specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth

Cerebral achromatopsia
Type of color-blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of brain, rather than abnormalities
in the cells of the eye’s retina

Cerebrum
Largest and most highly developed part of the brain responsible for the initiation and coordination
of all voluntary activity in the body and governing the functioning of the lower parts of the nervous
system

Chikungunya
Literally meaning “that which bends up”, arthropod-borne virus of the genus Alphavirus that is
transmitted to humans b virus carrying Aedes mosquitoes that causes an illness with symptoms
similar to dengue fever followed by a prolonged arthralgic disease that affects the joints of the
extremities

Chignon
Temporary swelling left on an infant's head after delivery by a ventouse suction cap

Chondromalacia
Technical term for runner’s knee

Chorea
Jerky, involuntary movement particularly affecting the head, face or limbs

Church, George McDonald

Developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984 and helped initiate the Human
Genome Project

Chyme
Semi-fluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

Cirrhosis
Consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar
tissue and regenerative nodules, leading to loss of liver function

Clark, Barney
First person to receive a permanent artificial heart

Clavicle
Long curved bone that connects the upper part of the breastbone with the shoulder blade at the top
of each shoulder in humans
Colic
Form of pain which starts and stops abruptly that occurs due to muscular contractions of a hollow
tube in attempt to relieve the obstruction by forcing content out

Colostrum
Containing vital antibodies, mother’s first breastproduct following birth, which occurs before the
milk flow begins

Colpasinquanonia
Act of estimating a woman's beauty based on the size of her chest

Columella nasi
In human anatomy, the fleshy external end of the nasal septum

Confection
Sweet substance that is combined with a medicinal preparation to make it suitable for
administration

Conjunctiva
Membrane that protects the cornea

Convulsion
Medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an
uncontrolled shaking of the body

Cooley, Denton Arthur

American heart surgeon famous for performing the first implantation of a total artificial heart

Corona radiata
Name given to the layers of follicular cells attached to the zona pellucida,which are responsible for
supplying the ovum with nutrients

Corpus callosum
Broad band of nervous tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, containing an estimated
300 million fibers

Coryza
Word describing the symptoms of a cold

Cryptomnesia
Memory bias that occurs when a forgotten memory returns without it being recognized as such by
the subject who believes it is something new and original

Curettage
Scraping of the skin or the internal surface of an organ or body cavity by means of a spoon-shaped
instrument usually to remove diseased tissue or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic purposes

Cushing, Harvey Williams

Father of modern neurosurgery
Known for pioneering brain surgery

C shing’s syndrome
Conditions resulting from excess amounts of corticosteroidhormones in the body which symptoms
include weight gain, reddening of the face and neck, excess growth of body and facial hair, raised
blood pressure, osteoporosis, raised blood glucose levels, and sometimes mental disturbances

Cutis anserina
Also called goose bumps, bumps on a person’s skin at the base of body hairs which may
involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions such as fear, nostalgia,
pleasure, euphoria, awe, admiration and sexual arousal

Darvall, Denise Anne

Donor in the world's first successful human heart transplant

Dendrites
Branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from
other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project

Denys, Jean-Baptiste
French physician notable for having performed the first fully documented human blood transfusion

Descemet’s membrane
Basement membrane that lies between Dua’s layer and the endothelial layer of the cornea

Desynchronosis
Medical term for jet lag, a physiological condition which results from alterations to the body’s
circadian rhythms resulting from rapid long-distance transmeridian travel on an aircraft

Diabetes mellitus
Most common type of diabetes

Dialysis
In medicine, process of removing waste and excess water in the blood, used primarily as an
artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure

Dicer
Endoribonuclease that facilitates the formation of the RNA-induced silencing complex

Dick test
Used to identify those susceptible to scarlet fever

Dimple
Also known as a gelasin, small natural indentation in the flesh on a part of the human body, most
notably in the cheek or on the chin

Down syndrome
Also known as trisomy 21, genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of
chromosome 21
Most common chromosome abnormality in humans

Dua’s layer
Newly discovered layer of the human cornea proposed in a scientific article by Harminder Dua in
June 2013 located between the corneal stroma and Descemet’s membrane
Dunning – Kruger effect
Cognitive bias in which unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority, mistakenly rating
their ability much higher than average

Duodenum
Shortest part of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion takes place

Dysania
State of finding it hard to get out of bed in the morning

Dysentery
Inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea
containing blood and mucus in the feces with fever, abdominal pain, and rectal tenesmus (a feeling
of incomplete defecation), caused by any kind of infection

Dysgeusia
Distortion of the sense of taste

Dyspareunia
Painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes

Eardrum
Also known as tympanic membrane, thin cone-shaped membrane that separates external ear from
the middle ear

List of –ectomies

Adenectomy - a gland
Adenoidectomy - adenoids
Adrenalectomy - one or both adrenal glands
Apicoectomy - tooth's root tip
Appendectomy - appendix
Arthrectomy - joint of the body
Bullectomy - bullae
Bunionectomy - bunion
Bursectomy - bursa
Cardiectomy - heart
Cephalectomy - head
Cervicectomy - cervix
Cholecystectomy - gallbladder
Choroidectomy - choroid layer of the eye.
Clitoridectomy - external part of the clitoris
Colectomy - colon
Craniectomy - cranium
Cystectomy - urinary bladder or cyst
Discectomy - extravasted segment of the intervertebral disc
Diverticulectomy - diverticulum
Duodenectomy - duodenum
Embolectomy - any type of embolism
Encephalectomy - brain
Endarterectomy - plaque from the lining of the artery otherwise constricted by a buildup of fatty
deposits
Esophagectomy - esophagus
Extrapleural pneumonectomy - entire lung along with the pleura, the lung lining and part of the
pericardium, the lining of the heart
Frenectomy - frenulum
Ganglionectomy - ganglion
Gastrectomy - stomach
Gingivectomy - gums
Glossectomy - tongue
Gonadectomy - gonads
Hemicolectomy - half the colon or the large intestine
Hemicorporectomy - entire body below the waist, including the legs, genitalia, urinary system,
pelvic bones, anus, and rectum
Hemispherectomy - one cerebral hemisphere.
Hemorrhoidectomy - hemorrhoid
Hepatectomy - liver
Hypophysectomy - pituitary gland
Hysterectomy - uterus
Iridectomy - iris
Jejunectomy - jejunum
Keratectomy - cornea
Laryngectomy - larynx
Lobectomy - lobe
Lumpectomy - lump from a breast
Mandibulectomy - mandible
Mastectomy - one or both breasts
Maxillectomy - maxilla
Myectomy - muscle
Myomectomy - fibroids
Nephrectomy - kidney
Neurectomy - nerve
Pancreatectomy - pancreas
Panniculectomy - panniculus
Parathyroidectomy - parathyroid glands
Penectomy - penis
Pharyngectomy - pharynx
Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy - pharynx, larynx and esophagus
Pneumonectomy - lung
Posthectomy - foreskin of the penis
Proctocolectomy - colon or the large intestine and the rectum
Prostatectomy - prostate gland
Pulpectomy - pulp chamber and root canal of a tooth
Rhinectomy - nose
Salpingectomy - fallopian tubes
Septectomy - septum
Splenectomy - spleen
Thymectomy - thymus gland
Thyroidectomy - all or part of the thyroid gland
Tonsillectomy - tonsils
Tympanectomy - eardrum
Uretectomy - ureter
Uvulectomy - uvula
Vaginectomy - all or part of the vagina
Vesiculectomy - seminal vesicle
Vitrectomy - vitreous humor
Vulvectomy - vulva

Ectrodactyly
Involves the deficiency or absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also
known as split hand/split foot malformation

Einstein syndrome
Term Thomas Sowell used to describe exceptionally bright people who experience a delay in
development of speech

Embolalia
Verbalization of different words or phrases that occur without the conscious effort of the individual

(Tooth) enamel
Hardest and most highly mineralized substance in the human body

Enanthem
Medical term for a rash on the mucous membranes

Encephalitis
Acute inflammation of the brain

Entomagraphy
Practice of eating insects

Epicondylitis
Medical term for tennis elbow

Epistaxis
Scientific term for nosebleed

Erogenous zone
Area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which may result in the
production of sexual fantasies, sexual arousal and orgasm

Eustachian tube
Also called auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle
ear

Excrescence
Abnormal outgrowth on the surface of the body such as a wart

Expectoration
Medical term for producing phlegm and spitting out

Febricula
Fever of low intensity or short duration

Ferritin
Ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion
Fischer-Saller Scale
Used in physical anthropology and medicine to determine the shades of hair color

Fistula
Abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally
do not connect

Fleming, Sir Alexander

Scottish biologist who discovered the enzyme lysozyme and the antibiotic substance penicillin from
Penicillin notatum

Focal dystonia
Neurological condition that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a specific part of the body
causing involuntary muscular contractions and abnormal postures

Follicle
Small sac or cavity from which a hair grows

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Hormone found in humans and other animals that regulates the development, growth, pubertal
maturation, and reproductive processes of the body

Fomes
Any object that is used or handled by a person with a communicable disease and maybe therefore
become contaminated with the infective organisms and transmit the disease to a subsequent user

Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan

Group of manmade diseases all caused by environmental pollution due to improper handling of
industrial wastes by Japanese corporations

Itai-itai disease Cadmium poisoning

Minamata disease Methyl mercury poisoning
Niigata Minamata disease Methyl mercury poisoning
Yokkaichi asthma Sulfur dioxide inhalation

Fovea
Part of the eye is responsible for sharp central vision, which is necessary for humans in any activity
where visual detail is of primary importance

Fragile X Syndrome
Also known as Martin–Bell syndrome or Escalante's syndrome, genetic syndrome that is the most
widespread single-gene cause of autism and inherited cause of mental retardation among boys

Freckles
Also called ephelis, clusters of concentrated melanin that is most often visible on people with fair
complexion

Freudenberger, Herbert
Psychologist who coined the term burnout

Frotteurism
Paraphilic interest in rubbing, usually one’s pelvis or erect penis, against a non-consenting person
for sexual gratification

Funk, Casimir
Polish biochemist generally credited with the first formulation of the concept of vitamins in 1912

Galen of Pergamon
Prominent Greek-speaking Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher who contributed greatly to
the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines including anatomy, physiology, pathology,
pharmacology and neurology

Ganglion cyst
Also known as a Bible cyst or Bible bump, a benign soft tissue tumor that may occur in any joint,
but most often occurs on or around joints and tendons in the hands or feet

Gargalesis
Scientific term for laughter-inducing tickle

Gavriliu, Dan
Romanian surgeon who performed the first total surgical replacement of the human esophagus,
using sections of stomach to bypass damaged or deformed tissue

Genome
Entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

Gillies, Sir Harold

British otolaryngologist who is widely considered the father of plastic surgery

Ginglymus
Medical term for the hinge joint

Glabella
In humans, the space between the eyebrows and above the nose

Glioma
Type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine

Glomerulus
Network of blood capillaries contained within the cup-like end (Bowman's capsule) of a nephron
Site of primary filtration of waste products from the blood into the kidney tubule

Glucose
Sole source of energy for the brain

Gluteal sulcus
Area of the body of humans and great apes, described by a horizontal crease formed by the inferior
aspect of the buttocks and the posterior upper thigh

Glycemic index
Measures the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels

Glycogenesis
Term referring to conversion of glycogen to glucose, which occurs in the liver and is stimulated by
glucagon from the pancreas and adrenaline from the adrenal medulla

Goiter
Swelling of the thyroid gland

Gourmand syndrome
Rare, benign condition that sometimes occurs in people who sustain injuries to the right frontal
lobe, in which they develop a new, post-injury passion for gourmet food

Halsted, William Stewart

First to use sterilized medical gloves when he was at Johns Hopkins University

Harvey, William
English physician who was the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation
and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart

Hashimoto's thyroiditis
First disease to be recognized as an autoimmune disease

Haversian canals
Cylindrical units of which compact bone is made

Hayflick limit
Number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops

Heimlich, Henry
American physician who has received credit as the inventor of abdominal thrusts, more commonly
known as the Heimlich maneuver

Hematidrosis
Very rare condition in which a human sweats blood

Hemophilia
Group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body’s ability to control blood clotting or
coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken

Hepatitis
Medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of
inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ

Hernia
Protrusion of an organ or tissue out of the body cavity in whichit normally lies

Heterotopia
Displacement of an organ or part of the body from its normal position

Hilleman, Maurice
American microbiologist who developed 36 vaccines, including those for measles, mumps, hepatitis
A and hepatitis B, chickenpox, meningitis, pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae bacteria

Hippocrates of Kos
Regarded as the father of western medicine
Credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical
knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic
Corpus and other works

Hirsutism
Presence of coarse pigmented hair on the face, chest, upperback or abdomen in a female as a result
of hyperandrogenism

Hollows, Frederick Cossom

New Zealand and Australian ophthalmologist who became known for his work in restoring eyesight
for countless thousands of people in Australia and many other countries

Homeostasis
Physiological process by which the internal systems of the body (e.g. blood pressure, body
temperature, acid-base balance) are maintained at equilibrium, despite variations in the external
conditions

Horripilation
Technical term for goosebumps

Humerus
Long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow

Hyoid bone
Only bone that is not connected to another bone

Hypergargalesthesia
Condition of extreme sensitivity to tickling

Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of its component cells

Hypnagogia
Experience of the transitional states to and from sleep: the hypnagogic and the hypnopompic states
of consciousness

Hypomania
Mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elevated or extreme happiness which is
sometimes followed by an irritable mood, as well as thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with
such a mood state

Hyponatremia
Medical term refers to the presence in the blood of an abnormally lowconcentration of sodium
which occurs in dehydration

Hypopnea
Medical term for a disorder which involves episodes of overly shallow breathing or an abnormally
low respiratory rate

Hypothermia
Condition in which core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism
and body functions which is defined as 35.0 degrees Celsius

Hypovolemia
Decreased volume of circulating blood in the body

Hysterectomy
Medical term for the surgical removal of the uterus

Iatrogenesis
Inadvertent adverse effect or complication resulting from medical treatment or advice

Ichthyosis
Genetically determined skin disorder in which there is abnormal scaling of the skin

Icterus
Another name for jaundice

Ileum
Final section of the small intestine in most of the higher vertebrates

Incisor
First four front teeth present in heterodont mammals

Index finger
Most sensitive finger on the human hand

Inflammation
Defense reaction of tissue to injury, infection or irritation bychemicals or physical agents

Insulin
Peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, central to regulating carbohydrate and fat
metabolism in the body

Intercostal muscles
Muscles located between the ribs surrounding the lungs

Interferon
Proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses,
bacteria, parasites or tumor cells

Intertrigo
Inflammation of the body folds

Iridocyclitis
Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye

Irrigation
Process of washing out a wound or hollow organ with a continuous flow of water or medicated
solution

Ischemia
Term referring to the inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body, caused byconstriction or
blockage of the blood vessels supplying it

Ischuria
Medical term for the retention or suppression of the urine

Jejunum
Middle section of the small intestine in most of the higher vertebrates

Jenner, Edward
English physician who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine

Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea

Keshan disease
Congestive cardiomyopathy caused by a combination of dietary deficiency of selenium and the
presence of a mutated strain of Coxsackievirus

Kevorkian, Jacob “Jack”

Commonly known as “Dr. Death”, best known for publicly championing a terminal patient’s right
to die via physician-assisted suicide

Kinesics
Interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures — or, more formally, non-
verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole

Kitasato Shibasaburō
Japanese physician and bacteriologist during the prewar period remembered as the co-discoverer of
the infectious agent of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894, almost simultaneously with
Alexandre Yersin

Knismesis
Scientific term for light, feather-type of tickling

Koplik’s spots
Prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two days before the measles rash itself

Kraamzorg
Medical service in the Netherlands where postnatal care is provided to a new mother and her baby
in the initial 8 to 10 days immediately after birth

Landsteiner, Karl
Austrian biologist and physician noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups in 1900,
having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the
presence of agglutinins in the blood, and having identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus
factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient’s life
Laryngeal prominence
Technical name for the Adam’s apple

Laudanum
Tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight

Leuconychia
Medical term for the white spots on fingernails caused by minor injury

Levi-Montalcini, Rita
Italian neurologist who won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology together with colleague Stanley
Cohen for their discovery of nerve growth factor
Oldest living Nobel laureate and the first ever to reach a 100th birthday

Levonorgestrel
Second generation synthetic progestogen used as an active ingredient in some hormonal
contraceptives

Libido
Person’s overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity

Ligament of Treitz
Thin muscle that wraps around the small intestine where the duodenum and jejunum meet

Limerence
Involuntary state of mind which results from a romantic attraction to another person combined with
an overwhelming, obsessive need to have one’s feelings reciprocated

Liotta, Domingo
Creator of multiple cardiac prostheses including the first total artificial heart used in a human being

Lister, Sir Joseph

British surgeon who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal
Infirmary

Love handles
Informal term for deposits of excess fat at the side of one’s waistline

Lumpectomy
Also known as tylectomy, common surgical procedure designed to remove a discrete lump, usually
a benign tumor or breast cancer, from an affected man’s or woman’s breast

Lunula
Crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail

Maalin, Ali Maow

Somalian hospital cook and health worker from Merca who is the last person known to be infected
with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox in the world

Mallon, Mary
Better known as Typhoid Mary, first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic
carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever
Manson, Sir Patrick
Scottish physician who made important discoveries in parasitology, and was the founder of the field
of tropical medicine

Marbe, Lauren
16-year-old teenager who got an IQ of 161 in a Mensa test

Marfan syndrome
Genetic disorder of the connective tissue in which people inflicted with it tend to be unusually tall,
with long limbs and long, thin fingers

Marsh fever
Another name for malaria

Marshall, Barry
Australian physician who hypothesized that ulcers were caused by Helicobacter pylori

Martha Mitchell effect

Process by which a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health clinician mistakes the patient’s
perception of real events as delusional and misdiagnoses accordingly

Martin-Schultz scale
Standard scale color used in physical anthropology to establish more or less precisely the eye color
of an individual

Mastectomy
Medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely, usually done
to treat breast cancer

McClintock, Barbara
Only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

McDowell, Ephraim
American physician who was the first to successfully remove an ovarian tumor

Medina, Lina
Youngest confirmed mother in medical history, giving birth at the age of five years, seven months
and 17 days

Melanin
Primary determinant of skin color in humans, also found in hair, the pigmented tissue underlying
the iris of the eye, and the stria vascularis of the inner ear

Meningitis
Acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known
collectively as the meninges

Metastasis
Spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part

Mettauer, John Peter

Credited for performing the first cleft palate in the Americas in 1872

Minamata disease
Neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning

Misophonia
Believed to be a neurological disorder characterized by negative experiences triggered by specific
sounds

Micturition
Discharge of urine from the bladder

Modified Rankin Scale

Commonly used scale for measuring the degree of disability or dependence in the daily activities of
people who have suffered a stroke or other causes of neurological disability

Modiolus
Conical central pillar of the cochlea in the inner ear

Montagnier, Luc
French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the
2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency
virus

Morris, Jeremiah Noah

Scottish epidemiologist who established the importance of physical activity in preventing
cardiovascular disease

Morton, William Thomas Green

American dentist who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anesthetic in
1846

“Moth-patches”
Old term for freckles

Murkoff, Heidi
Author of the world’s best-selling pregnancy and parenting series, What to Expect that began with
What to Expect When You're Expecting

Murray, Joseph
American plastic surgeon who performed the first successful human kidney transplant on identical
twins Richard and Ronald Herrick on December 23, 1954

Myocardial infarction
Medical term for an event commonly known as a heart attack

Narcolepsy
Chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain’s inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles
normally

Necrosis
Form of cell injury that results in the premature death of cells in living tissue caused by factors
external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma that result in the unregulated
digestion of cell components

Nephritis
Inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys

Nephron
Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

Neurostimulator
In medical technology,battery powered device designed to deliverelectrical stimulation to the brain,
central and peripheral nervous system

Nobel Prize for Physiology winners

1901 Emil A. von Behring

1902 Sir Ronald Ross
1903 Niels R. Finsen
1904 Ivan P. Pavlov
1905 Robert Koch
1906 Camilo Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal
1907 Charles L. A. Laveran
1908 Paul Ehrlich, Elie Metchnikoff
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher
1910 Albrecht Kossel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1912 Alexis Carrel
1913 Charles R. Richet
1914 Robert Barany
1915 —
1916 —
1917 —
1918 —
1919 Jules Bordet
1920 Schack A. S. Krogh
1921 —
1922 Archibald V. Hill, Otto F. Meyerhof
1923 Frederick G. Banting, John J. R. Macleod
1924 Willem Einthoven
1925 —
1926 Johannes A. G. Fibiger
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928 Charles J. H. Nicolle
1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick G. Hopkins
1930 Karl Landsteiner
1931 Otto H. Warburg
1932 Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington
1933 Thomas H. Morgan
George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G. H.
1934
Whipple
1935 Hans Spemann
1936 Sir Henry H. Dale, Otto Loewi
1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
1938 Corneille J. F. Heymans
1939 Gerhard Domagk
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 Henrik C. P. Dam, Edward A. Doisy
1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser
Ernst B. Chain, Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir
1945
Howard W. Florey
1946 Hermann J. Muller
Carl F. Cori, Gerty T. Cori, Bernardo A.
1947
Houssay
1948 Paul H. Müller
1949 Walter R. Hess, Antonio Moniz
Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus
1950
Reichstein
1951 Max Theiler
1952 Selman A. Waksman
1953 Sir Hans A. Krebs, Fritz A. Lipmann
 John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas
1954
H. Weller
1955 Alex H. T. Theorell
André F. Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards, Jr.,
1956
Werner Forssman
1957 Daniel Bovet
George W. Beadle, Edward L. Tatum, Joshua
1958
Lederberg
1959 Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa
1960 Sir F. MacFarlane Burnet, Peter B. Medawar
1961 Georg von Békésy
Francis H. C. Crick, Maurice H. F. Wilkins,
1962
James D. Watson
Sir John C. Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew
1963
F. Huxley
1964 Konrad E. Bloch, Feodor Lynen
1965 Francois Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
1966 Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George
1967
Wald
Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana,
1968
Marshall W. Nirenberg
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador
1969
Luria
1970 Julius Axelrod, Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1972 Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas
1973
Tinbergen
Albert Claude, George Emil Palade, Christian
1974
Rene de Duve
David Baltimore, Howard Temin, Renato
1975
Dulbecco
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C. L. Guillemin,
1977
Andrew V. Schally
1978 Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, Werner
 Arber
1979 Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1980 Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell, Jean Dausset
Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N.
1981
Wiesel
Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson, John R.
1982
Vane
1983 Barbara McClintock
César Milstein, Georges J. F. Köhler, Niels K.
1984
Jerne
1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini, Stanley Cohen
1987 Susumu Tonegawa
Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, Sir
1988
James Black
1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
1990 Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
1991 Edwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
1992 Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. Krebs
1993 Phillip A. Sharp, Richard J. Roberts
1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
Edward B. Lewis, Eric F. Wieschaus, Christiane
1995
Nüsslein-Volhard
1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid
1998
Murad
1999 Günter Blobel
2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric Kandel
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M.
2001
Nurse
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E.
2002
Sulston
2003 Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield
2004 Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck
2005 Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren
 2006 Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver
2007
Smithies
Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi,
2008
Luc Montagnier
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack
2009
W. Szostak
2010 Robert G. Edwards
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M.
2011
Steinman
2012 John B. Gurdon, Shinya Yamanaka
James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman,
2013
Thomas C. Südhof

Nocturnal penile tumescence

Spontaneous erection of the penis during sleep or when waking up

Noma
Rapidly progressive, polymicrobial, opportunistic infection that occurs during periods of
compromised immune function

Norovirus
Most common cause of vital gastroenteritis in humans

Nosology
Branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases

Obdormition
Medical term describing numbness in a limb, often caused by constant pressure on nerves or lack of
movement

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear or
worry by repetitive behaviors or unusual habits aimed at reducing the associated anxiety

Obstetrics
Branch of science that deals with the problems and management of pregnancy

Oncogene
Gene that has the potential to cause cancer

Oneirophrenia
Hallucinatory, dream-like state caused by several conditions such as prolonged sleep deprivation,
sensory deprivation, or drugs

Onychomycosis
Fungal infection of the nail
Onychophagia
Technical term for nail-biting

Opisthenar
Scientific term for the back of the hand

Orbit
Socket in the skull which contains the eye

Ototoxicity
Damage to the ear, specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and sometimes the vestibular system,
by a toxin

Oxytocin
Mammalian neurohypophysial hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain
Plays roles in sexual reproduction, in particular during and after childbirth, released in large
amounts after distension of the cervix and uterus during labor, facilitating birth, maternal bonding,
and, after stimulation of the nipples, breastfeeding

p53
Protein crucial for multicellular organisms that regulates the cell cycle, thus functions as a tumor
suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer

(Palatine) uvula
Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate composed of connective
tissue containing a number of racemose glands and some muscle fibers

Pandiculation
Act of yawning and stretching simultaneously

Panic attack
Brief, discrete period in which a person experiences intense fear or discomfort in the absence of any
realistic danger coupled with an inability to act and often accompanied by trembling, shortness of
breath, choking sensations, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, depersonalization, fear of insanity or
death, and chills and fever

Papanikolaou, Georgios
Greek pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection, and inventor of the “Pap smear”

Paracentesis
Process of drawing off fluid from a part of the body through ahollow needle or cannula

Paracelsus
Born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, Swiss-German Renaissance
physician who founded the discipline of toxicology
Known as a revolutionary for insisting upon using observations of nature, rather than looking to
ancient texts, in open and radical defiance of medical practice of his day

Paralysis
Impairment or loss of function of one or more voluntary muscles, usually resulting from a disorder
of the muscle, a neurological disorder, or a mental disorder
Paratenon
Tissue of a tendon sheath that fills up spaces round the tendon

Pareidolia
Psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus, often an image or sound, being
perceived as significant, a form of apophenia

Paresthesia
Sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person’s skin with no apparent
long-term physical effect, more generally known as the feeling of “pins and needles” or of a limb
“falling asleep”

Parker, Janet
Last person to die from smallpox

Pasteur Institute
First to isolate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Patella
Medical term for the kneecap

Pathology
Precise study and diagnosis of disease

Pericardium
Membrane enclosing the heart consisting of an outer fibrouslayer and an inner double layer of
serous membrane

Perihepatitis
Inflammation of the membrane covering the liver

Peristalsis
Radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down the
muscular tube, in an anterograde fashion

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder

Spontaneous, persistent and uncontrollable genital arousal in women with or without orgasm or
genital engorgement unrelated to any feelings of sexual desire

Pheromone
Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species

Philtrum
Vertical groove in the middle area of the upper lip, common to many mammals, extending from the
nose to the upper lip

Phobias

Ablutophobia – washing or bathing

Acarophobia – itching or of the insects that cause itching
Acerophobia – sourness
Achluophobia – darkness
Acousticophobia – noise
Acrophobia – heights
Aerophobia – drafts, air swallowing, or airborne noxious substances
Aeroacrophobia – open high places
Aeronausiphobia – vomiting secondary to airsickness
Agateophobia – insanity
Agliophobia – pain
Agoraphobia – open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets; leaving a safe place
Agraphobia – sexual abuse
Agrizoophobia – wild animals
Agyrophobia – streets or crossing the street
Aichmophobia – needles or pointed objects
Ailurophobia – cats
Albuminurophobia – kidney disease
Alektorophobia – chickens
Algophobia – pain
Alliumphobia – garlic
Allodoxaphobia – opinions
Altophobia – heights
Amathophobia – dust
Amaxophobia – riding in a car
Ambulophobia – walking
Amnesiphobia – amnesia
Amychophobia – scratches or being scratched
Anablephobia – looking up
Ancraophobia – wind (Anemophobia)
Androphobia – men
Anemophobia – air drafts or wind (Ancraophobia)
Anginophobia – angina, choking or narrowness
Anglophobia – England or English culture, etc
Angrophobia – anger or of becoming angry
Ankylophobia – immobility of a joint
Anthrophobia or Anthophobia – flowers
Anthropophobia – people or society
Antlophobia – floods
Anuptaphobia – staying single
Apeirophobia – infinity
Aphenphosmphobia – being touched (Haphephobia)
Apiphobia – bees
Apotemnophobia – persons with amputations
Arachibutyrophobia – peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth
Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia – spiders
Arithmophobia – numbers
Arrhenphobia – men
Arsonphobia – fire
Asthenophobia – fainting or weakness
Astraphobia or Astrapophobia – thunder and lightning (Ceraunophobia, Keraunophobia)
Astrophobia – stars or celestial space
Asymmetriphobia – asymmetrical things
Ataxiophobia – ataxia (muscular incoordination)
Ataxophobia – disorder or untidiness
Atelophobia – imperfection
Atephobia – ruin or ruins
Athazagoraphobia – being forgotten or ignored or forgetting
Atomosophobia – atomic explosions
Atychiphobia – failure
Aulophobia – flutes
Aurophobia – gold
Auroraphobia – Northern lights
Autodysomophobia – one that has a vile odor
Automatonophobia – ventriloquist’s dummies, animatronic creatures, wax statues – anything that
falsly represents a sentient being
Automysophobia – being dirty
Autophobia – being alone or of oneself
Aviophobia or Aviatophobia – flying
Bacillophobia – microbes
Bacteriophobia – bacteria
Ballistophobia – missiles or bullets
Bolshephobia – Bolsheviks
Barophobia – gravity
Basophobia or Basiphobia – Inability to stand; walking or falling
Bathmophobia – stairs or steep slopes
Bathophobia – depth
Batophobia – heights or being close to high buildings
Batrachophobia – amphibians, such as frogs, newts, salamanders, etc
Belonephobia – pins and needles (Aichmophobia)
Bibliophobia – books
Blennophobia – slime
Bogyphobia – bogeys or the bogeyman
Botanophobia – plants
Bromidrosiphobia or Bromidrophobia – body smells
Brontophobia – thunder and lightning
Bufonophobia – toads
Cacophobia – ugliness
Cainophobia or Cainotophobia – newness, novelty
Caligynephobia – beautiful women
Cancerophobia or Carcinophobia – cancer
Cardiophobia – the heart
Carnophobia – meat
Catagelophobia – being ridiculed
Catapedaphobia – jumping from high and low places
Cathisophobia – sitting
Catoptrophobia – mirrors
Cenophobia or Centophobia – new things or ideas
Cenosilicaphobia – empty beer glass
Ceraunophobia or Keraunophobia – thunder and lightning (Astraphobia, Astrapophobia)
Chaetophobia – hair
Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia – cold (Frigophobia, Psychophobia)
Chemophobia – chemicals or working with chemicals
Cherophobia – gaiety
Chionophobia – snow
Chiraptophobia – being touched
Chirophobia – hands
Chiroptophobia – bats
Cholerophobia – anger; cholera
Chorophobia – dancing
Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia – money
Chromophobia or Chromatophobia – colors
Chronophobia – time
Chronomentrophobia – clocks
Cibophobia – food (Sitophobia, Sitiophobia)
Claustrophobia – confined spaces
Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia – being locked in an enclosed place
Cleptophobia – stealing
Climacophobia – stairs, climbing, or of falling downstairs
Clinophobia – going to bed
Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia – being enclosed
Cnidophobia – stings
Cometophobia – comets
Coimetrophobia – cemeteries
Coitophobia – coitus
Contreltophobia – sexual abuse
Coprastasophobia – constipation
Coprophobia – feces
Consecotaleophobia – chopsticks
Coulrophobia – clowns
Counterphobia- The preference by a phobic for fearful situations
Cremnophobia – precipices
Cryophobia – extreme cold, ice or frost
Crystallophobia – crystals or glass
Cyberphobia – computers or working on a computer
Cyclophobia – bicycles
Cymophobia or Kymophobia – waves or wave like motions
Cynophobia – dogs or rabies
Cypridophobia or Cypriphobia or Cyprianophobia or Cyprinophobia – prostitutes or venereal
disease
Decidophobia – making decisions
Defecaloesiophobia – painful bowels movements
Deipnophobia – dining or dinner conversations
Dementophobia – insanity
Demonophobia or Daemonophobia – demons
Demophobia – crowds (Agoraphobia)
Dendrophobia – trees
Dentophobia – dentists
Dermatophobia – skin lesions
Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia – skin disease
Dextrophobia – objects at the right side of the body
Diabetophobia – diabetes
Didaskaleinophobia – going to school
Dikephobia – justice
Dinophobia – dizziness or whirlpools
Diplophobia – double vision
Dipsophobia – drinking
Dishabiliophobia – undressing in front of someone
Disposophobia – throwing stuff out; hoarding
Domatophobia – houses or being in a house (Eicophobia, Oikophobia)
Doraphobia – fur or skins of animals
Doxophobia – expressing opinions or of receiving praise
Dromophobia – crossing streets
Dutchphobia – the Dutch
Dysmorphophobia – deformity
Dystychiphobia – accidents
Ecclesiophobia – church
Ecophobia – home
Eicophobia – home surroundings (Domatophobia, Oikophobia)
Eisoptrophobia – mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror
Electrophobia – electricity
Eleutherophobia – freedom
Elurophobia – cats (Ailurophobia)
Emetophobia – vomiting
Enetophobia – pins
Enochlophobia – crowds
Enosiophobia or Enissophobia – having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism
Entomophobia – insects
Eosophobia – dawn or daylight
Ephebiphobia – teenagers
Epistaxiophobia – nosebleeds
Epistemophobia – knowledge
Equinophobia – horses
Eremophobia – being oneself or of loneliness
Ereuthrophobia – blushing
Ergasiophobia – work or functioning; surgeon’s fear of operating
Ergophobia – work
Erotophobia – sexual love or sexual questions
Esodophobia – losing virginity
Euphobia – hearing good news
Eurotophobia – female genitalia
Erythrophobia or Erytophobia or Ereuthophobia – redlights; blushing; red
Febriphobia or Fibriphobia or Fibriophobia – fever
Felinophobia – cats (Ailurophobia, Elurophobia, Galeophobia, Gatophobia)
Francophobia – France or French culture (Gallophobia, Galiophobia)
Friggaphobia – Friday
Frigophobia – cold or cold things (Cheimaphobia, Cheimatophobia, Psychrophobia)
Galeophobia or Gatophobia – cats
Gallophobia or Galiophobia- Fear France or French culture (Francophobia)
Gamophobia – marriage
Geliophobia – laughter
Gelotophobia – being laughed at
Geniophobia – chins
Genophobia – sex
Genuphobia – knees
Gephyrophobia or Gephydrophobia or Gephysrophobia – crossing bridges
Germanophobia – Germany or German culture
Gerascophobia – growing old
Gerontophobia – old people or of growing old
Geumaphobia or Geumophobia – taste
Glossophobia – speaking in public or of trying to speak
Gnosiophobia – knowledge
Graphophobia – writing or handwriting
Gymnophobia – nudity
Gynephobia or Gynophobia – women
Hadephobia – hell
Hagiophobia – saints or holy things
Hamartophobia – sinning
Haphephobia or Haptephobia – being touched
Harpaxophobia – being robbed
Hedonophobia – feeling pleasure
Heliophobia – the sun
Hellenologophobia – Greek terms or complex scientific terminology
Helminthophobia – being infested with worms
Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia – blood
Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia – challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation
Herpetophobia – reptiles or creepy, crawly things
Heterophobia – the opposite sex (Sexophobia)
Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia – the number 666
Hierophobia – priests or sacred things
Hippophobia – horses
Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia – long words
Hobophobia – bums or beggars
Hodophobia – road travel
Hormephobia – shock
Homichlophobia – fog
Homilophobia – sermons
Hominophobia – men
Homophobia – sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual
Hoplophobia – firearms
Hydrargyophobia – mercurial medicines
Hydrophobia – water or of rabies
Hydrophobophobia – rabies
Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia – glass
Hygrophobia – liquids, dampness, or moisture
Hylephobia – materialism; epilepsy
Hylophobia – forests
Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia – responsibility
Hypnophobia – sleep; being hypnotized
Hypsiphobia – height
Iatrophobia – going to the doctor; doctors
Ichthyophobia – fish
Ideophobia – ideas
Illyngophobia – vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down
Iophobia – poison
Insectophobia – insects
Isolophobia – solitude, being alone
Isopterophobia – termites, insects that eat wood
Ithyphallophobia – seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis
Japanophobia – Japanese
Judeophobia – Jews
Kainolophobia or Kainophobia – anything new, novelty
Kakorrhaphiophobia – failure or defeat
Katagelophobia – ridicule
Kathisophobia – sitting down
Katsaridaphobia – cockroaches
Kenophobia – voids or empty spaces
Keraunophobia or Ceraunophobia – thunder and lightning (Astraphobia, Astrapophobia)
Kinetophobia or Kinesophobia – movement or motion
Kleptophobia – stealing
Koinoniphobia – rooms
Kolpophobia – genitals, particularly female
Kopophobia – fatigue
Koniophobia – dust (Amathophobia)
Kosmikophobia – cosmic phenomenon
Kymophobia – waves (Cymophobia)
Kynophobia – rabies
Kyphophobia – stooping
Kyrofelonoshophobia – cartoon characters
Lachanophobia – vegetables
Laliophobia or Lalophobia – speaking
Leprophobia or Lepraphobia – leprosy
Leukophobia – the color white
Levophobia – things to the left side of the body
Ligyrophobia – loud noises
Lilapsophobia – tornadoes and hurricanes
Limnophobia – lakes
Linonophobia – string
Liticaphobia – lawsuits
Lockiophobia – childbirth
Logizomechanophobia – computers
Logophobia – words
Luiphobia – lues, syphillis
Lutraphobia – otters
Lygophobia – darkness
Lyssophobia – rabies or of becoming mad
Macrophobia – long waits
Mageirocophobia – cooking
Maieusiophobia – childbirth
Malaxophobia – love play (Sarmassophobia)
Maniaphobia – insanity
Masklophobia – huge animal mascots
Mastigophobia – punishment
Mechanophobia – machines
Medomalacuphobia – losing an erection
Medorthophobia – an erect penis
Megalophobia – large things
Melissophobia – bees
Melanophobia – the color black
Melophobia- Fear or hatred of music
Meningitophobia – brain disease
Menophobia – menstruation
Merinthophobia – being bound or tied up
Metallophobia – metal
Metathesiophobia – changes
Meteorophobia – meteors
Methyphobia – alcohol
Metrophobia- Fear or hatred of poetry
Microbiophobia – microbes (Bacillophobia)
Microphobia – small things
Misophobia or Mysophobia – being contaminated with dirt or germs
Mnemophobia – memories
Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia – dirt or contamination
Monophobia – solitude or being alone
Monopathophobia – definite disease
Motorphobia – automobiles
Mottephobia – moths
Musophobia or Muriphobia – mice
Mycophobia- Fear or aversion to mushrooms
Mycrophobia – small things
Myctophobia – darkness
Myrmecophobia – ants
Mythophobia – myths or stories or false statements
Myxophobia – slime (Blennophobia)
Nebulaphobia – fog (Homichlophobia)
Necrophobia – death or dead things
Nelophobia – glass
Neopharmaphobia – new drugs
Neophobia – anything new
Nephophobia – clouds
Noctiphobia – the night
Nomatophobia – names
Nosocomephobia – hospitals
Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia – becoming ill
Nostophobia – returning home
Novercaphobia – your step-mother
Nucleomituphobia – nuclear weapons
Nudophobia – nudity
Numerophobia – numbers
Nyctohylophobia – dark wooded areas or of forests at night
Nyctophobia – the dark or of night
Obesophobia – gaining weight (Pocrescophobia)
Ochlophobia – crowds or mobs
Ochophobia – vehicles
Octophobia – the figure 8
Odontophobia – teeth or dental surgery
Odynophobia or Odynephobia – pain (Algophobia)
Oenophobia – wines
Oikophobia – home surroundings, house (Domatophobia, Eicophobia)
Olfactophobia – smells
Ombrophobia – rain or of being rained on
Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia – eyes
Omphalophobia – belly buttons
Oneirophobia – dreams
Oneirogmophobia – wet dreams
Onomatophobia – hearing a certain word or of names
Ophidiophobia – snakes (Snakephobia)
Ophthalmophobia – being stared at
Opiophobia- Fear medical doctors experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients
Optophobia – opening one’s eyes
Ornithophobia – birds
Orthophobia – property
Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia – smells or odors
Ostraconophobia – shellfish
Ouranophobia or Uranophobia – heaven
Pagophobia – ice or frost
Panthophobia – suffering and disease
Panophobia or Pantophobia – everything
Papaphobia – the Pope
Papyrophobia – paper
Paralipophobia – neglecting duty or responsibility
Paraphobia – sexual perversion
Parasitophobia – parasites
Paraskavedekatriaphobia – Friday the 13th
Parthenophobia – virgins or young girls
Pathophobia – disease
Patroiophobia – heredity
Parturiphobia – childbirth
Peccatophobia – sinning or imaginary crimes
Pediculophobia – lice
Pediophobia – dolls
Pedophobia – children
Peladophobia – bald people
Pellagrophobia – pellagra
Peniaphobia – poverty
Pentheraphobia – mother-in-law (Novercaphobia)
Phagophobia – swallowing or of eating or of being eaten
Phalacrophobia – becoming bald
Phallophobia – a penis, esp erect
Pharmacophobia – taking medicine
Phasmophobia – ghosts
Phengophobia – daylight or sunshine
Philemaphobia or Philematophobia – kissing
Philophobia – falling in love or being in love
Philosophobia – philosophy
Phobophobia – phobias
Photoaugliaphobia – glaring lights
Photophobia – light
Phonophobia – noises or voices or one’s own voice; of telephones
Phronemophobia – thinking
Phthiriophobia – lice (Pediculophobia)
Phthisiophobia – tuberculosis
Placophobia – tombstones
Plutophobia – wealth
Pluviophobia – rain or of being rained on
Pneumatiphobia – spirits
Pnigophobia or Pnigerophobia – choking of being smothered
Pocrescophobia – gaining weight (Obesophobia)
Pogonophobia – beards
Poliosophobia – contracting poliomyelitis
Politicophobia – politicians
Polyphobia – many things
Poinephobia – punishment
Ponophobia – overworking or of pain
Porphyrophobia – the color purple
Potamophobia – rivers or running water
Potophobia – alcohol
Pharmacophobia – drugs
Proctophobia – rectums
Prosophobia – progress
Psellismophobia – stuttering
Psychophobia – mind
Psychrophobia – cold
Pteromerhanophobia – flying
Pteronophobia – being tickled by feathers
Pupaphobia – puppets
Pyrexiophobia – Fever
Pyrophobia – fire
Radiophobia – radiation, x-rays
Ranidaphobia – frogs
Rectophobia – rectum or rectal diseases
Rhabdophobia – being severely punished or beaten by a rod, or of being severely criticized; magic
(wand)
Rhypophobia – defecation
Rhytiphobia – getting wrinkles
Rupophobia – dirt
Russophobia – Russians
Samhainophobia – Halloween
Sarmassophobia – love play (Malaxophobia)
Satanophobia – Satan
Scabiophobia – scabies
Scatophobia – fecal matter
Scelerophibia – bad men, burglars
Sciophobia, Sciaphobia – shadows
Scoleciphobia – worms
Scolionophobia – school
Scopophobia or Scoptophobia – being seen or stared at
Scotomaphobia – blindness in visual field
Scotophobia – darkness (Achluophobia)
Scriptophobia – writing in public
Selachophobia – sharks
Selaphobia – light flashes
Selenophobia – the moon
Seplophobia – decaying matter
Sesquipedalophobia – long words
Sexophobia – the opposite sex (Heterophobia)
Siderodromophobia – trains, railroads or train travel
Siderophobia – stars
Sinistrophobia – things to the left or left-handed
Sinophobia – Chinese, Chinese culture
Sitophobia or Sitiophobia – food or eating (Cibophobia)
Snakephobia – snakes (Ophidiophobia)
Soceraphobia – parents-in-law
Social Phobia – being evaluated negatively in social situations
Sociophobia – society or people in general
Somniphobia – sleep
Sophophobia – learning
Soteriophobia – dependence on others
Spacephobia – outer space
Spectrophobia – specters or ghosts
Spermatophobia or Spermophobia – germs
Spheksophobia – wasps
Stasibasiphobia or Stasiphobia – standing or walking (Ambulophobia)
Staurophobia – crosses or the crucifix
Stenophobia – narrow things or places
Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia – hell
Suriphobia – mice
Symbolophobia – symbolism
Symmetrophobia – symmetry
Syngenesophobia – relatives
Syphilophobia – syphilis
Tachophobia – speed
Taeniophobia or Teniophobia – tapeworms
Taphephobia Taphophobia – being buried alive or of cemeteries
Tapinophobia – being contagious
Taurophobia – bulls
Technophobia – technology
Teleophobia – definite plans; religious ceremony
Telephonophobia – telephones
Teratophobia – bearing a deformed child; monsters; deformed people
Testophobia – taking tests
Tetanophobia – lockjaw, tetanus
Teutophobia – German or German things
Textophobia – certain fabrics
Thaasophobia – sitting
Thalassophobia – the sea
Thanatophobia or Thantophobia – death or dying
Theatrophobia – theatres
Theologicophobia – theology
Theophobia – gods or religion
Thermophobia – heat
Tocophobia – pregnancy or childbirth
Tomophobia – surgical operations
Tonitrophobia – thunder
Topophobia – certain places or situations, such as stage fright
Toxiphobia or Toxophobia or Toxicophobia – poison or of being accidently poisoned
Traumatophobia – injury
Tremophobia – trembling
Trichinophobia – trichinosis
Trichopathophobia or Trichophobia – hair (Chaetophobia, Hypertrichophobia)
Triskaidekaphobia – the number 13
Tropophobia – moving or making changes
Trypanophobia – injections
Tuberculophobia – tuberculosis
Tyrannophobia – tyrants
Uranophobia or Ouranophobia – heaven
Urophobia – urine or urinating
Vaccinophobia – vaccination
Venustraphobia – beautiful women
Verbophobia – words
Verminophobia – germs (mysophobia)
Vestiphobia – clothing
Virginitiphobia – rape
Vitricophobia – step-father
Walloonphobia – the Walloons
Wiccaphobia – witches and witchcraft
Xanthophobia – the color yellow or the word yellow
Xenoglossophobia – foreign languages
Xenophobia – strangers or foreigners
Xerophobia – dryness
Xylophobia – wooden objects; forests
Xyrophobia – razors
Zelophobia – jealousy
Zeusophobia – God or gods
Zemmiphobia – the great mole rat
Zoophobia – animals

Photic sneeze reflex

Also known as photoptarmosis and colloquially known as “sun sneezing”, a condition of
uncontrollable sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or
periocular (surrounding the eyeball) injection

Photodermatitis
Form of allergic contact dermatitis in which the allergen must be activated by light to sensitize the
allergic response, and to cause a rash or other systemic effects on subsequent exposure

Phrenology
Pseudoscience primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that
the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or
modules

Pica
Eating disorder characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive such as ice, clay,
chalk, dirt, or sand

Pine mouth syndrome

Phenomenon where a person may have a metallic aftertaste in the mouth after eating pine nuts

Pineal gland
Organ, thought by some to be vestigial, responsible for the production ofmelatonin

Podagra
Gout on the big toe

Presque vu
Sometimes called tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, failure to retrieve a word from memory,
combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent

Proctoscopy
Common medical procedure in which an instrument called a proctoscope is used to examine the
anal cavity, rectum or sigmoid colon

Progeria
Extremely rare genetic disease wherein symptoms resemblingaspects of aging are manifested at a
very early age

Progesterone
Steroid hormone that is secreted mainly by the corpus luteum is responsible for the maintenance of
pregnancy

Prostration
Placement of the body in a reverentially or submissively prone position as a gesture

Pulmonary consolidation
Region of lung tissue filled with liquid, a condition marked by induration of a normally aerated lung

Pulmonary vein
Only vein in the human body that carries oxygenated blood back to theheart

Pyrosis
Technical term for heartburn

Quickening
Term referring to the first movement of a fetus in the uterus felt by the mother

Remission
State of absence of disease activity in patients known to have achronic illness that cannot be cured

Repression
Psychological attempt by an individual to repel one’s own desires and impulses towards pleasurable
instincts by excluding the desire from one’s consciousness and holding or subduing it in the
unconscious

Rhinotillexomania
Technical term for obsessive nosepicking

RICE
Mnemonic for a treatment method for soft tissue injuries which is an acronym for rest, ice,
compression and elevation

Rickets
Softening of bones in immature mammals due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D,
phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity

Rigor mortis
Stiffening of a body that occurs within some eight hours ofdeath, due to chemical changes in
muscle tissue
Rock, John
Best known for the major role he played in the development of the first hormonal contraceptive

Roseola
Disease of children whose manifestations are usually limited to a transient rash that occurs
following a fever of about three day's duration

Ross procedure
Cardiac surgery operation where a diseased aortic valve is replaced with the person’s own
pulmonary valve

Safe shake
Touching of elbows used as a handshake replacement to avoid spreading germs

Salk, Jonas
American medical researcher and virologist best known for his discovery and development of the
first successful polio vaccine

Savant syndrome
Condition in which a person with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder,
demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be
considered normal

Sclera
White outer layer of the eyeball

Sclerosis
Stiffening of a structure, usually caused by a replacement of the normal organ-specific tissue with
connective tissue

Seasonal affective disorder

Mood disorder in which people that have normal mental health throughout most of the year
experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer

Secretin
Hormone that both controls the environment in the duodenum by regulating secretions of the
stomach and pancreas, and regulates water homeostasis throughout the body
First hormone to be identified

Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp

Hungarian physician known for introducing hand disinfection standards, in obstetrical clinics, from
1847

Senescence
Process of accumulative changes to molecular and cellular structure that disrupts metabolism with
the passage of time, resulting in deterioration and death

Singultus
Medical term for hiccup

Sinistrality
Scientific term for left-handedness

Situs ambiguus
Rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the
chest and abdomen

Situs inversus
Congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal
positions

Situs solitus
Term for the normal position of thoracic and abdominal organs

Snellen chart
Eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity

Somnolence
Also called drowsiness, state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long
periods

Sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia
Medical term for brain freeze

Spleen
Organ that removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock
and also recycles iron

Stapes
Smallest and lightest bone in the human body

Starzl, Thomas E.
Performed the first successful human liver transplant in 1967

Stendhal syndrome
Psychosomatic disorder that causes rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fainting, confusion and even
hallucinations when an individual is exposed to art, usually when the art is particularly beautiful or
a large amount of art is in a single place

Streptomycin
First antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis

Suffocation
Term referring to the cessation of breathing as a result of drowning, smothering, etc., leading to
unconsciousness or death

Sulcus
Crevice on the surface of the brain

Swarner, Sean
Believed to be the only person in the world to ever have been diagnosed with both Hodgkin’s
disease and later with Askin’s sarcoma
Synapse
Structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell

Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter

Medical term for hiccup

Tachycardia
Heart rate that exceeds the normal range

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Also known as stress cardiomyopathy, non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden
temporary weakening of the myocardium triggered by emotional stress such as the death of a loved
one, a break-up or constant anxiety

Tapetum lucidum
Layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals
Contributes to the superior night vision of some animals

Telangitis
Inflammation of the smallest blood vessels

Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon

Teratology
Study of abnormalities of physiological development

Tibia
Also known as shinbone, larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in
vertebrates (the other being the fibula), and connects the knee with the ankle bones

Tinnitus
Perception of sound within the human ear when no actual sound is present

Tone deafness
Inability to distinguish between musical notes that are not dueto the lack of musical training or
education

To rette’s syndrome
Neurological disorder characterized by the presence of multiple physical or vocal tics, and in
extreme cases the shouting of obscene remarks, named for the French neurologist who first
described the symptoms

Tragus
Small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward
over the meatus

Trapezium
Bone in the wrist below the base of the thumb

Trepanning
Oldest known surgery, consisting of drilling a hole in the human skull
Trichophagia
Compulsive eating of hair associated with trichotillomania (hair pulling)

Truman Show Syndrome

Mental condition marked by a patient's belief that he or she is the star of an imaginary reality show

Tumescence
Quality or state of being swollen

Tunnel vision
Also known as Kalnienk vision, loss of peripheral vision with retention of the central vision,
resulting in a constricted circular tunnel-like field of vision

Ulnar nerve
Largest unprotected nerve in the body

Valsalva maneuver
Performed by moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by
closing one’s mouth, pinching one’s nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon

Vitiligo
Condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin that occurs when melanocytes, the cells
responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are unable to function

Vitreous humor
Transparent jelly-like material that fills the chamber behindthe lens of the eye

Vorarephilia
Paraphilia where arousal occurs from the idea of someone or something eating, or being eaten by,
someone or something

Wakefield, Andrew
Former British surgeon and medical researcher, known for his fraudulent 1998 research paper in
support of the now-discredited claim that there is a link between the administration of the measles,
mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the appearance of autism and bowel disease

Washkansky, Louis
Recipient of the world’s first human heart transplant

Winchell, Paul
First person to build and patent a mechanical artificial heart, implantable in the chest cavity

Withering, William
English botanist, geologist, chemist, physician and the discoverer of digitalis

World Health Day themes

World Health Day is celebrated every year on April 7

1995: Global Polio Eradication

1996: Healthy Cities for Better Life
1997: Emerging Infectious Diseases
1998: Safe Motherhood
1999: Active Aging Makes the Difference
2000: Safe Blood Start with Me
2001: Mental Health: Stop Exclusion, Dare to Care
2002: Move for Health
2003: Shape the Future of Life: Healthy Environments for Children
2004: Road safety
2005: Make every mother and child count
2006: Working together for health
2007: International health security
2008: Protecting health from the adverse effects of climate change
2009: Save lives, Make Hospitals Safe in Emergencies
2010: Urbanization and health: make cities healthier
2011: Anti-microbial resistance: no action today, no cure tomorrow
2012: Good Health adds life to years
2013: High Blood Pressure

Xiphoid process
Small cartilaginous process of the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult
human

Yeo, Walter
World War I sailor thought to be the first person to benefit from advanced plastic surgery

Yersin, Alexandre Emile Jean

Swiss and French physician and bacteriologist remembered as the co-discoverer of the bacillus
responsible for the bubonic plague or pest, which was later renamed in his honor

Yersinia pestis
Type of bacterium that is believed to have been responsible for plagues of the early 1300s

Zaki, Ali Mohamed

Egyptian virologist who discovered Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in September
2012

Zygomatic bone
Also known as the cheek bone and malar bone, paired bone which articulates with the maxilla, the
temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone
History

Ancient History to 2010

70
Number of martyr among Imam Hussein’s followers during the tragedy of Karbala

88
Neo-Nazi code for “Heil Hitler”

116
Number of years in the Hundred Years’ War

46664
Prison number for Nelson Mandela from his imprisonment in 1964 to his release in 1990

Aachen
First German city to be captured by the Allies during World War II

Ab urbe condita
Latin phrase meaning “from the founding of the City (Rome)”, traditionally dated to 753 BCE,
year-numbering system used by some ancient Roman historians to identify particular Roman years

Abagnale, Frank
American security consultant known for his history as a former confidence trickster, check forger,
impostor, and escape artist and whose life story provided the inspiration for the feature film Catch
Me If You Can

Abbott, James
British army officer and administrator in colonial India whose the Pakistani city of Abbottabad was
founded and named by him

Abdul Hamid II
Last Sultan to exert absolute control over the Ottoman Empire

Abel, Rudolf Ivanovich

Born Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher, Soviet intelligence officer who was exchanged for captured
American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Volunteers from the United States who served in the Spanish Civil War in the International
Brigades

Abu Bakr
First Muslim Caliph

Abyssinia
Former name of Ethiopia

Acadia
Colony of New France in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the
Maritime provinces, and modern-day Maine to the Kennebec River

Act of Supremacy
1534 act that named Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England, repealed by his daughter
Mary I in 1554, but reinstated in 1558 by Elizabeth I

Acta Diurna
Daily Roman official notices

Adams, Abigail
First US First Lady in the White House

Adams, John
First Vice-President of the United States of America
Second President of the United States of America
First US president with a college degree

Adams, John Quincy

First US president to have been the son of a former president
Only president later elected to the United States House of Representatives

Adams, Louisa
Only First Lady born outside of the United States

Adenauer, Konrad
First post-war chancellor of Germany who led his country from the ruins of World War II to a
productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with old enemies France and the
United States

Africa
Roman name for the modern-day country Tunisia

Afrikaner Broederbond
Secret, exclusively male and Afrikaner Calvinist organization in South Africa dedicated to the
advancement of Afrikaner interests

Agça, Mehmet Ali

Turkish who attempted to assassinate Blessed Pope John Paul II in 1981

Agoge
Rigorous education and training regimen mandated for all male Spartan citizens, except for the
firstborn son in the ruling houses, Eurypontid and Agiad
Training involved learning stealth, cultivating loyalty to the Spartan group, military training (e.g.
pain tolerance), hunting, dancing, singing and social (communicating) preparation

(Gnaeus Julius) Agricola

Gallo-Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain

Aguateca
Maya site located in northern Guatemala’s Petexbatun Basin, in the department of Petén
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
10th century Arab traveler, famous for his account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the
Abbasid caliph of Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars

Aircraft carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the attack on Pearl Harbor

• Akagi
• Kaga
• Sōryū
• Hiryū
• Shōkaku
• Zuikaku

Akbar
Mughal emperor most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during
his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors

Akhenaten
Egyptian pharaoh noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship
centered on the Aten

Aktion T4
Name used after World War II for Nazi Germany's “euthanasia program”during which physicians
murdered thousands of people who were “judged incurably sick, by critical medical examination”

Akui, David
US soldier who became famous for capturing the first Japanese prisoner of war in World War II

al-Banna, Hassan
Founder of Muslim Brotherhood

al-Bashir, Omar Hassan

First sitting head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court since its establishment
in 2002

al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali

Iraqi prime minister who attempted to negotiate settlements with the Axis powers during World
War II in order to counter British influence in Iraq

al-Zaidi, Muntadhar
Iraqi broadcast journalist who threw his shoes at then US President George W. Bush during a
Baghdad press conference in 2008

Alaric I
King of the Visigoths most famous for his sack of Rome in 410, which marked a decisive event in
the decline of the Roman Empire

Albion
Roman name for England

Albright, Madeleine
First woman US Secretary of State
Albuquerque, Afonso de
Portuguese general who advanced the three-fold Portuguese grand scheme of combating Islam,
spreading Christianity and securing the trade of spices and the establishment of a vast Portuguese
Asian empire
First European to enter the Persian Gulf and led the first voyage by a European fleet into the Red
Sea

Alexander II
Emperor of Russia whose most important achievement was the emancipation of serfs in 1861

Alexander the Great

Founder of the city of Alexandria in Egypt
Solved the Gordian knot, but slicing it through with his sword

Alfonsin, Raúl
First democratically elected president of Argentina following the military government known as the
National Reorganization Process

Alfonso XIII
King of Spain who was overthrown by Francisco Franco

Alhambra Decree
Known as the Edict of Expulsion, edict issued on 31 March 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of
Spain ordering the expulsion of Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon (not from the
Kingdom of Navarre) and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year, formally revoked
on 16 December 1968, following the Second Vatican Council

Ali Khan, Liaquat

First Prime Minister of Pakistan

Allen, Ethan
American Revolutionary War patriot known for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga
Leader of the Green Mountain Boys

Allende, Salvador
Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin
American country through open elections

Amagiri
Japanese destroyer most famous for ramming the PT-109 commanded by Lieutenant John F.
Kennedy

Ames, Aldrich
Former CIA counterintelligence officer who was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and
Russia in 1994

Amin, Idi
Third President of Uganda, from 1971 to 1979, whose rule was characterized by human rights
abuse, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross
economic mismanagement
Amir, Yigal
Israeli assassin of Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin

Amoco Cadiz
Very large crude carrier that ran aground on the coast of Brittany, France in 1978 resulting in the
largest oil spill of its kind in history to that date

Anafesto, Paolo Lucio

Reputed first doge of Venice

Anderson, Rudolf
First recipient of the Air Force Cross, the only person killed by enemy fire during the Cuban
Missile Crisis

Andropov, Yuri
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1982 to 1984, succeeding
Leonid Brezhnev

Anne
Last monarch of the House of Stuart

Anne, Duchess of Brittany

Last independent ruler of Brittany

Anne of Cleves
Last of Henry VIII's wives to die
Only German wife of Henry VIII

Antarctic Treaty System

Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation and
bans military activity on that continent
First arms control agreement established during the Cold War

Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart

Official name of the Berlin Wall

ARA General Belgrano

Previously named USS Phoenix, Argentine Navy light cruiser, sunk during the Falklands War by
the Royal Navy submarine Conqueror
Only ship ever to have been sunk in anger by a nuclear-powered submarine

Arafat, Yasser
Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National
Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary group

Archon
In ancient Greece, the chief magistrate in various Greek city-states

Arkhipov, Vasili
Soviet Navy officer who prevented the launch of a nuclear torpedo during the Cuban Missile Crisis

Armenia
First country to declare Christianity as state religion

Arminius
Chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg
Forest

Army of the Commonweal in Christ

Official name of Coxey's Army, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey, the first significant popular
protest march on Washington

Arnold, Benedict
General during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American
Continental Army but defected to the British Army

Arundel, Thomas
Archbishop of Canterbury who became an outspoken opponent of the Lollards

Asahara, Shoko
Founder of the Japanese new religious group Aum Shinrikyo who was convicted of masterminding
the 1995 sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway and several other crimes, for which he was
sentenced to death in 2004

Ashikaga, Takauji
Founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate

Askia Mohammad I
Emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire who strengthened his
country and made it the largest country in West Africa’s history

Asquith, Herbert Henry

British prime minister who led the nation into the First World War

Astor, John Jacob

First multi-millionaire in the United States

Astor, Nancy
First woman to sit as a Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons

Atahualpa
Last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Tawantinsuyu (the Inca Empire) before the Spanish
conquest, defeated and executed his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death
of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal

First president of Turkey and credited as the founder of the Republic of Turkey

Atchison, David Rice

US Senator best known for the claim that for one day (March 4, 1849) he may have been Acting
President of the United States

“Atoms for Peace”

Title of a speech delivered by US President Dwight Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly on
December 8, 1953

Attila the Hun

Died of a nosebleed in a drunken stupor on his wedding

Auchinleck, Claude
British army commander during World War II and served as Commander-in-Chief of India until
Partition in 1947 when he assumed the role of Supreme Commander of all British forces in India
and Pakistan until late 1948

Aung San
Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, founder of the modern Burmese army (Tatmadaw), and
considered to be the Father of modern-day Burma

Aurangzeb
Mughal emperor whose reign was marked by its expansion to the greatest extent

Auschwitz concentration camp

The largest of the Nazi concentration camps

Baden-Powell, Robert
Founder of Boy Scouts

Badoglio, Pietro, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba, 1st Marquess of Sabotino

Succeeded Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy

Baker, Philip Noel

Only person to have won an Olympic medal (silver medal for 1500 meters in 1920 Antwerp
Olympics) and also received a Nobel Peace Prize

Balboa, Vasco Núñez de

Spanish conquistador best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in
1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from
the New World

Baldwin, Stanley
Only British prime minister to serve under three different monarchs (George V, Edward VIII and
George VI)

Balfour, Arthur
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1902–1905)

Ballard, Robert
Known for the discoveries of the wrecks of RMS Titanic, Bismarck, USS Yorktown, and PT-109

Baltic Way
Peaceful political demonstration that occurred on August 23, 1989 wherein approximately two
million people joined their hands to form a human chain spanning over 600 kilometers across
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, then part of the Soviet Union

Banana, Canaan
First President of Zimbabwe from 18 April 1980 until 31 December 1987 who passed a law
forbidding citizens from making jokes about his name

Banda, Hastings Kamuzu

Leader of Malawi and its predecessor state, Nyasaland, from 1961 to 1994

Banzai charge
Term used by the Allied forces to refer to the Japanese human wave attacks mounted by infantry
units

bar Kokhba, Simon

Jewish leader of what is known as the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE,
establishing an independent Jewish state which he ruled for three years as Nasi

Barton, Clara
Founder of the American Red Cross

Barton, Sir Edmund

First prime minister of Australia

Barton, Elizabeth
Catholic nun who was executed as a result of her prophecies regarding the marriage of Henry VIII
of England to Anne Boleyn, which had taken place against the wishes of the Pope

Bastille
Known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine, fortress that was stormed by a crowd on 14 July
1789 in the French Revolution, becoming an important symbol for the French Republican
movement

Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio

Elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being
overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution

Battle of Actium
Historic battle that marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire

Battle of Adrianople
Fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels led by
Fritigern, often considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th
century

Battle of Adwa
Fought on 1 March 1896 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy near the town of
Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray
The climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, securing Ethiopian sovereignty

Battle of Agincourt
Notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers, with English
and Welsh archers forming most of his army

Battle of Alcolea
Battle that forced Queen Isabella II of Spain into exile to France
Battle of Austerlitz
Also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, one of Napoleon’s greatest victories where the
French Empire effectively crushed the Third Coalition

Battle of Balaclava
Part of the Anglo-French-Turkish campaign to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia’s
principal naval base on the Black Sea

Battle of Bosworth Field

Last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses and marking the end of the Plantagenet dynasty

Battle of the Bulge

Last major German offensive campaign during World War II

Battle of Chrysopolis
Battle that effectively made Constantine I as the leader of the Roman Empire

Battle of the Coral Sea

Major naval battle in World War II
First battle in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side’s
ships sighted or fired directly upon the other

Battle of Culloden
Final confrontation of the 1745 Jacobite Rising

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

1954 battle that saw the French forces of Christian de Castries and PierreLanglais defeated by an
army led by General Vo Nguyen Giap

Battle of Edgehill
First pitched battle of the First English Civil War

Battle of El Alamein
World War II battle that marked the turning point in Africa when British Lieutenant-General
Bernard Montgomery defeated German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and drove theNazis back into
Tunisia

Battle of Gergovia
Battle fought between a Roman Republican army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces
led by Vercingetorix

Battle of Hastings
1066 battle that resulted to a decisive Norman victory under William the Conqueror

Battle of Isandlwana
First major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War that resulted in a decisive Zulu victory

Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
Battle fought during the War of the Fourth Coalition that resulted in the French occupation of
Prussia
Battle of Kursk
World War II event that became the largest tank battle in history

Battle of Leipzig
Largest battle in Europe prior to World War I
Resulted in the dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine

Battle of Lepanto
Last major naval battle in the Mediterranean fought entirely between galleys and has been assigned
great symbolic importance

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Generally considered to be the largest naval battle of World War II and, by some criteria, possibly
the largest naval battle in history

Battle of Lumphanan
Fought on 15 August 1057, between Macbeth, King of Scotland, and Máel Coluim mac Donnchada,
the future King Malcolm III

Battle of Manila Bay

First major engagement of the Spanish-American War

Battle of Manzikert
Fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks in 1071 in which the decisive defeat of the
Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in
undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual
Turkification of Anatolia

Battle of Midway
One of the first battles fought almost entirely by aircraft carriers, World War II battle that resulted
in a crucial Japanese defeat and marked the turning point in the Pacific

Battle of the Milvian Bridge

312 battle that led Constantine I to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman
Empire

Battle of Mohács
Decisive Ottoman victory that led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the
Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania

Battle of Mont Saint Jean

Another name for the Battle of Waterloo

Battle of Okehazama
1560 battle where Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto and established himself as one of
the front-running warlords in the Sengoku period of Japan

Battle of Pharsalus
Decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War that resulted in the defeat of Pompey the Great

Battle of Plassey
Battle that would give the British control of Bengal and make Robert Clive the founder of their vast
empire in India

Battle of Salamanca
Saw the Anglo-Portuguese army under the Duke of Wellington defeat Marshal Auguste Marmont’s
French forces among the hills around Arapiles south of Salamanca, Spain on 22 July 1812 during
the Peninsular War

Battle of Salamis
Decisive Greek victory that resulted to the failure of Persia to conquer the Peloponnese

Battle of Samugarh
Decisive struggle for the Mughal throne between the sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan that
resulted to the coronation of Aurangzeb

Battle of Sekigahara
Decisive battle that cleared the path to the Shogunate for Tokugawa Ieyasu

Battle of Singapore
Also known as the Fall of Singapore, World War II battle that resulted in the capture of Singapore
by the Japanese and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history

Battle of Tannenberg
Engagement between Russia and Germany in the first days of World War I that resulted in the
almost destruction of the Russian Second Army
Notable particularly for a number of rapid movements of complete German corps by train, allowing
a single German army to concentrate its forces against each Russian army in turn

Battle of Tewkesbury
Decisive battle of the War of the Roses where the forces loyal to the House of Lancaster were
completely defeated by those of the rival House of York

Battle of Ulundi
Last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War that resulted in the defeat of the Zulu nation

Battle of Yorktown
Last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War

Battle of Ypres (Second)

World War I battle that marked the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front

Bean, Joshua
First Mayor of San Diego, California

Bedell, Grace
American womannotable as the person who, as an eleven-year-old, influenced Abraham Lincoln to
grow his famous beard

Bedell-Smith, Walter
Signed the main instrument of surrender ending World War II on behalf of the Allied forces

Behistun Inscription
Multi-lingual inscription authored by Persian king Darius the Great

Belavezha Accords
Agreement that declared the Soviet Union effectively dissolved and established the Commonwealth
of Independent States in its place

Belgium
Officially created by the 1839 Treaty of London after breaking away from the Netherlands that is
composed of the regions of Flanders and Wallonia

(Flavius) Belisarius
General of the Byzantine Empire who was instrumental to Emperor Justinian’s ambitious project of
reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire

Bellingham, John
Assassin of British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval

Ben Bella, Ahmed

First president of Algeria from 1963 to 1965

Ben Gurion, David

First prime minister of Israel
Known as the “George Washington of Israel”

Benenson, Peter
British lawyer and the founder of human rights group Amnesty International

Benkei, Musashibo
Japanese warrior monk who served Minamoto no Yoshitsune commonly depicted as a man of great
strength and loyalty, and a popular subject of Japanese folklore

Benso, Camillo, Count of Cavour

Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and the first Prime Minister of Italy

Berengaria of Navarre
Only English queen never to set foot in England

Bergmann-Pohl, Sabine
Last head of state of East Germany

Beria, Lavrentiy Pavlovich

Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet
security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II

Berkowitz, David
Serial killer known as “Son of Sam”and the “.44 Caliber Killer”

Bersaglieri
Corps of the Italian Army originally created by General Alessandro La Marmora on 18 June 1836
to serve in the Piedmontese Army, later to become the Royal Italian Army

Bevan, Aneurin
British Minister of Health who spearheaded the establishment of the National Health Service, which
was to provide medical care free at point-of-need to all Britons

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali

4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977,
Founder of the Pakistan People’s Party
Deposed by his army chief General Zia-ul-Haq in a bloodless coup before being controversially
tried and executed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1979 for authorizing the murder of a
political opponent

Bibi Aisha
Born Aisha Mohammadzai, Afghan woman whose mutilated face appeared on the cover of Time
magazine in summer 2010

Biggs, Ronnie
English thief known for his role in the Great Train Robbery of 1963

Bishkek Protocol
Provisional ceasefire agreement that terminated the Nagorno-Karabakh War

Bismarck
At the Battle of Denmark Strait, engaged and destroyed the battlecruiser HMS Hood, the pride of
the Royal Navy, and forced the battleship HMS Prince of Wales to retreat

von Bismarck, Otto

Conservative German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in
1890 by Emperor Wilhelm II

Black Thursday
Term referring to the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929

Black Tuesday
Most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States that signaled the beginning
of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries

Blair, Tony
First British prime minister to have been born during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II

Blamey, Sir Thomas

Only Australian ever to attain the rank of field marshal

Blitzkrieg
Literally meaning “lightning war” in German, anglicized word describing all-motorized force
concentration of tanks, infantry, artillery, combat engineers and air power, concentrating
overwhelming force at high speed to break through enemy lines, and, once the lines are broken,
proceeding without regard to its flank

Blondi
Pet dog of Adolf Hitler

Blood, Thomas
Anglo-Irish officer and self-styled colonel best known for his attempt to steal the Crown Jewels of
England from the Tower of London in 1671

Blücher, Gebhardt Leberecht von

Prussian field marshal who led the Prussian army at the Battle of Waterloo

Blunt, Anthony
British art historian who was exposed as a one-time Soviet spy and stripped of his knighthood

Bly, Nellie
Pen name of American journalist Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, famous for a record-breaking trip
around the world in emulation of Jules Verne’s character Phileas Fogg

Boabdil
Last Nasrid ruler of Granada in Iberia

Bockscar
Name of the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped the Fat Man nuclear weapon
over the Japanese city of Nagasaki in the second atomic bombing of World War II

Boer War
Event where the term concentration camp was first widely used

Bojinka Plot
Planned large-scale three phase Islamist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
that would involve a plot to assassinate Pope John Paul II, an air bombing of 11 airliners flying
from Asia to the United States and their approximately 4,000 passengers, and a proposal to crash a
plane into the CIA’s headquarters in Fairfax County, Virginia

Bokassa, Jean-Bédel
Head of state of the Central African Republic (1966 – 1976) and Emperor of the Central African
Empire (1976 – 1979)

Bondfield, Margaret
First woman Cabinet minister in the United Kingdom

Bong, Richard
United States' highest-scoring air ace, having shot down at least 40 Japanese aircraft during World
War II

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
German Lutheran pastor who became known for his staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship

Booth, John Wilkes

Famous American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, in
Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865

Boothroyd, Betty
First female Speaker of the House of Commons

Bormann, Martin
Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and private secretary to Adolf Hitler
Bose, Subhas Chandra
Also known as Netaji, Indian nationalist leader who attempted to gain India’s independence from
British rule by force during the waning years of World War II with the help of the Axis powers

Boudica
Also known as Boadicea, Queen of the British Iceni tribe, a Celtic tribe who led an uprising against
the occupying forces of the Roman Empire

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros
First Arab and first African to become secretary-general of the United Nations

Boxer Rebellion
Anti-foreign, proto-nationalist movement by the Righteous Harmony Society in China between
1899 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity

Bow Street Runners

London’s first professional police force founded in 1749 by the author Henry Fielding

Boyington, Gregory “Pappy”

United States Marine Corps officer who was an American fighter ace and commanded the U.S.
Marine Corps squadron VMF-214 (“The Black Sheep Squadron”) during World War II

Boynton Robinson, Amelia

Leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in Selma, Alabama and a key figure in the 1965
march that became known as Bloody Sunday

Bradley, Omar
First Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Last of only nine people to hold five-star rank in the United States Armed Forces

Bradley, Tom
Only African American mayor of Los Angeles

Brandt, Willy
Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971
for his efforts to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of the Soviet bloc

British Prime Ministers

1721-1742 Sir Robert Walpole

1742-1743 Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington
1743-1754 Henry Pelham
1754-1756 Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle
1756-1757 William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
1757-1762 Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle
1762-1763 John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
1763-1765 George Grenville
 Charles Watson Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of
1765-1766
Rockingham
1766-1768 William Pitt the Elder, 1st Earl of Chatham
1768-1770 Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
1770-1782 Frederick North, Lord North
Charles Watson Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of
1782-1782
Rockingham
William Petty-FitzMaurice, 2nd Earl of
1782-1783
Shelburne
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of
1783-1783
Portland
1783-1801 William Pitt the Younger
1801-1804 Henry Addington
1804-1806 William Pitt the Younger
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Lord
1806-1807
Grenville
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of
1807-1809
Portland
1809-1812 Spencer Perceval
1812-1827 Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
1827-1827 George Canning
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount
1827-1828
Goderich
1828-1830 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
1830-1834 Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
1834-1834 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
1834-1834 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
1834-1835 Sir Robert Peel
1835-1841 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
1841-1846 Sir Robert Peel
1846-1852 John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
Edward George Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of
1852-1852
Derby
1852-1855 George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
1855-1858 Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
1858-1859 Edward George Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of
 Derby
1859-1865 Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
1865-1866 John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
Edward George Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of
1866-1868
Derby
1868-1868 Benjamin Disraeli
1868-1874 William Ewart Gladstone
1874-1880 Benjamin Disraeli
1880-1885 William Ewart Gladstone
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
1885-1886
Salisbury
1886-1886 William Ewart Gladstone
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
1886-1892
Salisbury
1892-1894 William Ewart Gladstone
1894-1895 Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of
1895-1902
Salisbury
1902-1905 Arthur James Balfour
1905-1908 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
1908-1916 Herbert Henry Asquith
1916-1922 David Lloyd George
1922-1923 Andrew Bonar Law
1923-1924 Stanley Baldwin
1924-1924 James Ramsay MacDonald
1924-1929 Stanley Baldwin
1929-1935 James Ramsay MacDonald
1935-1937 Stanley Baldwin
1937-1940 Arthur Neville Chamberlain
1940-1945 Sir Winston Churchill
1945-1951 Clement Attlee
1951-1955 Sir Winston Churchill
1955-1957 Sir Anthony Eden
1957-1963 Harold Macmillan
 1963-1964 Sir Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home
1964-1970 Harold Wilson
1970-1974 Edward Heath
1974-1976 Harold Wilson
1976-1979 James Callaghan
1979-1990 Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher
1990-1997 John Major
1997-2007 Tony Blair
2007-2010 Gordon Brown
2010-present David Cameron

Brockovich, Erin
American legal clerk and environmental activist who, despite the lack of a formal law school
education, or any legal education, was instrumental in constructing a case against the Pacific Gas
and Electric Company (PG&E) of California in 1993

Brooks, Charles Jr.

Convicted murderer who was the first person in the United States to be executed using lethal
injection

Brown, Arthur Roy

Canadian RAF officer officially credited with shooting down German ace pilot Manfred von
Richthofen

Brown, Margaret “Molly”

American socialite, philanthropist, and activist who became famous due to her survival of the 1912
sinking of the RMS Titanic, after exhorting the crew of Lifeboat No. 6 to return to look for
survivors

Brudenell, James, 7th Earl of Cardigan

British Army officer who led the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava

Buccaneers
Pirates who attacked Spanish shipping in the Caribbean Sea during the 17th century

Bucephalus
Horse of Alexander the Great

Bucher, Lloyd Mark

Officer in the US Navy best remembered as the captain of USS Pueblo

Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke

Founder and first monarch of the reigning House of Chakri of Siam (now Thailand)

Buffalo Soldiers
Originally were members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on
September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

Bullard, Eugene
First African-American military pilot

Burmese
Horse used by Queen Elizabeth II for Trooping the Colour from 1969 to 1986

Burr, Aaron
Vice President of the United States who killed his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel
Presided the Senate’s first impeachment trial of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase

Burton, Sir Richard Francis

First Englishman to enter the Islamic holy city of Mecca

Bush, George H. W.
Became the youngest pilot in the US Navy in 1943

Bushido
Literally “the way of the warrior”, Japanese word for the way of the samurai life, loosely analogous
to the concept of chivalry

Bussa
African-born Barbadian slave who in 1816 led a slave uprising in Barbados

“Butcher of Lyon”
Nickname given to Nazi captain Klaus Barbie for having personally tortured prisoners of the
Gestapo while stationed in Lyon, France

Buxtun, Peter
Former employee of the United States Public Health Service known as the whistleblower
responsible for ending the Tuskegee syphilis experiment

Byzantium
Ancient Greek city on the site that later became Constantinople, now modern Istanbul

Cabral, Pedro Álvares

Portuguese explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil

Caesarion
Last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, who reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of
Egypt

Calhoun, John Caldwell

First vice president in US history to resign from office

Caligula
First Roman emperor to be assassinated

Callaghan, James
Only British politician in history to have served in all four of the “Great Offices of State”, having
been Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967, Home Secretary from 1967 to 1970, and
Foreign Secretary from 1974 until his appointment as Prime Minister in 1976

Calley, William
Former US Army officer found guilty of murder for his role in the My Lai Massacre on March 16,
1968, during the Vietnam War

Calvi, Roberto
Italian banker dubbed “God’s Banker” by the press because of his close association with the Holy
See

Camisards
French Protestants (Huguenots) of the rugged and isolated Cevennes region of south-central France,
who raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes in 1685

Campbell, Kim
First female prime minister of Canada

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry

First First Lord of the Treasury to be officially called “Prime Minister”
Only person to date to hold the positions of both Prime Minister and Father of the House at the
same time

Camulodunum
Roman name for the ancient settlement which is today’s Colchester, a town in Essex, England
Claimed to be the oldest town in Britain as recorded by the Romans, existing as a Celtic settlement
before the Roman conquest, when it became the first Roman town, and eventually a settlement of
discharged Roman soldiers, known as Colonia Claudia Victricensis

Cannon, Joseph Gurney

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911
Longest serving Republican House of Representatives member ever
Second longest serving Republican member of congress ever
First member of Congress, of either party, ever to surpass 40 years of service (non-consecutive),
ending his career with 46 years of cumulative congressional service, a record that held until 1959
Subject of the first Time cover ever published, appearing on March 3, 1923

Capone, Al
American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate

Caracalla
Roman emperor whose reign was notable for the Constitutio Antoniniana, granting Roman
citizenship to all freemen throughout the Roman Empire for the purposes of raising tax revenue

Carbonari
Groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy

Carpetbagger
Pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the
South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877
Carter, Howard
English archaeologist and Egyptologist known for discovering the tomb of the 14th-century BCE
pharaoh Tutankhamun

Carter, Jimmy
First President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit Cuba since Fidel Castro’s 1959
revolution
Only U.S. President to have received the Nobel Peace Prize after leaving office
First president sworn in using his nickname
First president to see a UFO

Cartier, Jacques
First European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint
Lawrence River, which he named “The Country of Canadas”
First European to reach Prince Edward Island

Carver, John
First governor of Plymouth Colony

Castro, Fidel
Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976
and President from 1976 to 2008
Target of the CIA’s psywar department's first national security use ofLSD – to be delivered in an
LSD-soaked cigar

Catherine of Aragon
First female ambassador in European history

Catherine the Great

Most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia

Catholic Monarchs
Joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon

de Céspedes, Carlos Manuel

Cuban planter who freed his slaves and made the declaration of Cuban independence in 1868 which
started the Ten Years’ War

Cetshwayo kaMpande
Famously led the Zulu nation to victory against the British in the Battle of Isandlwana

Chae Jong-gi
Arsonist who set fire to the Namdaemun

Chamberlain, Neville
British prime minister best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his
signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to
Germany

Chambers, Julius
American investigative journalist who pretended to be mentally ill in order to discover how patients
were being mistreated at the Bloomingdale Asylum

Chambers, Whittaker
US journalist who accused Alger Hiss of Communist Party membership and ofpassing State
Department documents to Soviet agents

de Champlain, Samuel
French navigator known for exploration of New France, foundation of Quebec City, Canada, and
being called The Father of New France

Champollion, Jean-François
Decipherer of the Egyptian hieroglyphs who published the first translation of the Rosetta stone
hieroglyphs in 1822

Chang’an
Ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, presently known as Xi’an

Chapman, Mark David

American prison inmate who was convicted for killing John Lennon in 1980

Charles I of Austria
Also Charles IV of Hungary, last Emperor of Austria, last king of Hungary and last monarch of the
House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Charles I of England
King of England whose reign is marked by a struggle for power with the Parliament of England,
attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst the Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which
Charles believed was divinely ordained and ended with the English Civil War

Charles II of England
English king popularly known as the “Merry Monarch”, in reference to both the liveliness and
hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule by
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans

Charles IV
First king of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VI
Holy Roman Emperor who created the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1719

Charles VI of France
Famous for his delusions, believing he was made of glass or denying he had a wife and children

Charnock, Jobe
Servant and administrator of the English East India Company, traditionally regarded as the founder
of the city of Calcutta now Kolkata

Chaudhry, Iftikhar Muhammad

Chief Justice of Pakistan who was suspended by then President Pervez Musharraf, leading to the
latter’s downfall
Chiang Kai-shek
President of the Republic of China

Childe
In the Middle Ages, son of a nobleman who had not yet attained knighthood or had not yet won his
spurs

Chisholm, Shirley
First African-American woman elected to Congress, representing New York’s 12th Congressional
District

Cho Seung-hui
Korean spree killer who killed 32 people and wounded 17 others on April 16, 2007, at Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia

Christian I of Denmark
Founder of the University of Copenhagen

Christina
Queen of Sweden who caused a scandal when she abdicated her throne and converted to Roman
Catholicism in 1654

Chuikov, Vasily
Soviet general that became the first Allied officer to learn about Adolf Hitler’s suicide

Chulalongkorn
King of Siam (Thailand) whose reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, immense
government and social reforms, and territorial cessions to the British Empire and French Indochina

Churchill, Jack
British soldier who fought throughout World War II armed with a longbow and a Scottish
broadsword

Churchill, Sir Winston

Only British Prime Minister in history to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature
First person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States

Ciano, Galeazzo
Italian Foreign Minister shot at the order of his father-in-law Benito Mussolini

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

Roman aristocrat and statesman whose service as consul in 460 BCE and dictator in 458 BCE and
439 BCE made him a model of civic virtue

City Line
Name given to a segment of the Green Line that divided the city of Jerusalem from 1948 to 1967

Clay, Henry
US politician, nicknamed “The Great Compromiser”, who championed theMissouri Compromise

Cleveland, Frances
Youngest First Lady of the United States
First US First Lady to marry in the White House
First US First Lady to give birth in the White House

Cleveland, Grover
Only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the
only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents
First president to have hanged a man
Only president to wed in the White House

“Climb Mount Niitaka”

Signal to Japanese planes to begin the attack on Pearl Harbor

“Cockfighting arena of Europe”

Nickname given to Belgium where many battles between European powers were fought in its
territories

Code of Hammurabi
Well-preserved Babylonian law code, dating back to about 1772 BCE
One of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world

Cohen, Eli
Israeli spy best known for his work in Syria, where he developed close relationships with the
political and military hierarchy and became the Chief Adviser to the Minister of Defense which
claimed to have been an important factor in Israel’s success in the Six Day War

Collor de Mello, Fernando

First president directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government
Youngest president in Brazilian history

Columbia
Female personification of the United States of America

Columbus, Christopher
Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general
awareness of the American continents under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain

Committee of Public Safety

Formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror

Commodus
First Roman emperor to have both a father and grandfather as two preceding emperors
First emperor born during his father’s reign

Concert of Europe
Term referring to the balance of power tat existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars
to the outbreak of World War I

Condor Legion
Unit composed of volunteers from the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) and from the German Army
(Wehrmacht Heer) which served with the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War of July 1936 to
March 1939
Confederation of the Rhine
Confederation of client states of the First French Empire formed initially from 16 German states by
Napoleon after he defeated Austria's Francis II and Russia's Alexander I in the Battle of Austerlitz

Confessionalism
System of government that refers to de jure mix of religion and politics

Congress of Vienna
Conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemenz Wenzel von
Metternich which aimed to provide a long-term peace for Europe by settling critical issues arising
from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars

Consigliere
Position within the leadership structure of Sicilian and American Mafia, acting as an adviser or
counselor to the boss

Constitutio Antoniniana
Also called the Edict of Caracalla, edict issued in 212 by the Roman Emperor Caracalla declaring
that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women
in Empire were given the same rights as Roman women

Consul
Highest elected office of the Roman Republic

Containment
United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad

Continental System
Foreign policy of Napoleon I of France, an economic blockade, in his struggle against Great Britain
during the Napoleonic Wars

Cook, James
British explorer who achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of
Australia and the Hawaiian Islands and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand

Coolidge, Calvin
Only US president born on July 4
Wrote a syndicated news column after leaving office

Copenhagen
War horse of the Duke of Wellington, which he most famously rode at the Battle of Waterloo

Corday, Charlotte
Executed under the guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat

Corder, Frank Eugene

Crashed a stolen Cessna 150 onto the South Lawn of the White House early on September 12, 1994,
apparently trying to hit the building

Corn Laws
British prohibition of the importation of foreign grains unless British-grown grain exceeded 70
shillings per quarter
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
British Army officer best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War
of Independence

Cortés de Monroy, Hernán

Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought
large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the 16th century

Cossacks
Group of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-
military and semi-naval communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia

Cranmer, Thomas
Leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII,
Edward VI and Mary I who helped build a favorable case for Henry’s divorce from Catherine of
Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See

Cresson, Édith
First and so far only woman to have held the office of Prime Minister of France

“Crime of the Century”

Nickname given to the Lindbergh baby kidnapping

Crocea Mors
Sword of Julius Caesar

Croesus
King of Lydia until his defeat by the Persians

Cromwell, Oliver
English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,
Scotland and Ireland

Cromwell, Thomas
English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from
1532 to 1540

Cuba
Last country in the Americas to abolish slavery

Cult of the Supreme Being

Form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution that
was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic

Curtis, Charles
31st Vice President of the United States
First person with significant acknowledged Native American ancestry and the first person with
significant acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach either of the two highest offices in the
United States government’s executive branch

Curzon Line
Put forward by the Allied Supreme Council after World War I as a demarcation line between the
Second Polish Republic and Bolshevik Russia and was supposed to serve as the basis for a future
border

C ster’s Last Stand

Nickname given to the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Cyrus the Great

Founder of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire

Czechoslovakia
First country to impose strict seatbelt laws

Czolgosz, Leon Frank

Assassin of U.S. President William McKinley

da Gama, Vasco
Commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India

da Nova, João
Galician explorer credited as the discoverer of Ascension and Saint Helena islands

da Verrazzano, Giovanni
Renowned as the first European since the Norse expeditions to North America around 1000 CE to
explore the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including
New York Bay and Narragansett Bay in 1524

Dachau
First and oldest of the Nazi concentration camps

Dacia
Roman name for the area in modern-day Romania

Dacko, David
First and third president of the Central African Republic

Daigo Fukuryu Maru

Japanese tuna fishing boat that was exposed to and contaminated by nuclear fallout from the United
States’ Castle Bravo thermonuclear device test on Bikini Atoll on 1 March 1954

Daimyo
Japanese feudal lords who were vassals of the shogun

Dallas, George
Vice President under James K. Polk

Danton, Georges
First President of the Committee of Public Safety, guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary
terror after accusations of venality and leniency to the enemies of the Revolution

D.A.R.E.
An acronym for Drug Abuse Resistance Education, international education program founded by
Daryl F. Gates that seeks to prevent use of controlled drugs, membership in gangs, and violent
behavior

Dare, Virginia
First child born in the Americas to English parents, Eleanor and Ananias Dare

Darius III
Persian emperor who fought Alexander the Great and lost his empire in the process

The Dauphin of Viennois

Title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791, and from 1824 to 1830

Dave’s Dream
Plane that dropped the first hydrogen bomb at the Bikini Atoll

Davis, Gray
Second governor to be recalled in American history (Governor of California from 1999 to 2003)

Davis, Jefferson
Only president of the Confederate States of America

Davison, Emily Wilding

Militant activist fighting for women’s suffrage in Britain who stepped in front of King George V’s
horse, Anmer, running in the Epsom Derby in 1913, sustaining injuries that resulted in her death

Dawes Plan
Attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics
following World War I

de Almagro, Diego
Credited as the first European discoverer of Chile

de Almagro, Diego, II
Assassin of Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro

de Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández

Spanish general who fought in the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars, reorganized the
emerging Spanish army and its tactics, and came to be regarded as the “Father of Trench Warfare”

de Gaulle, Charles
French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II and later
founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

de San Martín, José

Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America’s successful struggle
for independence from the Spanish Empire
First President of Peru

de Soto, Hernando
Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the
territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European documented to have crossed the
Mississippi River

Dean, Millvina
Youngest passenger aboard and last remaining survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic

Dean, William F.
a major general in the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War, the highest
ranking American officer captured by the North Koreans during the Korean War

Debs, Eugene V.
Founder of the United States Socialist Party

Decebalus
King of Dacia famous for fighting three wars and negotiating two interregnums of peace without
being eliminated against the Roman Empire under two emperors

Decimation
Form of military discipline used by senior commanders in the Roman Army to punish units or large
groups guilty of capital offenses such as mutiny or desertion

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights, defining the
individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal

Deep Throat
Pseudonym given to the secret informant, revealed to be former Federal Bureau of Investigation
Associate Director Mark Felt, who provided information to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of
The Washington Post in 1972 about the involvement of United States President Richard Nixon’s
administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal

Deepwell Horizon
Offshore oil drilling rig sank on April 22, 2010, causing the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history

Dejima
Small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants that
remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world
during the Edo period

Dekulakization
Soviet campaign of political repressions, including arrests, deportations and executions of millions
of better-off peasants and their families from 1929 to 1932

Derg
Short name of the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army that
ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987

Desert Rats
Nickname given to the British 7th Armored Division

Diadochi
Rival generals, family and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for the control of Alexander’s
empire after his death in 323 BCE

Dias, Bartolomeu
Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European
known to have done so

Dinkins, David
First African-American to be elected Mayor of New York City

Dionysus Exiguus
Monk best known as the “inventor” of the Anno Domini (AD) era, which is used to number the
years of both the Gregorian calendar and the (Christianized) Julian calendar

Doe, Samuel Kanyon

First indigenous head of state in Liberian history

Dogsbody
Nickname given to RAF fighter ace Douglas Bader

Domitian
Roman emperor who strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the
border defenses of the Empire and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city
of Rome
First Roman Emperor who had demanded to be addressed as dominus et deus (master and god)
Last emperor of the Flavian dynasty

Dongmyeong
Founder of Koguryo

Dönitz, Karl
German navy officer who succeeded Adolf Hitler as Head of State of Nazi Germany following the
latter’s suicide

Donovan, William J.
US intelligence officer known as the wartime head of the Office of the Strategic Services, a
precursor to the CIA, during World War II

Doorman, Karel
Dutch Rear Admiral who commanded ABDACOM Naval forces, a hastily-organized multinational
naval force formed to defend the East Indies against an overwhelming Imperial Japanese attack and
was killed during the Battle of the Java Sea

Double Ten Day

Commemorates the start of the Wuchang Uprising of October 10, 1911, which led to the collapse of
the Qing Dynasty in China and establishment of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912

Douglas, Helen Gahagan

Popularized Tricky Dick as a nickname for Richard Nixon

Douglas, Tommy
Premier of Saskatchewan whose government was the first democratic socialist government in North
America, and it introduced the continent’s first single payer, universal health care program

Douglass, Frederick
First African American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate of
Victoria Woodhull on the impracticable and small Equal Rights Party ticket

Drake, Edwin Laurentine

American oil driller popularly credited with being the first to drill for oil in the United States

Drake, Sir Francis

Carried out the second circumnavigation of the world
Second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada

Dresden Codex
Also known as the Codex Dresdensis, is a pre-Columbian Maya book of the eleventh or twelfth
century of the Yucatecan Maya in Chichén Itzá
Oldest book written in the Americans known to historians

Drexler, Anton
German far-right political leader of the 1920s, instrumental in the formation of the anti-communist
German Workers’ Party, the antecedent of the Nazi Party

Dreyfus, Alfred
French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of
treason became one of the tensest political dramas in modern French and European history

Druk Gyalpo
Title of the head of state of Bhutan

D bček, Alexander
Leader of Czechoslovakia who attempted to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring

Dube, John Langalibalele

Founding president of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), which became the
African National Congress in 1923

Dukakis, Michael
Longest-serving Governor in Massachusetts history

Duke of Medina Sidonia

Commander of the Spanish Armada

Dunant, Henry
Founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross

Durendal
Sword of Roland

Dzugashvili, Iosef Vissarionovich

Real name of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
Eagle Squadrons
Three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF) formed during the early days of World War
II with volunteer pilots from the United States prior to the American entry into the war

Earhart, Amelia
First person to make a solo flight from Hawaii to mainland United States

E-boat
Designation for fast attack craft of the Kriegsmarine during World War II

Eden, Sir Anthony

British prime minister best known for his outspoken opposition to appeasement in the 1930s, his
diplomatic leadership in the 1940s and 1950s, and the failure of his Middle East policy in 1956 that
ended his premiership

Edict of Nantes
Edict issued on 13 April 1598 by Henry IV of France that granted the Calvinist Protestants of
France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic,
only to be revoked by Louis XIV

Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, 1st Earl of Cambridge

Founder of the House of York

Edward II of England
English king who lost the Battle of Bannockburn to Robert the Bruce
English king best remembered as the first monarch to establish colleges atCambridge and Oxford

Edward VII of United Kingdom

First British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors
First British monarch to take the salute in person during the Trooping the Colour

Edward VIII of United Kingdom

King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth and Emperor of
India from January 20, 1936 to December 11, 1936
Abdicated the throne in order to marry Wallis Simpson
Given the title Duke of Windsor by King George VI

Edward the Confessor

Usually regarded as the last king of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066

Einsatzgruppen
Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany responsible for mass killings,
primarily by shooting, during World War II

Eisenhower, Dwight David

First supreme commander of North Atlantic Treaty Organization
First term-limited president in accordance with the 22nd Amendment
First U.S. president to be constitutionally prevented from running for re-election to the office
First president to release information about his health and medical records while in office
First outgoing President to come under the protection of the Former Presidents Act
First President to hire a White House Chief of Staff
First president to ride a helicopter
Signed a bill into law that places the words “under God” into the United States Pledge of Allegiance
First US president to hold a televised news conference

Eisner, Kurt
German politician who organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy
in Bavaria in November 1918

El Dorado
Name of a Muisca tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and, as an initiation rite, dove
into the Guatavita Lake, which later became the name of a legendary “Lost City of Gold” that
fascinated explorers since the days of the Spanish Conquistadors

El Mirador
Large pre-Columbian Mayan settlement, located in the north of the modern department of El Petén,
Guatemala

Eleanor of Aquitaine
Only person to have been, separately, Queen consort of France and Queen consort of England

Elizabeth Cross
Commemorative emblem given to the recognized next of kin of members of the British Armed
Forces killed in action or as a result of a terrorist attack after the Second World War

Ellis, Ruth
Last woman hanged in Britain

Ellsberg, Daniel
Former US military analyst who released the Pentagon Papers to The New York Times and other
newspapers in 1971

Embree, Lee
American Army staff sergeant and photographer who took the first air-to-air photographs of the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941

Ems Dispatch
Telegram released by Otto von Bismarck that contained an inflammatory version of a conversation
between King Wilhelm and the French ambassador, intended to provoke France into declaring war
on Prussia

Enabling Act
1933 amendment to the Weimar Constitution that gave the German cabinet - in effect, Chancellor
Adolf Hitler - the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag

Endurance
Three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway and was crushed
by ice, causing her to sink, three years later in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica

Enola Gay
First aircraft to drop an atomic bomb on an enemy target in a war
Enosis
Movement of the Greek-Cypriot population to incorporate the island of Cyprus into Greece

Entente Cordiale
Series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and the French Third
Republic that recognized British control over Egypt, while Britain reciprocated regarding France in
Morocco

Ephor
Leaders of ancient Sparta and shared power with the Spartan kings

Erhard Plan
Plan which involved East Germany being bought from the Soviet Union to avoid the spread of
Communist culture and reunite Germany

Ericson, Leif
Norse explorer regarded as the first European to land in North America

Etruscans
First inhabitants of Italy

European Recovery Program

Official name of the Marshall Plan, American program to aid Europe, in which the United States
gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order
to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism

Evans, Arthur
British archaeologist most famous for unearthing the palace of Knossos on the Greek island of
Crete and for developing the concept of Minoan civilization from the structures and artifacts found
there and elsewhere throughout the eastern Mediterranean and the first to define Cretan scripts
Linear A and Linear B, as well as an earlier pictographic writing

Expedition of the Thousand

Event of the Italian Risorgimento which took place in 1860 where a corps of volunteers led by
Giuseppe Garibaldi landed in Sicily in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by
the Bourbons

Fairfax, Thomas, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron

Parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War

Falaka
Also known as foot whipping, form of corporal punishment in which the soles of the feet are beaten
with an object such as a cane, rod or club, a stout leather bullwhip, or a flexible bat of heavy rubber

Farouk
Last king of Egypt

Farrakhan, Louis
Leader of the syncretic and mainly African-American religious movement Nation of Islam

Fashoda Incident
1898 event that became the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in
Eastern Africa in which a French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile sought to gain control of
the Nile River and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan, and possibly force the British out of
Egypt as well

Fat Man
Codename for the atomic bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, by the United States on
August 9, 1945

Father of the Nation

Nation Name Native Title

Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shah Baba
Argentina Jose de San Martin Padre de la Patria
Bahamas Sir Lynden Pindling —
Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Banga Bandhu
Belize George Cradle Price —
Bolivia Simon Bolivar Padre de la Patria
Dom Pedro I
Brazil José Bonifácio de Andrada e —
Silva
Chile Bernardo O'Higgins Padre de la Patria
China Sun Yat-sen —
Colombia Simon Bolivar Padre de la Patria
Croatia Ante Starčević Otac Domovine
Cuba Carlos Manuel de Cespedes Padre de la Patria
Dominican Republic Juan Pablo Duarte Padre de la Patria
Ecuador Simon Bolivar Padre de la Patria
Haiti Toussaint Louverture Padre de la Patria
Mohandas Karamchand
India Bapu, Rashtrapita
Gandhi
Bapak Bangsa
Pemimpin Besar Revolusi
Indonesia Sukarno
Indonesia
Proklamator
Iran Cyrus the Great —
Israel Theodore Herzl —
Italy Victor Emmanuel II Padre della Patria
Kenya Jomo Kenyatta Baba wa Taifa
 Nation Name Native Title
Kosovo Ibrahim Rugova Baba i Kombit
Lithuania Jonas asanavičius Tautos patriarchas
Macedonia Krste Misirkov —
Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman Bapa Kemerdekaan
Mauritius Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam —
Mexico Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Padre de la patria mexicana
Founding Father of the
Namibia Sam Nujoma
Namibian Nation
Netherlands William the Silent Vader des Vaderlands
Norway Einar Gerhardsen Landsfaderen
Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah Quaid-e-Azam
Panama Simon Bolivar Padre de la Patria
Papua New Guinea Sir Michael Somare —
Protector del Peru
Peru Jose de San Martin
Fundador de la Republica
Portugal Dom Afonso Henriques Pai da Nação
Russia Peter I Otéc Ot čestva
Saint Lucia Sir John Compton —
Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud Waalid Al Ummah
Scotland Donald Dewar —
Slovenia Primož Trubar Oče naroda
Sri Lanka Don Stephen Senanayake —
Suriname Johan Ferrier Vader des Vaderlands
Tanzania Julius Nyerere Baba wa Taifa
Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Atatürk
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al
United Arab Emirates Waalid Al Ummah
Nahyan
United States George Washington Father of His Country
Padre de la independencia
Uruguay José Gervasio Artigas
uruguaya
Venezuela Simon Bolivar Padre de la patria

Faustulus
Legendary shepherd who found Romulus and Remus and took care of them
Fieschi, Giuseppe Marco
Chief conspirator in an attempt on the life of King Louis-Philippe of France in July 1835

Figueroa, William
12-year old student who was involved when then US Vice President Dan Quayle misspelled the
word “potato”

Fillmore, Abigail
First US First Lady to have proper first lady etiquette

Final Solution
Nazi Germany’s plan during World War II to annihilate the Jewish people, resulting in the most
deadly phase of the Holocaust

Firdos Square
Site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was torn down by U.S. coalition forces in a widely-
televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Fire ship
Used in the days of wooden rowed or sailing ships, a ship filled with combustibles, deliberately set
on fire and steered (or, where possible, allowed to drift) into an enemy fleet, in order to destroy
ships, or to create panic and make the enemy break formation
Famously used to great effect by the English against the Spanish Armada during the Battle of
Gravelines

Fireside Chats
series of thirty evening radio addresses given by USPresident Franklin Roosevelt between 1933 and
1944, which facilitated intimate and direct communication between the president and the citizens of
the United States of America

First Crusade
Campaign to recapture the Holy Land called at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II

Fisher, Amy
American woman who became known as “the Long Island Lolita” by the media in 1992, when, at
the age of 17, she shot and severely wounded Mary Jo Buttafuoco, the wife of her lover Joey
Buttafuoco

Fisher, Geoffrey
Archbishop of Canterbury who presided over the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

FitzRoy, Henry, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset

Only illegitimate child acknowledged by Henry VIII

Five Civilized Tribes

Five Native American nations – the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chocktaw, Creek and Seminole – that
were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period
because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their
neighbors

Flipper, Henry Ossian

First African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy

Foch, Ferdinand
Appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies in the spring of 1918

“For God and the Empire”

Motto of the Order of the British Empire

Ford, Gerald
First person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment
First and to date only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United
States without being elected by the Electoral College

Ford, Robert
Man who killed Jesse James

Frahm, Herbert
Real name of West German chancellor Willy Brandt

Fram
Ship that was used in expeditions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions by the Norwegian explorers
Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, and Roald Amundsen between 1893 and 1912

France
First country to emancipate its Jewish population
Built the most number of tanks during World War I

Francis I of France
King of France known for his role in the development and promotion of a standardized French
language

Francis II of France
King of France whose reign was marked with the first stirrings of the French Wars of Religion and
the loss of French possessions in Corsica, Tuscany, Savoy and almost all of Piedmont under the
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

Franks, Tommy
U.S. general who led the attack on the Taliban in Afghanistan in response to the September 11
attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in 2001 and led the 2003 invasion of Iraq and
the overthrow of Saddam Hussein

Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary’s declaration
of war against Serbia that started World War I

Frazier, Lynn
First American governor ever successfully recalled from office (Governor of North Dakota from
1917 to 1921)

Frederick II of Prussia
Prussian king best known for his brilliance in military campaigning and organization of Prussian
armies
Frederick William I of Prussia
King of Prussia reputed for his fondness for military display, leading to his special efforts to hire
the tallest men he could find in all of Europe for a special regiment nicknamed the Potsdam Giants

Freikorps
Term used between World War I and World War II for the paramilitary organizations that arose
during the Weimar period and formed the vanguard of the Nazi movement

French Wars of Religion

Period of civil infighting and military operations primarily fought between French Catholics and
Protestants (Huguenots)

Fritzsch, Karl
German concentration camp officer and deputy, who firstsuggested and experimented with using
Zyklon B gas for the purpose of massmurder

Frizer, Ingram
Assassin of poet Christopher Marlowe

Fronde
Series of civil wars in France from 1648 to 1653 in which the nobles rose in rebellion against
Cardinal Mazarin and the court during the minorityof Louis XIV

Front de Libération Nationale

Socialist political party in Algeria set up on November 1, 1954 as a merger of other smaller groups,
to obtain independence for Algeria from France

Fugger, Jakob
Major merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker of Europe between ca. 1495-1525

Fujimoto, Kenji
Pen name of a Japanese chef who claimed that he was former North Korean leader Kim Jong-il’s
personal sushi chef from 1988 to 2001

“The Gadget”
Code name given to the first bomb tested in the Trinity test

Gadsden Purchase
29,670-square-mile region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was
purchased by the United States in a treaty signed by James Gadsden, the American ambassador to
Mexico at the time, on December 30, 1853
Last major territorial acquisition in the contiguous United States, adding a large area to the United
States

Gaius Marius
Roman general who held the office of consul an unprecedented seven times during his career and
also noted for his important reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens,
eliminating the manipular military formations, and reorganizing the structure of the legions into
separate cohorts

de Galard, Genevieve
French nurse dubbed as the “Angel of Dien Bien Phu”

Galba
First emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors, remembered for his unpopular measures

Gandhi, Indira
Only woman to become Prime Minister of India, assassinated by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh

Gang of Eight
Officially known as the State Committee of the State of Emergency, group of high level of officials
within the Soviet government, the Communist Party and KGB who attempted a coup against
Mikhail Gorbachev on August 18, 1991

Garfield, James
First US president who could write in two languages

Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Called the “Hero of Two Worlds” because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe

Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Last Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to head his full administration from the House of Lords

“Gate of God”
Meaning of Babylon

Gein, Edward
American murderer and body snatcher that became the inspiration of several fictional killers
including Norman Bates (Psycho), Leatherface (The Texas Chainsaw Massacre), Jame Gumb (The
Silence of the Lambs), Ezra Cobb (Deranged)

Geiseric
King of the Vandals famous for the capture and plundering of Rome in June 455

Gemonian Stairs
Flight of steps located in the ancient city of Rome infamous as a place of execution

Genda, Minoru
Japanese military aviator and politician best known for planning the Pearl Harbor attack

Genovese, Kitty
New York City woman who was stabbed to death near her home in the Kew Gardens neighborhood
of the borough of Queens in New York City, on March 13, 1964 which prompted investigation into
the social psychological phenomenon that has become known as the bystander effect

George I of the United Kingdom

First British king from the House of Hanover

George II of United Kingdom

King of Great Britain who took part in the War of the Austrian Succession

George III of the United Kingdom

British monarch during the American War of Independence
George V of the United Kingdom
First British monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment during World War I
Only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar
Established the Order of the British Empire

George VI of the United Kingdom

Last Emperor of India, and the first Head of the Commonwealth
Came to the throne when his brother Edward VIII abdicated in 1936

Georgia
American colony that did not send a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774

Gerard, Balthasar
French Roman Catholic who assassinated William I, Prince of Orange

Germany
Introduced the use of poison gas during World War I (at the Second Battle of Ypres)

Gerry, Elbridge
Vice President of the United States best known for being the namesake of gerrymandering, a
process by which electoral districts are drawn with the aim of aiding the party in power
First US Vice President not to run for president

Gestapo
Abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-
occupied Europe

Ghana
First African nation to achieve independence from the United Kingdom in 1957

Gibson, Violet
Irish aristocrat who attempted to assassinate Italian leader Benito Mussolini in 1926

Gillars, Mildred Elizabeth

Known as “Axis Sally”, American broadcaster employed by the Third Reich in Nazi Germany,
along with Rita Zucca, to proliferate propaganda during World War II

Guillaume, Günter
Intelligence agent of Stasi that served as a close aide to West German Chancellor Willy Brandt

Gillibrand, Kirsten
Succeeded Hillary Clinton as senator from New York, following Clinton’s appointment as
Secretary of State in 2009

Giscard d’Estaing, Valery

French president from 1974 to 1981
Once jumped on by a panda when he dared himself to enter its cage

Gladstone, William Ewart

Oldest prime minister of Great Britain
Glastnost
Policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s that called for increased
openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union

Gleichschaltung
Nazi term for the process by which the Nazi regime successively established a system of totalitarian
control and coordination over all aspects of society

Glorious Revolution
1688 event in which William and Mary took the British throne bloodlessly from James II of
England

Göbekli Tepe
Archaeological site at the top of a mountain ridge in Anatolia, Turkey

Godfrey of Bouillon
First ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, although he refused the title “King”; as he believed that the
true King of Jerusalem was Christ

Godse, Nathuram
Sole assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, shooting Gandhi in the chest three times at point blank range in
1948

Goebbels, Joseph
Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 known for his zealous orations
and visceral and homicidal antisemitism

Goethals, George Washington

United States Army officer and civil engineer best known for his supervision of the construction
and the opening of the Panama Canal

Golden Stool
Royal and divine throne of the Ashanti people

Gompers, Samuel
Founder of the American Federation of Labor

Good Neighbor policy

Foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the
countries of Latin America

Goode, William
First Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985 – 1991)
Only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist
rule

Gordievsky, Oleg
Former colonel of the KGB who was a double agent of the British Secret Intelligence Service from
1974 to 1985

Gosnold, Bartholomew
English explorer who led the first recorded European expedition to Cape Cod

Government Strategy in the Sphere of Spiritual and Ethical Education

2008 legislation in Russia aimed at curbing “dangerous teen trends” which describes “emos”as
teenagers with studded belts, painted fingernails, facial piercings, and black hair with face-
concealing fringes

Governors-General of India

1773-1785 Warren Hastings

1785-1786 John Macpherson
1786-1793 The Earl Cornwallis
1793-1798 Sir John Shore
1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting)
1798-1805 The Marquess Wellesley
1805 The Marquess Cornwallis
1805-1807 Sir George Barlow, Bt (acting)
1807-1813 The Lord Minto
1813-1823 The Marquess of Hastings
1823 John Adam (acting)
1823-1828 The Lord Amherst
1828 William Butterworth Bayley (acting)
1828-1835 Lord William Bentinck
1835-1836 Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (acting)
1836-1842 The Lord Auckland
1842-1844 The Lord Ellenborough
1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting)
1844-1848 Sir Henry Hardinge
1848-1856 The Marquess of Dalhousie
1856-1862 The Earl Canning
1862-1863 The Earl of Elgin
1863 Sir Robert Napier (acting)
1863-1864 Sir William Denison (acting)
 1864-1869 Sir John Lawrence, Bt
1869-1872 The Earl of Mayo
1872 Sir John Strachey (acting)
1872 The Lord Napier (acting)
1872-1876 The Lord Northbrook
1876-1880 The Lord Lytton
1880-1884 The Marquess of Ripon
1884-1888 The Earl of Dufferin
1888-1894 The Marquess of Lansdowne
1894-1899 The Earl of Elgin
1899-1905 The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
1905-1910 The Earl of Minto
1910-1916 The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
1916-1921 The Lord Chelmsford
1921-1926 The Earl of Reading
1926-1931 The Lord Irwin
1931-1936 The Earl of Willingdon
1936-1943 The Marquess of Linlithgow
1943-1947 The Viscount Wavell
1947-1948 The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
1948-1950 C. Rajagopalachari

Grand Alliance
Called League of Augsburg before England joined, European coalition, consisting (at various times)
of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, the Dutch Republic, England, the Holy Roman Empire, Ireland,
the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Scotland, Spain and Sweden originally
formed in an attempt to halt Louis XIV of France’s expansions

Grand Palace
Official residence of the Kings of Thailand since 1782

Granma
Yacht that was used to transport 82 fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in
November 1956 for the purpose of overthrowing the regime of Fulgencio Batista

Gray, Louis Patrick

Acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) during the initial investigation into the
burglaries that sparked the Watergate scandal
Graziani, Rodolfo
Officer in the Italian Royal Army who led military expeditions in Africa before and during World
War II

Great Depression
Term referring to the severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II

Great Leap Forward

Name given to the economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from
1958 to 1961 aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist
society through rapid industrialization and collectivization

Great Patriotic War

Term used in the former Soviet Union to describe the Eastern Campaign of World War II

Great Society
Set of domestic programs in the United States announced by US President Lyndon B. Johnson at
Ohio University and subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s
that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental
protection, aid to education, and his “War on Poverty”

Green Gang
Chinese criminal organization that operated in Shanghai in the early 20th century

Griffin, Cyrus
Last president of the Continental Congress

Griffin’s Wharf
Place where the Boston Tea Party occurred

Griswold v. Connecticut
Landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court which ruled that the Constitution protected
a right to privacy and effectively legalizing the use of contraception by married couples

Grito de Dolores
Event that marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence
Pronunciamiento of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman
Catholic priest

Groves, Leslie
United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and
directed the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II

Grynszpan, Herschel
German-born Jewish refugee who assassinated German diplomat Ernst von Rath that provided the
pretext for the Kristallnacht

GSF Explorer
Formerly USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193), deep-sea drillship platform initially built for the
United States Central Intelligence Agency Special Activities Division secret operation Project
Azorian to recover the sunken Soviet submarine, K-129, lost in April 1968
Guderian, Heinz
German general during World War II who pioneered development of armored warfare, and was the
leading proponent of tanks and mechanization in the Wehrmacht

Gueffroy, Chris
Last person to be shot while trying to escape to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall

Guiteau, Charles
American lawyer convicted of assassinating U.S. President James A. Garfield

Gula, Sharbat
Afghan woman who was the subject of a famous photograph by journalist Steve McCurry

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political
as well as the religious balance of power in Europe

Gyanendra
Last king of Nepal

Gyokuon-hoso
Literally meaning “Jewel Voice Broadcast”, radio broadcast in which Japanese emperor Hirohito
read out the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War, announcing to the Japanese people
that the Japanese Government had accepted the Potsdam Declaration demanding the unconditional
surrender of the Japanese military at the end of World War II

Haakon VII
First king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the personal union with Sweden

Haganah
Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to
1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces

Haig, Alexander
United States Army general who served as the United States Secretary of State under President
Ronald Reagan and White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford

Haile Selassie I
Born Tafari Makonnen Woldemikael, Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, revered as the
returned messiah of the Bible, God incarnate in Rastafarianism

Hajduk
Term referring to outlaws, highwaymen or freedom fighters in the Balkans and Central and Eastern
Europe

Hallstein Doctrine
Key doctrine in the foreign policy of West Germany after 1955 that established that the Federal
Republic would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognized the
German Democratic Republic

Halvorsen, Gail
Pilot in the United States Air Force known as the original Candy Bomber in Germany during the
Berlin Airlift

“Hammer of the Scots”

Nickname given to English king Edward I

Hamilton, Alexander
First US Secretary of the Treasury

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Only Wonder of the Ancient World whose location has not been definitely established

Hannibal
Punic Carthaginian military commander, generally considered one of the greatest military
commanders in history

Hanno
Pet white elephant given by King Manuel I of Portugal to Pope Leo X at his coronation

Hansen, Robert
Former American FBI agent who spied for Soviet and Russian intelligence services against the
United States for 22 years from 1979 to 2001

Harding, Warren Gamaliel

US president nicknamed “The Shadow of Blooming Grove”
First incumbent U.S. Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected president
First US president to visit Alaska and Canada

Harel, Isser
Director of Mossad who oversaw the capture of Adolf Eichmann

Harrison, Benjamin
Only U.S. president from Indiana and the only one to be the grandson of another president

Harrison, Caroline
First US Lady to have the White House wired for electricity

Harrison, William Henry

First president to die in office
Last President to be born before the United States Declaration of Independence
Served the shortest tenure in United States presidential history

Hartford Convention
Event in 1814–1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which New England Federalists met
to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising
from the federal government’s increasing power

Hartmann, Erich Alfred

Known as “The Black Devil”, highest-scoring fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare (352
victories)

Hassan, Nidal Malik

United States Army Medical Corps officer who fatally shot 13 and injured more than 30 others in
the Fort Hood mass shooting in 2009

Hastings, Warren
First Governor-General of Bengal, from 1772 to 1785

Haughland, Knut
Resistance fighter and noted explorer from Norway who accompanied Thor Heyerdahl on his
famous 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition

Hauptmann, Bruno Richard

German ex-convict sentenced to death for the abduction and murder of the 20-month-old son of
Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh

Haussmann, Georges-Eugène
Prefect of the Seine Department in France who was chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a
massive program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris

Hawkins, Sir John

English shipbuilder who rebuilt older ships and helped design the faster ships that withstood the
Spanish Armada in 1588

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
1903 treaty that established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama
Canal

Hayes, Lucy
First US First Lady to host the White House Easter Egg Hunt

Hazelwood, Joseph
Captain of the Exxon Valdez during the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Heft, Robert G.
Designer of the current American 50-star flag as well as a designer of a submitted 51-star flag
proposal

Heian-kyō
One of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto
Capital of Japan from 794 to 1868

Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty
Also known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890, agreement between Great Britain and
Germany in which Germany gained the strategic island of Heligoland, which its navy needed to
control approaches to its North Sea coast while Germany gave up its rights in the Zanzibar region in
Africa

Hell ship
Term referring to a ship with extremely unpleasant living conditions or with a reputation for cruelty
among the crew, now generally refers to the ships used by the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army to
transport Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and romushas (Asian forced laborers) out of the Dutch
East Indies, the Philippines, Hong Kong and Singapore in World War
Helots
Subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia (areas ruled
by Sparta)

Hennepin, Louis
Discovered the Niagara Falls and the Saint Anthony Falls (only waterfall on the Mississippi River)

Henry II of England
First Plantagenet king of England

Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor best remembered for his dispute with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture
and his penance in the snow at Canossa

Henry IV of England
First king from the House of Lancaster

Henry VII of England

First English monarch from the House of Tudor

Henry VIII of England

King of England known for his six marriages and for his role in the separation of the Church of
England from the Roman Catholic Church

Henson, Matthew Alexander

African American explorer and associate of Robert Peary on various expeditions, the most famous
being a 1909 expedition during which he may have been the first person to reach the Geographic
North Pole

Herbert, George, 5th Earl of Carnavon

English aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of
Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings

Hero of the Soviet Union

The highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded personally or collectively for heroic feats in
service to the Soviet state and society
Georgy Zhukov and Leonid Brezhnev received the award four times

Herzl, Theodor
Austro-Hungarian journalist and writer who is regarded as the father of modern political Zionism

Hess, Rudolf
Deputy Führer to Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1941, known to fly solo to Scotland in an attempt to
negotiate peace with the United Kingdom during World War II
Last man to be imprisoned in the Tower of London

Heydrich, Reinhard
High-ranking German Nazi official during World War II, and one of the main architects of the
Holocaust
Served as President of Interpol (the international law enforcement agency) and chaired the January
1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalized plans for the final solution to the Jewish Question:
the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory
Hibakusha
Term for surviving victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel

Mexican priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence who gave the famous speech,
“The Cry of Dolores” in 1810

Highgate, Thomas
British soldier during the early days of the First World War, and the first British soldier to be
convicted of desertion and executed during that war

Hill, Anita
American attorney and academic who became a national figure in 1991 when she alleged that U.S.
Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas had made harassing sexual statements when he was her
supervisor at the U.S. Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission

Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival

First climber confirmed as having reached the summit of Mount Everest, together with Sherpa
mountaineer Tenzing Norgay

Himmler, Heinrich
Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (SS) in Nazi Germany who established and oversaw the program
of systematic genocide of more than 6 million Jews and other disfavored groups between 1941 and
1945

Hinckley, John, Jr.

Attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Washington D.C., on March 30, 1981, as
the culmination of an effort to impress teen actress Jodie Foster

Hindawi, Nezar
Jordanian who was found guilty of attempting to place a bomb on an El Al flight in Heathrow
airport, London on April 17, 1986

Hindenburg, Paul von

Prussian field marshal and served as the second president of Germany from 1925 to 1934

Hitler, Adolf
Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und
Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945
Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1938

HMS Endeavour
British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded on his first voyage of
discovery, to Australia and New Zealand from 1769 to 1771

HMS Hermes
World’s first ship to be designed and built as an aircraft carrier

HMS Hood (51)

Last battlecruiser built for the Royal Navy
HMS Vanguard (23)
Last battleship to be built by the Royal Navy
Final battleship to be launched in the world

HMS Victory
Flagship of Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805

Ho Chi Minh
Led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-ruled
Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at the battle of
Dien Bien Phu

Hoge, William
American general who directed the construction of the 1,519-mile ALCAN Highway

Hollywood Ten

• Alvah Bessie, screenwriter

• Herbert Biberman, screenwriter and director
• Lester Cole, screenwriter
• Edward Dmytryk, director
• Ring Lardner Jr., screenwriter
• John Howard Lawson, screenwriter
• Albert Maltz, screenwriter
• Samuel Ornitz, screenwriter
• Adrian Scott, producer and screenwriter
• Dalton Trumbo, screenwriter

Holt, Harold
Prime Minister of Australia who disappeared while swimming at Cheviot Beach near Portsea,
Victoria, and was presumed drowned

Holy Alliance
Coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia created after the
ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia

Homma, Masaharu
General in the Imperial Japanese Army noted for his role in the invasion and occupation of the
Philippines during World War II

Honecker, Erich
Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (1976–1989)

Hong Xiuquan
Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty

Honi soit qui mal y pense

Middle French for “shame upon him who thinks evil upon it”, motto of the Most Noble Order of the
Garter

Honorary Citizens of Europe

• Jean Monnet
• Helmut Kohl

Hoover, Herbert
First US president to have a telephone on his desk in the White House
First president to have an asteroid named after him

Hoover, John Edgar

First Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States

Hopkins, Oceanus
First child born on the Mayflower

Hōshō
World's first commissioned ship that was designed and built as an aircraft carrier
First aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy

Howard, Catherine
Wife of Henry VIII referenced as his rose without a thorn

Howard, Charles, 1st Earl of Nottingham

Commander of the English forces during the battles against the Spanish Armada

Howard, John
Second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies

Hoxha, Enver
Communist leader of Albania from 1944 to 1985

Hughes, Sarah Tilghman

American lawyer and federal judge who swore in Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United
States on Air Force One after the Kennedy assassination

Hundred Days
Marked the period between Emperor Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on
March 20, 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on July 8, 1815

Hwang Jang-yop
North Korean politician who defected to South Korea in 1997, best known for being, to date, the
highest-ranking North Korean defector and was largely responsible for crafting Juche, North
Korea’s official state ideology

Hyde, Douglas
Irish scholar who served as the first President of Ireland from 1938 to 1945

Ibn Battuta
Moroccan explorer of Berber descent known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were
published in the Rihla

Idris of Libya
First and only king of Libya (1951-1969), deposed in a coup d'etat by army officers led by
Muammar Gaddafi while in Turkey for medical treatment

If Day
Simulated Nazi invasion of the Canadian city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and surrounding areas on
February 19, 1942, during World War II that raised 3 million Canadian dollars for the war effort

Immurement
Form of execution where a person is walled up within a building and left to die from starvation or
dehydration

Imperial Colors Incident

Abortive coup d’ tat attempt in Japan, on 21 October 1931, launched by the Sakurakai secret
society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups

Impressment
Act of taking men into a navy by force and with or without notice

Incitatus
Favored horse of Roman emperor Caligula

Intermarium
Plan pursued after World War I by Polish leader Józef Piłsudski for a federation, under Poland’s
aegis, of Central and Eastern European countries

International Brigades
Military units made up of volunteers from different countries, which traveled to Spain to fight for
the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939

Ireland
First country to leave the Commonwealth of Nations

Ivan IV “the Terrible”

First ruler to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russias

Ivy Mike
Codename given to the first test of a thermonuclear device in which part of the explosive yield
came from nuclear fusion

Jackson, Andrew
First US President to ride on a train

James I of England
King of England and Scotland (as James VI) from the union of Scottish and English crowns after
the death of Elizabeth I
Youngest monarch to celebrate a Golden Jubilee

James II of England
King of England and Scotland (as James VII) until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of
1688
Last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland
James IV of Scotland
Last monarch from not only Scotland, but also from all of Great Britain, to be killed in battle (Battle
of Flodden Field)

Jameson Raid
Botched raid on Paul Kruger’s Transvaal Republic carried out by a British colonial statesman
Leander Starr Jameson and his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year
weekend of 1895–96 intended to trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate workers
(known as Uitlanders) in the Transvaal but failed to do so

Jamestown, Virginia
First permanent English settlement in the Americas

Jani Beg
Khan of the Golden Horde whose army has been thought to have catapulted infected corpses into
Kaffa in an attempt to use the Black Death to weaken the defenders

Janissaries
Elite corps of slave soldiers bound to the service of theOttoman sultans

Jay, John
First Chief Justice of the United States

Jayavarman II
Widely regarded as the founder of the Khmer Empire

Jebb, Gladwyn
Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations from October 1945 to February 1946

Jefferson, Thomas
Third president of the United States
Author of the American Declaration of Independence

Jellicoe, John
Commanded the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland (May 1916)

Jéquier, Gustave
Member of Jacques de Morgan's 1901 Susa expedition which led to the discovery of the famous
Code of Hammurabi, now on display in the Louvre

Jessop, Violet Constance

Ocean liner stewardess and nurse who achieved fame by surviving the disastrous sinking of both the
RMS Titanic and the HMHS Britannic in 1912 and 1916 respectively

Jiang Qing
Pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong’s last wife and major Communist Party of
China power figure Lǐ Shūm ng

Jigai
Ritual suicide practiced by the wives of samurai who have committed seppuku or brought dishonor

Jodl, Alfred
German military commander who signed the unconditional surrender of Germany as a
representative for German head of state Karl Dönitz

Joe 4
American nickname for the first Soviet test of a thermonuclear weapon on August 12, 1953

John
King of England whose reign was marked by a baronial revolt at the end of his reign led to the
sealing of the Magna Carta

John Bull
National personification of the United Kingdom in general, and England in particular, especially in
political cartoons and similar graphic works

Johnson, Andrew
First American president to be impeached
Only former president to serve in the Senate

Johnson, Lady Bird

First US First Lady to be a media tycoon

Johnson, Lyndon Baines

36th President of the United States, succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John
F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963
First President sworn in by a woman
Only President to have been sworn in on Texas soil
Signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson, Richard Mentor

Only vice president ever elected by the United States Senate under the provisions of the Twelfth
Amendment

Jones, Herbert
Horse racing jockey involved in a collision with Emily Davison in the Epsom Derby

Jones, Jim
Founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, best known for the cult murder/suicide in 1978, 909 of
its members in Jonestown, Guyana, and the murder of five individuals at a nearby airstrip

Jones, John Paul

Scottish sailor and the United States’ first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolution

Jones, Margaret
First person to be executed for witchcraft in Massachusetts Bay Colony during a witch-hunt that
lasted from 1648 to 1663

Jonestown
Informal name for the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project, communist international community in
northwestern Guyana formed by the Peoples Temple under the leadership of Jim Jones that became
internationally notorious when on November 18, 1978, 978 people died in the settlement, at the
nearby strip in Port Kaituma and in Georgetown
Joyce, William
Nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw, Irish-American fascist politician and Nazi propaganda broadcaster to
the United Kingdom during the Second World War

Joyeuse
Sword of Charlemagne

Junkers
Term referring to the members of the landed nobility in Prussia

Justinian I
Byzantine emperor, the last Roman Emperor to speak Latin as a first language, legacy was the
uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which is still the basis of civil law in
many modern states
Ordered the construction of Hagia Sophia

Jyllands-Posten
Danish daily broadsheet newspaper that became the subject of a major controversy concerning
cartoons that depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 2005-06 which sparked violent protests
around the world

K-141 Kursk
Oscar-II class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Russian Navy, lost with all hands
when it sank in the Barents Sea on 12 August 2000

Kaczynski, Theodore
Known as the Unabomber, American mathematician and serial murderer who engaged in a
nationwide bombing campaign against people involved with modern technology

Kaishakunin
Appointed second whose duty is to behead one who has committed seppuku, Japanese ritual
suicide, at the moment of agony

Kaiten
Manned torpedoes and suicide craft, used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of
World War II

Kalashnikov, Mikhail
Russian general famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle, AKM, AK-74 and the PK machine
gun

Kalmar Union
Historiographical term describing a series of personal unions that intermittently joined under a
single monarch in the three kingdoms of Norway, Sweden and Denmark

Kamehameha I
Conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawai’i in 1810

Kaplan, Fanny
Russian political revolutionary who attempted to assassinate Vladimir Lenin in 1918

Katyn Forest massacre

Mass execution of Polish nationals carried out by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs
(NKVD), the Soviet secret police, in April and May 1940

Kaunda, Kenneth
First president of Zambia

Keating, Charles
American financier most known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s

Kehlsteinhaus
Also known as Eagles Nest, a chalet-style structure intended as a 50th birthday present for Adolf
Hitler to serve as a retreat, and a place for him to entertain visiting dignitaries

Keitel, Wilhelm
De facto war minister under Adolf Hitler and one of Germany’s most senior military leaders during
World War II

Keller, Helen
First deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree

Kelly, Ned
Irish Australian bushranger considered by some to be merely a cold-blooded killer, while others
consider him to be a folk hero and symbol of Irish Australian resistance against the Anglo-
Australian ruling class

Kennan, George Frost

American diplomat best known as “the father of containment”

Kennedy, Jacqueline
First US First Lady to win an Emmy award

Kennedy, John F.
Only US president to win a Pulitzer Prize

Kensington System
Strict and elaborate set of rules designed by the Duchess of Kent along with her attendant, Sir John
Conroy, concerning the upbringing of the future Queen Victoria

Kentucky Cannibal
Nickname given to mountain man Boone Helm

Kerensky, Alexander
Served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until it was
overthrown by the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin in the October Revolution

Khalistan
Name given to the proposed Sikh country

Khama, Sir Seretse

First president of Botswana

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah

Iranian religious leader and politician who led the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the
overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran

Khrushchev, Nikita
Soviet leader responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the
progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of
domestic policy

Khufu
Ancient Egyptian pharaoh generally accepted as having built the Great Pyramid of Giza

Kibbutz
Collective community in Israel that is traditionally based on agriculture

Kidd, Isaac Campbell

American Rear Admiral in the United States Navy who was killed on the bridge of the USS Arizona
(BB-39) during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
First U.S. Navy flag officer killed in action in World War II as well as the first killed in action
against any foreign enemy

Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
Last king of Rwanda

Kim Hyon-hui
Former North Korean agent responsible for the Korean Air Flight 858 bombing in 1987

Kim Il-sung
Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, from
its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994
Designated as Eternal President since his death

Kim Jong-il
Appointed Eternal General Secretary of the Worker’s Party of Korea after his death

Kim Shin-jo
Only person captured by South Korean forces, of a 31-person team of North Korean commandos
sent to assassinate then South Korean President Park Chung Hee in the ‘ lue House Raid’ in
January 1968

Kimura, Jiroemon
Verified longest-lived man in history
First man in history verified to have reached 116 years of age
Last surviving verified man born in the 19th century since the death of 113-year-old James Sisnett
of Barbados on May 23, 2013

King, Charles Dunbar Burgess

President of Liberia who won the dubious achievement of being listed in the Guinness Book of
Records 1982 for the most fraudulent election reported in history

King, Jr. Leslie Lynch

Real name of US President Gerald Ford
King, Rodney
African-American construction worker who, while on parole for robbery, became nationally known
after being beaten with excessive force by Los Angeles police officers following a high-speed car
chase on March 3, 1991

King of Saudi Arabia

Also known as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

1932–1953 Ibn Saud

1953–1964 Saud
1964–1975 Faisal
1975–1982 Khalid
1982–2005 Fahd
2005– Abdullah

Kitchener, Lord Horatio

Prominent British soldier in the Sudan, the Second Boer War, and World War I featured in a
famous British recruitment poster in World War I

Knyaz Suvorov
Borodino-class pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy that was sunk during
the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905

Koga, Hiroyasu
Kaishakunin responsible for the decapitations of Yukio Mishima and Masakatsu Morita during their
seppuku on November 25, 1970

Kohl, Helmut
German chancellor widely regarded as the main architect of the German reunification and, together
with French president François Mitterrand, the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European
Union

Kopechne, Mary Jo
Killed when then Senator Edward Kennedy’s car went of Dike Bridge inChappaquiddick in 1969

Korean War
First war in which jet aircraft played a central role
Known as 6–2–5 Upheaval in South Korea, Fatherland Liberation War in North Korea and War to
Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea in China
Armistice was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr., representing the
United Nations Command and North Korean General Nam Il, representing the North Korean
People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army

Koresh, David
Born Vernon Wayne Howell, American leader of the Branch Davidians religious sect, believing
himself to be its final prophet

Kotjebi
Term referring to North Korean homeless children

Kouchner, Bernard
Co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières and Médecins du Monde

Krenz, Egon
Last Communist leader of East Germany

Kristallnacht
Also known as the Night of Broken Glass, pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and
parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary and civilians after the
assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a German-born
Polish Jew resident in Paris

Kublai Khan
Fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and founder of the Chinese Yuan dynasty

Kujau, Konrad Paul

German illustrator who became famous in 1983 as the creator of the so-called Hitler Diaries, for
which he received DM 2.5 million from a person who in turn sold it for DM 9.3 million to the
magazine Stern

Kulturkampf
Term referring to German policies in relation to secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic
Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck

Kulak
Category of relatively affluent farmers in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and early Soviet
Union

Kuribayashi, Tadamichi
Best known for being the overall commander of the Japanese garrison during the Battle of Iwo Jima

Kutuzov, Mikhail
Field Marshal of the Russian Empire credited most with his brilliant leadership during the French
invasion of Russia

La Santa María de la Inmaculada Concepción

Largest of the three ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage

Lafayette Escadrille
American volunteer fighter squadron during World War I

Lamarque, Jean Maximilien

French commander during the Napoleonic Wars whose death became the catalyst of the Parisian
June Rebellion of 1832, which provided the background for events depicted in Victor Hugo's novel
Les Misérables

Lamb, William, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

British Prime Minister best known for his intense and successful mentoring of Queen Victoria in the
ways of politics
Lateran Treaty
Agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, signed on February 11,
1929, and ratified by the Italian parliament on June 7, 1929, settling the “Roman Question”

Lattimer, John
First medical specialist not affiliated with the US government to examine the medical evidence
related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy

“The Law West of Pecos”

Nickname given to Judge Roy Bean

Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Jean Baptiste

Considered as the father of the city of New Orleans

Leaders of the Soviet Union

1922–1924 Vladimir Lenin

1924–1953 Joseph Stalin
1953 Georgy Malenkov
1955–1964 Nikita Khrushchev
1964–1982 Leonid Brezhnev
1982–1984 Yuri Andropov
1984–1985 Konstantin Chernenko
1985–1991 Mikhail Gorbachev

Lebensraum
“Living room”in German, Nazi policy of territorial expansionism

Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe
Alias used by French general Philippe François Marie, comte de Hauteclocque

Lee Hsien Loong

Current Prime Minister of Singapore
Highest-paid head of government in the world

Leekpai, Chuan
First Thai prime minister to come to power without either aristocratic or military backing

Lefortovo Prison
Infamous KGB prison and criminal investigation isolation ward in the Soviet Union for detainment
of political prisoners which include Raoul Wallenberg, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and several
members of the August Coup

Lei Áurea
Law that abolished slavery in Brazil

Leibing, Peter
German photographer known for his 1961 photographs of escaping East German border guard,
Conrad Schumann jumping a barbed wire fence during construction of the Berlin Wall

Leo VI, the Wise

Byzantine Emperor whose reign was marked by the prominence of the feast of All Saints

Leopold I
First king of the Belgians, following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands

Leopold II
King of the Belgians chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State

Lèse-majesté
Meaning “injured majesty”, the crime of violating majesty, an offense against the dignity of a
reigning sovereign or against a state

Levellers
Political movement during the English Civil War which emphasized popular sovereignty, extended
suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance, all of which were expressed in the
manifesto “Agreement of the People”

Lewis, John L.
First president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations

Lex Hortensia
Law passed in Ancient Rome in 287 BCE which made all resolutions passed by plebeians binding
on all citizens

Lexington
Favorite horse of George Washington

Li Hongzhi
Founder and spiritual master of Falun Gong that was suppressed by the Chinese government

Licinia Eudoxia
Roman empress captured by Geiseric

Liliuokalani
Last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii

Lincoln, Abraham
Last US president to come under enemy soldiers’ fire while in office
First US president to be born outside the thirteen original states
First US president to be assassinated (by John Wilkes Booth)
First president from the Republican Party
Tallest US president

Lindbergh, Charles Augustus

Nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, became famous as the result of his Orteig
Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20–21, 1927 from New York to Paris, France

Liquidator
Generic name given in the former Soviet Union to civil and military personnel who were called
upon to deal with consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster on the site of the event

Little Boy
Codename for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 by the Boeing B-29
Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets of the 393rd Bombardment Squadron,
Heavy, of the United States Army Air Forces, first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon

Liu Shaoqi
President of the People’s Republic of China from 1959 to 1968, during which he implemented
policies of economic reconstruction in China

Livingstone, David
British explorer who helped drive forward the obsession with discovering the sources of the River
Nile that formed the culmination of the classic period of European geographical discovery and
colonial penetration of the African continent

Livingstone, Ken
First elected Mayor of London

Llywelyn the Last

Last prince of an independent Wales before its conquest by Edward I of England

Lloyd George, David

Only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language,
with Welsh being his first
Last Liberal to serve as Prime Minister

Lockheed P-38 Lightning

Only American fighter aircraft in production throughout American involvement in World War II,
from Pearl Harbor attack to Victory over Japan Day

Lombardo, Rosalia
Italian child who was one of the last corpses to be admitted to the Capuchin catacombs of Palermo
in Sicily

Long, Huey
US Senator is best known for his Share Our Wealth program, created in 1934under the motto
“Every Man a King” that proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax
on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during
the Great Depression

Long March
Military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China to evade the pursuit
of the Kuomintang army

St. Louis IX of France

Only canonized king of France
Led the Eighth Crusade in 1270

Louis XIV of France

King of France and Navarre who ruled for 72 years and 110 days
Credited with being the first person to add sugar to coffee in 1715
First host in Europe to provide complete sets of dinnerware for his guests

Louis XV of France
King of France whose reign saw the incorporation of the territories of Lorraine and Corsica into the
kingdom of France

Louis XVI of France

King of France who was deposed and executed during the French Revolution

Louis Philippe I of France

Last king to rule France

Louisiana
Only US state that still refer to the Napoleonic Code in its state law

Louisiana Purchase
Acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of France’s claim to the territory of Louisiana
in which the US paid 50 million francs plus a cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs

Louverture, François-Dominique Toussaint

Leader of the Haitian Revolution that led to the establishment of the independent black state of
Haiti

Loving v. Virginia
Landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court which invalidated laws
prohibiting interracial marriage

Luciano, Charles “Lucky”

Considered the father of modern organized crime in the United States for splitting New York City
into five different Mafia crime families and the establishment of the first Commission

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

Last king of Rome

Lucy
Common name of AL 288-1, several hundred pieces of bone representing about 40% of the
skeleton of an individual Australopithecus afarensis

Ludendorff, Erich
German general who took part in the unsuccessful coups d'état of Wolfgang Kapp in 1920 and the
Beer Hall Putsch of Adolf Hitler in 1923

Ludwig II of Bavaria
Sometimes called the Swan King, commissioned the construction of two extravagant palaces and a
castle, the most famous being Neuschwanstein, and was a devoted patron of the composer Richard
Wagner

Lule, Yusuf
Provisional president of Uganda between 13 April and 20 June 1979, succeeding Idi Amin

Lustig, Victor
Con artist who undertook scams in various countries and became best known as “The man who sold
the Eiffel Tower. Twice.”

Lycurgus
Legendary lawgiver of Sparta, who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society
in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

Lynch, Jessica
American soldier captured by Iraqi forces during the Battle of Nasiriyah in 2003 whose subsequent
recovery was the first successful rescue of an American prisoner of war since Vietnam and the first
ever of a woman

Lyonesse
Legendary place most notable as the home of the hero Tristan

Lysander
Spartan general who won in the Battle of Aegospotami and installed the Thirty Tyrants to ensure
Spartan dominance in Greece after the Peloponnesian War

LZ 129 Hindenburg
Large German commercial passenger-carrying rigid airship that was destroyed by fire on May 6,
1937, at the end of the first North American transatlantic journey of its second season of service

Maathai, Wangari
First African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004

MacArthur, Douglas
Only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army
Led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by
President Harry S. Truman in 1945

MacDonald, Ramsay
First Labour Prime Minister of United Kingdom

Machtergreifung
Term referring to the granting of governmental powers in the democratic and parliamentary Weimar
Republic to the Nazi Party and its national conservative allies on 30 January 1933

Machu Picchu
Often referred to as the “Lost City of the Incas”, it is perhaps the most familiar icon of Inca
civilization

Macuahuitl
Weapon shaped like a wooden sword whose name is derived from the Nahuatl language
Sides are embedded with prismatic blades made from obsidian, a volcanic glass stone

Madison, Dolley
First US First Lady to promote charity

Madison, James
First US president to weigh less than his IQ
First US president to wear long trousers
Hailed as the “Father of the Constitution”for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States
Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights

Magellan, Ferdinand
Portuguese explorer whose expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the
Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean

Magikuchi, Tsunesaburo
Japanese educator who founded and became the first president of Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist
movement that aimed to integrate their Buddhist practice into their daily lives, following the Lotus
Sutra based teachings of Nichiren

Maginot Line
Line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapons installations that France constructed along its
borders with Germany during the 1930s

Magna Graecia
Name of the coastal areas of Southern Italy on the Tarentine Gulf that were extensively colonized
by Greek settlers

Mahal
Jewish and non-Jewish volunteers who went to Israel to fight in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
including Aliyah Bet

Mahmud of Ghazni
First ruler to carry the title Sultan

“The Maid of Orleans”

Nickname given to Joan of Arc

Majestic 12
Supposed code name of an alleged secret committee of scientists, military leaders, and government
officials, formed in 1947 to investigate the recovery of a UFO north of Roswell, New Mexico
during July 1947

Malayan Campaign
Notable for the Japanese use of bicycle infantry, which allowed troops to carry more equipment and
swiftly move through thick jungle terrain

de Malet, Claude François

French general who executed by firing squad, six days after staging a failed republican coup d’ tat
as Napoleon I returned from the disastrous Russian campaign in 1812

Mallory, George
English mountaineer who took part in the first three British expeditions to Mount Everest in the
early 1920s

Manco Cápac
Legendary first Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco and a figure of Inca mythology

Mandela, Nelson
South African leader who was not removed from the U.S. terror watch list until 2008
Manetho
Egyptian historian who wrote the Aegyptiaca that is often used as evidence for the chronology of
the reigns of pharaohs

Manhattan Project
Research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II

Manifest Destiny
Widely held belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent

Manson, Charles
American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-
commune that arose in California in the late 1960s, found guilty of conspiracy to commit the
murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca carried out by members of the group at
his instruction

Mao Zedong
Founding father of the People's Republic of China

Marbury v. Madison
Landmark US Supreme Court case that saw the first use of the doctrine of judicial review

Marengo
Favorite horse of Napoleon Bonaparte

Margaret I
Founder of the Kalmar Union

Maria Theresa
Empress of Austria, only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of
Habsburg

Marie Antoinette
Queen of France and Navarre from 1774 to 1792

Marietta, Ohio
First permanent American settlement outside the original Thirteen Colonies

Marooning
Intentional leaving of someone in a remote area, such as an uninhabited island

Marshall, Thurgood
First African-American justice of the United States Supreme Court

Massachusetts
First state of the United States to set a minimum wage
First U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage

Matsuoka, Yosuke
Japanese foreign minister best known for his defiant speech at the League of Nations in 1933,
ending Japan’s participation in that organization
Maximilian I
Only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire

May Fourth Movement

Anti-imperialist, cultural and political movement growing out of student demonstration in Beijing
on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles,
especially allowing Japan to retain territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany
after the siege of Tsingtao

Mayflower
Ship that in 1620 transported 102 English Pilgrims, including a core group of Separatists, to New
England

Mazzini, Giuseppe
Nicknamed “The Beating Heart of Italy”, Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification
of Italy whose efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several
separate states, many dominated by foreign powers that existed until the 19th century

Mbeki, Thabo
Succeeded Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa

McCarthy, Joseph
American politician who became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War
tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion

McClellan, George Brinton

Major general during the American Civil War who organized the famous Army of the Potomac and
served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army

McGuire, Thomas
Second highest-scoring American air ace of World War II

McMahon, Thomas
IRA volunteer convicted of the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma

McNamara, Robert Strange

Longest serving US Defense Secretary, played a large role in escalating the United States
involvement in the Vietnam War

de Medina, Bartolomé
Soanish mining specialist who improved the process of amalgamization of silver with Mercury
while mining in Mexico

Mehmed II
Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire,
transforming the Ottoman state into an empire

Mehmed VI
Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Meir, Golda
First woman prime minister of Israel

Menard, John Willis

First African American elected to the United States House of Representatives

Menelik II
Emperor of Ethiopia who became the first black African king in modern history to engage in
slavery of white European war captives held as slaves inside Ethiopia after defeating the Italians

Menes
Ancient Egyptian pharaoh credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower
Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty

Mengele, Josef
German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz infamous for
performing human experiments on camp inmates, including children, for which he was called the
“Angel of Death”

Mengistu Haile Mariam

Ethiopian politician who was the most prominent officer of the Derg, the Communist military junta
that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987, and President of the People’s Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991

Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon

Australia’s longest-serving Prime Minister

Mercader del Rio, Jaime Ramón

Spanish communist who became famous as the murderer of the Russian Marxist revolutionary Leon
Trotsky in 1940

Metapolitefsi
Period in Greek history after the fall of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 that includes the
transitional period from the fall of the dictatorship to the Greek legislative elections of 1974 and the
democratic period immediately after these elections

Michael I
First Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty whose reign marked the end of the Time of Troubles

Michael VIII Palaiologos

Founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of
Constantinople in 1453
Recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a
restored Byzantine Empire

Miki, Takeo
Made the first official pilgrimage to Yasukuni Shrine by an incumbent prime minister on the
anniversary of the end of World War II

Miller, Doris
Cook in the United States Navy noted for his bravery during the attack on Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
First African-American to be awarded the Navy Cross
Milord
Pet dog of Russian emperor Alexander II

Miltiades
Often credited with devising the tactics that defeated the Persians in the Battle of Marathon

Minamoto no Yoritomo
Founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan

Mineral Revolution
Term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialization and economic changes which occurred
in South Africa from the 1870s onwards

Minuit, Peter
Director of the Dutch colony of New Netherland and founded the Swedish colony of New Sweden
According to tradition, he purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans in 1626 for
goods valued at 60 Dutch guilders

Miranda v. Arizona
Landmark decision by the US Supreme Court which held that the Fifth Amendment privilege
against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in
custody of his rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney

Missouri Executive Order 44

Executive Order issued in 1838 by Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs ordering all Mormons to
leave the state or be killed

Mitchell, Martha
Wife of US Attorney General John N. Mitchell who gained notoriety in the press during the Nixon
administration for her frequent phone calls to reporters and colorful comments on the state of the
nation

Mitchell, William
United States Army general who is regarded as the father of the U.S. Air Force

Mitterrand, François
Longest-serving President of France and the first figure from the left elected President under the
Fifth Republic

Miyamoto Musashi
Japanese swordsman who founder of the Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū or Niten-ryū style of swordsmanship
and the author of The Book of Five Rings

Moctezuma II
Also known as Montezuma, ninth tlatoani of Tenochtitlan who was killed during the initial stages
of the Spanish conquests of Mexico

Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh

Identified as “the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks”by the 9/11 Commission Report

Mohammed Zahir Shah

Last King of Afghanistan, reigning from 1933 until ousted by a coup in 1973

Moika Palace
Site in St. Petersburg, Russia where Grigory Rasputin was murdered

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Non-aggression pact that ensured a non-involvement of the Soviet Union in a European War, as
well as separating Germany and Japan from forming a military alliance, thus allowing Stalin to
concentrate on Japan in the battles of Khalkhin Gol

Monarchs of Belgium

1831–1865 Leopold I
1865–1909 Leopold II
1909–1934 Albert I
1934–1951 Leopold III
1951–1993 Baudouin
1993–2013 Albert II
2013–present Philippe

Monarchs of Jordan

1921–1951 Abdullah I
1951–1952 Talal
1952–1999 Hussein
1999–present Abdullah II

Monarchs of the Netherlands

1839–1840 William I
1840–1849 William II
1849–1890 William III
1890–1948 Wilhelmina
1948–1980 Juliana
1980–2013 Beatrix
2013–present Willem-Alexander

Mondale, Walter
First US vice-president to move into the Number One Observatory Circle

Mongkut
King of Siam (Thailand) known as The King in the 1951 play and 1956 film The King and I
Nicknamed “the father of science and technology” in Siam

Mongol Empire
Then the largest contiguous land empire in human history

Monnet, Jean
French political economist and diplomat regarded by many as a chief architect of European unity
and one of the founding fathers of the European Union

Monroe, James
Fifth President of the United States
Last president who was a Founding Father of the United States

Monroe Doctrine
Policy of the United States which stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or
interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring US
intervention

Montana
First US state to require police get a warrant before tracking a suspect through a cell phone

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States

Treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933, during the Seventh International
Conference of American States that codified the declarative theory of statehood as accepted as part
of customary international law

Montgomery, Bernard
Commander of the British Eighth Army in the Second Battle of El Alamein

More, Sir Thomas

Lord Chancellor from October 1529 to May 1532
Coined the word “utopia” – a name he gave to the ideal and imaginary island nation, the political
system of which he described in Utopia, published in 1516

Moro, Aldo
Italian prime minister kidnapped by the Red Brigades and killed after 55 days of captivity

Morton, Julius Sterling

US Secretary of Agriculture known for establishing Arbor Day

Moscoso, Mireya
Panama’s first female president, serving from 1999 to 2004

Moshav
Type of Israeli town or settlement pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second aliyah

Mountbatten, Lord Louis

Last Viceroy and first Governor General of India
MS Achille Lauro
Passenger liner for the Rotterdamsche Lloyd best known for having been hijacked by members of
the Palestine Liberation Front in 1985

Muhammed Edh-Dhib
Discoverer of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Qumran

Muhlenberg, Frederick
First Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

Mujahideen
Muslims who struggle in the path of Allah

Mukden Incident
Staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part
of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931

Murad IV
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the
state and for the brutality of his methods

Murat, Joachim
Known as the “Dandy King”, king of Naples from 1808 to 1815

Murphy, Audie
Most decorated soldier of World War II

Murrow, Edward
American broadcast journalist that produced a series of TV news reports that helped lead to the
censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy

Musashi
Served as the flagship of Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto and Mineichi Koga in 1943

Mussolini, Benito
Also known as “Il Duce” leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his
ousting in 1943
Also known as the “Bulldog of the Pontine Marshes”
Hired by MI5 to use his newspaper to keep Italy in World War I

Napoleon I
Emperor of the French who undertook many reforms across Europe, ending feudalism for example

Napoleon III
Born Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, first president of the French republic and later the ruler of the
Second French Empire
Last monarch of France

Nasser, Gamal Abdel

Second President of Egypt from 1956, overthrowing the monarchy of Farouk I, until his death in
1970
“Ne Desit Virtus”
Motto of the 187th Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) of the United
States Army, known as Rakkasans

Nelson, Gaylord Anton

American politician who founded Earth Day (April 22)

Nero
Roman emperor infamously known as the Emperor who “fiddled while Rome burned” and as an
early persecutor of Christians
Known for having captured Christians to burn them in his garden at night for a source of light

Nero Decree
Officially titled Demolitions on Reich Territory Decree, decree issued by Adolf Hitler on March 19,
1945 ordering the destruction of German infrastructure to prevent their use by Allied forces as they
penetrated deep within Germany

Nerva
First of the Five Good Emperors

Netanyahu, Yonatan
Only Israeli soldier killed in action during Operation Entebbe in Uganda

New Holland
Historic name for the island continent Australia

New Order
Term coined by then Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power
in 1966

Newton, Huey P.
African-American political and urban activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black
Panther Party in 1966

Ngo Dinh Diem

First president of South Vietnam

Nicaragua
First country to ratify the Charter of the United Nations

Nicholas II
Last emperor (czar) of Russia

Night of the Murdered Poets

Execution of thirteen Soviet Jews who were falsely accused of espionage and treason as well as
many other crimes in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, Soviet Union on August 12, 1952

Night Witches
Nickname given to the 588th Night Bomber Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces

Nightingale, Florence
Nicknamed “The Lady with the Lamp”, celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the
founder of modern nursing who came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean
War, where she tended to wounded soldiers

Nimitz, Chester William

United States’last surviving Fleet Admiral

Nineteen Propositions
List of proposals to King Charles I of England from the English Lords and Commons that
effectively sought a larger share of power in governance of the kingdom

Nineveh
Capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Nishizawa, Hiroyoshi
Nicknamed “The Demon of Rabaul”, most successful Japanese fighter ace of World War II, with 87
victories

Nix v. Hedden
Decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that affirmed the lower court ruling that the
tomato should be classified under customs regulations as a vegetable rather than a fruit

Nixon, Pat
First US First Lady to wear pants in public

Nixon, Richard Milhous

Only US president to resign the office
Only Quaker to be elected President of the United States
Author of the 1985 book No More Vietnams
Accidentally smashed the 165-year old ivory gavel during a late night nuclear debate in 1954

Njinga Mbande
17th century queen of the Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms of the Mbundu people in southwestern
Africa

Nkrumah, Kwame
First President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana

No Kum-sok
Former lieutenant of the North Korean Air Force during the Korean War who flew his MiG-15 to
the Kimpo Air Base in South Korea in 1953

Nobel Prize for Peace winners

1901 Henri Dunant, Frédéric Passy

1902 Élie Ducommun, Charles A. Gobat
1903 Sir William R. Cremer
1904 Institute of International Law
1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto T. Moneta, Louis Renault
1908 Klas P. Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer
Auguste M. F. Beernaert, Paul H. B. B.
1909
d’Estournelles de Constant
1910 Permanent InternationAl Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias M. C. Asser, Alfred H. Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914 —
1915 —
1916 —
1917 International Red Cross
1918 —
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon V. A. Bourgeois
1921 Karl H. Branting, Christian L. Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923 —
1924 —
1925 Sir J. Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes
1926 Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand E. Buisson, Ludwig Quidde
1928 —
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
1932 —
1933 Sir Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas
1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939 —
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 —
1944 International Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott
Friends Service Council, American Friends
1947
Service Committee
1948 —
1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns
1950 Ralph J. Bunche
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George C. Marshall
1954 Office of UN High Commission for Refugees
1955 —
1956 —
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker
1960 Albert J. Luthuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus C. Pauling
International Red Cross, League of Red Cross
1963
Societies
1964 Martin Luther King, Jr.
United Nations International Children’s
1965
Emergency Fund
1966 —
1967 —
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman E. Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972 —
1973 Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho (declined)
1974 Eisaku Sato, Sean MacBride
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976 Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa of Calcutta
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 Office of UN High Commission for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal, Alfonso Garcia Robles
1983 Lech Walesa
1984 Desmond Tutu
International Physicians for the Prevention of
1985
Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 14th Dalai Lama
1990 Mikhail S. Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Frederik W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela
1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
1995 Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conference
Bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-
1996
Horta
Jody Williams, International Campaign to Ban
1997
Landmines
1998 John Hume, David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontiéres
 2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001 United Nations, Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai
International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed
2005
ElBaradei
2006 Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
2007
Albert Arnold Gore, Jr.
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee,
2011
Tawakkel Karman
2012 European Union
Organization for the Prohibition of Nuclear
2013
Weapons

“Non nobis Domine, non nobis; sed Nomini tuo da gloriam”

Motto of the Knights Templar, translated in English as “Not to us, Lord, Not to us; but your name
give glory”

North German Confederation

Federation of 22 independent states of Northern Germany
First modern German nation state and the basis for the later German Empire

Norton, Joshua Abraham

Known as Emperor Norton I, a celebrated citizen of San Francisco, California, who proclaimed
himself “Emperor of these United States”and subsequently “Protector of Mexico”

Nuestra Señora de la Concepción

Also known by its nickname “Cagafuego”, 120-ton Spanish galleon that became Sir Francis
Drake’s most famous prize

Nuon Chea
Born Lau Kim Lorn, former chief ideologist of Khmer Rouge and commonly known as “Brother
Number Two” as he was second in command to Pol Pot

Nyerere, Julius
First President of Tanzania

Octavian
Also known as Augustus, first emperor of the Roman Empire

Oda Nobunaga
Initiator of the unification of Japan under the shogunate in the late 16th century, which ruled Japan
until the Meiji Restoration in 1868

Odoacer
Germanic soldier who became the first King of Italy

Oglethorpe, James
Founder of the American colony of Georgia

O’Higgins, Bernardo
Chilean independence leader who, together with José de San Martín, freed Chile from Spanish rule
in the Chilean War of Independence

“Old Blood and Guts”

Nickname of US general George S. Patton

“Old Hickory”
Nickname given to US President Andrew Jackson

Oliver, Betty Lou

Best known as the 1940s elevator attendant for the Empire State Building who survived two large
accidents on the same day

de Oliveira Salazar, Antonio

Portuguese politician who founded and led the Estado Novo, the authoritarian, right-wing
government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974

Omura, Masujiro
Japanese military leader and theorist regarded as the “Father of the Modern Japanese Army”

Onager
Roman siege engine that is a type of Ballista that uses a torsional force to store energy for the shot

One-China policy
Term referring to the policy or view that there is only one state called “China”, despite the existence
of two governments that claim to be “China” which means that countries seeking diplomatic
relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) must break official relations with the Republic
of China (ROC), and vice versa

Onjo
Founder of Paekche

Onoda, Hiroo
Former Imperial Japanese Army intelligence officer who fought in World War II and did not
surrender in 1945 and in 1974 his former commander traveled from Japan to personally issue orders
relieving him from duty

Operation 25
Codename for the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II
Operation Active Endeavour
NATO maritime operation in the Mediterranean designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or
weapons of mass destruction

Operation Attila
Codename given to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974

Operation Anthropoid
Codename for the assassination attempt on Nazi general Reinhard Heydrich

Operation Anvil
• Original name for the Allied landing in southern France in August 1944, Operation Dragoon
• Military control of Nairobi, Kenya, by British security forces from April 24, 1954, in an attempt
to sever rebel supply lines during the Mau Mau Uprising
• Series of 21 underground nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site in 1981 and 1982
• Garda Síochána operation targeting organized crime and criminal gangs and associates

Operation Bagration
Codename for the Soviet 1944 Belorussian Strategic Offensive Operation during World War II,
which cleared German forces from the Belorussian SSR and eastern Poland

Operation Barbarossa
Code name for Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War

Operation Barrel Roll

Codename for the covert US bombing campaign in Laos to stop communist infiltration of South
Vietnam

Operation Blue Star

Indian military operation, ordered by then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to eliminate Jarnail
Singh Bhindranwale from the Golden Temple in Amritsar

Operation Bodenplatte
Attempt by the Luftwaffe to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries during the Second World
War

Operation Bootstrap
Name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century

Operation Cast Lead

Codename given to the Gaza War of 2008

Operation Chengiz Khan

Code name assigned to the pre-emptive strikes carried out by the Pakistani Air Force (PAF) on the
forward airbases and radar installations of the Indian Air Force (IAF) on the evening of 3 December
1971, and marked the formal initiation of hostilities of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Operation Citadel
German codename for the Battle of Kursk

Operation Compass
First major Allied military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during World War II

Operation Cyclone
Codename for the United States Central Intelligence Agency program to arm and finance the
Afghan mujahideen prior to and during the Soviet war in Afghanistan

Operation Eiche
Codename for the rescue of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini by German paratroopers led by Major
Otto-Harald Mors and Waffen-SS commandos in September 1943

Operation Frequent Wind

Codename for the evacuation by helicopter of American civilians and “at-risk” Vietnamese from
Saigon in April 1975

Operation Just Cause

Codename for the US invasion of Panama to oust General Manuel Noriega

Operation Little Vittles

Codename for the Berlin Airlift

Operation Marita
Codename for the invasion of Greece by Nazi Germany in April 1941

Operation Market Garden

Unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second
World War

Operation Mincemeat
Successful British disinformation plan during World War II intended to cover the invasion of Italy
from North Africa

Operation Mo
Codename of the Japanese plan to take control of the Australian Territory of New Guinea during
World War II as well as other locations in the South Pacific with the goal of isolating Australia and
New Zealand from their ally the United States

Operation Moolah
United States Air Force effort during the Korean War to obtain through defection a fully capable
Soviet MiG-15 jet fighter

Operation Neptune Spear

Codename for the operation that killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011

Operation Overlord
Code name for the Battle of Normandy

Operation Paperclip
Office of Strategic Services (OSS) program used to recruit the scientists of Nazi Germany for
employment by the United States in the aftermath of World War II

Operation Passage to Freedom

Term used by the United States Navy to describe its transportation in 1954–55 of 310,000
Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French Army from communist
North Vietnam to South Vietnam

Operation Pluto
World War II operation by British scientists, oil companies and armed forces to construct undersea
oil pipelines under the English Channel between England and France

Operation Power Pack

Codename for the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic from 1965 to 1966

Operation Ring
Codename for the May 1991 military operation conducted by Soviet Internal Security Forces and
OMON units in the region of Shahumyan, north of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of
the Azerbaijan SSR, that resulted in the deportation of thousands of Armenians from the region

Operation Sandblast
Codename for the first submerged circumnavigation of the world executed by the United States
Navy nuclear-powered radar picket submarine USS Triton (SSRN-586) in 1960 while under the
command of Captain Edward L. Beach, USN

Operation Searchlight
Planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist
movement in the erstwhile East Pakistan in March 1971

Operation Solomon
1991 covert Israeli military operation to take Ethiopian Jews to Israel

Operation Sunbeam
Last nuclear test series on the Nevada Test Site conducted in the atmosphere by the United States

Operation Ten-Go
Last major Japanese naval operation in the Pacific Theater of World War II

Operation Torch
British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African
Campaign started in 1942

Operation Urgent Fury

Codename for the United States-led invasion of Grenada in 1983

Operation Valkyrie
German World War II emergency continuity of government operations plan issued to the Territorial
Reserve Army of Germany to execute and implement in case of a general breakdown in civil order
of the nation

Operation Weserübung
Codename for Germany’s assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War

Organisation de l’armée secrète

Short-lived, French dissident paramilitary organization during the Algerian War (1954–62) that
used armed struggle in an attempt to prevent Algeria’s independence from French colonial rule
Organization X
Pro-royalist and anti-communist guerrilla group, active during the Axis occupation of Greece and
the Greek Civil War

Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell’Antifascismo

Italian for “Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism”, secret police of the
Kingdom of Italy, founded in 1927 under the regime of Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini and
during the reign of King Victor Emmanuel III

Oriental Nicety
Formerly named Exxon Valdez, oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince
William Sound spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska

Osirak
Iraq’s nuclear facility that was destroyed by the Israelis in an airstrike in the 1980s

Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII

Last Nizam of the Princely State of Hyderabad, reputed to be the richest man in the world, having a
fortune estimated at US$2 billion in the early 1940s

Ostpolitik
Term for the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Eastern
Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic beginning in 1969

Ostracism
Procedure under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state
of Athens for ten years

Oswald, Lee Harvey

Sniper who assassinated US President John F. Kennedy in 1963

Otho
Second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors

Otto I
Also known as Otto the Great, founder of the Holy Roman Empire

Our American Cousin

Play written by Tom Taylor that Abraham Lincoln was watching when he was shot by John Wilkes
Booth

Pachacuti
Ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the empire Tawantinsuyu or
the Inca Empire

Packer, Alferd
American prospector who was accused of cannibalism during the winter of 1873-1874

Pact of Steel
Known formally as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was originally
intended to be a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany
Paine, Thomas
English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary who wrote the
pamphlet Common Sense

Palace of Versailles
Symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime

Paladin
Sometimes known as the Twelve Peers, foremost warriors of Charlemagne’s court, according to the
literary cycle known as the Matter of France

Pale of Settlement
Term given to a region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and
beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited

Pancasila
Official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state

1. Belief in the one and only God

2. Just and civilized humanity
3. The unity of Indonesia
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst
representatives
5. Social justice for all of the people of Indonesia

Pankhurst, Emmeline
British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement that helped women win the
right to vote

“Papa Doc”
Nickname of Haitian dictator François Duvalier

Papen, Franz von

German chancellor who persuaded Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in a
cabinet not under Nazi Party domination

Park Hyeokgeose
Founder of Silla

Parks, Rosa
African-American civil rights activist who refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake’s order that
she give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled

Parr, Catherine
Last of the six wives of King Henry VIII of England

Parsons, William
American naval officer best known for being the weaponeer on the Enola Gay

Patent of Toleration
Edict issued in 1781 by the Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II of Austria that extended religious
freedom to non-Catholic Christians living in Habsburg lands, including Lutherans, Calvinists, and
the Greek Orthodox

Pathet Lao
Communist nationalist group in Laos that was founded in 1950 and took control of the country in
1975

Patil, Pratibha
First woman to hold the office of the President of India, serving from 2007 to 2012

Patrician
Original aristocratic families of Ancient Rome

Patten, Chris
Also known as Baron Patten of Barnes, last British governor and commander-in-chief of Hong
Kong

Paulus, Friedrich
German military officer best known for having commanded the Sixth Army in the Battle of
Stalingrad

Pavelic, Ante
Croatian fascist leader and politician who led the Ustase movement and who during World War II
ruled the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in part of
the occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia, pursuing genocidal racial policies against minorities

Pavlick, Richard Paul

Retired postal worker from New Hampshire who stalked then US President-elect John F. Kennedy,
with the intent of assassinating him

Peace of Augsburg
Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League that officially ended the religious struggle
between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy
Roman Empire

Pearl, Daniel
Wall Street Journal bureau chief was kidnapped and beheaded in Pakistan in January of 2002

Pearson, Lester
First Canadian to win the Nobel Peace Prize

Peary, Robert
American explorer who claimed to have led the first expedition, on April 6, 1909, to reach the
geographic North Pole

Pelagius of Asturias
Founder of the Kingdom of Asturias and credited with beginning the Reconquista

Perceval, Spencer
Only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated
Percival, Arthur Ernest
British Army officer most noted for his involvement in World War II, when he commanded the
forces of the British Commonwealth during the Battle of Malaya and the subsequent Battle of
Singapore

Pereira, Fernando
Freelance Dutch photographer, of Portuguese origin, who drowned when French intelligence
sabotaged and sank the Rainbow Warrior ship, owned by the environmental organization
Greenpeace

Pericles
Greek statesman who turned the Delian League into an Athenian Empire and led his countrymen
during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War

Perón, Isabel
First female President of Argentina

Perry, Matthew Calbraith

Commodore of the US Navy who played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the
Convention of Kanagawa in 1854

Persepolis
Ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire
Location of the ruins of the Gate of All Nations, the Throne Hall and the Apadana Palace

Pershing, John Joseph

General officer in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces during
World War I
Only person to be promoted in his own life time to the highest rank ever held in the United States
Army—General of the Armies
Holds the first United States officer service number (O-1)

Personal union
Combination by which two or more different states have the same monarch while their boundaries,
their laws and their interests remain distinct

Pertinax
First emperor of the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors

Peruggia, Vincenzo
The man who stole the Mona Lisa in 1911

Petacci, Clara
Mistress of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini

Pétain, Philippe
French general and statesman who established Vichy France during World War II, a puppet
government for Nazi Germany

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and
political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system
Petition of Right
Major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is
prohibited from infringing, containing restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of
soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law

Philby, Kim
High-rankin member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the
Soviet Union in 1963

Phillips, Richard
Former captain of the MV Maersk Alabama at the time it was held hostage by Somali pirates during
the cargo ship’s hijacking in April 2009

Pickelhaube
Spiked helmet worn in the 19th and 20th centuries by German military, firefighters, and police

Piechowski, Kazimierz
Polish soldier known for his famous escape from Auschwitz I along with three other prisoners
dressed as members of the SS-Totenkopfverbände, fully armed in a stolen SS staff car, in which
they drove out the main gate

Pierce, Franklin
Only US President from New Hampshire
First president elected to be born in the 19th century
First president who chose to “affirm” his oath of office rather than swear it
First president to recite his inaugural address from memory
First president to hire a full-time bodyguard
First president to have a Christmas tree in the White House

Piłs dski, Józef

Responsible for the creation of the Second Republic of Poland in 1918, 123 years after it had been
taken over by Russia, Austria and Germany

Pinochet, Augusto
Army general and dictator of Chile from 1973 until transferring power to a democratically elected
president in 1990

Pizarro, Francisco
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

Pogrom
Violent mob attack generally against Jews, and often condoned by the forces of law, characterized
by killings and/or destruction of homes and properties, businesses, and religious centers

Poignard
Long, lightweight thrusting knife with a continuously tapering, acutely pointed blade and
crossguard, historically worn by upper class, noblemen or the knighthood

Point Four Program

Technical assistance program for “developing countries” announced by United States President
Harry S. Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949
Pol Pot
Born Saloth Sar, Cambodian Communist revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge from 1963 until
his death in 1998

Ponce de León, Juan

Spanish explorer and conquistador who became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment
of the Spanish crown, led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named and is
associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth

Pony Express
Mail service delivering messages and mail from St. Joseph, Missouri across the Great Plains, over
the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento, California by horseback, using a series
of relay stations

Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon

Full name of Knights Templar

Post, Wiley Hardeman

Famed American aviator during the period known as the Golden Age of Aviation, the first pilot to
fly solo around the world

Pottinger, Sir Henry

First British governor of Hong Kong

Powell, Enoch
British politician who attained most prominence in 1968, when he made controversial speech on
race and immigration, now widely referred to as the “Rivers of Blood” speech

“Power to the People”

Motto of the black revolutionary socialist organization Black Panther Party

Powers, Francis Gary

American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a
reconnaissance mission over Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident

Prabhakaran, Thiruvenkadam Velupillai

Founder of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Pragmatic sanction
Sovereign’s solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law

Prajadhipok
Last absolute monarch and the first constitutional monarch of Siam (Thailand)

Prasad, Rajendra
First president of India

Pravda
Central organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Presidents of the United States of America

 Year President Vice-President(s)
1789–1797 George Washington John Adams
1797–1801 John Adams Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
1801–1809 Thomas Jefferson
George Clinton (1805–1809)
George Clinton (1809–1812)
Vacant (1812–1813)
1809–1817 James Madison
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Vacant (1814–1817)
1817–1825 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins
1825–1829 John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun (1829–1832)
Vacant (1832–1833)
1829–1837 Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren (1833–
1837)
1837–1841 Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson
1841 William Henry Harrison John Tyler
1841–1845 John Tyler Vacant
1845–1849 James K. Polk George M. Dallas
1849–1850 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore
1850–1853 Millard Fillmore Vacant
William R. King (1853)
1853–1857 Franklin Pierce
Vacant (1853–1857)
1857–1861 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson (1865)
1865–1869 Andrew Johnson Vacant
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
1869–1877 Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
Vacant (1875–1877)
1877–1881 Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler
1881 James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur
1881–1885 Chester A. Arthur Vacant
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
1885–1889 Grover Cleveland
Vacant (1885–1889)
1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton
 Year President Vice-President(s)
1893–1897 Grover Cleveland Adlai Stevenson I
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
1897–1901 William McKinley Vacant (1899–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Vacant (1901–1905)
1901–1909 Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–
1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–
1909–1913 William Howard Taft 1912)
Vacant (1912–1913)
1913–1921 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall
1921–1923 Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge
Vacant (1923–1925)
1923–1929 Calvin Coolidge
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
1929–1933 Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis
John Nance Garner (1933–
1941)
1933–1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Vacant (1945–1949)
1945–1953 Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley (1949–
1953)
1953–1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon
1961–1963 John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson
Vacant (1963–1965)
1963–1969 Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert Humphrey (1965–
1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
1969–1974 Richard Nixon Vacant (1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Vacant (1974)
1974–1977 Gerald Ford Nelson Rockefeller (1974–
1977)
1977–1981 Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale
1981–1989 Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush
1989–1993 George H. W. Bush Dan Quayle
1993–2001 Bill Clinton Al Gore
2001–2009 George W. Bush Dick Cheney
 Year President Vice-President(s)
2009–2017 Barack Obama Joe Biden

Prince of Asturias
Title given to the heir to the Spanish throne

Prince of Orange
Title carried by the heirs to the crown of the Netherlands

Prince of Wales
Title traditionally granted to the heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the 15 other independent Commonwealth realms

Princip, Gavrilo
Bosnian Serb who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess
of Hohenberg in 1914, sparking World War I

Project 571
Numeric codename given to an alleged plot to execute a coup d’etat against Chinese leader Mao
Zedong in 1971 by the supporters of Lin Biao, then Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party of
China

Project MKUltra
Codename of a U.S. government covert research operation experimenting in the behavioral
engineering of humans (mind control) through the CIA’s Scientific Intelligence Division and
involved the use of many methodologies to manipulate people’s individual mental states and alter
brain functions, including the surreptitious administration of drugs (especially LSD) and other
chemicals, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal and sexual abuse, as well as various
forms of torture

Project Plowshare
Overall United States term for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful
construction purposes

Prometheism
Political project initiated by Poland’s Józef Piłsudski aimed at weakening the Russian Empire and
its successor states, including the Soviet Union, by supporting nationalist independence movements
among the major non-Russian peoples that lived within the borders of Russia and the Soviet Union

PT-109
Boat commanded by John F. Kennedy during World War II

Pulitzer, Joseph
Hungarian-American newspaper publisher who introduced the techniques of “new journalism” to
the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s

Pulitzer Prize for History

Year Title Author

Year Title Author
With Americans of Past and
1917 Jean Jules Jusserand
Present Days
A History of the Civil War,
1918 James Ford Rhodes
1861-1865
1919 — —
1920 The War with Mexico Justin H. Smith
William Sowden Sims, Burton
1921 The Victory at Sea
J. Hendrick
1922 The Founding of New England James Truslow Adams
The Supreme Court in United
1923 Charles Warren
States History
The American Revolution: A
1924 Charles Howard McIlwain
Constitutional Interpretation
History of the American
1925 Frederic L. Paxson
Frontier
1926 A History of the United States Edward Channing
1927 Pinckney’s Treaty Samuel Flagg Bemis
Main Currents in American
1928 Vernon Louis Parrington
Thought
The Organization and
1929 Administration of the Union Fred Albert Shannon
Army, 1861-1865
1930 The War of Independence Claude H. Van Tyne
1931 The Coming of the War, 1914 Bernadotte E. Schmitt
My Experiences in the World
1932 John J. Pershing
War
The Significance of Sections in
1933 Frederick J. Turner
American History
1934 The People’s Choice Herbert Agar
The Colonial Period of
1935 Charles McLean Andrews
American History
A Constitutional History of the
1936 Andrew C. McLaughlin
United States
The Flowering of New
1937 Van Wyck Brooks
England, 1815-1865
The Road to Reunion, 1865-
1938 Paul Herman Buck
1900
Year Title Author
A History of American
1939 Frank Luther Mott
Magazines
Abraham Lincoln: The War
1940 Carl Sandburg
Years
The Atlantic Migration, 1607-
1941 Marcus Lee Hansen
1860
Reveille in Washington, 1860-
1942 Margaret Leech
1865
Paul Revere and the World He
1943 Esther Forbes
Lived In
The Growth of American
1944 Merle Curti
Thought
1945 Unfinished Business Stephen Bonsal
1946 The Age of Jackson Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
1947 Scientists Against Time James Phinney Baxter III
1948 Across the Wide Missouri Bernard DeVoto
The Disruption of American
1949 Roy Franklin Nichols
Democracy
1950 Art and Life in America Oliver W. Larkin
The Old Northwest, Pioneer
1951 R. Carlyle Buley
Period 1815-1840
1952 The Uprooted Oscar Handlin
1953 The Era of Good Feelings George Dangerfield
1954 A Stillness at Appomattox Bruce Catton
Great River: The Rio Grande
1955 Paul Horgan
in North American History
1956 The Age of Reform Richard Hofstadter
Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-
1957 American Relations, 1917- George F. Kennan
1920
1958 Banks and Politics in America Bray Hammond
The Republican Era: 1869- Leonard D. White, Jean
1959
1901 Schneider
1960 In the Days of McKinley Margaret Leech
Between War and Peace: The
1961 Herbert Feis
Potsdam Conference
Year Title Author
The Triumphant Empire:
1962 Thunder-Clouds Gather in the Lawrence H. Gipson
West, 1763-1766
Washington, Village and
1963 Constance McLaughlin Green
Capital, 1800-1878
Puritan Village: The
1964 Formation of a New England Sumner Chilton Powell
Town
1965 The Greenback Era Irwin Unger
The Life of the Mind in
1966 Perry Miller
America
Exploration and Empire: The
Explorer and the Scientist in
1967 William H. Goetzmann
the Winning of the American
West
The Ideological Origins of the
1968 Bernard Bailyn
American Revolution
Origins of the Fifth
1969 Leonard W. Levy
Amendment
Present at the Creation: My
1970 Dean Acheson
Years in the State Department
Roosevelt: The Soldier of
1971 James MacGregor Burns
Freedom
1972 Neither Black not White Carl N. Degler
People of Paradox: An Inquiry
1973 Concerning the Origins of Michael Kammen
American Civilization
The Americans: The
1974 Daniel J. Boorstin
Democratic Experience
1975 Jefferson and His Time Dumas Malone
1976 Lamy of Santa Fe Paul Horgan
David M. Potter (completed
The Impending Crisis, 1848-
1977 and edited by Don E.
1861
Fehrenbacher)
The Visible Hand: The
1978 Managerial Revolution in Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.
American Business
The Dred Scott Case: Its
1979 Significance in American Law Don E. Fehrenbacher
and Politics
Year Title Author
1980 Been in the Storm So Long Leon F. Litwack
American Education: The
1981 National Experience, 1873- Lawrence A. Cremin
1876
1982 Mary hestnut’s Civil War C. Vann Woodward
The Transformation of
1983 Rhys L. Isaac
Virginia, 1740-1790
1984 — —
1985 Prophets of Regulation Thomas K. McCraw
...the Heavens and the Earth: A
1986 Political History of the Space Walter A. McDougall
Age
Voyagers to the West: A
Passage in the People of
1987 Bernard Bailyn
America on the Eve of the
Revolution
The Launching of Modern
1988 Robert V. Bruce
American Science, 1846-1876
Parting the Waters: America in
1989 Taylor Branch
the King Years 1954-1963
In Our Image: America’s
1990 Stanley Karnow
Empire in the Philippines
1991 A Midwife’s Tale Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
The Fate of Liberty: Abraham
1992 Mark E. Neely, Jr.
Lincoln and Civil Liberties
The Radicalism of the
1993 Gordon S. Wood
American Revolution
1994 — —
No Ordinary Time: Franklin
1995 and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Doris Kearns Goodwin
Home Front in World War II
William ooper’s Town:
Power and Persuasion on the
1996 Alan Taylor
Frontier of the Early American
Republic
Original Meanings: Politics
1997 and Ideas in the Making of the Jack N. Rakove
Constitution
1998 Summer for the Gods: The Edward J. Larson
 Year Title Author
Scopes Trial and America’s
Continuing Debate Over
Science and Religion
Gotham: A History of New Edwin G. Burrows, Mike
1999
York City to 1898 Wallace
Freedom From Fear: The
American People in
2000 David M. Kennedy
Depression and War, 1929-
1945
Founding Brothers: The
2001 Joseph J. Ellis
Revolutionary Generation
The Metaphysical Club: A
2002 Louis Menand
Story of Ideas in America
An Army at Dawn: The War in
2003 Rick Atkinson
North Africa 1942-1943
2004 A Nation Under Our Feet Steven Hahn
2005 Washington’s Crossing David Hackett Fisher
2006 Polio: An American Story David Oshinsky
2007 The Race Beat Gene Roberts, Hank Klibanoff
What Hath God Wrought: the
2008 Transformation of America, Daniel Walker Howe
1815-1848
The Hemingses of Monticello:
2009 Annette Gordon-Reed
An American Family
Lords of Finance: The Bankers
2010 Liaquat Ahamed
Who Broke the World
The Fiery Trial: Abraham
2011 Eric Foner
Lincoln and American Slavery
Malcolm X: A Life of
2012 Manning Marable
Reinvention
Embers of War: The Fall of an
2013 Empire and the Making of Fredrik Logevall
America’s Vietnam

Puyi
Last Emperor of China, and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing Dynasty, declared the Kangde
Emperor of the puppet state of Manchukuo by the Empire of Japan during World War II

Pyrrhus of Epirus
King of Epirus and Macedon who became one of the strongest opponents of early Rome
Pyrrhic victory was named after him

Qin Shihuangdi
First emperor of unified China

Quantrill’s Raiders
Loosely organized force of pro-Confederate Partisan rangers, “bushwhackers”, who fought in the
American Civil War under the leadership of William Clarke Quantrill

Queen Anne’s Revenge

Flagship of pirate Blackbeard

Quisling, Vidkun
Norwegian politician who seized power in a Nazi-backed coup d’ tat and served as Minister-
President of Norway from 1942 to 1945

Radcliffe Line
Boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan upon the Partition of India

Raden Wijaya
Founder and first monarch of the Majapahit Empire

Raeder, Erich
German naval leader who led the Kriegsmarine for the first half of the war

Raffles, Sir Stamford

Founder of the city of Singapore

Rainbow Warrior
Greenpeace ship sunk whilst in harbor in New Zealand by operatives of the French intelligence
service in 1985 killing one of the activists

Rajaratnam, Thenmozhi
Assassin who killed Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi

Rameses II
Often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire

Randolph, Edmund
First Attorney General of the United States

Randolph, Peyton
First president of the Continental Congress

Rani
Female equivalent of Raja

Rankin, Jeannette
First woman elected to the United States Congress
Only member of United States Congress to vote against both World Wars

Rasputin, Grigori
Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanovs

Ray, James Earl

American criminal convicted of the assassination of civil rights and anti-war activist Martin Luther
King, Jr.

“Red Eminence”
Nickname given to Cardinal Richelieu

Reilly, Sidney George

Famously known as the “Ace of Spies”, secret agent employed by the Scotland Yard and the Secret
Intelligence Service who planned an attempt to overthrow the Bolshevik regime in 1918

Reichelt, Franz
Remembered for his accidental death by jumping from the Eiffel Tower while testing a wearable
parachute of his design

Reichstag Fire Decree

Common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State issued by
German President Paul von Hindenburg in direct response to the Reichstag Fire of 1933, nullifying
many of the key civil liberties of German citizens

Republic of Rose Island

Short-lived micronation founded by Italian engineer Giorgio Rosa destroyed by the Italian Navy

Requerimiento
Written declaration of sovereignty and war, read by Spanish military forces to assert their
sovereignty over the Americas

Revere, Paul
American silversmith most famous for alerting the Colonial militia to the approach of British forces
before the battles of Lexington and Concord, as dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s
poem “Paul Revere’s Ride”

Revolution of Roses
Phrase referring to the change of power in Georgia in November 2003, which took place after
widespread protests over the disputed parliamentary election that forced then President Eduard
Shevardnadze to resign in 2003

Rhode Island
First American colony to renounce allegiance to King George III
Last of the thirteen original colonies to ratify the United States Constitution

Richard II of England
First English monarch to abdicate

Richard III of England

Last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty
Last English king to die in battle and the only one to die in battle on English soil since Harold II
(Battle of Bosworth Field)

Rickenbacker, Edward
America’s most successful fighter ace in World War I, with 26 aerial victories
Scripted a popular comic strip called Ace Drummond

Righteous Among the Nations

An honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the
Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis

Rising of the North

Term referring to the unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose
Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots

RMS Carpathia
Famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS Titanic after the latter ship hit an iceberg and sank on 15
April 1912

RMS Lusitania
British ocean liner, holder of the Blue Riband and briefly the world’s biggest ship launched by the
Cunard Line in 1907 and was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat in 1915

RMS Titanic
British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on April 15, 1912 after colliding with
an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK to New York City

Roaring Twenties
Phrase used to describe 1920s to emphasize the period’s social, artistic and cultural dynamism

Robert the Bruce

Defeated Edward II at the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn

Roberts, Joseph Jenkins

First president of Liberia

Robespierre, Maximilien
Nicknamed “The Incorruptible” by his supporters, French lawyer and politician, best known as the
leader of the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror

Robinson, Doane
State historian of South Dakota who conceived of the idea for the Mount Rushmore National
Memorial

Robinson, Mary
First female president of Ireland

Rockall
Rocky islet in the North Atlantic Ocean that became the final territorial acquisition of the British
Empire in 1955

Rockefeller, John Davison

Founder of the Standard Oil Company and the first American worth more than a billion dollars

Roggeveen, Jacob
Dutch explorer who was sent to find Terra Australis, but he instead came across Easter Island
Röhm, Ernst
Co-founder of the Sturmabteilung, the Nazi Party militia, executed on Adolf Hitler’s orders in 1934
as part of the Night of the Long Knives

Romulus
Founder and first king of Rome

Romulus Augustulus
Last Western Roman Emperor

Romusha
Forced laborers during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II

Roosevelt, Eleanor
First US First Lady to represent the United States at the United Nations

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

First US president to visit Las Vegas

Roosevelt, Theodore
First US president to call the White House as White House

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel

United States citizens convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war, and
executed whose charges were related to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the
Soviet Union

Rosenthal, Joseph John

American photographer who received the Pulitzer Prize for his iconic World War II photograph
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, taken during the Battle of Iwo Jima

Rosetta Stone
Ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BCE on
behalf of King Ptolemy V

Rosie the Riveter

Cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories
during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies

Ross, Betsy
Widely credited with making the first American flag

Ross, Edmund Gibson

US Senator whose vote against convicting President Andrew Johnson of “high crimes and
misdemeanors” allowed Johnson to stay in office by the margin of one vote

Ross, Nellie Tayloe

First woman to be elected governor of a US state (Wyoming)

Rough Riders
Name given to Theodore Roosevelt’s Spanish-American War volunteer group
Royall, Kenneth Claiborne
Last person to hold the office of Secretary of War

Rubenstein, Jacob Leon

Real name of Jack Ruby, the man who murdered Lee Harvey Oswald

Rump Parliament
English parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on December 6, 1648 of those
hostile to the Grandees’ intention to try King Charles I of high treason

Rupert
British Army slang for an officer

Rusesabagina, Paul
Rwandan hotel manager known for hiding and protecting 1,268 refugees during the Rwandan
Genocide

Rutledge, John
Second Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Ryan, Leo J.
Only U.S. Member of Congress killed in the line of duty after being assassinated in Guyana by
members of the Peoples Temple shortly before the Jonestown Massacre in 1978

Sabaton
Part of a knight's armor that covers the foot

Sablin, Valery Mikhailovich

Soviet Navy officer and a member of the Communist Party who led a mutiny on the Soviet warship
Storozhevoy in November 1975 in the hope of starting a Leninist political revolution in the Soviet
Union

Sadat, Anwar
President of Egypt, led the in the October War of 1973 to re-acquire Egyptian territory lost to Israel
in the 1967 Six-Day War, and engaged in negotiations with Israel afterwards

Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre

1572 event during the French Wars of Religion that targeted the Huguenots

Sakamaki, Kazuo
First Japanese prisoner of war of World War II captured by American forces

Sakharov Prize recipients

Year Recipient Country

Nelson Mandela South Africa
1988
Anatoly Marchenko Soviet Union
1989 Alexander Dubček Czechoslovakia
1990 Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar
 Year Recipient Country
1991 Adem Demaçi Kosovo
1992 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Argentina
1993 Oslobodenje Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 Taslima Nasrim Bangladesh
1995 Leyla Zana Turkey
1996 Wei Jingsheng People's Republic of China
1997 Salima Ghezali Algeria
1998 Ibrahim Rugova Kosovo
1999 Xanana Gusmão East Timor
2000 ¡Basta Ya! Spain
Nurit Peled-Elhanan Israel
2001 Izzat Ghazzawi Palestine
Dom Zacarias Kamwenho Angola
2002 Oswaldó Paya Cuba
Kofi Annan Ghana
2003
United Nations —
Belarussian Association of
2004 Belarus
Journalists
Ladies in White Cuba
2005 Reporters Without Borders —
Hauwa Ibrahim Nigeria
2006 Alaksandar Milinkievič Belarus
2007 Salih Mahmoud Osman Sudan
2008 Hu Jia People's Republic of China
2009 Memorial Russia
2010 Guillermo Fariñas Cuba
Asmaa Mahfouz Egypt
Ahmed al-Senussi Libya
2011 Razan Zaitouneh Syria
Ali Farzat Syria
Mohamed Bouazizi Tunisia
Jafar Panahi
2012 Iran
Nasrin Sotoudeh
2013 Malala Yousafzai Pakistan

Salter, Susanna Madora

First woman elected as mayor and the first woman elected to any political office in the United
States

Samoset
First Native American to make contact with the Pilgrims

Sampan, Khieu
President of the State Presidium of Democratic Kampuchea from 1976 to 1979

Sampson, Edith Spurlock

First Black U.S. delegate appointed to the United Nations

Samurai
Military nobility of medieval and early-modern Japan

Sansepolcrismo
Term used to refer to Italian Fascist supporters who are known as the original supporters of the
movement

Santa Clara
Original name of Christopher Columbus' ship Nina

Sargon of Akkad
Semitic Akkadian emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 23rd and 22nd
centuries BCE

Sarjeant, Marcus
Notable for firing six blank shots at Elizabeth II during the Trooping the Colour ceremony in 1981

Satrap
Name given to the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid (Persian)
Empires and in several of their successors, such as the Sassanid Empire and the Hellenistic empires

SAVAK
Secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran’s Mohammad Reza
Shah Pahlavi with the help of the United States' Central Intelligence Agency

Savonarola, Girolamo
Dominican priest and enemy of the Medici who conductedthe Bonfire of the Vanities in 1497 and
transformed Florence into a Christianrepublic

Schabowski, Günter
Former official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany who gained worldwide fame in November
1989 when he improvised a slightly mistaken answer to a press conference question, raising popular
expectations so rapidly that massive crowds gathered the same night at the Berlin Wall, forcing its
opening after 28 years

Scharnhorst
German capital ship, alternatively described as a battleship and battlecruiser, saw action in World
War II and was sunk at the Battle of the North Cape

Schengen Agreement
Proposed the gradual abolition of border checks at the signatories’ common borders, led to the
creation of the Europe’s borderless Schengen Area in 1995

Schinas, Alexandros
Greek anarchist who assassinated King George I of Greece in Thessaloniki in 1913

Schindler, Oskar
German industrialist credited with saving the lives of over 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by
employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories

Schliemann, Heinrich
German archaeologist who discovered the ruins of Troy

Schmalkaldic League
Defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire

Schmalkaldic War
Short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire

Schultz, Dutch
Born Arthur Flegenheimer, American mobster of the 1920s and 1930s who made his fortune in
organized crime-related activities such as bootlegging alcohol and the numbers racket

Schwarzkopf, H. Norman
Nicknamed “Stormin’ Norman”, US Army general who led all coalition forces in the Persian Gulf
War in 1991

Schweitzer, Albert
Medical missionary in Africa best known for his interpretive life of Jesus who received the 1952
Nobel Peace Prize for his philosophy of “Reverence for Life”

(Publius Cornelius) Scipio Africanus

Roman general best known for defeating Hannibal at the final battle of the Second Punic War at
Zama

Scott, Frank
First enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces to lose his life in an aircraft accident

Scramble for Africa

Term referring to the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by
European powers during the New Imperialism period, between 1881 and 1914

Secret Service codenames

Edith Wilson - Grandma

Harry S. Truman - General or Supervise
Bess Truman - Sunnyside
Dwight Eisenhower - Scorecard or Providence
Mamie Eisenhower - Springtime
John F. Kennedy - Lancer
Jacqueline Kennedy - Lace
Caroline Kennedy - Lyric
John F. Kennedy, Jr. - Lark
Rose Kennedy - Coppertone
Ethel Kennedy - Sundance
Lyndon Johnson – Volunteer
Lady Bird Johnson – Victoria
Lynda Bird Johnson - Velvet
Luci Baines Johnson - Venus
Richard Nixon – Searchlight
Pat Nixon – Starlight
Patricia Nixon Cox – Sugarfoot
Edward F. Cox – Seminole
Julie Nixon Eisenhower – Sunbonnet
David Eisenhower – Sahara
Gerald Ford – Passkey or Pass Key
Betty Ford – Pinafore
Susan Ford – Panda
Michael Ford – Professor
Jack Ford - Packman
Jimmy Carter - Lock Master or Deacon
Rosalynn Carter - Lotus Petal or Dancer
Amy Carter – Dynamo
Chip Carter - Diamond
Jack Carter - Derby
Jeff Carter - Deckhand
Ronald Reagan – Rawhide
Nancy Reagan – Rainbow
Maureen Reagan - Rhyme, Rosebud
Michael Reagan - Riddler
Patti Davis - Ribbon
Ron Reagan - Reliant
Doria Reagan - Radiant
George H. W. Bush - Timberwolf
Barbara Bush – Snowbank or Tranquility
Marvin Bush - Tuner
Neil Bush – Trapline
Jeb Bush - Tripper
Dorothy Bush - Tiller
Bill Clinton – Eagle
Hillary Rodham Clinton - Evergreen
Chelsea Clinton - Energy
George W. Bush - Tumbler, later Trailblazer
Laura Bush – Tempo
Barbara Bush - Turquoise
Jenna Bush - Twinkle
Barack Obama – Renegade
Michelle Obama - Renaissance
Malia Obama - Radiance
Sasha Obama - Rosebud

Secretary-General of the United Nations

 1945-1946 Gladwyn Jebb (acting)
1946-1952 Trgyve Lie
1953-1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1961-1971 U Thant
1972-1981 Kurt Waldheim
1982-1991 Javier Perez de Cuellar
1992-1996 Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1997-2006 Kofi Annan
2007-present Ban Ki-moon

Sendero Luminoso
Also known as “Shining Path”, Maoist guerrilla insurgent organization in Peru founded by Abimael
Guzmán

Senkaku Islands
Group of uninhabited islands controlled by Japan in the East China Sea, disputed by the People’s
Republic of China and the Republic of China following the transfer of administration from the
United States to Japan in 1971

Sepoy
Designation given to an Indian soldier in the service of a European power

Seven Pillars of Wisdom

Autobiographical account of the experiences of British soldier T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of
Arabia”), while serving as a liaison officer with rebel forces during the Arab Revolt against the
Ottoman Turks of 1916 to 1918

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

• Great Pyramid of Giza

• Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
• Statue of Zeus at Olympia
• Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
• Colossus of Rhodes
• Lighthouse of Alexandria

Seward, William Henry

US Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnsonresponsible for the purchase of
Alaska

“Seward’sFolly”
Nickname given to the 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia, engineered by US Secretary of State
William Henry Seward

Seymour, Jane
Only one of Henry’s wives to receive a queen’s funeral, and his only consort to be buried beside
him in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, as she was the only consort to have a male heir to
survive infancy

Seyss-Inquart, Arthur
Austrian National Socialist official who served as Chancellor of Austria for two days – 11–13
March 1938 – before the Anschluss that merged Austria with Nazi Germany

Shah Jahan
Fifth Mughal emperor whose reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture and erected many
splendid monuments including the Taj Mahal

Sharashka
Informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp
system

Shaw, Robert Gould

Commander of the all-black 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment during the US Civil War,
principal subject of the 1989 film Glory portrayed by Matthew Broderick

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Bangladeshi politician who headed the Awami League and served as the first President of
Bangladesh, and later as Prime Minister

Sherman, Roger
Only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States

Sherman, William Tecumseh

American soldier who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War

Shields, James
Only person in United States history to serve as a U.S. Senator for three different states (Illinois,
Minnesota and Missouri)

Shin Bet
Israel’s internal security service

Shinano
Third of the Yamato-class battleships that was converted into an aircraft carrier

Shipley, Jenny
First female prime minister of New Zealand

Shirayuki
Horse of Emperor Hirohito

Shoah
Hebrew word for the Holocaust

Shoda, Michiko
Empress of Japan, first commoner to marry into the Japanese Imperial Family
Shoho
First Japanese aircraft carrier to be sunk during World War II

Shomron, Dan
Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces most remembered for planning and commanding
Operation Entebbe

Shrapnel, Henry
British Army officer and inventor, most famously, of the “shrapnel shell”

Shunzhi Emperor
Third emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the first Qing emperor to rule over China

Sicilian Vespers
Name given to the successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out on the Easter of 1282
against the rule of the French/Capetian king Charles I, who had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since
1266

Siege of Compiegne
Last battle fought by Joan of Arc

Siege of Vienna (1529)

First attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of
Vienna, Austria

Siegfried Line
• Line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line in
northern France during World War I
• Defensive line built during the 1930s, opposite the French Maginot Line which served a
corresponding purpose

Siekmann, Ida
First person to die at the Berlin Wall

Sigurimi
State security, intelligence and secret police service of the Socialist People’s Republic of Albania

Silberbauer, Karl
Nazi officer who arrested Anne Frank and her family in their hiding place in 1944

Sing Sing Prison

First prison to use fingerprinting for identification purposes in 1903

Singapore
First and only country to date to gain independence unwillingly

Singh, Manmohan
First Sikh prime minister of India

Sipple, Oliver
US Marine and Vietnam War veteran widely known for saving the life of then US President Gerald
Ford during an assassination attempt by Sara Jane Moore in San Francisco on September 22, 1975
Sirhan, Sirhan Bishara
Convicted for the assassination of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy

Sirica, John
Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, where he became
famous for his role in the Watergate scandal when he ordered President Richard Nixon to turn over
his recordings of White House conversations

Six Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine of Aragon
• Anne Boleyn
• Jane Seymour
• Anne of Cleves
• Catherine Howard
• Catherine Parr

Skanderbeg, George Kastrioti

Albanian lord who initiated and organized the League of Lezhë and defended the region of Albania
against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades

Skorzeny, Otto
German field commander who carried out the rescue mission that freed the deposed Italian dictator
Benito Mussolini from captivity

Sloop-of-war
In the British Navy, warship with a single gun deck that carried up to eighteen guns

Smith, Edward
Best known as the captain of RMS Titanic

Smith, Ian Douglas

Prime Minister of Rhodesia from 13 April 1964 to 1 June 1979

Smith, Samantha Reed

American schoolgirl, peace activist and child actress from Manchester, Maine, who became famous
for writing a letter to the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, and received a personal reply which
included a personal invitation to visit the Soviet Union, which she accepted

Smith, William Franklin, Jr.

Pilot of the B-25 Mitchell bomber that crashed into the Empire State Building in 1945

SMS Szent István

Only battleship built in the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary
Only battleship whose sinking was filmed during World War I

Smuts, Jan
Only person to sign the charters of both the League of Nations and the United Nations

Solidarity
First non-communist party-controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country
Somerset, FitzRoy, 1st Baron Raglan
Commanded the British troops sent during the Crimean War

Song Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that developed gunpowder

Songbun
System of ascribed status in North Korea based on political, social and economic background for
direct ancestors as well as behavior by relatives and used to determine whether the individual is
trusted with responsibility or given opportunities in North Korea

Songun
North Korean policy of prioritizing the Korean People’s Army in the affairs of the state and
allocating resources to the army first

Soviet Banner of Victory

Banner raised by the three Red Army soldiers (Alexei Berest, Mikhail Yegorov and Meliton
Kantaria) on the Reichstag on April 30, 1945

Spanish Armada
Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in
1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England and putting an end to her
involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and in privateering in the Atlantic and Pacific

Spanish Main
In the days of the Spanish New World Empire, term referring to the mainland of the American
continent enclosing the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico

Speakeasy
Term designating illegal purveyors of alcohol during the early 20th-century Prohibition era

Speer, Albert
Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler’s chief architect
before assuming ministerial office

Speke, John Hanning

Officer in the British Indian Army most associated with the search for the source of the Nile and the
discovery and naming of Lake Victoria

Spingarn Medal recipients

Year Winner
1915 Ernest E. Just
1916 Col. Charles Young
1917 Harry T. Burleigh
1918 William Stanley Braithwaite
1919 Archibald H. Grimké
Year Winner
1920 William E. B. Du Bois
1921 Charles S. Gilpin
1922 Mary B. Talbert
1923 George Washington Carver
1924 Roland Hayes
1925 James Weldon Johnson
1926 Carter G. Woodson
1927 Anthony Overton
1928 Charles W. Chesnutt
1929 Mordecai W. Johnson
1930 Henry A. Hunt
1931 Richard B. Harrison
1932 Robert Russa Motion
1933 Max Yergan
1934 William T. B. Williams
1935 Mary McLeod Bethune
1936 John Hope
1937 Walter F. White
1938 —
1939 Marian Anderson
1940 Louis T. Wright
1941 Richard N. Wright
1942 A. Philip Randolph
1943 William H. Hastie
1944 Charles R. Drew
1945 Paul Robeson
1946 Thurgood Marshall
1947 Percy L. Julian
1948 Channing Heggie Tobias
1949 Ralph J. Bunche
1950 Charles Hamilton Houston
1951 Mabel Keaton
Year Winner
1952 Harry T. Moore
1953 Paul R. Williams
1954 Theodore K. Lawless
1955 Carl J. Murphy
1956 Jack R. Robinson
1957 Martin Luther King, Jr.
1958 Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine
1959 Edward “Duke” Ellington
1960 J. Langston Hughes
1961 Kenneth B. Clark
1962 Robert C. Weaver
1963 Medgar W. Evers
1964 Roy Wilkins
1965 Leontyne Price
1966 John Howard Johnson
1967 Edward W. Brooke III
1968 Sammy Davis, Jr.
1969 Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.
1970 Jacob Lawrence
1971 Leon Howard Sullivan
1972 Gordon Parks
1973 Wilson Riles
1974 Damon J. Keith
1975 —
1976 Henry L. Aaron
1977 Alvin Ailey, Jr., Alexander P. Haley
1978 —
1979 Andrew Young, Rosa L. Parks
1980 Rayford W. Logan
1981 Coleman A. Young
1982 Benjamin Mays
1983 Lena Horne
Year Winner
1984 —
1985 Thomas Bradley, William H. Cosby, Jr.
1986 Benjamin Hooks
1987 Percy Sutton
1988 Frederick Douglass Patterson
1989 Jesse L. Jackson
1990 L. Douglas Wilder
1991 Gen. Colin L. Powell
1992 Barbara C. Jordan
1993 Dorothy I. Height
1994 Maya Angelou
1995 John Hope Franklin
1996 Aloysius Leon Higginbotham
1997 Carl T. Rowan
1998 Myrlie Evers-Williams
1999 Earl G. Graves
2000 Oprah Winfrey
2001 Vernon E. Jordan, Jr.
2002 John Lewis
2003 Constance Baker Motley
2004 Robert L. Carter
2005 Oliver W. Hill
2006 Benjamin Carson
2007 John Conyers
2008 Ruby Dee
2009 Julian Bond
2010 Cicely Tyson
2011 Frankie Muse Freeman
2012 —
2013 Harry Belafonte
2014
“Spiritual Leader of the Nation”
Title bestowed to Evita Peron by the Argentine Congress in 1952

SS Californian
Leyland Line steamship best known for the controversy surrounding her location during the sinking
of the RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912

SS Edmund Fitzgerald
American Great Lakes freighter that sank in a Lake Superior storm on November 10, 1975, with the
loss of the entire crew of 29

SS Mayaguez
U.S.-flagged container ship that attained notoriety for its 12 May 1975 seizure by Khmer Rouge
forces of Cambodia, which resulted in a confrontation with the United States at the close of the
Vietnam War

SS Nomadic
Steamship of the White Star Line built as a tender to RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic
Last surviving White Star Line vessel

Standish, Myles
English military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military advisor for Plymouth Colony and played a
leading role in the administration and defense of Plymouth Colony from its inception

Stanley, George Francis

Designer of the current Canadian Flag

Stanley, Sir Henry Morton

Born John Rowlands, Welsh American journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central
Africa and his search for Scottish missionary and explorer David Livingstone

Statute of Anne
First statute to provide for copyright regulated by the government and courts, rather than by private
parties

Stephen I
First king of Hungary

Stern, Itzhak
Credited with typing the list of names known for Schindler’s List

Stirling, Sir David

Founder of the UK Special Air Services

Stonewall
Nickname given to Confederate general Thomas Jonathan Jackson

Stone of Scone
Block of sandstone on which medieval Scottish kings werecrowned

Stroessner, Alfredo
President of Paraguay whose 35-year long rule, marked by an uninterrupted period of repression in
his country, was the longest unbroken rule by one individual in South America in the twentieth
century

Stuart, James Ewell Brown

U.S. Army officer from Virginia and a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil
War known for his mastery of reconnaissance and the use of cavalry in support of offensive
operations

Stuyvesant, Peter
Last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded
provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York

Sullivan, Anne
Irish-American teacher best known for being the instructor and companion of Helen Keller

Summer of Love
Social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967, when as many as 100,000 people
converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, initiating a major cultural and
political shift

Sun Yat-sen
Chinese revolutionary who became the first president and founding father of the Republic of China
in 1912
Known as the “George Washington of China”

“Supermac”
Nickname given to British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan

Supersemar
Indonesian abbreviation for Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret (Order of March the Eleventh), document
signed by the Indonesian President Sukarno on 11 March 1966, giving the army commander Lt.
Gen. Suharto authority to take whatever measures he “deemed necessary” to restore order to the
chaotic situation during the Indonesian killings of 1965–66

Surratt, Mary
American boarding house owner convicted of taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate President
Abraham Lincoln
First woman executed by the United States federal government

Suryavarman II
King of the Khmer Empire who saw the construction of the Angkor Wat

Swain, Louisa Ann

First woman in the United States to vote in a general election

Sweeney, Charles
Officer in the United States Air Force known as the pilot who flew Bockscar carrying the Fat Man
atomic bomb to Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

Swinton, Ernest
Credited with influencing the development and adoption of the tank
Sword of Attila
Also called the Sword of Mars or Sword of God, legendary weapon carried by Attila the Hun

“Sword of Islam”
Title that Timur the Lame, founder of the Timurid dynasty, referred to himself

Sydney
Site of the first British colony in Australia

Tabun
Organophosphorus nerve gas developed in Germany during World War II

Tacitus
Roman Historian who examined the reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and the Year of the Four
Emperors

Tafero, Jesse
Convicted of murder and executed via electric chair in the state of Florida for the murders of
Florida Highway Patrol officer Phillip Black and Donald Irwin, a visiting Canadian constable and
friend of Black

Taft, Nellie
First US First Lady to drive a car

Taft, William Howard

Only man to have served as President of the United States and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
First golfer to become president
First president entrapped by a White House plumbing fixture
First president to throw out the first pitch of the baseball season

Tagma
Term referring to the elite regiments formed by Byzantine emperor Constantine V and comprising
the central army of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th to 11th centuries

Taille
Direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Régime France

Taisei Yokusankai
Japanese para-fascist organization created by then PrimeMinister Fumimaro Konoe that evolved
into a statist ruling party

Taksim
Turkish Cypriot political belief in the partition of Cyprus in the Cyprus dispute

Taksin the Great

Only King of Thonburi

Tancred
Norman leader of the First Crusade who later became the Prince of Galilee and regent of the
Principality of Antioch
Tania
Name adopted by Patty Hearst when she joined the Symbionese Liberation Army, inspired by the
nom de guerre of Tamara Bunke, Che Guevara's comrade

Taro, Gerda
Regarded as the first female photojournalist to cover the front lines of a war and to die while doing
so

Teach, Edward
Real name of the pirate Blackbeard

Tenochtitlan
Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico
Ancient capital of the Aztec Empire

Texas
First US state to authorize voting rights in space

Than Shwe
Burmese politician who was chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) from
1992 to 2011

Thant, U
First Asian secretary-general of the United Nations

Thatcher, Margaret Hilda, Baroness Thatcher

Also known as “The Iron Lady”, first woman British prime minister from 1979 to 1990
First living British Prime Minister to be honored with a statue in the Houses of Parliament

The Casket Letters

Letters that implicated Mary, Queen of Scots in the murder of Darnley

The Diary of a Young Girl

Book of the writings from the Dutch language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for
two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands

“The empire on which the sun never sets”

Phrase used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was
always at least one part of their territory in daylight, originally used for the Spanish Empire and
later for the British Empire

“The March of the Women”

Anthem of the women’s suffrage movement in the United Kingdom, composed in 1910 by Ethel
Smyth

Themistocles
Greek general who led the Greek fleet that defeated the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis

Theodora
Empress of Byzantium who convinced Justinian I not to flee the city during the riots of 532 CE

Theodosius I the Great

Last man to govern both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, Roman Emperor who made
Christianity Rome’s state religion
Banned the Olympics in Ancient Greece in 393 CE

Thesiger, Frederic Augustus, 2nd Baron Chelmsford

British general best known for his commanding role during the Anglo-Zulu War

Thich Quang Duc

Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon road
intersection on 11 June 1963 in protest against the persecution of Buddhists by the South
Vietnamese government led by Ngo Dinh Diem

Thirteen Years’ War

Also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict that was fought in 1454–66 between the Prussian
Confederation, allied with the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order

Thomas, Clarence
Second African American to serve on the United States Supreme Court, succeeding Thurgood
Marshall

Thompson, Florence Owens

Subject of Dorothea Lange’s photo Migrant Mother, an iconic image of the Great Depression

Thompson, Robert
Technical Sergeant who is driving the truck that collided with the car carrying US general George
S. Patton

Thorvald Eiriksson
Son of Erik the Red and brother of Leif Erikson reputed to be part of an expedition for the
exploration of Vinland and the first European to die in North America

Thurmond, Strom
US Senator who conducted the longest filibuster ever by a lone senator (24 hours, 18 minutes in
length, non-stop)
Only senator ever to serve at the age of 100

Tibbets, Paul Warfield Jr.

Brigadier general in the United States Air Force best known for being the pilot of the Enola Gay,
the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb in the history of warfare

Time Person of the Year

Year Recipient
1927 Charles Augustus Lindbergh
1928 Walter P. Chrysler
1929 Owen D. Young
1930 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
1931 Pierre Laval
Year Recipient
1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1933 Hugh Samuel Johnson
1934 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1935 Haile Selassie I
1936 Wallis Warfield Simpson
1937 Chang Kai-shek, Soong May-ling
1938 Adolf Hitler
1939 Joseph Stalin
1940 Winston Chuchill
1941 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1942 Joseph Stalin
1943 George Catlett Marshall
1944 Dwight David Eisenhower
1945 Harry S Truman
1946 James F. Byrnes
1947 George Catlett Marshall
1948 Harry S Truman
1949 Winston Churchill
1950 The American Fighting-Man (representing Korean War troops)
1951 Mohammed Mossadegh
1952 Elizabeth II of United Kingdom
1953 Konrad Adenauer
1954 John Foster Dulles
1955 Harlow Herbert Curtice
1956 Hungarian Freedom Fighter
1957 Nikita Khrushchev
1958 Charles de Gaulle
1959 Dwight David Eisenhower
1960 U.S. Scientists (represented by George Beadle, Charles Draper, John Enders, Donald
A. Glaser, Joshua Lederberg, Willard Libby, Linus Pauling, Edward Purcell, Isidor
Rabi, Emilio Segrè, William Shockley, Edward Teller, Charles Townes, James Van
Allen, and Robert Woodward)
1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Year Recipient
1962 Blessed Pope John XXIII
1963 Martin Luther King, Jr.
1964 Lyndon Baines Johnson
1965 General William Childs Westmoreland
1966 The Inheritor (A generation: the man—and woman—of 25 and under)
1967 Lyndon Baines Johnson
1968 The Apollo 8 astronauts (William Anders, Frank Borman, and Jim Lovell)
1969 The Middle Americans (Also referred to as the Silent Majority)
1970 Willy Brandy
1971 Richard Milhous Nixon
1972 Richard Milhous Nixon, Henry Kissinger
1973 John J. Sirica
1974 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia
1975 American Women (represented by Susan Brownmiller, Kathleen Byerly, Alison
Cheek, Jill Conway, Betty Ford, Ella Grasso, Carla Hills, Barbara Jordan, Billie Jean
King, Carol Sutton, Susie Sharp, and Addie Wyatt)
1976 Jimmy Carter
1977 Anwar Sadat
1978 Deng Xiaoping
1979 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
1980 Ronald Reagan
1981 Lech Walesa
1982 The Computer
1983 Ronald Reagan, Yuri Andropov
1984 Peter Ueberroth
1985 Deng Xiaoping
1986 Corazon Aquino
1987 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
1988 The Endangered Earth
1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
1990 George Herbert Walker Bush
1991 Ted Turner
 Year Recipient
1992 William Jefferson Clinton
1993 The Peacemakers (represented by Yasser Arafat, F.W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela,
and Yitzhak Rabin)
1994 Blessed Pope John Paul II
1995 Newt Gingrich
1996 Dr. David Ho
1997 Andy Grove
1998 William Jefferson Clinton, Kenneth Starr
1999 Jeff Bezos
2000 George Walker Bush
2001 Rudolph Giuliani
2002 The Whistleblowers (represented by Cynthia Cooper [WorldCom], Coleen Rowley
[FBI] and Sherron Watkins [Enron])
2003 The American Soldier
2004 George Walker Bush
2005 Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Bono
2006 You (represented by the individual content creator on the World Wide Web)
2007 Vladimir Putin
2008 Barack Obama
2009 Ben Bernanke
2010 Mark Zuckerberg
2011 The Protester (representing many global protest movements – for example, the Arab
Spring, the Indignants Movement, Tea Party movement and Occupy Movement – as
well as protests in Greece, India and Russia, among others)
2012 Barack Obama
2013 Pope Francis

Tiridates III, “the Great”

King of Arsacid Armenia who proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the
Armenian kingdom the first state to embrace Christianity officially

Tisquantum
Also known as Squanto, Native American who assisted the Pilgrims after their first winter in the
New World and was integral to their survival

Tito, Josip Broz

First president of Yugoslavia
Tituba
17th-century slave belonging to Samuel Parris of Salem, Massachusetts who was one of the first to
be accused of practicing witchcraft during the Salem witch trials which took place in 1692

Titus
First Roman Emperor to come to the throne after his own father
Besieged and captured Jerusalem, and destroyed the city and the Second Temple in 70 CE
Best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused
by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE and a fire in Rome in 80 CE

Togo, Heihachiro
Japanese admiral who engaged the Russian navy at Port Arthur and the Yellow Sea in 1904, and
destroyed the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, a battle which shocked the
world

Tojo, Hideki
Japanese prime minister directly responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor and led Japan into
World War II

Tokugawa, Ieyasu
Founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan

Tonton Macoute
Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François “Papa Doc” Duvalier

Total war
Term referring to a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of fully
available resources and population

Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Preeminent daimyo, warrior, general and politician of the Sengoku period who is regarded as
Japan’s second “great unifier”

Trajan
Roman emperor remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest
military expansion in Roman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by
the time of his death

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

812:Also called Pax Nicephori, Byzantine recognition of the Carolingian empire

1668:Ending the War of Devolution
1748: Ending the War of the Austrian Succession

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1918 peace treaty marking Russia’s exit from World War I

Treaty of Cordoba
1821 treaty that granted independence to Mexico

Treaty of Ghent
Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812

Treaty of Maastricht
1995 treaty that established the European Union

Treaty of Paris

1229: Ended the Albigensian Crusade

1259: Between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France
1303: Between King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England
1323: Count Louis of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over Zeeland
1355: a land exchange between France and Savoy
1623: between France, Savoy, and Venice against Spanish forces in Valtelline
1657: established military alliance between France and England against Spain
1761: established the third Bourbon Family Compact between France and Spain
1763: ended the Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
1783:Great Britain signed treaties with France, Spain and the Dutch Republic and the United States
1783: ended the American Revolutionary War
1784: ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1796: ended the war between France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
1802: ended the war between France and the Ottoman Empire
1810: ended the war between France and Sweden
1814: a peace treaty between France, and the Sixth Coalition
1815: peace treaty, followed the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
1856: ended the Crimean War
1857: ended the Anglo-Persian War
1898: ended the Spanish-American War
1900: ended all conflicting claims between France and Spain over Río Muni
1920: united Bessarabia and Romania
1947: Paris Peace Treaties, formally established peace between the World War II Allies and
Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Finland
1951: established the European Coal and Steel Community; one of the foundational treaties of the
European Union
1973: ended American involvement in the Vietnam War

Treaty of Rome

1924: treaty created the Free State of Fiume

1957: treaty establishing the European Economic Community
1957: Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom Treaty)
2002: Established the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court)
2004: Establishing a Constitution for Europe

Treaty of San Francisco

Treaty between Japan and part of the Allied Powers that served to officially end World War II, to
formally end Japan’s position as an imperial power and to allocate compensation to Allied civilians
and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

1570: terminated the third phase of the French Wars of Religion

1632: signed March 29, England returned Quebec to France after seizing control in 1629
1679: established peace between Brandenburg-Prussia and the Franco-Swedish alliance at the end
of the Scanian War
1919: treaty between the Allies of World War I and the new republic of Austria

Treaty of Sevres
Peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies (1920)

Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty that ended the First Sino-Japanese War

Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a
meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands

Treaty of Utrecht
Series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the
War of Spanish Succession that ended the war

Treetops Hotel
Hotel in Kenya known as the location where Princess Elizabeth acceded to the thrones of the United
Kingdom and Commonwealth realms upon the death of her father George VI

Trenchard, Hugh, 1st Viscount Trenchard

British officer who was instrumental in establishing the Royal Air Force

Trinity
Code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device

Triple Entente
Name given to the alliance between France, Britain, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-
Russian Entente on August 31, 1907

Trudeau, Pierre
15th Prime Minister of Canada

Trujillo, Rafael
Nicknamed El Jefe, ruled as a dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 until his assassination
in 1961

Truman, Harry
33rd President of the United States
US president whose inauguration was the first ever televised nationally
First president to buzz the White House in an airplane
Associated with the Fair Deal legislative program
First US president to pardon a turkey on Thanksgiving Day

Tsafendas, Dimitri
Parliamentary messenger who assassinated the so-called “Architect of Apartheid”, South African
Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd on September 6, 1966

Tsar Bomba
Nickname for the AN602 hydrogen bomb, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated

Tsar Cannon
Largest bombard by caliber in the world

Tube Alloys
Codename of the clandestine research and development program, authorized by the Government of
the United Kingdom with participation from Canada, aiming to develop atomic weapons for Great
Britain’s nuclear program during World War II

Tudor Rose
Traditional floral heraldic emblem of England

Türkmenbashi
Meaning “Leader of Turkmen”, self-given title of Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan
from 1990 to 2006, reputed for imposing his personal eccentricities upon the country, which
extended to renaming months, which had been borrowed Russian words, after members of his
family

Tuskegee Airmen
Nickname given to the 332nd Fighter Group of World War II

Tutu, Desmond
South African social rights activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during
the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid

Tyler, John
First US president to succeed to the office of President on the death of the incumbent
First President to be born after the adoption of the Constitution
First president to elope while in office
First President to marry in the White House

Tzompantli
Type of wooden rack or palisade documented in several Mesoamerican civilizations, which was
used for the public display of human skulls, typically those of war captives or other sacrificial
victims

U-505
First warship to be captured by U.S. forces on the high seas since the War of 1812

Udet, Ernst
Second-highest scoring German flying ace of World War I

Ujamaa
Concept that formed the basis of Julius Nyerere’s social and economic development policies in
Tanzania after it gained independence from Britain in 1961

Ulbricht, Walter
First General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany

Umberto II
Last king of Italy
Unification or Death
Unofficially known as the Black Hand, secret military society formed in 1901 aimed at uniting all
of the territories with majority South Slavic population not ruled by the Kingdom of Serbia or
Kingdom of Montenegro in the manner of earlier national unification processes

Unit 684
Black operation team of the Republic of Korea Air Force whose only given task was to assassinate
North Korea’s premier Kim Il-sung

United States of America

Only country that Germany declared war during World War II
Country that introduced airplanes as weapons of war during World War I

USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)

Ship where the body of Osama bin Laden was brought aboard and buried at sea following religious
rites

USS Cole (DDG-67)

Arleigh Burke-class “Aegis” guided missile destroyer, launched in 1995 that was attacked and
damaged by suicide bombers using a small inflatable boat in October 2000

USS Constitution
Nicknamed “Old Ironsides”, world’s oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat

USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

World’s first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Longest serving combat vessel within the US Navy (as of 2012)

USS F-4 (SS-23)

First commissioned submarine of the U.S. Navy to be lost at sea

USS George Washington (SSBN-598)

First submarine to carry ballistic missiles

USS Guardian (MCM-5)

US ship that ran aground the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park in the Philippines

USS Harmon (DE-678)

First warship to be named after an African-American

USS Hornet (CV-8)

Yorktown-class aircraft carrier of the United States Navy that launched the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo
and participated in the Battle of Midway

USS Hornet (CV-12)

Played a part in the Apollo program, recovering astronauts as they returned from the Moon

USS Housatonic
First ship in history to be sunk by a submarine

USS Kearsarge
Only US battleship not named for a US state

USS Missouri (BB-63)

Last battleship built by the United States and was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan
which ended World War II

USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

World’s first operational nuclear-powered submarine

USS Olympia (C-6)

Protected cruiser that saw service in the United States Navy from her commissioning in 1895 until
1922 that became famous as the flagship of Commodore George Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay
during the Spanish-American War in 1898

USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)

US ship that brought cremated remains of Neil Armstrong in the Atlantic Ocean and were buried at
sea from the warship on 14 September 2012

USS Pueblo (AGER-2)

Only ship of the U.S. Navy currently being held captive by North Korea since 1968

USS Reuben James (DD-245)

First US Navy ship sunk by hostile action in World War II

USS Ronald Reagan

First US Navy ship to be named for a former president still living at the time

USS Skate (SSN-578)

Third nuclear submarine commissioned
First to make a completely submerged trans-Atlantic crossing
Second submarine to reach the North Pole and the first to surface there

USS Yorktown (CV-5)

Aircraft carrier commissioned in the United States Navy from 1937 until she was sunk at the Battle
of Midway in June 1942

“Vae, puto deus fio”

Meaning “Dear me, I must be turning into a god...”, last word of the Roman emperor Vespasian

Vajiravudh
King of Siam known for his efforts to create and promote Siamese nationalism

Valeria Messalina
Third wife of the Roman Emperor Claudius

Valide Sultan
The title held by the mother of a ruling Sultan in the Ottoman Empire

Van Buren, Martin

First president to have been born a United States citizen
Only president not to have spoken English as his first language, having grown up speaking Dutch
First president from New York
van der Lubbe, Marinus
Dutch council communist convicted of, and controversially executed for, setting fire to the German
Reichstag building in 1933

van Noort, Olivier

First Dutchman to circumnavigate the world

van Riebeeck, Jan

Founder of Cape Town

Vázquez de Coronado, Francisco

Spanish conquistador who hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold

Veillantif
Horse of Roland

Ventris, Michael
Deciphered the Linear B script in 1952

Vercingetorix
Chieftain of the Arverni tribe, who united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces during the last
phase of Julius Caesar’s Gallic Wars

VERDI
Acronym of Vittorio Emanuele Re D’Italia (referring to Victor Emmanuel II of Italy)

Vespasian
Roman emperor who introduced pay toilets to Rome
Founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire for a quarter century
Reformed the financial system at Rome after the campaign against Judaea and built several
ambitious projects
Built the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum
First Roman Emperor to be directly succeeded by his own son (Titus)

Vespucci, Amerigo
Italian explorer and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and West Indies did not
represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead
constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Afro-Europeans

Victims of Jack the Ripper

• Mary Ann Nichols

• Annie Chapman
• Elizabeth Stride
• Catherine Eddowes
• Mary Jane Kelly

Victor Emmanuel II
First king of unified Italy

Videla, Jorge Rafael

De facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 who came to power in a coup d’ tat that
deposed Isabel Martínez de Perón

Villeneuve, Pierre-Charles
Commander of the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar

Virgin Lands Campaign

1953 plan by then Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to dramatically boost the Soviet Union’s
agricultural production in order to alleviate the food shortages plaguing the Soviet populace

Vitellius
First Roman emperor to add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name instead of Caesar
upon his accession

V-J Day in Times Square

Photograph by Alfred Eisenstaedt that portrays George Mendoça, an American sailor kissing Greta
Friedman, a woman in a white dress on Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day) in Times Square, New
York City, on August 14, 1945

Völkischer Beobachter
Official newspaper of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party

Volkssturm
German national militia of the last months of World War II set up by the Nazi Party on the orders of
Adolf Hitler that conscripted males between the ages of 16 to 60 years who were not already
serving in some military unit as part of a German Home Guard

von Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald-Heinrich

Last surviving member of the 20 July 1944 plot to kill Adolf Hitler, died in 2013

von Ribbentrop, Joachim

Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany who played a key role in brokering the Pact of Steel and the
Soviet-German non-aggression pact, known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

von Richthofen, Manfred

Widely known as the Red Baron, German fighter pilot considered the top ace of World War I, being
officially credited with 80 air combat victories

Walker, Mary Edwards

Only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor

Walker, Scott
First U.S. governor (Wyoming) to survive a recall election

Walker, William
Only native-born American ever to become president of a foreign nation (Nicaragua, from 1856 to
1857)

Wallace, DeWitt
Co-founded Reader's Digest with his wife Lila Wallace and published the first issue in 1922

Wallenberg, Raoul
Swedish diplomat widely celebrated for his successful efforts to rescue tens of thousands to about
one hundred thousand Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from Hungarian
Fascists and the Nazis during the later stages of World War II

Walpole, Robert, 1st Earl ofOrford

First British Prime Minister

Wang Jingwei
Served as the head of state for the Japanese puppet government in China

Wannsee Conference
Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime in 1940 where the Final Solution was
presented

War is Hell
Korean War drama being played when Lee Harvey Oswald ran into the Texas Theatre in Dallas
during the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963

Warren, Earl
14th Chief Justice of the United States, best known for the decisions of the Warren Court in Brown
v. Board of Education and Miranda v. Arizona
Chaired the commission formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy

Washington Post
Name of the pet parrot of US President William McKinley

Washington, Booker Taliaferro

First African American ever invited to the White House as guest of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901
First African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp

Washington, George
First President of the United States, elected as the unanimous choice of the 69 electors in 1788, and
served two terms in office

Washington, Martha
First First Lady of the United States

Watanabe, Takeshi
First president of the Asian Development Bank

Waters, Walter W.
Leader of the Bonus Army on their march to Washington D.C.

Weimar Republic
Name given by historians to the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy
established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government

Weizmann, Chaim
First President of the State of Israel

Wellesley, Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington

British soldier who commanded the allied army which, together with a Prussian army under
Gebhard von Blücher, defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815

Wenck, Walther
Youngest general in the German Army during World War II

Whiskey Rebellion
Tax protest in the United States that demonstrated that the new national government had the
willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws

White, Dan
San Francisco supervisor who assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor
Harvey Milk, on Monday, November 27, 1978, at City Hall

White Army
Loose confederation of anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War

White Lotus
Religious and political movement that appealed to many Han Chinese, who found solace in worship
of the “Unborn or Eternal Venerable Mother”, who was to gather all her children at the millennium
into one family

White Tights
Russian urban myth surrounding the alleged participation of female sniper mercenaries in combat
against Russian forces in various armed conflicts from late 1980s

Whitlam, Gough
Only Australian Prime Minister to have his commission dismissed by the Governor General

Whittington, Harry
American lawyer who received international media attention in 2006 when he was accidentally shot
by then US Vice President Dick Cheney while hunting quail with two women on a ranch in Texas

Wilder, Douglas
First elected African-American governor in the United States (Virginia)

Willcox, Peter
American Greenpeace activist best known for being captain of the ship the Rainbow Warrior when
it was bombed by French agents in 1985

Prince William, Duke of Cumberland

Best remembered for his role in putting down the Jacobite Rising at the Battle of Culloden

William I
King of Prussia and first German Emperor

William I, Prince of Orange

Main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted
in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648
First head of state to have been assassinated with a hand gun

William the Conqueror

First Norman king of England

Williams, Sir George

Founder of YMCA

Williams, Jody
American political activist known around the world for her work in banning anti-personnel
landmines, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 for her work toward the banning and clearing of
anti-personnel mines

Wills, Frank
Janitor who discovered the Watergate break-in

Wilson, James Milne

Premier of Tasmania from 1869 to 1872 who achieved the extremely rare feat of being both born on
29 February and dying on the same date

Wilson, Woodrow
Nicknamed “Schoolmaster of Politics” and “The Phrase Maker”, 28th President of the United States
US President featured on the US$100,000 bill

Wingate, George
Founder of the National Rifle Association

Winter Line
Series of German military fortifications in Italy, constructed during World War II by Organization
Todt

Wobblies
Nickname for the international industrial union Industrial Workers of the World

Wolf’s Lair
Adolf Hitler’s first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II

Wonga Coup
Alleged coup attempt against the government of Equatorial Guinea in 2004

Woodhull, Victoria
First woman candidate to the United States presidency

Wounded Knee Massacre

Occurred on December 29, 1890, last battle of the American Indian Wars

Xanadu
Summer capital of Yuan dynasty of China

Yad Vashem
Israel’s official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust

Yamaguchi, Tsutomu
Only person to have been officially recognized by the government of Japan as surviving both the
Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings during World War II
Yamamoto, Isoroku
Japanese admiral responsible for major battles during World War II such as Pearl Harbor and
Midway

Yamashita, Tomoyuki
Imperial Japanese Army general during World War II famous for conquering the British colonies of
Malaya and Singapore

Yamato
Lead ship of the Yamato class of battleships that served with the Imperial Japanese Navy during
World War II

Yasukuni Shrine
Shinto shrine created by Emperor Meiji to commemorate the individuals who had died in service to
the Empire of Japan

Year of the Five Emperors (193 CE)

• Pertinax
• Didius Julianus
• Pescennius Niger
• Clodius Albinus
• Septimius Severus

Year of the Four Emperors (69 CE)

• Galba
• Otho
• Vitellius
• Vespasian

Year of the Six Emperors (238 CE)

• Maximinus Thrax
• Gordian I
• Gordian II
• Pupienus
• Balbinus
• Gordian III

“Year Without a Summer”

Referring to the year 1816, in which severe summer climate abnormalities caused by a succession
of major volcanic eruptions capped by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora resulted to the decrease
of average global temperatures by 0.4–0.7°C resulting in major food shortages across the Northern
Hemisphere

Year Zero
Term applied to the takeover of Cambodia in 1975 by Pol Pot

Yellow badge
Also referred to as a Jewish badge, cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer
garments to mark them as Jews in public

Yellow Peril
Color metaphor for race that originated in the late nineteenth century with Chinese immigrants as
coolie slaves or laborers to various Western countries, notably the United States, and later
associated with the Japanese during the mid-20th century, due to Japanese military expansion and
eventually all Asians of East and Southeast Asian descent

Yeltsin, Boris
First president of Russian Federation

Yezhov, Nikolai
Head of the NKVD from 1936 to 1938, during the most severe period of Stalin's Great Purge

Yi Sun-shin
Korean naval commander famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in
the Joseon Dynasty

Yongle Emperor
Third Ming emperor of China who employed Zheng He to launch major voyages of exploration into
the South Pacific and Indian Oceans and directed the construction of the Forbidden City

Yongzheng Emperor
Chinese emperor who gave an edict prohibiting the smoking of madak, a blend of tobacco and
opium in 1729

York, Alvin Cullum

Received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest during World
War I, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others

Young, Alse
First person to be executed for witchcraft in the American colonies

Young Plan
Program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally
adopted in 1930

Younghusband, Francis Edward

British Army officer, explorer, and spiritual writer remembered chiefly for his travels in the Far
East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, which he led, during which a
massacre of Tibetans occurred, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy

Yousef, Ramzi
One of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and a co-conspirator in the
Bojinka plot

Yuan Shikai
Chinese general and politician, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in
the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the
second President of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese
monarchy, with himself as the “Great Emperor of China”
Zaibatsu
Large Japanese business conglomerate

Zamindar
Tax collector or landlord in India under the Mughal Empire

Zangara, Giuseppe
Assassin of Chicago mayor Anton Cermak

Zapruder, Abraham
American manufacturer of women’s clothing best known for his home movie documenting the
assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963

Zaytsev, Vasily
Soviet sniper noted for his activities during the Battle of Stalingrad, killing 225 soldiers including
11 enemy snipers

Zhao Ziyang
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989 whose economic reform
policies and sympathies to student demonstrators during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
placed him at odds with some members of the party leadership and placed under house arrest after
the Tiananmen Square protests until his death in 2005

Zhivkov, Todor
Communist head of state of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria from 1954 to 1989
Longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation

Zhou Enlai
First Premier of the People’sRepublic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in
January 1976

Zhu Yuanzhang
Also known as Hongwu Emperor, founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China

Zhukov, Georgy
Soviet career officer in the Red Army who, in the course of World War II, played a pivotal role in
leading the Red Army drive through much of Eastern Europe to liberate the Soviet Union and other
nations from the occupation of the Axis Powers and ultimately, to conquer the capital of Germany
itself, Berlin

Zog of Albania
Ruler of Albania from 1925 to 1939, first as President and as King
Only national leader in modern times to return fire during an assassination attempt
Current Events (2011 to present)

9
Number of justices that sit on the United States Supreme Court

35
Minimum age of candidates for election to the United States Presidency

Adoboli, Kweku
Ghanian-born British trader at Swiss bank U S’Global Synthetic Equities Trading team in London
and is best known for his role in the 2011 UBS rogue trader scandal

Akihito
125th and current Emperor of Japan

Alexis, Aaron
Sole gunman in the 2013 Washington Navy Yard shooting

Arctic Sunrise
Ice-strengthened vessel operated by Greenpeace involved in a criminal case opened by the
Investigative Committee of Russia following an attempt to board a Russian oil-rig by a group of
Greenpeace activists against oil exploration near the Prirazlomnaya oil rig in the Barents Sea

Assange, Julian
Founder of Wikileaks
Awarded the Sydney Peace Foundation’s gold medal for “exceptional courage in pursuit of human
rights”

Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics

Case in which the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in 2013 that naturally occurring
DNA sequences cannot be patented

“Baby Doc”
Nickname of former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier

Bales, Robert
Former United States Army staff sergeant who fatally shot sixteen Afghan civilians in Panjwai,
Kandahar, Afghanistan on March 11, 2012

“The Base”
Literal meaning of the name of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda

Batkid
Superhero name of Miles Scott, a five-year old kindergartener and cancer survivor who is currently
in remission

Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine

President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011, ousted following a month of protests

Berlusconi, Silvio
Longest-serving post-war Prime Minister of Italy
Owner of AC Milan football club
Bezos, Jeff
Billionaire who agreed to purchase The Washington Post for $250 million in cashin August 2013

Bhumibol Adulyadej
World’s longest-serving current head of state
Longest-reigning monarch in Thai history

Bouazizi, Mohamed
Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire in December 2010 that became a catalyst for the
Arab Spring

Boylston Street
Major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts where two bombs exploded during the running of the
117th Boston Marathon, which killed 3 people and wounded at least 264

Canada
First country to withdraw from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Castro, Ariel
American criminal who committed suicide after being sentenced to 1,000 years for rape and
kidnapping and other crimes

Castro, Raúl
President of Cuba since 2008

Chakri Dynasty
Current ruling royal house of the Kingdom of Thailand

Chavez, Hugo
President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013, used on implementing socialist reforms in the country
as a part of a social project known as the Bolivarian Revolution

Chen Guangcheng
Chinese civil rights activist who worked on human rights issues in rural areas of the People’s
Republic of China best known for exposing abuses in official family-planning practices, often
involving claims of violence and forced abortions

Clinton, Hillary Rodham

First US First Lady to run for public office
First US First Lady to run for President of the United States
First former First Lady to serve in a president’s cabinet (Secretary of State, 2009-2013)
First First Lady to hold a postgraduate degree
First First Lady to have an office in the West Wing
First First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury

Clinton, William Jefferson

Lowest paid US president adjusting for inflation
First US president to visit Northern Ireland

Colorado
First US state to legally allow sale of recreational marijuana
Comey, James
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, appointed in September 2013

Costa Concordia
Cruise ship that hit a rock off Isola del Giglio in Italy in 2012

Croatia
Became the 28th member of the European Union in July 2013

Current heads of state and government

State Head of state Head of government

Afghanistan President - Hamid Karzai
Albania President - Bujar Nishani Prime Minister - Edi Rama
Algeria President - Abdelaziz Bouteflika Prime Minister - Abdelmalek Sellal
Episcopal Co-Prince - Archbishop
Joan Enric Vives i Sicília
Representative - Josep Maria Mauri
Andorra Head of Government - Antoni Martí
French Co-Prince - François
Hollande
Representative - Sylvie Hubac
Angola President - José Eduardo dos Santos
Queen - Elizabeth II
Antigua and Barbuda Governor-General - Dame Louise Prime Minister - Baldwin Spencer
Lake-Tack
Argentina President - Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Armenia President - Serzh Sargsyan Prime Minister - Tigran Sargsyan
Queen - Elizabeth II
Australia Prime Minister - Tony Abbott
Governor-General - Quentin Bryce
Federal Chancellor - Werner
Austria Federal President - Heinz Fischer
Faymann
Azerbaijan President - İlham Əliyev Prime Minister - Artur Rəsizade
Queen - Elizabeth II
Bahamas Governor-General - Sir Arthur Prime Minister - Perry Christie
Foulkes
Prime Minister - Prince Khalifa bin
Bahrain King - Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Salman Al Khalifa
Bangladesh President - Abdul Hamid Prime Minister - Sheikh Hasina
Queen - Elizabeth II
Barbados Governor-General - Sir Elliott Prime Minister - Freundel Stuart
Belgrave
 State Head of state Head of government
Prime Minister - Mikhail
Belarus President - Alexander Lukashenko
Myasnikovich
Belgium King - Philippe Prime Minister - Elio Di Rupo
Queen - Elizabeth II
Belize Governor-General - Sir Colville Prime Minister - Dean Barrow
Young
Benin President - Yayi Boni
King - Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Bhutan Prime Minister - Tshering Tobgay
Wangchuck
Bolivia President - Evo Morales
High Representative - Valentin Inzko

Bosnia and Presidency:

Herzegovina Željko Komšić (Chairman) Chairman of the Council of
Bakir Izetbegović (Member) Ministers - Vjekoslav Bevanda
Nebojša Radmanović (Member)
Botswana President - Ian Khama
Brazil President - Dilma Rousseff
Brunei Sultan and Prime Minister - Hassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria President - Rosen Plevneliev Prime Minister - Plamen Oresharski
Burkina Faso President - Blaise Compaoré Prime Minister - Luc-Adolphe Tiao
Burma President - Thein Sein
Burundi President - Pierre Nkurunziza
Cambodia King - Norodom Sihamoni Prime Minister - Samdech Hun Sen
Cameroon President - Paul Biya Prime Minister - Philémon Yang
Queen - Elizabeth II
Canada Prime Minister - Stephen Harper
Governor General - David Johnston
Cape Verde President - Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister - José Maria Neves
Central African
President - Michel Djotodia Prime Minister - Nicolas Tiangaye
Republic
Prime Minister - Kalzeubet Pahimi
Chad President - Idriss Déby
Deubet
President - Sebastián Piñera
Chile
President-elect - Michelle Bachelet
Premier of the State Council - Li
China President - Xi Jinping
Keqiang
Colombia President - Juan Manuel Santos
 State Head of state Head of government
Comoros President - Ikililou Dhoinine
Congo, Democratic Prime Minister - Augustin Matata
President - Joseph Kabila
Republic of the Ponyo
Congo, Republic of
President - Denis Sassou Nguesso
the
Costa Rica President - Laura Chinchilla
President of the Government -
Croatia President - Ivo Josipović
Zoran Milanović
President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers
Cuba
- Raúl Castro
Cyprus President - Nicos Anastasiades
Prime Minister - Jiří Rusnok
Czech Republic President - Miloš Zeman Prime Minister-designate -
Bohuslav Sobotka
Prime Minister - Helle Thorning-
Denmark Queen - Margrethe II
Schmidt
Prime Minister - Abdoulkader
Djibouti President - Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
Kamil Mohamed
Dominica President - Charles Savarin Prime Minister - Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic President - Danilo Medina
East Timor President - Taur Matan Ruak Prime Minister - Xanana Gusmão
Ecuador President - Rafael Correa
Acting Prime Minister - Hazem Al
Egypt Acting President - Adly Mansour
Beblawi
El Salvador President - Mauricio Funes
President - Teodoro Obiang Prime Minister - Vicente Ehate
Equatorial Guinea
Nguema Mbasogo Tomi
Eritrea President - Isaias Afewerki
Estonia President - Toomas Hendrik Ilves Prime Minister - Andrus Ansip
Prime Minister - Hailemariam
Ethiopia President - Mulatu Teshome
Desalegn
Acting Prime Minister - Frank
Fiji President - Ratu Epeli Nailatikau
Bainimarama
Finland President - Sauli Niinistö Prime Minister - Jyrki Katainen
France President - François Hollande Prime Minister - Jean-Marc Ayrault
Gabon President - Ali Bongo Ondimba Prime Minister - Raymond Ndong
 State Head of state Head of government
Sima
Gambia, The President - Yahya Jammeh
Georgia President - Giorgi Margvelashvili Prime Minister - Irakli Garibashvili
Germany Federal President - Joachim Gauck Federal Chancellor - Angela Merkel
Ghana President - John Dramani Mahama
Greece President - Karolos Papoulias Prime Minister - Antonis Samaras
Queen - Elizabeth II
Grenada Governor-General - Dame Cécile Prime Minister - Keith Mitchell
La Grenade
Guatemala President - Otto Pérez Molina
Prime Minister - Mohamed Said
Guinea President - Alpha Condé
Fofana
Acting President - Manuel Serifo Acting Prime Minister - Rui Duarte
Guinea-Bissau
Nhamadjo de Barros
Guyana President - Donald Ramotar Prime Minister - Sam Hinds
Haiti President - Michel Martelly Prime Minister - Laurent Lamothe
President - Porfirio Lobo Sosa
Honduras
President-elect - Juan Orlando Hernández
Hungary President - János Áder Prime Minister - Viktor Orbán
Prime Minister - Sigmundur Davíð
Iceland President - Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
Gunnlaugsson
India President - Pranab Mukherjee Prime Minister - Manmohan Singh
Indonesia President - Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Supreme Leader - Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
Iran
President - Hassan Rouhani
Iraq President - Jalal Talabani Prime Minister - Nouri al-Maliki
Ireland President - Michael D. Higgins Taoiseach - Enda Kenny
Prime Minister - Benjamin
Israel President - Shimon Peres
Netanyahu
President of the Council of
Italy President - Giorgio Napolitano
Ministers - Enrico Letta
Prime Minister - Daniel Kablan
Ivory Coast President - Alassane Ouattara
Duncan
Queen - Elizabeth II
Prime Minister - Portia Simpson-
Jamaica Governor-General - Sir Patrick
Miller
Allen
 State Head of state Head of government
Japan Emperor - Akihito Prime Minister - Shinzō Abe
Jordan King - Abdullah II Prime Minister - Abdullah Ensour
Kazakhstan President - Nursultan Nazarbayev Prime Minister - Serik Akhmetov
Kenya President - Uhuru Kenyatta
Kiribati President - Anote Tong
Kosovo President - Atifete Jahjaga Prime Minister - Hashim Thaçi
Emir - Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al- Prime Minister - Sheikh Jaber Al-
Kuwait
Jaber Al-Sabah Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah
Prime Minister - Zhantoro
Kyrgyzstan President - Almazbek Atambayev
Satybaldiyev
Chairman of the Council of
Laos President - Choummaly Sayasone Ministers - Thongsing
Thammavong
Latvia President - Andris ērziņš Prime Minister - vacant
President of the Council of
Ministers - Najib Mikati
Lebanon President - Michel Suleiman
President-designate of the Council
of Ministers - Tammam Salam
Lesotho King - Letsie III Prime Minister - Tom Thabane
Liberia President - Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Chairman of the General National
Libya Prime Minister - Ali Zeidan
Congress - Nouri Abusahmain
Prince - Hans-Adam II Head of Government - Adrian
Liechtenstein
Regent - Hereditary Prince Alois Hasler
Prime Minister - Algirdas
Lithuania President - Dalia Grybauskaitė
utkevičius
Prime Minister - Jean-Claude
Juncker
Luxembourg Grand Duke - Henri
Prime Minister-designate - Xavier
Bettel
Macedonia President - Gjorge Ivanov Prime Minister - Nikola Gruevski
President of the High Authority of
Madagascar Prime Minister - Omer Beriziky
Transition - Andry Rajoelina
Malawi President - Joyce Banda
Yang di-Pertuan Agong - Tuanku Prime Minister - Dato' Sri Najib
Malaysia
Abdul Halim of Kedah Razak
Maldives President - Abdullah Yameen
 State Head of state Head of government
Mali President - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta Prime Minister - Oumar Tatam Ly
Malta President - George Abela Prime Minister - Joseph Muscat
Marshall Islands President - Christopher Loeak
President - Mohamed Ould Abdel Prime Minister - Moulaye Ould
Mauritania
Aziz Mohamed Laghdaf
Mauritius President - Kailash Purryag Prime Minister - Navin Ramgoolam
Mexico President - Enrique Peña Nieto
Micronesia President - Manny Mori
Moldova President - Nicolae Timofti Prime Minister - Iurie Leancă
Monaco Prince - Albert II Minister of State - Michel Roger
Prime Minister - Norovyn
Mongolia President - Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Altankhuyag
Montenegro President - Filip Vujanović Prime Minister - Milo Đukanović
Prime Minister - Abdelilah
Morocco King - Mohammed VI
Benkirane
Mozambique President - Armando Guebuza Prime Minister - Alberto Vaquina
Namibia President - Hifikepunye Pohamba Prime Minister - Hage Geingob
Nauru President - Baron Waqa
Chairman of the Council of
Nepal President - Ram Baran Yadav
Ministers - Khil Raj Regmi
Netherlands King - Willem-Alexander Prime Minister - Mark Rutte
Queen - Elizabeth II
New Zealand Governor-General - Sir Jerry Prime Minister - John Key
Mateparae
Nicaragua President - Daniel Ortega
Niger President - Mahamadou Issoufou Prime Minister - Brigi Rafini
Nigeria President - Goodluck Jonathan
Supreme Leader - Kim Jong-un

North Korea Chairman of the Presidium of the

Premier of the Cabinet - Pak Pong-
Supreme People’s Assembly -
ju
Kim Yong-nam
Norway King - Harald V Prime Minister - Erna Solberg
Oman Sultan and Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said
Pakistan President - Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister - Nawaz Sharif
Palau President - Tommy Remengesau
 State Head of state Head of government
Palestine President - Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister - Rami Hamdallah
Panama President - Ricardo Martinelli
Queen - Elizabeth II
Papua New Guinea Governor-General - Sir Michael Prime Minister - Peter O'Neill
Ogio
Paraguay President - Horacio Cartes
President of the Council of
Peru President - Ollanta Humala
Ministers - César Villanueva
Philippines President - Benigno Aquino III
Chairman of the Council of
Poland President - ronisław Komorowski
Ministers - Donald Tusk
Prime Minister - Pedro Passos
Portugal President - Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Coelho
Prime Minister - Sheikh Abdullah
Qatar Emir - Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani
Romania President - Traian ăsescu Prime Minister - Victor Ponta
Chairman of the Government -
Russia President - Vladimir Putin
Dmitry Medvedev
Prime Minister - Pierre
Rwanda President - Paul Kagame
Habumuremyi
Queen - Elizabeth II
Saint Kitts and Nevis Governor-General - Sir Edmund Prime Minister - Denzil Douglas
Lawrence
Queen - Elizabeth II
Saint Lucia Governor-General - Dame Pearlette Prime Minister - Kenny Anthony
Louisy
Queen - Elizabeth II
Saint Vincent and the
Governor-General - Sir Frederick Prime Minister - Ralph Gonsalves
Grenadines
Ballantyne
Prime Minister - Tuilaepa Aiono
Samoa O le Ao o le Malo - Tufuga Efi
Sailele Malielegaoi
Captain Regent - Gian Carlo Capicchioni
San Marino
Captain Regent - Anna Maria Muccioli
São Tomé and
President - Manuel Pinto da Costa Prime Minister - Gabriel Costa
Príncipe
Saudi Arabia King and Prime Minister - Abdullah
Senegal President - Macky Sall Prime Minister - Aminata Touré
Serbia President - Tomislav Nikolić Prime Minister - Ivica Dačić
 State Head of state Head of government
Seychelles President - James Michel
Sierra Leone President - Ernest Bai Koroma
Singapore President - Tony Tan Prime Minister - Lee Hsien Loong
Slovakia President - Ivan Gašparovič Prime Minister - Robert Fico
Slovenia President - Borut Pahor Prime Minister - Alenka ratušek
Queen - Elizabeth II
Solomon Islands Governor-General - Sir Frank Prime Minister - Gordon Darcy Lilo
Kabui
President - Hassan Sheikh Prime Minister - Abdi Farah
Somalia
Mohamud Shirdon
South Africa President - Jacob Zuma
South Korea President - Park Geun-hye Prime Minister - Jung Hong-won
South Sudan President - Salva Kiir Mayardit
President of the Government -
Spain King - Juan Carlos I
Mariano Rajoy
Sri Lanka President - Mahinda Rajapaksa Prime Minister - D. M. Jayaratne
Sudan President - Omar al-Bashir
Suriname President - Dési Bouterse
Prime Minister - Barnabas Sibusiso
Swaziland King - Mswati III
Dlamini
Sweden King - Carl XVI Gustaf Prime Minister - Fredrik Reinfeldt
Federal Council: Ueli Maurer (President), Didier Burkhalter, Doris
Switzerland Leuthard, Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, Simonetta Sommaruga, Johann
Schneider-Ammann, Alain Berset
Prime Minister - Wael Nader Al-
Syria President - Bashar al-Assad
Halqi
President of the Executive Yuan -
Taiwan President - Ma Ying-jeou
Jiang Yi-huah
Tajikistan President - Emomalii Rahmon Prime Minister - Kokhir Rasulzoda
Tanzania President - Jakaya Kikwete Prime Minister - Mizengo Pinda
Prime Minister - Yingluck
Thailand King - Bhumibol Adulyadej
Shinawatra
Prime Minister - Kwesi Ahoomey-
Togo President - Faure Gnassingbé
Zunu
Prime Minister - Sialeʻataongo
Tonga King - Tupou VI
Tuʻivakanō
 State Head of state Head of government
Prime Minister - Kamla Persad-
Trinidad and Tobago President - Anthony Carmona
Bissessar
Tunisia President - Moncef Marzouki Prime Minister - Ali Laarayedh
Prime Minister - Recep Tayyip
Turkey President - Abdullah Gül
Erdoğan
Turkmenistan President - Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Queen - Elizabeth II
Tuvalu Governor-General - Sir Iakoba Prime Minister - Enele Sopoaga
Italeli
Uganda President - Yoweri Museveni Prime Minister - Amama Mbabazi
Ukraine President - Viktor Yanukovych Prime Minister - Mykola Azarov
Prime Minister - Sheikh
United Arab President - Sheikh Khalifa bin
Mohammed bin Rashid Al
Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan
Maktoum
United Kingdom Queen - Elizabeth II Prime Minister - David Cameron
United States President - Barack Obama
Uruguay President - José Mujica
Prime Minister - Shavkat
Uzbekistan President - Islam Karimov
Mirziyoyev
Prime Minister - Moana Carcasses
Vanuatu President - Iolu Abil
Kalosil
President of the Governorate -
Vatican City Sovereign - Pope Francis
Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello
Venezuela President - Nicolás Maduro
Vietnam President - Trương Tấn Sang Prime Minister - Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
President - Abd Rabbuh Mansur Prime Minister - Mohammed
Yemen
Hadi Basindawa
Zambia President - Michael Sata
Zimbabwe President - Robert Mugabe

Diplomatic Security Service

Federal law enforcement arm of the United States Department of State

el-Ureybi, Senad el-Sadik

Libyan rebel who is reported to have killed then Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi

Elizabeth II of United Kingdom

First British monarch to address a joint session of the United States Congress
First British monarch to make a state visit to Ireland
First head of state to open two Olympic games in two different countries
First British sovereign to attend a peace-time Cabinet meeting since King George III in 1781
Oldest monarch to celebrate a Golden Jubilee (2002)
First British monarch to celebrate diamond wedding anniversary
First British monarch to visit China

Franklin, Joseph Paul

American serial killer executed in November 2013
Convicted of several murders, and given six life sentences, as well as a death sentence
Confessed to the attempted murders of two prominent men: the magazine publisher Larry Flynt in
1978 and Vernon Jordan, Jr., the civil rights activist, in 1980

Ford, Rob
Mayor of Toronto, Canada who became embroiled in a substance abuse scandal, which was widely
reported in the national and international media in 2013

Fukushima 50
Alias given by the media to a group of employees at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Plant

Gaddafi, Muammar
Libyan revolutionary who served as the ruler of the Libya from 1969 to 2011 whose authoritarian
administration oversaw multiple human rights abuses and supported international terrorism

Gillard, Julia
First woman prime minister of Australia, served from 2010 to 2013

Hussain, Mamnoon
Elected as president of Pakistan in September 2013

Jang Sung-taek
Leading figure in the government of North Korea executed in December 2013 after being accused
of being a counter-revolutionary

Jantjie, Thamsanqa
Known as the “fake” interpreter during the Nelson Mandela memorial

Lanza, Adam Peter

Sole perpetrator in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012

Latvia
18th European Union member state to adopt the Euro (2014)

Liaoning (16)
First aircraft carrier commissioned into the People’s Liberation Army Navy

Mansour, Adly
Installed as the new president of Egypt in July 2013, following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi

Mallya, Vijay
Indian industrialist who bought five personal belongings of Mahatma Gandhi (his iconic eyeglasses,
a pocket watch, leather sandals he had made by hand, and a plate and bowl from which he had eaten
his last meal) for US$1.8 million in a New York auction that had caused an uproar in India

Martin, Trayvon
African-American teenager who was shot and killed byGeorge Zimmerman, the local neighborhood
watch coordinator in Florida, after abrief physical confrontation

Merkel, Angela
First female chancellor of Germany
First female leader of the Christian Democratic Union

Merkel-Raute
German for “Merkel rhombus”, hand gesture made by resting one's hands in front of the stomach so
that the fingertips meet, with the thumbs and index fingers forming a rough quadrangular shape
Signature gesture of German Chancellor Angela Merkel

Morsi, Mohamed
President of Egypt from 2012 to 2013, considered by most to be the first democratically elected
head of state in Egyptian history

Murray, Conrad Robert

Personal physician of Michael Jackson charged with involuntary manslaughter of the latter

Napolitano, Giorgio
First Italian president to win a second term in office

Obama, Barack
First African American to hold the office of the President of the United States, named the 2009
Nobel Peace Prize laureate
First sitting US president to publicly support the rights of same-sex couples to legally marry in 2012
First President to have been born in Hawaii
Won a Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Spoken Word Recording
First president to brew beer in the White House

Obama, Michelle
First US First Lady to plant her own White House vegetable garden
First US First Lady to hold a degree from Harvard Law School

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Also known as “Obamacare”, United States federal statute signed into law by US President Barack
Obama in 2010 that represent the most significant regulatory overhaul of the US healthcare system
since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965

Petraeus, David
Retired American general who served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 2010 to
2012 who was involved in an extramarital affair which was reportedly discovered in the course of
an FBI investigation

Pierson, Julia
First woman to head the United States Secret Service in 2013
Pink tide
Phrase used in contemporary 21st century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to describe
the perception that leftist ideology in general, and left-wing politics in particular, are increasingly
influential in Latin America

Quader Molla, Abder

Bangladeshi politician who was executed in December 2013 for crimes against humanity and war
crimes

Rana Plaza
Eight-story commercial building that collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh in April 2013

Ri Chun-hee
Retired female news anchor for North Korean broadcaster Korean Central Television most notable
for her characteristic emotional and sometimes vitriolic tone
Made the official announcements of the deaths of Kim Il-sung in 1994 and Kim Jong-il in 2011

Rouhani, Hassan
Succeeded Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as President of Iran in August 2013

Ríos Montt, Efraín

Former president of Guatemala convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity in May 2013

Rudd, Kevin
First former Australian Prime Minister to return to the office since Robert Menzies in 1949

Sanli, Ecevit
Perpetrator of the 2013 United States embassy bombing in Ankara, Turkey

Sebelius, Kathleen
United States Secretary of Health and Human Services known for being a staunch advocate of the
Affordable Care Act

Sharif, Nawaz
Current prime minister of Pakistan, commonly known as the “Lion of the Punjab”

Shinawatra, Yingluck
First female prime minister of Thailand

Sigurdardottir, Johanna
Prime Minister of Iceland from 2009 to 2013
First openly lesbian head of government

Sirte
Final major stronghold of loyalists of Muammar Gaddafi in the Libyan civil war

Smith, Lamar
US Representative for Texas's 21st congressional district who sponsored the Stop Online Piracy Act
(SOPA), and the Protecting Children From Internet Pornographers Act (PCIP)

Snowden, Edward
American technical contractor who released classified material on top secret US National Security
Agency programs, including the PRISM surveillance program, to The Guardian and The
Washington Post in June 2013

Sotomayor, Sonia Maria

First Hispanic justice of the United States Supreme Court

Switzerland
Country who voted against limiting executive pay twelve times that of the lowest-paid employees

Tsarnaev, Dzhokar and Tsarnaev, Tamerlan

Two Chechen brothers suspected of perpetrating the April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombings

United States v. Windsor

Landmark case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting US federal
interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to heterosexual unions, by Section 3 of
Defense of Marriage Act, is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

Uruguay
First country to legalize the trade in marijuana from cultivation through to consumption

Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration

Court case against the government of Hong Kong by two foreign domestic helpers (FDHs) seeking
permanent residence and the right of abode in Hong Kong

Virginia
Currently the only state in the U.S. in which governors cannot serve consecutive terms

Willem-Alexander
First male monarch of the Netherlands since the death of William III in 1890, and the youngest of
Europe’s current crowned heads

Yousafzai, Malala
Pakistani school pupil known for her education and women’s rights activism in the Swat Valley
who was shot in the head and neck in an assassination attempt by Taliban gunmen while returning
home on a school bus in October 2012
Youngest nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize in history

Zardari, Asif Ali

First ever democratically elected president of Pakistan to have successfully completed his five year
tenure (2008-2013)
Philippine History and Information

98
Number of people who signed the Declaration of Independence

A Child of Sorrow
Zoilo Galang novel that is reputedly the first English novel written by a Filipino

Abad, Juan
Author of Tanikalang Ginto and Isang Punlo ng Kaaway

Abelardo, Nicanor
Referred to as the “father of kundiman”

Aglipay, Gregorio
Appointed Military Vicar General by Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898

Aguilar, Faustino
Author of Busabos ng Palad and Nangalunod sa Katihan which dealt with the abuses of landlords

Aguinaldo, Baldomero
Leader of the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan

Al Martir de Bagumbayan
First prize winner of the design competition for the Rizal Monument, designed by Carlos Nicoli

Alaminos, Juan de
Spanish governor general

• Steamship line between Manila and Spain is established

Alejandrino, Cheridel
Known as the “Elevator Girl”

Alvarez, Mariano
Leader of the Magdiwang faction of the Katipunan

Amorsolo, Fernando
First National Artist of the Philippines

Anti-Dummy Law
1939 law punishing Filipinos fronting for alien investors

Arandia, Pedro Manuel de

Spanish governor who ordered all non-Christian Chinese to leave the Philippines in 1755

Arellano, Cayetano
First Chief Justice of the Philippines

Arellano, Deodato
First president of the Katipunan
Avelino, Librada
Founder of Centro Escolar University

Babaylan
Name given to the community shaman and medicine man, usually a woman, particularly in Panay
island

Barasoain Church
Church in Malolos, Bulacan where the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated in 1899

Barretto y de Ycaza, Enrique Ma.

Founder of Fabrica de Cerveza de San Miguel

Basa, Roman
Second president of the Katipunan

Battle of Bangkusay
Battle where forces of Rajah Sulayman engaged the Spanish invaders led by Martin de Goiti

Bautista, Ambrosio Rianzares

Author of the Act of Declaration of Independence

Beaterio
Exclusive college for daughters of elite Spaniards who want to be secluded

Bengzon, Cesar
Chief Justice of the Philippines who became the first Filipino to become a member of the
International Court of Justice

Bicol Martyrs

• Gabriel Prieto
• Severino Diaz
• Inocencio Herrera
• Manuel Abella
• Domingo Abella
• Camilo Jacob
• Tomas Prieto
• Florencio Lerma
• Macario Valentin
• Cornelio Mercado
• Mariano Melgarejo

Blue Sunday Law

Postwar law that prohibited work on Sundays and holidays like Christmas and New Year's Day

Bodong
Peace pact among Ifugao villages and other tribes of the Cordilleras

Borak
White powder made from ground rice that functions as cosmetic for ritual face masks in a Badjao
wedding
Buscayno, Bernabe
NPA leader known as “Commander Dante”

Calderon, Felipe
Author of the Malolos Constitution

Carigara
Capital of the unified province of Samar and Leyte in 1735

Chuidian, Telesforo Antonio

Businessman who claimed to be the prototype of Capitan Tiago of Noli Me Tangere

Colegio de Sta. Potenciana

First boarding school for Spanish girls in the Philippines

Comun
Annual tribute of one real fuerte collected during the Spanish regime

Corregimientos
Unpacified military zones during the Spanish regime

Cortez, Doroteo
Led the only anti-friar demonstration in March 1888

Cruz, Juan Matapang

Author of the nationalistic play Hindi Ako Patay

Dagohoy, Francisco
Boholano who led the longest revolt against the Spaniards (1744-1829)

Dasmariñas, Gomez Perez

Spanish governor responsible for the construction of the walls of Intramuros of Fort Santiago

De la Rama, Honorata
Considered the “queen of kundiman and the zarzuela”

De Vargas, Juan
Spanish governor general who was forced by religious authorities to stand at the entrance of
churches wearing sackcloth with a rope around his neck

Del Superior Gobierno

First regular newspaper in Manila

Delos Angeles, Servando

Author of the novel Ang Huling Timawa, which tells about the hardships of peasants under
rapacious landlords

Delos Reyes, Isabelo

Founder of the Union Obrera Democratica, the first Philippine labor union, in July 1901

Delos Rios, Diego

Last Spanish governor-general of the Philippines

Diario de Manila
Third daily newspaper in the Philippines

Diokno, Jose
Secretary of Justice who exposed widespread graft and corruption during the Stonehill affair in
1962

Domingo, Damian
Known as the “father of Filipino painting”

Evangelista, Edilberto
Best remembered as the “hero of the Battle of Zapote Bridge”

Felipe, Julian
Commissioned by Emilio Aguinaldo to compose a melody for the Declaration of Independence in
1898

Felipe, Salvador
Nicknamed “Apo Ipe”, leader of the Santa Iglesia movement in Central Luzon against the US in the
early 1900s

Folgueras, Mariano Fernandez de

Spanish governor

• Nautical School in Manila was established

Goiti, Martin de
Led the Spanish invasion of Manila

Gomez, Dominador
Persuaded Macario Sakay to surrender

Gonzales, Joaquin
First president of the Literary University of the Philippines

Himaraw
Amount of money given by a man to his bride's parents for feeding the girl when she was a baby

Homma, Masaharu
Commander in chief of the Japanese forces during the fall of Bataan in 1942

Huertas, Felix
Founder of Monte de Piedad, the oldest savings bank in the Philippines

Insulares
Spaniards born in the Philippines

Jomapa
Pen name of Jose Ma. Panganiban
“Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika”
Winner of the Grand Prize of the First Metro Manila Popular Music Festival (1978)

La Democracia
First Filipino newspaper to recognize the sovereignty of the United States

La Redencion del Obrero

Official organ of the Union Obrera Democratica

de Lavezares, Guido
Appointed as regidor of La Villa del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Leyte
First island to be named “Filipinas” by the Spaniards
Formerly known as “Tandaya”

Lim, Vicente
First Filipino to graduate from the US Military Academy in West Point

Limokon
Mythical talking bird from whose eggs came out the first man and woman

Lopez de Legazpi, Miguel

Given the title of “Adelantado de Filipinas” by Philip II of Spain
First Spanish governor-general of the Philippines

Lopez Jaena, Graciano

Author of Fray Botod

Lumbreras, Jacinto
Presiding officer during the Tejeros Convention

Lupon ng mga Bayani

Highest governing body of the Katipunan

Magtangaga, Luis
Led the Gaddangs and Itawis in a revolt in Cagayan in 1718

Ma-i
Name given to Philippines in ancient Chinese annals

Malvar, Miguel
Filipino general who took over the leadership of the government after the capture of Emilio
Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela in 1901

Manalo, Felix
Founder of Iglesia ni Cristo

Manama
In Manuvu and Bagobo cosmology, creator-god who caused the flood to destroy the wicked and
then re-peopled the earth
Marcha Filipina Magdalo
Original title of the composition of what was to be the Philippine National Anthem

Marcos, Ferdinand
Longest-serving President, with 7,362 days

Martinez, Placido
Defense attorney of Andres Bonifacio during his trial

de Mas, Sinibaldo
Spaniard diplomat who became the first to favor independence for the Philippines

Mediquillos
Filipino pseudo-doctors who had medical experience but no title

Merritt, Wesley
First American governor-general in the Philippines

Mickey Mouse
Money manufactured by the Japanese for the Philippines during World War II

Mirandiola, Andres
Wrote to the King of Spain enumerating the gold mines discovered in the Philippines and other
advantages possessed by the islands

Motto Stella
Meaning “guiding star”, original name of the Rizal Monument designed by Richard Kissling

Mudum
Arabian scholar who introduced Islam to Sulu during the 14th century

Murphy, Frank
First US High Commissioner of the Philippines

Nakpil, Juan
First National Artist for Architecture

National Scientists of the Philippines

• Juan Salcedo Jr. (1978)

• Alfredo Santos (1978)
• Gregorio Zara (1978)
• F del Mundo (1980)
• Eduardo Quisumbing (1980)
• Geminiano de Ocampo (1982)
• Casimito del Rosario (1982)
• Gregorio Velasquez (1982)
• Francisco Fronda (1983)
• Francisco Santos (1983)
• Carmen Velásquez (1983)
• Hilario Lara (1985)
• Teodoro Agoncillo (1985)
• Encarnacion Alzona (1985)
• Julián anz n (1986)
• Dioscoro Umali (1986)
• Luz Oliveros-Belardo (1987)
• Jose Encarnacion, Jr. (1987)
• Alfredo Lagmay (1988)
• Paulo Campos (1989)
• Pedro Escuro (1994)
• Clara Lim-Sylianco (1994)
• Dolores Ramírez (1998)
• Jos R. Velasco (1998)
• Gelia Castillo (1999)
• Bienvenido Juliano (2000)
• Clare Baltazar (2001)
• Benito Vergara (2001)
• Onofre Corpuz (2004)
• Ricardo Lantican (2005)
• Lourdes Cruz (2006)
• Teodulo Topacio Jr. (2009)
• Mercedes Concepcion (2010)
• Ernesto Domingo (2010)
• Perla Dizon Santos-Ocampo (2011)
• Raul V. Fabella (2011)
• Fr. Bienvenido Nebres (2011)

Orang Dampuan
Men from Champa who established commercial trading posts in the south during the turn of the
second millennium

Osmeña, Sergio
Shortest-serving President, with 666 days

Paterno, Pedro
Elected President of the Malolos Congress in 1898

Pecson, Geronima
First woman to be elected senator (1947)

Pelaez, Pedro
Considered the “father of secularization in the Philippines”

Perona, Don Tomas Torres

Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy in the old University of Manila who founded Revista
Farmaceutica de Filipinas

PHILCAG
Unit that the Philippines sent as its contribution to the United States war effort in the Vietnam War

Pigafetta, Antonio
Italian chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan’s ill-fated expedition

Pinpin, Tomas
First known Filipino printer

Presidents of the Philippines

Term President Vice-President

1899–1901 Emilio Aguinaldo —
1935–1944 Manuel L. Quezon Sergio Osmeña
1943–1945 Jose P. Laurel —
1944–1946 Sergio Osmeña —
1946–1948 Manuel A. Roxas Elpidio Quirino
Vacant (1948–1949)
1948–1953 Elpidio Quirino
Fernando Lopez (1949–1953)
1953–1957 Ramon Magsaysay Carlos P. Garcia
Vacant (1957)
1957–1961 Carlos P. Garcia Diosdado P. Macapagal (1957–
1961)
1961–1965 Diosdado P. Macapagal Emmanuel Pelaez
Fernando Lopez (1965–1972)
1965–1986 Ferdinand E. Marcos Vacant (1972–1986)
Arturo M. Tolentino (1986)
1986–1992 Corazon C. Aquino Salvador Laurel
1992–1998 Fidel V. Ramos Joseph Estrada
1998–2001 Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Vacant (2001)
Teofisto Guingona, Jr. (2001–
2001–2010 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
2004)
Noli de Castro (2004–2010)
2010–2016 Benigno S. Aquino III Jejomar C. Binay

Proclamation no. 1081

Proclamation made by President Ferdinand Marcos placing the entire Philippines under Martial
Law on September 21, 1972

Ramos, Benigno
Leader of the 1935 Sakdal Uprising

Recto, Claro M.
Elected as the president of the Constitutional Convention in July 1934

Reduccion
Spanish policy of resettlement of Filipinos into pueblos so that they can be controlled easier
Residencia
Judicial review during the Spanish regime used to conduct investigations on officials at the end of
their terms

Reyes, Nicanor
Founder of the Far Eastern University

Rodriguez, Jose
Author of Caingat Cayo which criticized Jose Rizal

Roxas, Manuel
First President of the Third Republic

Ruiz, St. Lorenzo

Canonized by Blessed Pope John Paul II on October 18, 1987

Sakay, Macario
Established a Tagalog Republic in the Sierra Madre during the American occupation

Salamanca, Olivia
First Filipino woman doctor

Salcedo, Juan de
Known as the conqueror of Luzon

Salvador, Ambrosio
Named president of La Liga Filipina in 1892

de San Jose, Francisco

Friar who published the first Tagalog grammar book

Sanduguan
Blood compact used to conclude pacts of amity

Santa Hermandad y Confradia de la Misericordia

First charitable organization in the country

Santiago, Francisco
Dubbed as the “father of Kundiman”, first Filipino director of the Conservatory of Music

Santos, Lope K.
Author of Banaag at Sikat

Smith, Jacob
American soldier who led the merciless massacre of Filipinos in Balangiga, Samar which was
turned into a “howling wilderness”

SS Astrea
First American trading vessel to reach the Philippines under captain Henry Prince

SS Mayon
Ship that took President Manuel Quezon from Manila to Corregidor on December 24, 1941
Sulu Sultanate
First nation-state in the Philippines

Swordfish
Submarine that took President Manuel Quezon from the Philippines to Australia in February 1942

Syncopation
Title of the first “sound picture” to reach the Philippines in 1920

Tagabulag
Amulet used by Tagalogs that is said to bestow the wearer the power of invisibility

Tamblot
Filipino babaylan who exhorted the people of Bohol to return to the faith of their forefathers

Tecson, Pablo
Casted the deciding Congress vote in separating the Church from the State during the discussions
on the Malolos Constitution

Tolentino, Aurelio
Author of the play Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas

The Manila Times

First American daily founded by Thomas Gowan in 1898

Tun Masha’ika
Credited with introducing Islam to Sulu

Tydings-Kocialkowski Act
Also known as the Philippine Economic Adjustment Act

Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)

Deadliest Philippine typhoon on record
Strongest storm recorded at landfall

Umalohokan
Town crier who announces a new law as he goes around the barangay

de Valderrama, Pedro
Celebrated the first mass in the Philippines

Vicos, Miguel
Assassinated Diego Silang

Villamor, Ignacio
First president of the University of the Philippines

Villaruel, Rosario
Inducted as the first member of the masonic auxiliary for women

Villegas, Pantaleon
Real name of Leon Kilat

Viola, Maximo
Friend of Jose Rizal who was responsible for financing the publication of Noli Me Tangere

Weyler, Valeriano
Spanish governor who issued a decree prohibiting the use of any language or dialect other than
Spanish in all educational institutions in the country

Wood, Leonard
First American governor of Moro Province and the leader of the massacre at Bud Dajo in 1906

Zaldua, Francisco
Star witness of the Gomburza trial
General Information

Entertainment

1 Night in Paris
2004 pornographic video depicting Paris Hilton having sexual intercourse in 2001 with
RickSalomon

5 feet, 11 inches
Height of Clark Kent

5-O
Slang for police officers and/or a warning that police are approaching

6 feet, 2 inches
Height of Superman

8 feet, 2 inches
Height of Sesame Street character Big Bird

10 Things I Hate About You

Romantic-comedy film loosely based on the Shakespearean play The Taming of the Shrew

12
Number of studio albums the band The Beatles released
Number of districts in the fictional country of Panem in The Hunger Games trilogy

14AAAAAA
Shoe size of Olive Oyl

15 minutes of fame
Expression for short-lived media publicity or celebrity of an individual or phenomenon coined by
Andy Warhol

18
Russ Wheeler’s car number in the film Days of Thunder

19-19-19
Vital statistics of Olive Oyl

22
Number of stars surrounding the mountain on the Paramount Pictures logo

24
• Alias used by Patrick Star in the animated TV series Spongebob Squarepants when attending
driving school
• Television series starring Kiefer Sutherland in which each episode covers one hour, with 24
episodes making up one entire “day”
• Number of frames per second at which motion picture film is usually projected

27 Club
Term used to refer to popular musicians who have died at the age of 27, often as a result of drug
and alcohol abuse

• Alexandre Levy
• Louis Chauvin
• Robert Johnson
• Nat Jaffe
• Jesse Belvin
• Rudy Lewis
• Malcolm Hale
• Dickie Pride
• Brian Jones
• Alan “Blind Owl” Wilson
• Jimi Hendrix
• Janis Joplin
• Arlester “Dyke” Christian
• Jim Morrison
• Linda Jones
• Leslie Harvey
• Ron “Pigpen” McKernan
• Roger Lee Durham
• Wallace Yohn
• Dave Alexander
• Pete Ham
• Gary Thain
• Cecilia
• Helmut Köllen
• Chris Bell
• Jacob Miller
• D. Boon
• Alexander Bashlachev
• Jean-Michel Basquiat
• Pete de Freitas
• Mia Zapata
• Kurt Cobain
• Kristen Pfaff
• Richey Edwards
• Fat Pat
• Freaky Tah
• Rodrigo Bueno
• Sean Patrick McCabe
• Maria Serrano Serrano
• Jeremy Michael Ward
• Bryan Ottoson
• Valentín Elizalde
• Amy Winehouse
• Richard Turner

32
Number of pages in the average comic book (not including the cover)

33
Title of the first episode of the 2004 Battlestar Galactica television series in which the Cylons came
every 33 minutes
Jersey number of Tom Cruise’s character in the 1983 film All The Right Moves

42
Number that received considerable attention in popular culture as a result of its central appearance
in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as the “Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the
Universe, and Everything”

55 Days at Peking
Dramatization of the Battle of Peking during the Boxer Rebellion

70
Numbers of years that Captain America had been sleeping in ice before he was awoken in The
Avengers movie

83AAA
Shoe size of Bozo the Clown

124 Conch St, Bikini Bottom

Address of Spongebob Squarepants

704 Hauser Street

Address of the Bunkers in the TV series All in the Family

742 Evergreen Terrace

Fictional street address in Springfield of the Simpson family home in the animated television series
The Simpsons and in the feature film The Simpsons Movie

1313 Webfoot Walk, Duckburg, Calisota

“Official” address of Donald Duck

2211
Dirty Harry’s badge number

$3,000
Working title of the 1990 film Pretty Woman

24601
Prisoner number of The Simpsons character Sideshow Bob

A Beautiful Mind
2001 American biographical drama film based on the life of John Nash, a Nobel Laureate in
Economics directed by Ron Howard and inspired by a bestselling, Pulitzer Prize-nominated 1998
book of the same name by Sylvia Nasar

A Boy and His Atom

2013 stop-motion animated short film released on YouTube by IBM Research recognized by the
Guinness Book of World Records as the smallest movie ever created

A Bridge Too Far

1977 epic war film directed by Richard Attenborough based on the 1974 book of the same name by
Cornelius Ryan that tells the story of the failure of Operation Market Garden during World War II,
the Allied attempt to break through German lines and seize several bridges in the occupied
Netherlands, including one at Arnhem, with the main objective of outflanking German defenses

A Trip to the Moon

1902 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès that became the first work designated as a
UNESCO World Heritage film

Abu
Pet monkey of the title character in the Disney animated film Aladdin

Academy Award for Best Leading Role winners

Year Actor Actress

Emil Jannings, The Last
Janet Gaynor, 7th Heaven /
1929 Command / The Way of All
Street Angel / Sunrise
Flesh
Warner Baxter, In Old Arizona Mary Pickford, Coquette
1930
George Arliss, Disraeli Norma Shearer, The Divorcee
1931 Lionel Barrymore, A Free Soul Marie Dressler, Min and Bill
Wallace Beery, The Champ
Helen Hayes, The Sin of
1932 Fredric March, Dr. Jekyll and
Madame Claudet
Mr. Hyde
Charles Laughton, The Private Katharine Hepburn, Morning
1934
of Henry VIII Glory
Clark Gable, It Happened One Claudette Colbert, It Happened
1935
Night One Night
1936 Victor Laglen, The Informer Bette Davis, Dangerous
Paul Muni, The Story of Louis Luise Rainer, The Great
1937
Pasteur Ziegfeld
Spencer Tracy, Captains
1938 Luise Rainer, The Good Earth
Courageous
1939 Spencer Tracy, Boys Town Bette Davis, Jezebel
Robert Donat, Goodbye Mr. Vivien Leigh, Gone with the
1940
Chips Wind
James Stewart, The
1941 Ginger Rogers, Kitty Foyle
Philadelphia Story
1942 Gary Cooper, Sergeant York Joan Fontaine, Suspicion
James Cagney, Yankee Doodle
1943 Greer Garson, Mrs. Miniver
Dandy
Paul Lukas, Watch on the Jennifer Jones, The Song of
1944
Rhine Bernadette
Year Actor Actress
1945 Bing Crosby, Going My Way Ingrid Bergman, Gaslight
Ray Milland, The Lost
1946 Joan Crawford, Mildred Pierce
Weekend
Fredric March, The Best Years Olivia de Havilland, To Each
1947
of Our Lives His Own
Loretta Young, The Farmer's
1948 Ronald Colman, A Double Life
Daughter
1949 Laurence Olivier, Hamlet Jane Wyman, Johnny Belinda
Broderick Crawford, All the Olivia de Havilland, The
1950
King's Men Heiress
José Ferrer, Cyrano de
1951 Judy Holliday, Born Yesterday
Bergerac
Humphrey Bogart, The African Vivien Leigh, A Streetcar
1952
Queen Named Desire
Shirley Booth, Come Back,
1953 Gary Cooper, High Noon
Little Sheba
Audrey Hepburn, Roman
1954 William Holden, Stalag 17
Holiday
Marlon Brando, On the
1955 Grace Kelly, The Country Girl
Waterfront
Anna Magnani, The Rose
1956 Ernest Borgnine, Marty
Tattoo
1957 Yul Brynner, The King and I Ingrid Bergman, Anastasia
Alec Guinness, The Bridge on Joanne Woodward, The Three
1958
the River Kwai Faces of Eve
Susan Hayward, I Want to
1959 David Niven, Separate Tables
Live!
Simone Signoret, Room at the
1960 Charlton Heston, Ben-Hur
Top
1961 Burt Lancaster, Elmer Gantry Elizabeth Taylor, Butterfield 8
Maximilian Schell, Judgment
1962 Sophia Loren, Two Women
at Nuremberg
Gregory Peck, To Kill a Anne Bancroft, The Miracle
1963
Mockingbird Worker
Sidney Poitier, Lilies of the
1964 Patricia Neal, Hud
Field
1965 Rex Harrison, My Fair Lady Julie Andrews, Mary Poppins
1966 Lee Marvin, Cat Ballou Julie Christie, Darling
Year Actor Actress
Paul Scofield, A Man for All Elizabeth Taylor, Who's Afraid
1967
Seasons of Virginia Woolf
Rod Steiger, In the Heat of the Katharine Hepburn, Guess
1968
Night Who's Coming to Dinner
Katharine Hepburn, The Lion
1969 Cliff Robertson, Charly
in Winter
Maggie Smith, The Prime of
1970 John Wayne, True Grit
Miss Jean Brodie
Glenda Jackson, Women in
1971 George C. Scott, Patton
Love
Gene Hackman, The French
1972 Jane Fonda, Klute
Connection
1973 Marlon Brando, The Godfather Liza Minnelli, Cabaret
Glenda Jackson, A Touch of
1974 Jack Lemmon, Save the Tiger
Class
Ellen Burstyn, Alice Doesn't
1975 Art Carney, Harry and Tonto
Live Here Anymore
Jack Nicholson, One Flew Louise Fletcher, One Flew
1976
Over the Cuckoo's Nest Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1977 Peter Finch, Network Faye Dunaway, Network
Richard Dreyfuss, The
1978 Diane Keaton, Annie Hall
Goodbye Girl
1979 Jon Voight, Coming Home Jane Fonda, Coming Home
Dustin Hoffman, Kramer vs.
1980 Sally Field, Norma Rae
Kramer
Sissy Spacek, Coal Miner's
1981 Robert De Niro, Raging Bull
Daughter
Katharine Hepburn, On Golden
1982 Henry Fonda, On Golden Pond
Pond
1983 Ben Kingsley, Gandhi Meryl Streep, Sophie's Choice
Shirley MacLaine, Terms of
1984 Robert Duvall, Tender Mercies
Endearment
1985 F. Murray Abraham, Amadeus Sally Field, Places in the Heart
William Hurt, Kiss of the Geraldine Page, The Trip to
1986
Spider Woman Bountiful
Paul Newman, The Color of Marlee Matlin, Children of a
1987
Money Lesser God
1988 Michael Douglas, Wall Street Cher, Moonstruc
Year Actor Actress
1989 Dustin Hoffman, Rain Man Jodie Foster, The Accused
Daniel Day-Lewis, My Left Jessica Tandy, Driving Miss
1990
Foot Daisy
Jeremy Irons, Reversal of
1991 Kathy Bates, Misery
Fortune
Anthony Hopkins, The Silence Jodie Foster, The Silence of the
1992
of the Lambs Lambs
Emma Thompson, Howards
1993 Al Pacino, Scent of a Woman
End
1994 Tom Hanks, Philadelphia Holly Hunter, The Piano
1995 Tom Hanks, Forrest Gump Jessica Lange, Blue Sky
Nicolas Cage, Leaving Las Susan Sarandon, Dead Man
1996
Vegas Walking
1997 Geoffrey Rush, Shine Frances McDormand, Fargo
Jack Nicholson, As Good As It Helen Hunt, As Good As It
1998
Gets Gets
Roberto Benigni, Life is Gwyneth Paltrow, Shakespeare
1999
Beautiful in Love
Kevin Spacey, American
2000 Hilary Swank, Boys Don't Cry
Beauty
2001 Russell Crowe, Gladiator Julia Roberts, Erin Brockovich
Denzel Washington, Training
2002 Halle Berry, Monster's Ball
Day
2003 Adrien Brody, The Pianist Nicole Kidman, The Hours
2004 Sean Penn, Mystic River Charlize Theron, Monster
Hilary Swank, Million Dollar
2005 Jamie Foxx, Ray
Baby
Philip Seymour Hoffman, Reese Witherspoon, Walk the
2006
Capote Line
Forrest Whitaker, The Last
2007 Helen Mirren, The Queen
King of Scotland
Daniel Day-Lewis, There Will Marion Cotillard, La Vie en
2008
Be Blood rose
2009 Sean Penn, Milk Kate Winslet, The Reader
2010 Jeff Bridges, Crazy Heart Sandra Bullock, The Blind Side
2011 Colin Firth, The King's Speech Natalie Portman, Black Swan
 Year Actor Actress
2012 Jean Dujardin, The Artist Meryl Streep, The Iron Lady
Jennifer Lawrence, Silver
2013 Daniel Day-Lewis, Lincoln
Linings Playbook

Academy Award for Best Original Song winners

Year Song Film

1934 “The Continental” The Gay Divorcee
1935 “Lullaby of Broadway” Gold Diggers of 1935
1936 “The Way You Look Tonight” Swing Time
1937 “Sweet Leilani” Waikiki Wedding
1938 “Thanks for the Memory” The Big Broadcast of 1938
1939 “Over the Rainbow” The Wizard of Oz
1940 “When You Wish upon a Star” Pinocchio
1941 “The Last Time I Saw Paris” Lady Be Good
1942 “White Christmas” Holiday Inn
1943 “You'll Never Know” Hello, Frisco, Hello
1944 “Swinging on a Star” Going My Way
1945 “It Might as Well Be Spring” State Fair
“On the Atchison, Topeka and
1946 The Harvey Girls
the Santa Fe”
1947 “Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah” Song of the South
1948 “Buttons and Bows” The Paleface
1949 “Baby, It's Cold Outside Neptune's Daughter
1950 “Mona Lisa” Captain Carey, U.S.A.
“In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the
1951 Here Comes The Groom
Evening”
“High Noon (Do Not Forsake
1952 High Noon
Me, Oh My Darlin')
1953 “Secret Love” Calamity Jane
1954 “Three Coins in the Fountain” Three Coins in the Fountain
“Love Is a Many Splendored Love is a Many Splendored
1955
Thing” Thing
1956 “Whatever Will Be, Will Be The Man Who Knew Too Much
Year Song Film
(Qué Será, Será)”
1957 “All the Way” The Joker Is Wild
1958 “Gigi” Gigi
1959 “High Hopes” A Hole in the Head
1960 “Never on Sunday” Never on Sunday
1961 “Moon River” Breakfast at Tiffany's
1962 “Days of Wine and Roses” Days of Wine and Roses
1963 “Call Me Irresponsible” Papa's Delicate Condition
1964 “Chim Chim Cher-ee” Mary Poppins
1965 “The Shadow of Your Smile” The Sandpiper
1966 “Born Free” Born Free
1967 “Talk to the Animals” Doctor Dolittle
“The Windmills of Your
1968 The Thomas Crown Affair
Mind”
“Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Butch Cassidy and the
1969
Head” Sundance Kid
1970 “For All We Know” Lovers and Other Strangers
1971 “Theme from Shaft” Shaft
1972 “The Morning After” The Poseidon Adventure
1973 “The Way We Were” The Way We Were
“We May Never Love Like
1974 The Towering Inferno
This Again”
1975 “I'm Easy” Nashville
“Evergreen (Love Theme from
1976 A Star Is Born
A Star Is Born)”
1977 “You Light Up My Life” You Light Up My Life”
1978 “Last Dance” Thank God It's Friday
1979 “It Goes Like It Goes” Norma Rae
1980 “Fame” Fame
“Arthur's Theme (Best That
1981 Arthur
You Can Do)”
1982 “Up Where We Belong” An Officer and a Gentleman
1983 “Flashdance... What a Feeling” Flashdance
Year Song Film
“I Just Called to Say I Love
1984 The Woman in Red
You”
1985 “Say You, Say Me” White Nights
1986 “Take My Breath Away” Top Gun
“(I've Had) The Time of My
1987 Dirty Dancing
Life”
1988 “Let the River Run” Working Girl
1989 “Under the Sea” The Little Mermaid
“Sooner or Later (I Always Get
1990 Dick Tracy
My Man)”
1991 “Beauty and the Beast” Beauty and the Beast
1992 “A Whole New World” Aladdin
1993 “Streets of Philadelphia” Philadelphia
“Can You Feel the Love
1994 The Lion King
Tonight”
1995 “Colors of the Wind” Pocahontas
1996 “You Must Love Me” Evita
1997 “My Heart Will Go On” Titanic
1998 “When You Believe” The Prince of Egypt
1999 “You'll Be in My Heart” Tarzan
2000 “Things Have Changed” Wonder Boys
2001 “If I Didn't Have You” Monsters, Inc.
2002 “Lose Yourself” 8 Mile
The Lord of the Rings: Return
2003 “Into the West”
of the King
2004 “Al otro lado del río” The Motorcycle Diaries
“It's Hard Out Here for a
2005 Hustle & Flow
Pimp”
2006 “I Need to Wake Up” An Inconvenient Truth
2007 “Falling Slowly” Once
2008 “Jai Ho” Slumdog Millionaire
2009 “The Weary Kind” Crazy Heart
2010 “We Belong Together” Toy Story 3
2011 “Man or Muppet” The Muppets
 Year Song Film
2012 “Skyfall” Skyfall

Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director Winners

Year Best Picture Best Director

Lewis Milestone, Two Arabian
1929 Wings Knights
Frank Borzage, 7th Heaven
Frank Lloyd, The Divine Lady
The Broadway Melody
1930 Lewis Milestone, All Quiet on
All Quiet on the Western Front
the Western Front
1931 Cimarron Norman Taurog, Skippy
1932 Grand Hotel Frank Borzage, Bad Girl
1934 Cavalcade Frank Lloyd, Cavalcade
Frank Capra, It Happened One
1935 It Happened One Night
Night
1936 Mutiny on the Bounty John Ford, The Informer
Frank Capra, Mr. Deeds Goes
1937 The Great Ziegfeld
to Town
1938 The Life of Emile Zola Leo McCarey, The Awful Truth
Frank Capra, You Can't Take It
1939 You Can't Take It With You
With You
Victor Fleming, Gone with the
1940 Gone with the Wind
Wind
John Ford, The Grapes of
1941 Rebecca
Wrath
John Ford, How Green Was My
1942 How Green Was My Valley
Valley
1943 Mrs. Miniver William Wyler, Mrs. Miniver
1944 Casablanca Michael Curtiz, Casablanca
1945 Going My Way Leo McCarey, Going My Way
Billy Wilder, The Lost
1946 The Lost Weekend
Weekend
William Wyler, The Best Years
1947 The Best Years of Our Lives
of Our Lives
Elia Kazan, Gentleman's
1948 Gentleman's Agreement
Agreement
Year Best Picture Best Director
John Huston, The Treasure of
1949 Hamlet
the Sierra Madre
Joseph L. Mankiewicz, A
1950 All The King's Men
Letter to Three Wives
Joseph L. Mankiewicz, All
1951 All About Eve
About Eve
George Stevens, A Place in the
1952 An American in Paris
Sun
1953 The Greatest Show on Earth John Ford, The Quiet Man
Fred Zinnemann, From Here to
1954 From Here to Eternity
Eternity
1955 On the Waterfront Elia Kazan, On the Waterfront
1956 Marty Delbert Mann, Marty
1957 Around the World in 80 Days George Stevens, Giant
David Lean, The Bridge on the
1958 The Bridge on the River Kwai
River Kwai
1959 Gigi Vincente Minnelli, Gigi
1960 Ben-Hur William Wyler, Ben-Hur
1961 The Apartment Billy Wilder, The Apartment
Robert Wise and Jerome
1962 West Side Story
Robbins, West Side Story
David Lean, Lawrence of
1963 Lawrence of Arabia
Arabia
1964 Tom Jones Tony Richardson, Tom Jones
1965 My Fair Lady George Cukor, My Fair Lady
Robert Wise, The Sound of
1966 The Sound of Music
Music
Fred Zinnemann, A Man for All
1967 A Man for All Season
Seasons
1968 In the Heat of the Night Mike Nichols, The Graduate
1969 Oliver! Carol Reed, Oliver!
John Schlesinger, Midnight
1970 Midnight Cowboy
Cowboy
1971 Patton Franklin J. Schaffner, Patton
William Friedkin, The French
1972 The French Connection
Connection
Year Best Picture Best Director
1973 The Godfather Bob Fosse, Cabaret
1974 The Sting George Roy Hill, The Sting
Francis Ford Coppola, The
1975 The Godfather Part II
Godfather Part II
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Milos Forman, One Flew Over
1976
Nest the Cuckoo's Nest
1977 Rocky John G. Avildsen, Rocky
1978 Annie Hall Woody Allen, Annie Hall
Michael Cimino, The Deer
1979 The Deer Hunter
Hunter
Robert Benton, Kramer vs.
1980 Kramer vs. Kramer
Kramer
Robert Redford, Ordinary
1981 Ordinary People
People
1982 Chariots of Fire Warren Beatty, Reds
1983 Gandhi Richard Attenborough, Gandhi
James L. Brooks, Terms of
1984 Terms of Endearment
Endearment
1985 Amadeus Milos Forman, Amadeus
1986 Out of Africa Sydney Pollack, Out of Africa
1987 Platoon Oliver Stone, Platoon
Bernardo Bertolucci, The Last
1988 The Last Emperor
Emperor
1989 Rain Man Barry Levinson, Rain Man
Oliver Stone, Born on the
1990 Driving Miss Daisy
Fourth of July
Kevin Costner, Dances with
1991 Dances with Wolves
Wolves
Jonathan Demme, The Silence
1992 The Silence of the Lambs
of the Lambs
1993 Unforgiven Clint Eastwood, Unforgiven
Steven Spielberg, Schindler's
1994 Schindler's List
List
Robert Zemeckis, Forrest
1995 Forrest Gump
Gump
1996 Braveheart Mel Gibson, Braveheart
 Year Best Picture Best Director
Anthony Minghella, The
1997 The English Patient
English Patient
1998 Titanic James Cameron, Titanic
Steven Spielberg, Saving
1999 Shakespeare in Love
Private Ryan
2000 American Beauty Sam Mendes, American Beauty
2001 Gladiator Steven Soderbergh, Traffic
2002 A Beautiful Mind Ron Howard, A Beautiful Mind
2003 Chicago Roman Polanski, The Pianist
The Lord of the Rings: The Peter Jackson, The Lord of the
2004
Return of the King Rings: The Return of the King
Clint Eastwood, Million Dollar
2005 Million Dollar Baby
Baby
2006 Crash Ang Lee, Brokeback Mountain
2007 The Departed Martin Scorsese, The Departed
Joel and Ethan Coen, No
2008 No Country for Old Men
Country for Old Men
Danny Boyle, Slumdog
2009 Slumdog Millionaire
Millionaire
Kathryn Bigelow, The Hurt
2010 The Hurt Locker
Locker
Tom Hopper, The King's
2011 The King's Speech
Speech
Michel Hazanavicius, The
2012 The Artist
Artist
2013 Argo Ang Lee, Life of Pi

Academy Award for Best Supporting Role winners

Year Actor Actress

Walter Brennan, Come and Get Gale Sondergaard, Anthony
1937
It Adverse
Joseph Schildkraut, The Life of
1938 Alice Brady, In Old Chicago
Emile Zola
1939 Walter Brennan, Kentucky Fay Bainter, Jezebel
1940 Thomas Mitchell, Stagecoach Hattie McDaniel, Gone with
Year Actor Actress
the Wind
Walter Brennan, The Jane Darwell, The Grapes of
1941
Westerner Wrath
Donald Crisp, How Green Was
1942 Mary Astor, The Great Lie
My Valley
1943 Van Helfin, Johnny Eager Teresa Wright, Mrs. Miniver
Charles Coburn, The More The Katina Paxinou, For Whom
1944
Merrier The Bell Tolls
Barry Fitzgerald, Going My Ethel Barrymore, None But The
1945
Way Lonely Heart
James Dunn, A Tree Grows in
1946 Anne Revere, National Velvet
Brooklyn
Harold Russell, The Best Years
1947 Anne Baxter, The Razor's Edge
of Our Lives
Edmund Gwenn, Miracle on Celeste Holm, Gentleman's
1948
the 34th Street Agrement
Walter Huston, The Treasure
1949 Claire Trevor, Key Largo
of the Sierra Madre
Dean Jagger, Twelve O'Clock Mercedes McCambridge, All
1950
High The King's Men
1951 George Sanders, All About Eve Josephine Hall, Harvey
Karl Malden, A Streetcar Kim Hunter, A Streetcar
1952
Named Desire Named Desire
Gloria Grahame, The Bad and
1953 Anthony Quinn, Viva Zapata!
the Beautiful
Frank Sinatra, From Here to Donna Reed, From Here to
1954
Eternity Eternity
Edmond O'Brien, The Barefoot Eva Marie Saint, On the
1955
Contessa Waterfront
1956 Jack Lemmon, Mister Roberts Jo Van Fleet, East of Eden
Dorothy Malone, Written on
1957 Anthony Quinn, Lust for Life
the Wind
1958 Red Buttons, Sayonara Miyoshi Umeki, Sayonara
1959 Burl Ives, The Big Country Wendy Hiller, Separate Tables
Shelley Winters, The Diary of
1960 Hugh Griffith, Ben-Hur
Anne Frank
1961 Peter Ustinov, Spartacus Shirley Jones, Elmer Gantry
Year Actor Actress
George Charikis, West Side
1962 Rita Moreno, West Side Story
Story
Patty Duke, The Miracle
1963 Ed Begley, Sweet Bird of Youth
Worker
Margaret Rutherford, The
1964 Melvyn Douglas, Hud
V.I.P.s
1965 Peter Ustinov, Topkapi Lila Kedrova, Zorba the Greek
Martin Balsam, A Thousand Shelley Winters, A Patch of
1966
Clowns Blue
Walter Matthau, The Fortune Sandy Dennis, Who's Afraid of
1967
Cookie Virginia Woolf?
George Kennedy, Cool Hand Estelle Parsons, Bonnie and
1968
Luke Clyde
Jack Albertson, The Subject
1969 Ruth Gordon, Rosemary's Baby
Was Roses
Gig Young, They Shoot
1970 Goldie Hawn, Cactus Flower
Horses, Don't They
1971 John Mills, Ryan's Daughter Helen Hayes, Airport
Ben Johnson, The Last Picture Cloris Leachman, The Last
1972
Show Picture Show
Eileen Heckart, Butterflies Are
1973 Joel Grey, Cabaret
Free
John Houseman, The Paper
1974 Tatum O'Neill, Paper Moon
Chase
Robert De Niro, The Godfather Ingrid Bergman, Murder on the
1975
Part II Orient Express
George Burns, The Sunshine
1976 Lee Grant, Shampoo
Boys
Jason Robards, All the
1977 Beatrice Straight, Network
President's Man
1978 Jason Robards, Julia Vanessa Redgrave, Julia
Christopher Walken, The Deer
1979 Maggie Smith, California Suite
Hunter
Meryl Streep, Kramer vs.
1980 Melvyn Douglas, Being There
Kramer
Timothy Hutton, Ordinary Mary Steenburgen, Melvin and
1981
People Howard
1982 John Gielgud, Arthur Maureen Stapleton, Red
Year Actor Actress
Louis Gossett, Jr., An Officer
1983 Jessica Lange, Tootsie
and a Gentleman
Jack Nicholson, Terms of Linda Hunt, The Year of Living
1984
Endearment Dangerously
Haing S. Ngor, The Killing Peggy Ashcroft, A Passage to
1985
Fields India
Anjelica Huston, Prizzi's
1986 Don Ameche, Cocoon
Honor
Michael Caine, Hannah and Dianne Wiest, Hannah and
1987
Her Sisters Her Sisters
Sean Connery, The
1988 Olympia Dukakis, Moonstruck
Untouchables
Kevin Kline, A Fish Called Geena Davis, The Accidental
1989
Wanda Tourist
1990 Denzel Washington, Glory Brenda Fricker, My Left Foot
1991 Joe Pesci, Goodfellas Whoopi Goldberg, Ghost
Mercedes Ruehl, The Fisher
1992 Jack Palance, City Slickers
King
Marisa Tomei, My Cousin
1993 Gene Hackman, Unforgiven
Vinny
Tommy Lee Jones, The
1994 Anna Paquin, The Piano
Fugitive
Dianne Wiest, Bullets Over
1995 Martin Landau, Ed Wood
Broadway
Kevin Spacey, The Usual Mira Sorvino, Mighty
1996
Suspects Aphrodite
Cuba Gooding, Jr., Jerry Juliette Binoche, The English
1997
Maguire Patient
Robin Williams, Good Will Kim Basinger, L.A.
1998
Hunting Confidential
Judi Dench, Shakespeare in
1999 James Coburn, Affliction
Love
Michael Caine, The Cider Angelina Jolie, Girl,
2000
House Rules Interrupted
2001 Benicio del Toro, Traffic Marcia Gay Harden, Pollock
Jennifer Connelly, A Beautiful
2002 Jim Broadbent, Iris
Mind
2003 Chris Cooper, Adaptation Catherine Zeta-Jones, Chicago
 Year Actor Actress
Renee Zellweger, Cold
2004 Tim Robbins, Mystic River
Mountain
Morgan Freeman, Million
2005 Cate Blanchett, The Aviator
Dollar Baby
Rachel Weisz, The Constant
2006 George Clooney, Syriana
Gardener
Alan Arkin, Little Miss
2007 Jennifer Hudson, Dreamgirls
Sunshine
Javier Bardem, No Country for Tilda Swinton, Michael
2008
Old Men Clayton
Heath Ledger, The Dark Penelope Cruz, Vicky Cristina
2009
Knight Barcelona
Christoph Waltz, Inglourious
2010 Mo'Nique, Precious
Basterds
2011 Christian Bale, The Fighter Melissa Leo, The Fighter
Christopher Plummer,
2012 Octavia Spencer, The Help
Beginners
Christoph Waltz, Django Anne Hathaway, Les
2013
Unchained Miserables

“The Academy Award of Merit”

Official title of the Academy Award

Ace of Spades
Fourth album by the British heavy metal band Motörhead

“Across the Universe”

Beatles’ song that became the first ever pop tune to be beamed directly into space

Action Comics #1
Featured the first appearance of the Jerry Siegel/Joe Shuster creation Superman

Actors who have played the Doctor in Doctor Who

1. William Hartnell
2. Patrick Troughton
3. Jon Pertwee
4. Tom Baker
5. Peter Davison
6. Colin Baker
7. Sylvester McCoy
8. Paul McGann
9. Christopher Eccleston
10. David Tennant
11. Matt Smith
12. Peter Capaldi

Adam
Main antagonist in the 2012 film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter

Adamantium
Fictional indestructible alloy best known for being the substance bonded to Wolverine's skeleton
and bone claws

Adams, Scott
American creator of the Dilbert comic strip

Adams, William James Jr.

Real name of singer will.i.am

Aday, Marvin Lee

Real name of rock singer Meat Loaf

Adrian, Lauren
Name of the character portrayed by Jennifer Lopez in the 2006 film Bordertown

Aerosmith
First band to receive its own dedicated edition of Guitar Hero

AFI’s 100 Years…100 Movies – 10th Anniversary Edition list

1. Citizen Kane
2. The Godfather
3. Casablanca
4. Raging Bull
5. Singin' in the Rain
6. Gone with the Wind
7. Lawrence of Arabia
8. Schindler’s List
9. Vertigo
10. The Wizard of Oz
11. City Lights
12. The Searchers
13. Star Wars
14. Psycho
15. 2001: A Space Odyssey
16. Sunset Boulevard
17. The Graduate
18. The General
19. On the Waterfront
20. It’s a Wonderful Life
21. Chinatown
22. Some Like It Hot
23. The Grapes of Wrath
24. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
25. To Kill a Mockingbird
26. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
27. High Noon
28. All About Eve
29. Double Indemnity
30. Apocalypse Now
31. The Maltese Falcon
32. The Godfather Part II
33. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
34. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
35. Annie Hall
36. The Bridge on the River Kwai
37. The Best Years of Our Lives
38. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
39. Dr. Strangelove
40. The Sound of Music
41. King Kong
42. Bonnie and Clyde
43. Midnight Cowboy
44. The Philadelphia Story
45. Shane
46. It Happened One Night
47. A Streetcar Named Desire
48. Rear Window
49. Intolerance
50. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
51. West Side Story
52. Taxi Driver
53. The Deer Hunter
54. MASH
55. North by Northwest
56. Jaws
57. Rocky
58. The Gold Rush
59. Nashville
60. Duck Soup
61. Sullivan’s Travels
62. American Graffiti
63. Cabaret
64. Network
65. The African Queen
66. Raiders of the Lost Ark
67. Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
68. Unforgiven
69. Tootsie
70. A Clockwork Orange
71. Saving Private Ryan
72. The Shawshank Redemption
73. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
74. The Silence of the Lambs
75. In the Heat of the Night
76. Forrest Gump
77. All the President’s Men
78. Modern Times
79. The Wild Bunch
80. The Apartment
81. Spartacus
82. Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans
83. Titanic
84. Easy Rider
85. A Night at the Opera
86. Platoon
87. 12 Angry Men
88. Bringing Up Baby
89. The Sixth Sense
90. Swing Time
91. Sophie’s Choice
92. Goodfellas
93. The French Connection
94. Pulp Fiction
95. The Last Picture Show
96. Do the Right Thing
97. Blade Runner
98. Yankee Doodle Dandy
99. Toy Story
100. Ben-Hur

Films removed from the 1998 list

1. Doctor Zhivago
2. The Birth of a Nation
3. From Here to Eternity
4. Amadeus
5. All Quiet on the Western Front
6. The Third Man
7. Fantasia
8. Rebel Without a Cause
9. Stagecoach
10. Close Encounters of the Third Kind
11. The Manchurian Candidate
12. An American in Paris
13. Wuthering Heights
14. Dances with Wolves
15. Giant
16. Fargo
17. Mutiny on the Bounty
18. Frankenstein
19. Patton
20. The Jazz Singer
21. My Fair Lady
22. A Place in the Sun
23. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner

Agent 86
Codename of Get Smart character Maxwell Smart, played by Don Adams
Agony aunt
Advice columnist writing an advice column

Agrabah
Setting of the Disney animated film Aladdin

Ah Mui
Character played by Zhao Wei in Shaolin Soccer

AKB48
Japanese girl group that holds the Guinness World Record for being the world's “largest pop group”

Albertson, Jeff
Real name of The Simpsons character Comic Book Guy

Aldrich, Robert
American film director, writer and producer, notable for such films as Kiss Me Deadly, The Big
Knife, What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte, The Flight of the
Phoenix, The Dirty Dozen, and The Longest Yard

Algren, Nathan
Fictional US Army captain portrayed by Tom Cruise in the film The Last Samurai

“Alice in Chain’s Jar of Flies”

First EP to reach number one in the Billboard 200 Chart in 1994

Allen, Lily
English recording artist whose hit singles include “The Fear” and “Fuck You”

Allen, Rick
Drummer for the English band Def Leppard

Alliance of Twelve
Fictional international organized crime group in the American television series Alias

Alnwick Castle
Castle in England used to film Hogwarts scenes in the Harry Potter films

Alpert, Herbert
American musician most associated with the group variously known as Herb Alpert & the Tijuana
Brass, Herb Alpert’s Tijuana Brass, or TJB

Altman, Robert
American film director whose works include MASH, McCabe and Mrs. Miller, and Nashville

Alyn, Kirk
American actor best known for being the first actor to play Superman on screen in the 1948 film
serial Superman and its 1950 sequel Atom Man vs. Superman

Amanpour, Christiane
Chief International Correspondent for CNN and host of CNN International’s nightly interview
program Amanpour
American Idol winners

Year Winner
2002 Kelly Clarkson
2003 Ruben Studdard
2004 Fantasia Barrino
2005 Carrie Underwood
2006 Taylor Hicks
2007 Jordin Sparks
2008 David Cook
2009 Kris Allen
2010 Lee DeWyze
2011 Scotty McCreery
2012 Phillip Phillips
2013 Candice Glover

American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers

American not-for-profit performance-rights organization that protects its members' musical
copyrights by monitoring public performances of their music, whether via a broadcast or live
performance and compensating them accordingly

“America’s Sweetheart”
Nickname given to actress Mary Pickford

Amphlett, Chrissy
Australian singer who was the frontwoman of the Australian rock band Divinyls

An Innocent Man
1983 studio album by Billy Joel

“Anarchy in the U.K.”

Debut single of the English punk rock band Sex Pistols

And God Created Woman

1956 film widely recognized as the vehicle that launched Brigitte Bardot into the public spotlight
and immediately created her “sex kitten” persona, making her an overnight sensation

Anderson, Broncho Billy

American actor, writer, film director, and film producer best known as the first star of the Western
film genre

Anderson, Pamela
Played CJ Parker in the TV series Baywatch
Appeared on more Playboy covers than anyone else

Anderson, Stig
Best known as the manager of the pop group ABBA

Andrew
Middle name of Michael J. Fox

Anna Marie
Real name of X-Men member Rogue

Annie Award
American award for accomplishments in animation presented by ASIFA-Hollywood

Annie Award for Best Animated Feature

Year Winner
1992 Beauty and the Beast
1993 Aladdin
1994 The Lion King
1995 Pocahontas
1996 Toy Story
1997 Cats Don't Dance
1998 Mulan
1999 The Iron Giant
2000 Toy Story 2
2001 Shrek
2002 Spirited Away (Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi)
2003 Finding Nemo
2004 The Incredibles
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-
2005
Rabbit
2006 Cars
2007 Ratatouille
2008 Kung Fu Panda
2009 Up
2010 How to Train Your Dragon
2011 Rango
 Year Winner
2012 Wreck-It Ralph

Antonucci, Danny
Canadian animator, cartoonist director, producer and screenwriter who created the animated
comedy series Ed, Edd n Eddy, Lupo the Butcher, Cartoon Sushi and The Brothers Grunt

Applegate, Christina
American actress who gained fame as a teenage actress, playing the role of Kelly Bundy on the Fox
sitcom Married... with Children

Aqua
Danish-Norwegian dance pop group that performed thesong “Barbie Girl”

Argento, Dario
Italian film director, producer and screenwriter best known for his work in the horror film genre,
particularly in the subgenre known as giallo, and for his influence on modern horror movies

Arliss, George
First British actor to win an Academy Award

Armstrong, Louis
Oldest male artist to top the Hot 100 with “Hello, Dolly!” in May 9, 1964

Aronofsky, Darren
Director of the film Black Swan

Arrambam
2013 Indian Tamil action thriller film directed by Vishnuvardhan

Arthurs, Paul
English musician and one of the founding members of the English rock band Oasis, best known as
their rhythm guitar player from 1991-1999

Assia, Lys
Swiss singer who won the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956

Astin, Sean
American film actor, director, voice artist, and producer best known for his film roles as Samwise
Gamgee in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Mikey Walsh in The Goonies, and the title character of
Rudy
In television, he appeared as Lynn McGill in the fifth season of 24and currently voices Raphael in
the 2012 Nickelodeon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series and Oso in the Disney Junior show
Special Agent Oso

Astor, Mary
Born Lucile Vasconcellos Langhanke, American actress best remembered for her role as Brigid
O’Shaughnessy in The Maltese Falcon

Astro
Pet dog in The Jetsons

Atoms for Peace

Experimental rock and electronic supergroup formed in late 2009, consists of Thom Yorke, Flea,
Nigel Godrich, Joey Waronker and Mauro Refosco

Audley, Eleanor
Best remembered on television as Eunice Douglas on Green Acres and for many, for providing
Disney animated features with their most outstanding and memorable villainess voices, most
notably Maleficent in Sleeping Beauty and Lady Tremaine in Cinderella

Audrey II
Monster plant in the film Little Shop of Horrors

Austerlitz, Frederick
Real name of stage dancer Fred Astaire

Austin, Steve
Fictional character created by Martin Caidin for his 1972 novel, Cyborg, who later became a 1970s
television icon as portrayed by Lee Majors in the 1974-1978 series The Six Million Dollar Man

Autry, Gene
Only person to be awarded stars in all five categories on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Avatar
2009 film by James Cameron that became the highest-grossing film of all time

Avery, James
American actor, best known for his portrayal of the patriarch and attorney (later judge) Philip
Banks, Will Smith’s character’s uncle, in the TV sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Provided the voice of Shredder in the original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series

Avery, Tex
Creator of cartoon characters Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Droopy, and Screwy Squirrel

Avildsen, John
Director of the film Rocky

Babenco, Héctor
Director of the 1985 film Kiss of the Spider Woman

“...Baby One More Time”

Debut single of Britney Spears

“Back to the Saddle Again”

Signature song of American cowboy entertainer Gene Autry

Bacall, Lauren
Born Betty Joan Perske, American actress who won an Academy Award in 1997 for the film The
Mirror Has Two Faces

Backstreet Boys members

• A.J. McLean
• Howie Dorough
• Nick Carter
• Kevin Richardson
• Brian Littrell

Bailey, William Bruce

Real name of American singer songwriter Axl Rose, lead vocalist and only remaining original
member of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses

Baldwin, Alec
American actor who starred as Jack Donaghy on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock

Bale, Christian
Played Bruce Wayne in the 2005 film Batman Begins

Balzary, Michael Peter

Real name of Flea

Banks, Tyra
Creator and host of the UPN/The CW reality television show America’s Next Top Model

Barrett, Roger Keith “Syd”

English guitarist best remembered as the lead vocalist, guitarist and primary songwriter of Pink
Floyd’s psychedelic years

Barry
First name of The Simpsons character Duffman

Bashir, Martin
British journalist who resigned from his position at MSNBC after he made “ill-judged” comments
about former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin

Basinger, Kim
American actress known for her portrayals of Domino Petachi, the Bond girl in Never Say Never
Again, and Vicki Vale, the female lead in Batman
Played Celeste Martin in the film My Stepmother is an Alien

Bassett, Angela
Played Tina Turner in What’s Love Got to Do with It, Betty Shabazz in Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks
in The Rosa Parks Story

Bassey, Dame Shirley

Welsh singer best known for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films Goldfinger,
Diamonds Are Forever, and Moonraker

Battersea Power Station

Gained worldwide recognition after appearing on the cover of Pink Floyd’s 1977 album Animals

Battleship Potemkin
1925 silent film directed by Sergei Eisenstein that presents a dramatized version of the mutiny that
occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against their officers of
the Tsarist regime

Bay, Michael
American film director and producer known for directing high-budget action films characterized by
their fast edits, stylistic visuals and substantial practical special effects
Films include Armageddon, Pearl Harbor, and Transformers film series

Beatty, Ned
Provided the voice of antagonist Lots-O’-Huggin’ Bear in Toy Story 3, which nominated him for a
MTV Movie Award for Best Villain

Beauty and the Beast

First-ever animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture
Disney’s first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical

Becky Sharp
First feature made entirely in three-color Technicolor

Bee Gees principal members

• Barry Gibb
• Robin Gibb
• Maurice Gibb

Beiderbecke, Leon Bismark “Bix”

American jazz cornetist, jazz pianist, and composer who helped to invent the jazz ballad style and
hinted at what, in the 1950s, would become cool jazz with the songs “Singin’ the Blues” (1927) and
“I’m Coming, Virginia” (1927)

Bekmambetov, Timur Nurbakhitovich

Kazakh director best known for the film Night Watch and its sequel Day Watch, and the American
films Wanted and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter

Bel Geddes, Barbara

American actress best known for her female starring role in the television drama series Dallas as
matriarch Miss Ellie Ewing
Played Midge Wood in the Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo

Bender
Fictional robot in the animated TV series Futurama, full name is Bender Bending Rodriguez

Benedetto, Anthony Dominick

Real name of American singer Tony Bennett

Bergen, Candice
American actress known for her role as the title character on the situation comedy Murphy Brown
and as Shirley Schmidt on the comedy-drama Boston Legal

Bergl, Anne Emily

English-American film, stage and television actress best known for her role as Rachel Lang on the
film The Rage: Carrie 2

Bergman, Ingmar
Swedish director whose works include The Virgin Spring, Through a Glass Darkly and Fanny and
Alexander

Berkeley, Busby
Highly influential Hollywood movie director and musical choreographer, famous for his elaborate
musical production number that often involved complex geometric patterns

Berlin, Irving
Born Israel Isidore Beilin, composer of the musicals “Annie Get Your Gun” and “Call Me Madam”
Only Academy Award presenter to give an Oscar to himself

Bernhardt, Sarah
19th century French artist who popularized the fedora hat

Berry, Halle
Represented USA in the Miss World pageant
Only woman of African-American descent to win an Oscar for a leading role

Bertolucci, Bernardo
Italian director whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris, 1900, The Last Emperor,
The Sheltering Sky and The Dreamers

Best, Pete
British musician principally known as the original regular drummer in the Beatles

Beyoncé
Album by American singer Beyoncé Knowles thatbecame the fastest selling album in the history of
the iTunes Store, selling 828,773 copies worldwide in just three days, and peaking at number one in
104 countries in December 2013

Bezençon, Marcel
Creator of the Eurovision Song Contest

B.G.
Stage name of American rapper Christopher Dorsey whose single “Bling Bling” helped give
mainstream popularity to the hip-hop slang term “bling bling,” a term denoting shiny jewelry,
flashy, elaborate dress or decadent shows of wealth

Bickle, Travis
Name of the taxi driver played by Robert de Niro in the 1976 film Taxi Driver

Bigelow, Kathryn
First woman to win the Academy Award for Best Director for The Hurt Locker
First woman to win the Saturn Award for Best Director in 1995 for Strange Days

“Billie Jean”
First video by a black artist to be aired in MTV
Birth of a Nation
1915 American silent film directed by D. W. Griffith based on the novel and play The Clansman by
Thomas Dixon, Jr.
First motion picture to be shown at the White House

Bishop, Eric Marlon

Real name of American actor Jamie Foxx

Black, Rebecca
American pop singer and dancer who gained extensive media attention with the 2011 single
“Friday”

Black Beauty
Car of the Green Hornet

Blacula
First film to receive an award for Best Horror Film at the Saturn Awards

Blanchett, Cate
Australian actress who came to international attention for her role as Elizabeth I of England in the
1998 film Elizabeth
Only Oscar winner who portrayed an Oscar winner (Katharine Hepburn)

“Bleeding Love”
Pop/R&B ballad recorded by British singer Leona Lewisfrom her debut albumSpirit that became
the best-selling single of 2008 worldwide

Blomkamp, Neill
Best known as the co-writer and director of critically acclaimed District 9 and the science fiction
film Elysium

Blood Feast
1963 American low budget horror gore film directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis that is considered
the first splatter film, and notable for its groundbreaking depictions of on-screen gore

Blue
Sir Lancelot’s favorite color in Monty Python and the Holy Grail

“Blue Harvest”
Fake working title of Star Wars Episode VI: The Return of the Jedi

Bolan, Marc
Born Mark Feld, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and poet best known as the frontman of glam
rock group T. Rex and also known as Toby Tyler

Bollywood
Nickname given to Mumbai, India’s moviemaking capital

Bombeck, Erma
Columnist of the newspaper column At Wit’s End

Bond, Wardell Edwin “Ward”

American actor best known for his roles as Bert in It's A Wonderful Life and Captain Clayton in The
Searchers

Bonham Carter, Helena

English actress known for playing the villainess Bellatrix Lestrange in the Harry Potter series, Miss
Havisham in Great Expectations, and Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables

Boreman, Linda Susan

Better known by her stage name Linda Lovelace, an American pornographic actress who was
famous for her performance in the enormously successful 1972 hardcore porn film Deep Throat

Borgnine, Ernest
American film and television actor who won an Oscar in 1955 for Marty
Played Quinton McHale in the 1962–1966 series McHale's Navy and co-starred in the mid-1980s
action series Airwolf
Original voice of Mermaid Man on SpongeBob SquarePants from 1999 to 2012

Bossa nova
Well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s which is a
lyrical fusion of samba and jazz

Bounds, Lillian
Wife of Walt Disney

Bowles, Sally
Nightclub singer in the musical Cabaret

Boyd, Eva Narcissus

Real name of American pop singer Little Eva

Boyd, Pattie
Model said to be the inspiration of Eric Clapton’s “Wonderful Tonight” and “Layla”

Bradshaw, Carrie
Character played by Sarah Jessica Parker in the American TV series Sex in the City

Brain
Pet dog of Inspector Gadget

Branagh, Sir Kenneth

Directed the 2011 film Thor

Branigan, Laura
American singer-songwriter and actress best remembered for her 1982 Platinum-certified hit
“Gloria” and for the Top Ten single “Self Control”

“Brass in Pocket”
First successful single of The Pretenders, seventh video played during MTV’s launch on 1 August
1981

Brave Little Tailor

1938 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions that is an adaptation of
the fairy tale The Valiant Little Tailor with Mickey Mouse in the title role

Breakout role
Also known as breakthrough role, term in the film industry to describe the performance of an actor
or actress in a film that contributed significantly to the development of their career

Bridge over Troubled Water

Fifth and final studio album by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel

“Bridge over Troubled Water”

Last song Elvis Presley performed in public

Bridges, Christopher Brian

Real name of rapper Ludacris

Brief Encounter
1945 British film directed by David Lean based on Noel Coward's 1936 play Still Life

Brissette, Tiffany
American actress best known for her role as VICI the Robot in the American sitcom Small Wonder

Britney Jean
Eighth studio album by American recording artist Britney Spears released on November 29, 2013
First studio album since the dissolution of her long-time record label Jive Records in 2011

Broadbent, Jim
Played William IV of United Kingdom in The Young Victoria and Denis Thatcher in The Iron Lady
Played Professor Horace Slughorn in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and
the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Broderick, Matthew
American actor who played the title character in Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, provided the voice of
Simba in The Lion King and portrayed Leo Bloom in the Hollywood and Broadway productions of
The Producers
Youngest winner of the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play

Brown, Alden
Real name of pornographic actor Peter North

Brown, Stephanie
Fictional character who served as Spoiler, Robin and Batgirl in the DC Comics universe

Brynner, Yul
Russian-born American stage and film actor best known for his portrayal of the King of Siam in the
Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I, for which he won two Tony Awards and an
Academy Award for the film version, Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille blockbuster The Ten
Commandments, General Bounine in the 1956 film Anastasia and Chris Adams in The Magnificent
Seven

Bubblegum pop
Genre of pop music with an upbeat sound contrived and marketed to appeal to pre-teens and
teenagers that may be produced in an assembly-line process, driven by producers and often using
unknown singers

“Bud”
Childhood nickname of actor Marlon Brando

Bugs Bunny
Second cartoon character to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Bujold, Geneviève
Canadian actress best known for her portrayal of Anne Boleyn in the 1969 film Anne of the
Thousand Days, for which she won a Golden Globe award for best actress

Bullock, Anna Mae

Real name of singer-actress Tina Turner

Burka Avenger
Pakistani animated TV series that features Jiya, a teacher at a girls school whose alter-ego is a
burka-wearing superheroine who uses her martial arts skills to fight crime

Burns, Raymond Ian

Known by the stage name Captain Sensible, is a singer, songwriter, guitarist (and sometimes
bassist) who grew up in Croydon, England, and co-founded the punk rock band The Damned in
1976

Burrell, Orville Richard

Real name of Jamaican-American pop singer and rapper Shaggy, known for his hit singles
“Boombastic”, “It Wasn’t Me” and “Angel”

Burrell, Stanley Kirk

Real name of singer MC Hammer

Burton, Tim
Director of the 2010 film version of Alice in Wonderland

Bush, Kate
English singer-songwriter who became the first British solo female artist to top the UK album
charts and the first female artist ever to enter the album chart at Number 1

Buttons the Clown

Character played by James Stewart in 1952 film The Greatest Show on Earth

Buzz Buzzard
Antagonist of Woody Woodpecker

Bwana Devil
1952 film based on the true story of the Tsavo maneaters and film with the Natural Vision 3-D
system
Notable for sparking the first 3-D film craze in the motion picture industry, as well as the first 3-D
feature film entirely in color and first 3-D sound feature in English
C3PO
Robot character from the Star Wars universe that is fluent in “over six million forms of
communication”

Cagney, James
Winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1942 for his portrayal of George M. Cohan in
Yankee Doodle Dandy

Cain, Cassandra
Fictional character in the DC Comics universe, one of several who has served as Batgirl

Cahill, Thaddeus
Widely credited with the invention of the first electromechanical musical instrument, which he
dubbed the telharmonium

Cain, Ethel Jane

Original voice of the speaking clock in the United Kingdom

Calypso
Album by Harry Belafonte that became the first LP album to sell over one million copies

Calypso music
Style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to mid 20th
century characterized by highly rhythmic and harmonic vocals, which was most often sung in a
French creole and led by a griot

Campbell, Mary
Only woman to win Miss America twice (1922 & 1923)

Canadian Bacon
Only film directed by Michael Moore that is not a documentary

Cannes Film Festival Palme d’Or winners

Year Film Director
1939 Union Pacific Cecil B. DeMille
The Turning Point Fridrikh Ermler
Men Without Wings František Čáp
The Last Chance Leopold Lindtberg
Iris and the Lieutenant Alf Sjöberg
Portrait of Maria Emilio Fernández
1946 Rome, Open City Roberto Rossellini
Neecha Nagar Chetan Anand
Brief Encounter David Lean
La symphonie pastorale Jean Delannoy
The Lost Weekend Billy Wilder
The Red Meadows Bodil Ipsen, Lau Lauritzen, Jr.
1949 The Third Man Carol Reed
Miss Julie Alf Sjöberg
1951
Miracle in Milan Vittorio De Sica
Year Film Director
The Tragedy of Othello: The
Orson Welles
1952 Moor of Venice
Renato Castellani
Two Cents Worth of Hope
1953 The Wages of Fear Henri-Georges Clouzot
1954 Gate of Hell Teinosuke Kinugasa
1955 Marty Delbert Mann
Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Louis
1956 The Silent World
Malle
1957 Friendly Persuasion William Wyler
1958 The Cranes Are Flying Mikhail Kalatozov
1959 Black Orpheus Marcel Camus
1960 La Dolce Vita Federico Fellini
The Long Absence Henri Colpi
1961
Viridiana Luis Buñuel
1962 O Pagador de Promessas Anselmo Duarte
1963 The Leopard Luchino Visconti
1964 The Umbrellas of Cherbourg Jacques Demy
1965 The Knack... And How to Get It Richard Lester
A Man and a Woman
Claude Lelouch
1966 The Birds, the Bees and the
Pietro Germi
Italians
1967 Blow-Up Michelangelo Antonioni
1969 if... Lindsay Anderson
1970 MASH Robert Altman
1971 The Go-Between Joseph Losey
The Working Class Goes to
Elio Petri
1972 Heaven
Francesco Rossi
The Mattei Affair
The Hireling Alan Bridges
1973
Scarecrow Jerry Schatzberg
1974 The Conversation Francis Ford Coppola
1975 Chronicle of the Years of Fire Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina
1976 Taxi Driver Martin Scorsese
1977 Padre Padrone Paolo Taviani, Vittorio Taviani
1978 The Tree of Wooden Clogs Ermanno Olmi
Year Film Director
Apocalypse Now Francis Ford Coppola
1979
The Tin Drum Volker Schlöndorff
All That Jazz Bob Fosse
1980
Kagemusha Akira Kurosawa
1981 Man of Iron Andrzej Wajda
Missing Costa-Gavras
1982
The Way Ylmaz Güney, Serif Gören
1983 The Ballad of Narayama Shohei Imamura
1984 Paris, Texas Wim Wenders
When Father Was Away on
1985 Emir Kusturica
Business
1986 The Mission Roland Joffé
1987 Under the Sun of Satan Maurice Pialat
1988 Pelle the Conqueror Bille August
1989 Sex, Lies, and Videotape Steven Soderbergh
1990 Wild at Heart David Lynch
1991 Barton Fink Coen brothers
1992 The Best Intentions Bille August
Farewell My Concubine Chen Kaige
1993
The Piano Jane Campion
1994 Pulp Fiction Quentin Tarantino
1995 Underground Emir Kusturica
1996 Secrets & Lies Mike Leigh
Taste of Cherry Abbas Kiarostami
1997
The Eel Shohei Imamura
1998 Eternity and a Day Theo Angelopoulos
1999 Rosetta Dardenne brothers
2000 Dancer in the Dark Lars von Trier
2001 The Son's Room Nanni Moretti
2002 The Pianist Roman Polanski
2003 Elephant Gus Van Sant
2004 Fahrenheit 9/11 Michael Moore
2005 L'enfant Dardenne brothers
2006 The Wind That Shakes the Ken Loach
 Year Film Director
Barley
2007 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Day Cristian Mungiu
2008 The Class Laurent Cantet
2009 The White Ribbon Michael Haneke
Uncle Boonmee Who Can
2010 Apichatpong Weerasethakul
Recall His Past Lives
2011 The Tree of Life Terrence Malick
2012 Amour Michael Haneke
2013 Blue Is The Warmest Color Abdellatif Kechiche

Cannibal Holocaust
1980 Italian cannibal film directed by Ruggero Deodato from a screenplay by Gianfranco Clerici
marketed as having been banned in over 50 countries

“Can’t Get You Out of My Head”

Most successful single to date by Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue, with many
considering it to be her signature song

Capaldi, Peter
Scottish actor who portrays the twelfth incarnation of the Doctor in the long-running TV series
Doctor Who

“The Caped Crusader”

Nickname of Batman

“Careless Whisper”
George Michael's first solo single

Carey, Mariah
Named the best-selling female artist of the millennium in 2000

Carmen, Eric Howard

American singer, songwriter, guitarist and keyboardist whose hits include “All By Myself”, “Never
Gonna Fall in Love Again”, “She Did It”, “Hungry Eyes”, and “Make Me Lose Control”

Carmichael, Hoagy
American composer, pianist, singer, actor, and bandleader best known for composing the music for
“Stardust”, “Georgia on My Mind”, “The Nearness of You”, and “Heart and Soul”, four of the
most-recorded American songs of all time

Carradine, David
American actor and martial artist, best known for his leading role as a warrior monk, Kwai Chang
Caine, in the 1970s television series Kung Fu

Carrey, Jim
Canadian American actor who played the Grinch in How the Grinch Stole Christmas and Bruce in
Bruce Almighty

Carroll, Patricia Ann

American actress who provided the voice of the villainous Ursula in The Little Mermaid film series

Carter, Chris
American television and film producer, director and writer who created the TV series The X-Files

Carter, Lynda
American actress and singer best known for being Miss World USA in 1972 and as the star of the
DC Comics TV series Wonder Woman

Carter, Shawn Corey

Real name of singer Jay-Z

Carvey, Dana
American actor and stand-up comedian, well known for his impersonation of George H. W. Bush
on Saturday Night Live

Casino Royale (2006)

First Bond film ever to be shown in mainland Chinese cinemas

“Catch a Falling Star”

First single to receive a gold record

Cattle call
Audition for actors, in a movie, musical or a TV show

Cattrall, Kim
Played Lt. Valeris in Star Trek VI and Samantha Jones in Sex and the City

Cazale, John
American actor who appeared in five films during his six-year film career, each of which was
nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture: The Godfather, The Conversation, The
Godfather Part II, Dog Day Afternoon and The Deer Hunter

Cedric the Entertainer

Replaced Meredith Vieira as the host of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire

“Centerfold”
Single released by The J. Geils Band from their album Freeze Frame about a man who is shocked to
discover that his high school crush appeared in a centerfold spread for a men’s magazine

Cerf, Bennett
American publisher and one of the founders of American publishing firm Random House

Challis, John
English actor best known for his role as Terrance Aubrey “Boycie” Boyce in the long running BBC
television comedy series Only Fools and Horses, and its 2005 spin-off The Green Green Grass

Chancellor, John
Anchor of the NBC Nightly News from 1970 to 1982

Chaney, Lon
Nicknamed “The Man of a Thousand Faces”, American actor known for his starring roles in silent
horror films The Hunchback of Notre Dame and The Phantom of the Opera

Chaney, Lon Jr.

American actor known for playing such characters as The Wolf Man, The Mummy, Frankenstein’s
Monster and Count Alucard for Universal and is also notable for portraying Lennie Small in Of
Mice and Men

Chang, Cho
Best known for being Harry Potter’s first kiss

Chaparro, Janelee
Inaugural winner of Miss Grand International (2013)

Chaplin, Charlie
Only celebrity who got an autograph of Albert Einstein for free

Charice
First Asian solo singer in history to land in the Top 10 of the Billboard 200 albums chart

Charlie St. Cloud

2010 American romantic drama film based on Ben Sherwood's best-selling novel, The Death and
Life of Charlie St. Cloud, directed by Burr Steers and stars Zac Efron and Amanda Crew

“Chattanooga Choo-Choo”
First to be certified a gold disc in 1942 for 1,200,000 sales

Cher
Oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 with “Believe” from March 13, 1999 to April 3, 1999

Cherrill, Virginia
American actress known for her role as the blind flower girl in Charlie Chaplin's City Lights

Chess
Musical that involves a romantic triangle involving two chess grandmasters, an American and a
Soviet, fighting over a woman who manages one and falls in love with the other, all in the context
of a politically-driven, Cold War-era tournament between the two men

Children's Activities
Magazine where Hugh Hefner worked to raise money to start Playboy magazine

Chinese Water Torture Cell

Predicament escape made famous by Hungarian-American magician Harry Houdini which the
illusion consists of three parts: first, the magician’s feet are locked in stocks; next, he is suspended
in mid-air from his ankles with a restraint brace; finally, he is lowered into a glass tank overflowing
with water and the restraint is locked to the top of the cell

Chiptune
Synthesized electronic music often produced with the sound chips of vintage computers, video
game consoles, and arcade machines, as well as with other methods such as emulation

Chopra, Priyanka
Indian film actress and singer who won the 2000 Miss World pageant

Christie, Julie Frances

British actress who won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Diana Scott in
Darling
Starred as Lara Antipova in Doctor Zhivago

chunkylover53@aol.com
Email address of Homer Simpson

Cinéma vérité
Term referring to a style of documentary filmmaking, invented by Jean Rouch, inspired by Dziga
Vertov’s theory about Kino-Pravda and influenced by Robert Flaherty’s films that combines
improvisation with the use of the camera to unveil truth or highlight subjects hidden behind crude
reality

Clampett, Bob
Creator of cartoon characters Porky Pig and Tweety

Clapton, Eric
Only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as
a member of the Yardbirds and Cream

Clarke, Emilia
English actress best known for her role as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO series Game of Thrones

Clarkson, Kelly
Winner of the first season of American Idol in 2002, widely known for her vocal versatility, range,
and heroine image

Cody, William Frederick

Real name of American showman Buffalo Bill

Cohan, George Michael

Known in the decade before World War I as “the man who owned Broadway”, American composer
considered as the father of American musical comedy

Coke bottle
Object that fell out of the sky in the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy

Coldplay
British band famous for songs “Speed of Sound” and “Viva La Vida”

Cole, Natalie
First African-American to win the Best New Artist in the Grammy Awards in 1975

Collins, Joan
Played Fontaine Khaled in the 1979 British film The Bitch
Collins, Mary Kathleen
Real name of Bo Derek, American film and television actress, movie producer, and model perhaps
best known for her role in the 1979 film 10

Collins, Michael
Alter ego of fictional Marvel Comics antihero Deathlok

Colonel Tigh
Executive officer of Galactica in Battlestar Galactica

“Come Together”
Opening track on the Beatles album Abbey Road

“Comme d’habitude”
French song written in 1967 by Claude François and Jacques Revaux that became the basis of Frank
Sinatra hit “My Way”

Confessions on a Dance Floor

Tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna

Conried, Hans
American comedian, character actor and voice actor best known for providing the voices of Captain
Hook in Walt Disney’s version of Peter Pan and Snidely Whiplash on The Rocky and Bullwinkle
Show, and for playing the title role in The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T

Connery, Sean
Scottish actor who played William of Baskerville in The Name of the Rose and James Bond starring
in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983

Coogan, Jackie
Played Uncle Fester in the 1960s sitcom The Addams Family

Coppola, Francis Ford

Directed the 1984 film The Cotton Club

Coppola, Sofia
American screenwriter, film director, producer and actress who received the Academy Award for
Best Original Screenplay for Lost in Translation in 2003
First American woman to win the Golden Lion, the top prize at the Venice Film Festival

Corazon, Sunshine
Character portrayed by Filipino singer Charice in the TV series Glee

Cosgrove, Miranda
Listed in the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records as the Highest Paid Child Actress for iCarly

County General Hospital

Setting of the American TV series ER, in Chicago, Illinois

Covington, Julie
English singer and actress best known for recording the original version of “Don’t Cry for Me,
Argentina”

Cox, Courteney
American actress best known for her roles as Monica Geller on the NBC sitcom Friends, Gale
Weathers in the horror series Scream, and as Jules Cobb in the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town

Cox, Laverne
Played Sophia Burset in the Netflix series Orange Is The New Black

Crane, Denny
Character portrayed by William Shatner in the TV series Boston Legal

Crane, Jonathan
Alter ego of Batman villain Scarecrow

Cranston, Bryan
Best known for his roles as Hal in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle and as Walter White in the
AMC drama series Breaking Bad

“Creep”
Grammy-winning first single by American R&B group TLC from their second studio album
CrazySexyCool, released in 1994

“The Crocodile Hunter”

Nickname given to Australian celebrity Steve Irwin

Croker, Charlie
Character played by Michael Caine in the film The Italian Job

Cromwell, James
Played Farmer Arthur Hoggett in the 1995 film Babe

Crosby, Bing
Winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Father Chuck O’Malley in the 1944
motion picture Going My Way

Cross-cutting
Editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two
different locations

Crumb, Robert
Creator of Fritz the Cat

Cruz, Penélope
Played Sofia in the 1997 film Open Your Eyes

Cumberbatch, Benedict
Played Sherlock Holmes in the modern BBC adaptation series Sherlock
Portrayed the main antagonist, Khan Noonien Singh, in J. J. Abrams’ Star Trek Into Darkness and
WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in The Fifth Estate
Cuoco, Kaley
Played Penny on the TV series The Big Bang Theory

Cure for Insomnia

World’s longest movie

Cyrus, Miley
Born Destiny Hope Cyrus, American actress and recording artist known for playing Miley Stewart
in the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana

“D’oh!”
Catchphrase used by the fictional character Homer Simpson, from the long-running American
animated sitcom The Simpsons

Dalton, Timothy
British actor known for portraying James Bond in The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill

Daly, Carson
American television personality and the host of the late-night talk show Last Call with Carson Daly
and the American version of The Voice

David & David

American rock duo composed of Los Angeles-based studio musicians David Baerwald and David
Ricketts, best known for their debut single “Welcome to the Boomtown” from the album Boomtown

Davis, Bette
First person to accrue 10 Academy Award nominations for acting
First woman to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute
First female president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Day-Lewis, Daniel
The only male actor in history to garner three wins in Academy Award for Best Actor

Daytona, Randy
Character played by Dan Fogler in the 2007 American sports comedy film Balls of Fury

De Backer, Wouter “Wally”

Real name of singer Gotye, who won the 2013 Grammy Record of the Year for the single
“Somebody That I Used to Know”

de Havilland, Olivia
British-American actress who played Jody Norris in To Each His Own and Catherine Sloper in The
Heiress

De Mol, John
Creator of the reality singing competition The Voice

De Rossi, Portia
Australian-American actress, model and philanthropist known for her roles as lawyer Nelle Porter
on the TV series Ally MacBeal and Lindsay Fünke on the sitcom Arrested Development
Spouse of American stand-up comedian Ellen DeGeneres
Deados
In the 2013 film R.I.P.D., name given to the spirits that failed to cross over andreturn to Earth as
monstrous ghosts

Dean, James
First actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor

Debut albums

50 Cent Get Rich Or Die Tryin'

AC/DC High Voltage
Adele 19
Ahab The Call of the Wretched Sea
Apple, Fiona Tidal
Arcade Fire Funeral
Arctic Monkeys Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not
Atoms for Peace Amok
Beastie Boys Licensed to Ill
Bieber, Justin My World 2.0
Big Star #1 Record
Black Sabbath Black Sabbath
Blige, Mary J. What's The 411?
Boston Boston
Buckley, Jeff Grace
Clarkson, Kelly Thankful
Coldplay Parachutes
Costello, Elvis My Aim is True
Cyrus, Miley Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus
Daft Punk Homework
De La Soul 3 Feet High And Rising
Devo Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!
Dido No Angel
DJ Shadow Endtroducing
Dolby, Thomas The Golden Age of Wireless
Drake Thank Me Later
Dylan, Bob Bob Dylan
 Elliott, Missy Supa Dupa Fly
Eric B. & Rakim Paid in Full
Foo Fighters Foo Fighters
Franz Ferdinand Franz Ferdinand
Frehley, Ace Ace Frehley
Gabrielle Find Your Way
Gang of Four Entertainment!
Gomez, Selena Stars Dance
Gorillaz Gorillaz
Guns 'N Roses Appetite for Destruction
Harvey, PJ Dry
Houston, Whitney Whitney Houston
Ike & Tina Turner The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner
Iver, Bon For Emma, Forever Ago
Jackson, Joe Look Sharp
Jay-Z Reasonable Doubt
Jennings, Waylon Waylon at JD's
Jones, Norah Come Away With Me
Joy Division Unknown Pleasures
Kanye West The College Dropout
Keys, Alicia Songs in A Minor
Kings of Leon Young and Young Manhood
Kiss Kiss
Knowles, Beyoncé Dangerously in Love
Lady Gaga The Fame
Lamar, Kendrick good kid, m.A.A.d city
Lauper, Cyndi She's So Unusual
Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin
Lewis, Leona Spirit
Little Richard Here's Little Richard
Lorde Pure Heroine
Lynyrd Skynyrd Pronounced L h- n rd Skin- n rd)
M.I.A. Arular
 Madonna Madonna
Maroon 5 Songs About Jane
Mars, Bruno Doo-Woops and Hooligans
Metallica Kill 'Em All
MGMT Oracular Spectacular
Minaj, Nicki Pink Friday
Moby Grape Moby Grape
N.W.A. Straight Outta Compton
Nas Illmatic
New York Dolls New York Dolls
Nine Inch Nails Pretty Hate Machine
Noah, Yannick Black & What
O'Riordan, Dolores Are You Listening
Oasis Definitely Maybe
Osbourne, Ozzy Blizzard of Ozz
Pavement Slanted and Enchanted
Pearl Jam Ten
Perry, Katy Katy Hudson
Phair, Liz Exile in Guyville
Pink Floyd The Piper At The Gates of Dawn
Portishead Dummy
Presley, Elvis Elvis Presley
Pretender Pretenders
Pussy Cat Dolls PCD
Queen Queen
R.E.M. Murmur
Rage Against The Machine Rage Against The Machine
Ramones Ramones
Rihanna Music of the Sun
Roxy Music Roxy Music
Run-D.M.C. Run-D.M.C.
Sande, Emeli Our Versions of Events
Scherzinger, Nicole Killer Love
Sérgio Mendes & Brasil 66 Herb Alpert Presents
Never Mind The Bollocks Here's The Sex
Sex Pistols
Pistols
Shelton, Blake Blake Shelton
Sinatra, Frank The Voice of Frank Sinatra
Smith, Patti Horses
Snoop Dogg Doggystyle
Spandau Ballet Journeys to Glory
Spice Girls Spice
Springsteen, Bruce Greetings From Ashbury Park, N.J.
Stefani, Gwen Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
Swift, Taylor Taylor Swift
Talking Heads Talking Heads: 77
Television Marquee Moon
The B-52's The B-52's
The Band Music From Big Pink
The Beat I Just Can't Stop It
The Beatles Please, Please Me
The Byrds Mr. Tambourine Man
The Cars The Cars
The Clash The Clash
The Congos Heart of the Congos
The Doors The Doors
The Flying Burrito Brothers The Gilded Palace of Sin
The Go-Go's Beauty And The Beat
The Hold Steady Almost Killed Me
The Jesus and Mary Chain Psychocandy
The Jimi Hendrix Experience Are You Experienced
The Killers Hot Fuss
The Libertines Up The Bracket
The Modern Lovers The Modern Lovers
The New Pornographers Mass Romantic
The Notorious B.I.G. Ready to Die
 The Police Outlandos D'Amour
The Postal Service Give Up
The Smiths The Smiths
The Stone Roses The Stone Roses
The Stooges The Stooges
The Strokes Is This It
The Velvet Underground & Nico The Velvet Underground & Nico
The Who My Generation
The xx xx
Thicke, Robin Cherry Blue Skies
Timberlake, Justin Justified
Turner, Tina Tina Turns the Country On!
U2 Boy
Vampire Weekend Vampire Weeken
Van Halen Van Halen
Violent Femmes Violent Femmes
Weezer Weezer
Wire Pink Flag
Wu-Tang Clan Enter The Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)
X Los Angeles
Yazoo Upstairs At Eric's
Yeah Yeah Yeahs Fever To Tell
Yes Yes

Debut films

Abraham, F. Murray They Might Be Giants

Alexander, Jason The Burning
Atkinson, Rowan Never Say Never Again
Bacon, Kevin National Lampoon's Animal House
Baldwin, Alec Forever, Lulu
Bancroft, Anne Don't Bother to Knock
Banderas, Antonio Labyrinth of Passion
Barrymore, Drew Altered States
Basinger, Kim Hard Country
Broadbent, Jim The Shout
Brody, Adrien New York Stories
Brosnan, Pierce The Long Good Friday
Buscemi, Steve Parting Glances
Cattrall, Kim Rosebud
Chaplin, Charlie Making A Living
Cleese, John Interlude
Clooney, George Return to Horror High
Costner, Kevin Sizzle Beach, USA
Cruise, Tom Endless Love
Cruz, Penélope Jamón Jamón
Curtis, Jamie Lee Halloween
Dafoe, Willem Heaven's Gate
Damon, Matt Mystic Pizza
Davis, Geena Tootsie
Davis, Sammy Jr. Rufus Jones for President
Day-Lewis, Daniel Sunday Bloody Sunday
Del Toro, Benicio Big Top Pee-Wee
Depardieu, Gérard Cry of the Cormoran
Depp, Johnny A Nightmare on Elm Street
DeVito, Danny Dreams of Glass
Downey, Robert Jr. Pound
Dreyfuss, Richard Valley of the Dolls
Dunst, Kirsten Oedipus Wrecks
Durbin, Deanna Every Sunday
Elliott, Sam Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
Farrow, Mia John Paul Jones
Fawcett, Farah Love Is a Funny Thing
Firth, Colin Another Country
Ford, Harrison Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round
Foster, Jodie Napoleon and Samantha
 Fox, Michael J. Midnight Madness
Garbo, Greta The Saga of Gosta Berling
Gibson, Mel Summer City
Goldblum, Jeff Death Wish
Gomez, Selena Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over
Gooding, Cuba Jr. Coming to America
Gyllenhaal, Jake City Slickers
Hamill, Mark Wizards
Hanks, Tom He Knows You're Alone
Harrelson, Woody Wildcats
Harris, Neil Patrick Clara's Heart
Hedren, Tippi The Petty Girl
Henie, Sonja One in a Million
Hunt, Linda Popeye
Hunter, Holly The Burning
Huston, Anjelica Casino Royale
Jolie, Angelina Lookin' to Get Out
Jones, Tommy Lee Love Story
Jovovich, Milla Two Moon Junction
Keaton, Diane Lovers and Other Strangers
Kline, Kevin Sophie's Choice
Kunis, Mila Piranha
Lange, Jessica King Kong
Leguizamo, John Mixed Blood
Lerman, Logan What Women Want
Linney, Laura Lorenzo's Oil
Lloyd, Christopher One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Lopez, Jennifer My Little Girl
MacLaine, Shirley The Trouble with Harry
Madonna A Certain Sacrifice
Martin, Steve Another Nice Mess
McKellen, Ian Thank You All Very Much
Mercouri, Melina Stella
 Milligan, Spike Penny Points to Paradise
Mills, Hayley Tiger Bay
Moore, Demi Choices
Mortenson, Viggo Witness
Murphy, Eddie 48 Hrs.
Myers, Mike Wayne's World
Pacino, Al Me, Natalie
Paquin, Anna The Piano
Pfeiffer, Michelle The Hollywood Knights
Pitt, Brad No Man's Land
Ryan, Meg Rich and Famous
Ryder, Winona Lucas
Sandler, Adam Going Overboard
Sarandon, Susan Joe
Schwarzenegger, Arnold Hercules in New York
Seagal, Steven Above the Law
Secombe, Harry Penny Points to Paradise
Selleck, Tom Myra Breckinridge
Sellers, Peter Penny Points to Paradise
Shields, Brooke Alice, Sweet Alice
Sinise, Gary A Wedding
Slater, Christian The Legend of Billie Jean
Spacek, Sissy Trash
Stallone, Sylvester A Party at Kitty and Stud's
Stewart, Patrick Hennessy
Stone, Emma Superbad
Streep, Meryl Julia
Streisand, Barbra Funny Girl
Swayze, Patrick Skatetown, U.S.A.
Swift, Taylor Valentine's Day
Thurman, Uma Johnny Be Good
Travolta, John The Devil's Rain
Underwood, Carrie Soul Surfer
 Walsh, M. Emmet Midnight Cowboy
Washington, Denzel Death Wish
Weaver, Sigourney Annie Hall
Whitaker, Forest Tag: The Assassination Game
Wong, Anna May The Toll of the Sea

Dee, Kiki
Born Pauline Matthews, first white woman to sing for Motown Records

Deen, Paula
American celebrity chef and host of Paula's Best Dishes

Deep Throat
1972 American pornographic film written and directed by Gerard Damiano and starred Linda
Lovelace that became one of the first pornographic films to feature a plot, character development
and relatively high production standards

Del Mar, Ennis

Character portrayed by Heath Ledger in the film Brokeback Mountain

“Dennō Senshi Porygon”

Pokémon episode that became infamous for using visual effects that caused seizures in 685 viewers

Depardieu, Gérard
Played the title role in the 1990 film Cyrano de Bergerac

Deschanel, Zooey
Played the role of Summer Finn in the film (500) Days of Summer

Desperately Seeking Susan

1985 American comedy-drama film directed by Susan Seidelman and starring Rosanna Arquette
and Madonna

DeVito, Danny
Director of the film The War of the Roses

Diaz, Gloria Maria

First Filipino to bring home the Miss Universe crown in 1969

Diego
Smilodon in the Ice Age animated film series, voiced by Denis Leary

Diesel, Vin
Born Mark Sinclair, American actor first became known for appearing in Steven Spielberg's Saving
Private Ryan and most known for his portrayals of Riddick in The Chronicles of Riddick trilogy and
of Dominic Toretto in The Fast and the Furious film series

Dillon, Marshal Matt

Fictional character featured on both the radio and television versions of Gunsmoke

“Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead”

Centerpiece of several individual songs in an extended set-piece performed by the Munchkin
characters, Glinda and Dorothy Gale in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz
Reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart following the death of the former British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher in April 2013

Dinklage, Peter
Starred as Tyrion Lannister in the HBO series Game of Thrones, based on George R.R. Martin’s
series of novels A Song of Ice and Fire

Directorial debuts

Director Film
Abrams, J.J. Mission: Impossible III
Affleck, Ben Gone Baby Gone
Aldrich, Robert Big Leaguer
Allen, Woody What's Up, Tiger Lily?
Almodovar, Pedro Pepi, Luci, Bom
Attenborough, Richard Oh! What a Lovely War
Avildsen, John G. Turn on to Love
Beatty, Warren Heaven Can Wait
Benton, Robert Bad Company
Bertolucci, Bernardo La commare secca
Bigelow, Kathryn The Loveless
Borzage, Frank The Mystery of Yellow Aster Mine
Boyle, Danny Shallow Grave
Brooks, James L. Terms of Endearment
Cameron, James Piranha II: The Spawning
Capra, Frank The Strong Man
Carpenter, John Dark Star
Chan, Jackie The Fearless Hyena
Chaney, Lon Sr. The Stool Pigeon
Chaplin, Charlie Caught in the Rain
Cimino, Michael Thunderbolt and Lightfoot
Coppola, Francis Ford Dementia 13
Coppola, Sofia The Virgin Suicides
 Director Film
Costner, Kevin Dances with Wolves
Cukor, George Grumpy
Curtiz, Michael Utolsó bohém, Az
Darabont, Frank The Shawshank Redemption
DeMille, Cecil B. The Squaw Man
Demme, Jonathan Caged Heat
DeNiro, Robert A Bronx Tale
DeVito, Danny Throw Momma from the Train
Eastwood, Clint Play Misty for Me
Ephron, Nora This Is My Life
Flaherty, Robert J. Nanook of the North
Fleming, Victor When the Clouds Roll By
Ford, John The Tornado
Forman, Miloš Black Peter
Fosse, Bob Sweet Charity
Freeman, Morgan Bopha!
Gibson, Mel The Man Without a Face
Griffith, D. W. The Adventures of Dollie
Hazanavicius, Michel OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies
Hill, George Roy Period of Adjustment
Hitchcock, Alfred Number 13
Hoffman, Philip Seymour Jack Goes Boating
Hooper, Tobe The Texas Chain Saw Massacre
Hooper, Tom Red Dust
Howard, Ron Grand Theft Auto
Huston, John The Maltese Falcon
Jackson, Peter Bad Taste
Kazan, Elia A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
King, Stephen Maximum Overdrive
Kubrick, Stanley Fear and Desire
Kurosawa, Akira Sanshiro Sugata
 Director Film
Lang, Fritz Halbblut
Lean, David In Which We Serve
Lee, Ang Pushing Hands
Levinson, Barry Diner
Lloyd, Frank The Law of His Kind
Lucas, George THX-1138
Malick, Terrence Badlands
Mankiewicz, Joseph L. Backfire
McCarey, Leo Society Secrets
Mendes, Sam American Beauty
Milestone, Lewis Seven Sinners
Minghella, Anthony Truly, Madly, Deeply
Minnelli, Vincente Cabin in the Sky
Nichols, Mike Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Nolan, Christopher Following
Pacino, Al Looking for Richard
Parker, Alan Bugsy Malone
Polanski, Roman Knife in the Water
Pollack, Sydney The Slender Thread
Pytka, Joe Let It Ride
Redford, Robert Ordinary People
Reed, Carol It Happened in Paris
Richardson, Tony Look Back in Anger
Schlesinger, John A Kind of Loving
Scorsese, Martin Who's That Knocking on My Door
Scott, Ridley The Duellists
Sinatra, Frank None But the Brave
Soderbergh, Steven Sex, Lies and Videotape
Spielberg, Steven Duel
Stallone, Sylvester Paradise Alley
Stevens, George A Divorce Courtship
 Director Film
Stiller, Ben Reality Bites
Stone, Oliver Seizure
Taurog, Norman Lucky Boy
von Trier, Lars The Element of Crime
Wilder, Billy Mauvaise Graine
Wise, Robert The Curse of the Cat People
Wyler, William Lazy Lightning
Zemeckis, Robert I Wanna Hold Your Hand

Disney, Walter Elias “Walt”

Garnered the most number of awards and nominations in the history of Academy Awards

“Disturbia”
Song by Rihanna that was originally considered to be part of the re-release edition of Brown’s
album, Exclusive

Dizzy Dishes
Animated short film created by the Fleischer Studios in 1930 as part of the Talkartoon series,
famous as a debut cartoon of Betty Boop

DJ Kool Herc
Born Clive Campbell, Jamaican-born American DJ who is credited with originating hip hop music
in the early 1970s in The Bronx, New York City

Django Reinhardt Jazz Fesrival

Organized every year in the Belgian village of Liberchies

Doctor Doom
Also known as Victor von Doom of Latveria, archenemy of the Fantastic Four, and leader of the
fictional nation of Latveria

Dogme 95
Avant-garde filmmaking movement started in 1995 by the Danish directors Lars von Trier and
Thomas Vinterberg, who created rules to create filmmaking based on the traditional values of story,
acting, and theme, and excluding the use of elaborate special effects or technology

“Don’t Stop Believin’”

Popular song by the American rock band Journey that became the top-selling catalog track in
iTunes history with over 5 million digital copies sold as of November 2011

“Don’t Worry, Be Happy”

First a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart

D’Onofrio, Vincent
American actor known for his roles as Private Leonard Lawrence (“Gomer Pyle”) in the war film
Full Metal Jacket, “Edgar” in Men in Black and Detective Robert Goren in the crime TV series Law
& Order: Criminal Intent

Dorsey, Arnold George

Real name of pop singer Engelbert Humperdinck

Douglas, Kirk
Born Issur Danielovitch, American film and stage actor, film producer and author whose popular
films include Out of the Past, Champion, Ace in the Hole, The Bad and the Beautiful, 20,000
Leagues Under the Sea, Lust for Life, Paths of Glory, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, The Vikings,
Spartacus, Lonely Are the Brave, Seven Days in May, The Heroes of Telemark and Tough Guys

Downey, Robert Jr.

American actor who played the title character in the 1992 film Chaplin, the title character in
Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and Marvel superhero Tony Stark in
the Iron Man film franchise

Dr. Cyclops
First American science fiction film made in Technicolor (1940), directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

First horror film (1908)

Dr. No
First James Bond movie

Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas

First Dr. Seuss film to be adapted into a full-length feature film (2000)

Dracula
Most portrayed character in the movies

Drayton, Matt
Character played by Spencer Tracy in the 1967 film Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner

Dubstep
Genre of electronic dance music that generally features syncopated drum and percussion patterns
with bass lines that contain prominent sub bass frequencies

Duchy of Grand Fenwick

Fictional country in The Mouse That Roared

Dufresne, Andy
Name of the character portrayed by Tim Robbins in the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption

Dukenfield, William Claude

Real name of W. C. Fields

Dunst, Kirsten
Played the role of Mary Jane Watson in the Spider-Man trilogy
Duran Duran members

• Nick Rhodes
• John Taylor
• Roger Taylor
• Simon Le Bon

The E-Street Band

Backing group of Bruce Springsteen

Early Jobs of Famous People

Adams, Amy – Hooters girl

Adams, Douglas – hospital porter, barn builder, chicken shed cleaner, a hotel security guard and a
bodyguard for an entire family of oil tycoons from Qatar
Atwood, Margaret – counter girl at a coffee shop
Beatty, Warren – rat catcher
Black, Clint – selling newspaper subscriptions door-to-door
Bloom, Orlando – clay pigeon trapper
Buffett, Warren – worker at his grandfather’s grocery store
Burroughs, William S. – exterminator
Carver, Raymond – janitor, delivery man
Checker, Chubby – chicken plucker
Cher – receptionist
Clooney, George – insurance agent
Conrad, Joseph – gunrunner
Cosby, Bill – stock boy at a supermarket
Crowe, Russell – bingo caller
Cruise, Tom – paper boy
Davis, Geena – Live mannequin in a New York department store
De Generes, Ellen – vacuum cleaner saleswoman
DeLillo, Don – parking attendant
Depp, Johnny – telephone salesman
Diesel, Vin – bouncer
Ellison, Harlan – tuna fisherman
Flack, Roberta – teacher
Ford, Gerald – football coach
Frost, Robert – a newspaper boy, his mother’s teaching assistant, and a light-bulb-filament replacer
in a factory
Garfield, James – preacher
Goldberg, Whoopi – bricklayer
Goldblum, Jeff – telephone salesman
Goodman, John – bouncer
Grant, Hugh – advertising account executive
Gray, Zane – dentist
Grisham, John – plumbing contractor
Hanks, Tom – bellhop
Harding, Warren – newspaper owner
Heller, Joseph – blacksmith’s apprentice, messenger boy, and file clerk
Hemingway, Ernest – newspaper reporter
Hoffman, Dustin – toy seller at Macy’s, attendant in a psychiatric institution
Hoover, Herbert – mining engineer
Humphrey, Hubert H. – pharmacist
Jackson, Andrew – saddle-maker
Jagger, Mick – ice cream salesman
Johnson, Lyndon B. – teacher
Joyce, James – played piano
Kerouac, Jack – gas station attendant, cotton picker, night guard, railroad brakeman, dishwasher,
construction worker, and a deckhand
Kesey, Ken – voluntary participant in CIA psych tests
King, Stephen – janitor
Knowles, Beyonce – sweeper at a salon
Lee, Harper – reservation clerk at Eastern Airlines
London, Jack – oyster pirate
McConaughey, Matthew – shoveling chicken manure
McMahon, Ed – carnival barker and a bingo caller
Melville, Herman – cabin boy
Minogue, Kylie – videoshop worker
Nabokov, Vladimir – entomologist
Neeson, Liam – forklift driver
Orwell, George – policeman
Osbourne, Ozzy – worked at a slaughterhouse
Perot, Ross – salesman
Pitt, Brad – dressing as a giant chicken to promote an el Pollo Loco restaurant
Powell, Colin – worker at a baby furniture store
Richards, Keith – ball boy
Ryan, Meg – journalist
Salinger, J.D. – entertainment director on a Swedish luxury liner
Stefani, Gwen – mopping floors at a local Dairy Queen
Steinbeck, John – tour guide at a fish hatchery
Stewart, Jimmy – magician’s assistant
Stewart, Rod – gravedigger
Sting – teacher
Truman, Harry – timekeeper
Vonnegut, Kurt – manager of a Saab dealership
Wright, Richard – postal clerk
Zellweger, Rene – bartender’s assistant

Eastwood, Clint
Directed and played the title role in the 1976 western The Outlaw Josey Wales

Ebert, Roger Joseph

Film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 to 2013
First film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
First film critic to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Eclipse
Original title of the Pink Floyd album The Dark Side of the Moon

Ecstasy
First non-pornographic movie to portray sexual intercourse and female orgasm

Ecto-1
Name of the Ghostbusters’ vehicle
Eddie
• Mascot of the rock band Iron Maiden
• Shipboard computer on the starship Heart of Gold in Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Edwards, Blake
Born William Blake Crump, director of Experiment in Terror, The Great Rage, the Pink Panther
series, Breakfast at Tiffany’s and Days of Wine and Roses

Edwards, Eilleen Regina

Real name of Canadian country pop singer Shania Twain

Eight Men Out

1988 American dramatic sports film, and based on Eliot Asinof’s 1963 book 8 Men Out
Dramatization of Major League Baseball’s Black Sox scandal

Eisenberg, Jesse
American actor who played the role of Mark Zuckerberg in the film The Social Network

Elden, Spencer
Name of the infant on the cover of Nirvana album Nevermind

Elmo
Only non-human ever to testify before the US Congress

Emmerich, Roland
Directed the 2009 film 2012

Empire State Building

Chosen as the ground zero for the target of a nuclear bomb that is dropped on New York City in the
film Fail Safe

“Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)”

Hit ballad from British pop-rock performer Elton John’s 1982 album Jump Up!, dedicated to John
Lennon

Endemol
International television production and distribution company that created the game show franchises
such as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire, Big Brother and Deal or No Deal

Endora
Magical mother-in-law portrayed by Agnes Moorehead on the TV sitcom Bewitched

Engineers
Race of aliens, forerunners of humanity, from the 2012 film Prometheus

Epstein, Brian
Best known for being the manager of the Beatles until his death in 1967

Esquire Magazine Sexiest Woman Alive

2005 Jessica Biel

 2006 Scarlett Johansson
2007 Charlize Theron
2008 Halle Berry
2009 Kate Beckinsale
2010 Minka Kelly
2011 Rihanna
2012 Mila Kunis
2013 Scarlett Johansson

Eternia
Fictional planet that serves as a setting for He-Man Masters of the Universe

Eurovision Song Contest Winners

Year Song Country Singer

1956 “Refrain” Switzerland Lys Assia
1957 “Net als toen” Netherlands Corry Brokken
1958 “Dors, mon amour” France André Claveau
1959 “Een beetie” Netherlands Teddy Scholten
1960 “Tom Pillibi” France Jacqueline Boyer
1961 “Nous les amoureux” Luxembourg Jean-Claude Pascal
1962 “Un premier amour” France Isabelle Aubret
Grethe and Jørgen
1963 “Dansevise” Denmark
Ingmann
1964 “Non ho l'età” Italy Gigliola Cinquetti
“Poupée de cire,
1965 Luxembourg France Gall
poupée de son”
1966 “Merci, Chérie” Austria Udo Jürgens
1967 “Puppet on a String” United Kingdom Sandie Shaw
1968 “La, la, la” Spain Massiel
“Vivo Cantado” Spain Salomé
“Boom Bang-a-Bang” United Kingdom Lulu
1969
“De troubadour” Netherlands Lenny Kuhr
“Un jour, un enfant” France Frida Boccara
“All Kinds of
1970 Ireland Dana
Everything”
Year Song Country Singer
“Un banc, un arbre,
1971 Monaco Séverine
une rue”
1972 “Après toi” Luxembourg Vicky Leandros
1973 “Tu te reconnaîtras” Luxembourg Anne-Marie David
1974 “Waterloo” Sweden ABBA
1975 “Ding-a-dong” Netherlands Teach-In
“Save Your Kisses for
1976 United Kingdom Brotherhood of Man
Me”
1977 “L'oiseau et l'enfant” France Marie Myriam
Izhar Cohen and the
1978 “A-Ba-Ni-Bi” Israel
Alphabeta
Gali Atari and Milk
1979 “Hallelujah” Israel
and Honey
1980 “What's Another Year” Ireland Johnny Logan
“Making Your Mind
1981 United Kingdom Bucks Fizz
Up”
1982 “Ein bißchen Frieden” Germany Nicole
1983 “Si la vie est cadeau” Luxembourg Corinne Hermès
“Diggi-Loo Diggi-
1984 Sweden Herreys
Ley”
1985 “La det swinge” Norway Bobbysocks!
1986 “J'aime la vie” Belgium Sandra Kim
1987 “Hold Me Now” Ireland Johnny Logan
“Ne partez pas sans
1988 Switzerland Celine Dion
moi”
1989 “Rock Me” Yugoslavia Riva
1990 “Insieme: 1992” Italy Toto Cutugno
“Fångad av en
1991 Sweden Carola
stormvind”
1992 “Why Me” Ireland Linda Martin
1993 “In Your Eyes” Ireland Niamh Kavanagh
Paul Harrington and
1994 “Rock 'n' Roll Kids” Ireland
Charlie McGettigan
1995 “Nocturne” Norway Secret Garden
1996 “The Voice” Ireland Eimear Quinn
 Year Song Country Singer
1997 “Love Shine a Light” United Kingdom Katrina and the Waves
1998 “Diva” Israel Dana International
“Take Me to Your
1999 Sweden Charlotte Nilsson
Heaven”
“Fly on the Wings of
2000 Denmark Olsen Brothers
Love”
Tanel Padar, Dave
2001 “Everybody” Estonia
Benton and 2XL
2002 “I Wanna” Latvia Marie N
“Everyway That I
2003 Turkey Sertab Erener
Can”
2004 “Wild Dances” Ukraine Ruslana
2005 “My Number One” Greece Helena Paparizou
“Hard Rock
2006 Finland Lordi
Hallelujah”
2007 “Molitva” Serbia Marija Serifovic
2008 “Believe” Russia Dima Bilan
2009 “Fairytale” Norway Alexander Rybak
2010 “Satellite” Germany Lena
2011 “Running Scared” Azerbaijan Ell/Nikki
2012 “Euphoria” Sweden Loreen
2013 “Only Teardrops” Denmark Emmelie de Forest

Everett, Bill
Comic book writer-artist best known for creating Namor the Sub-Mariner and co-creating Daredevil
for Marvel Comics

Evergreen Terrace
Metalcore band named after the street where the Simpson family lives

Exit Through the Gift Shop: A Banksy Film

Film by street artist Banksy that tells the story of Thierry Guetta, a French immigrant in Los
Angeles, and his obsession with street art

Eyes Wide Shut

1999 drama film based upon Arthur Schnitzler’s 1926 novella Dream Story
Last film directed by Stanley Kubrick

Fagan, Eleanora
Real name of American jazz singer Billie Holiday, famous her songs such as “God Bless the
Child”, “Don’t Explain”, “Fine and Mellow”, and “Lady Sings the Blues”

Fairbanks, Douglas
Born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman, American actor best known for his swashbuckling roles in
silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, and The Mark of Zorro

Falk, Peter
American actor, best known for his role as Lt. Columbo in the television series Columbo

Fall Out Boy

Band named after The Simpsons character Fallout Boy

Family Plot
Last film made by Alfred Hitchcock in 1976

“Famous for being famous”

Term for someone who attains celebrity status for no particular identifiable reason

Farrow, Mia
Born Maria de Lourdes Villiers Farrow, American actress, humanitarian and former fashion model
who first gained wide acclaim for her role as Allison MacKenzie in the television soap opera
Peyton Place
Appeared on the cover of the first issue of People

Fauntleroy
Middle name of Donald Duck

Fawcett, Farrah
American actress who rose to international fame when she first appeared as private investigator Jill
Munroe in the first season of the television series Charlie’s Angels in 1976

Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation

Landmark United States Supreme Court decision that defined the power of the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting

Fellini, Federico
Italian film director who became the person who won the highest number of Oscars for Best
Foreign Language Film in history
Director of the films La Dolce Vita, I Vitelloni and 8 1/2

Felton, Verna
Original voice of Pearl Slaghoople (Wilma Flintstone’s mother), voicing the character as a semi-
regular on The Flintstones from 1960 to 1964

Ferrera, America
American actress best known for her leading role as Betty Suarez on the ABC TV series Ugly Betty
from 2006 to 2010

Fey, Tina
American actress, comedienne, writer and producer known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy
series Saturday Night Live, the critically acclaimed NBC comedy series 30 Rock, and such films as
Mean Girls, Baby Mama, Date Night, and Admission

FHM Sexiest Woman in the World

1995 Claudia Schiffer

1996 Gillian Anderson
1997 Teri Hatcher
1998 Jenny McCarthy
1999 Sarah Michelle Gellar
2000 Jennifer Lopez
2001 Jennifer Lopez
2002 Anna Kournikova
2003 Halle Berry
2004 Britney Spears
2005 Kelly Brook
2006 Keira Knightley
2007 Jessica Alba
2008 Megan Fox
2009 Cheryl Cole
2010 Cheryl Cole
2011 Rosie Huntington-Whiteley
2012 Tulisa Contostavlos
2013 Mila Kunis

Fiddler on the Roof

Musical based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Milkman and Other Tales) by Sholem
Aleichem

Fierce, Sasha
Alter ego of singer Beyoncé Knowles

Film noir
Cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that
emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations

Finlayson, James
Scottish actor known for his trademark comic mannerism
First appearance of comic book characters

Aquaman More Fun Comics #73

Captain America Captain America Comics #1
Captain Marvel Whiz Comics #2
Catwoman Batman #1
Daredevil Daredevil #1
Doctor Strange Strange Tales #110
Dr. Doom The Fantastic Four #5
Flash I Flash Comics #1
Flash II Showcase #4
Green Arrow More Fun Comics #73
Green Lantern All-American Comics #16
Hawkman Flash Comics #1
Howard the Duck Adventure into Fear #19
Iron Man Tales of Suspense #39
Lex Luthor Action Comics #23
Magneto X-Men #1
Namor the Sub-Mariner Marvel Comics #1
Nick Fury Sgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos #1
Robin Detective Comics #38
Sandman Adventure Comics #40
Scarecrow World's Finest Comics #3
Spider-Man Amazing Fantasy #15
Superman Action Comics #1
Teen Titans The Brave and the Bold #54
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1
The Avengers The Avengers #1
The Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four #1
The Hulk The Incredible Hulk #1
The Joker Batman #1
The Justice League of America The Brave and the Bold #28
The Punisher The Amazing Spider-Man #129
 The Spectre More Fun Comics #52
Thor Journey into Mystery #83
Wolverine The Incredible Hulk #180
Wonder Woman All Star Comics #8
X-Men X-Men #1

Fisher, Bud
American cartoonist who created Mutt and Jeff, the first successful daily comic strip in the United
States

Fisher, Carrie
American actress best known for her portrayal of Princess Leia in the original Star Wars trilogy
Also known for her bestselling novel Postcards from the Edge

Fitzgerald, Ella
Also known as the “First Lady of Song”, “Queen of Jazz”, and “Lady Ella”, American jazz vocalist
with a vocal range spanning three octaves (Db3 to Db6) and noted for her purity of tone,
impeccable diction, phrasing and intonation, and a “horn-like” improvisational ability, particularly
in her scat singing

Flaherty, Robert Joseph

American filmmaker who directed and produced the first commercially successful feature length
documentary film Nanook of the North

Flashdance
1983 American romantic drama film directed by Adrian Lyne

Fleischer, Max
Creator of Betty Boop

Fleming, Art
Original host of the NBC television game show Jeopardy!

Flight attendant
First job of Barbie in 1961

Flockhart, Calista
American actress widely known for playing the title character in the Fox television comedy-drama
series Ally McBeal — for which she won a Golden Globe Award — as well as for the character
Kitty Walker McCallister on the ABC drama, Brothers & Sisters

Flowers, Gennifer
Model and actress who famously claimed to have a sexual relationship with Bill Clinton

Flynn, Errol
Actor who starred in the films Captain Blood in 1937 and Mutiny on the Bounty in1935

Foley, Alex
Main protagonist of the Beverly Hills Cop film series, played by Eddie Murphy

Fong, Kato
Houseboy of Inspector Clouseau

Fontaine, Joan
Born Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland, British-American actress who won the Academy Award for
Best Actress for Alfred Hitchcock's Suspicion, making her the only actress to ever win an Academy
Award in a film directed by Hitchcock

Foo Fighters
Got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft
pilots in World War II, which were known collectively as foo fighters

“For the First Time”

Lead single from The Script’ssecond studio album Science & Faith and their first number-one
single

Ford, Harrison
American film actor and producer famous for his performances as Han Solo in the original Star
Wars trilogy and the title character of the Indiana Jones film series

Forman, Miloš
Czech-American director whose films One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Amadeus, have
acquired particular renown, both gaining him an Academy Award for Best Director

Forrest, Steve
American actor well known for his role as Lt. Hondo Harrelson in the short lived television series
S.W.A.T.

Forsythe, John
Provided the voice of Charlie in the TV series Charlie’s Angels

Fortress of Solitude
Place of solace and occasional headquarters for Superman in DC Comics

Foster, Jane
Nurse employed by Dr. Donald Blake, Thor's human host

Foster, Jodie
First to be offered the role of Princess Leia in Star Wars

The Four Horsemen original members

• Ric Flair
• Arn & Ole Anderson
• Tully Blanchard

Fowler, Clara Ann

Real name of American singer Patti Page, known with her singles “With My Eyes Wide Open, I’m
Dreaming”, “Tennessee Waltz”, “Confess”, “I Went to Your Wedding” and “(How Much Is That)
Doggie in the Window”
Fox, Jorja
Played Sara Sidle in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

Fox, Megan
Played the role of Mikaela Banes in the blockbuster film Transformers

Fox, Michael J.
Played Marty McFly in Back to the Future trilogy

Fox Plaza
Used as the fictional Nakatomi Plaza in the 1988 action movie Die Hard

Frazetta, Frank
American fantasy and science fiction artist, noted for work in comic books, paperback book covers,
paintings, posters, LP record album covers and other media

Fred
Pet cockatoo of Tony Baretta

Freed, Alan
Also known as Moondog, American disc jockey internationally known for promoting the mix of
blues, country and rhythm and blues music on the radio in the United States and Europe under the
name of rock and roll

Freeman, Jonathan
Tony-nominated American actor known for voicing the villainous Jafar in Disney’s Aladdin

Freeman, Morgan
American actor who received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Street Smart,
Driving Miss Daisy, The Shawshank Redemption and Invictus and won in 2005 for Million Dollar
Baby

Frehley, Ace
American musician best known as the former lead guitarist and founding member of the rock band
Kiss

French, Philip
British film critic of The Observer from 1978 to 2013

Friedkin, William
American film director, producer and screenwriter best known for directing The French Connection
in 1971 and The Exorcist in 1973; for the former, he won the Academy Award for Best Director

Fripp, Robert
English guitarist for the progressive rock band King Crimson who contributed sounds to the
Windows Vista operating system

Fuller, Simon
British entrepreneur best known for being the creator of the Idol franchise

Fulquard, Audrey
Love interest of Seymour Krelboyne (played by Jonathan Haze) in the film The Little Shop of
Horrors, played by Jackie Joseph

Funt, Allen
American television producer, director and writer, television personality, best known as the creator
and host of Candid Camera

Furlong, Edward
American actor whose best known film roles are John Connor in Terminator 2: Judgment Day and
Daniel Vinyard in American History X

Gable, William Clark

American film actor best known for his role as Rhett Butler in the 1939 epic Gone with the Wind

Gabor, Zsa Zsa

Only winner of a Golden Globe Award for “Most Glamorous Actress”

Gabriel, Peter
Founder of World of Music, Arts and Dance

Gadot, Gal
Israeli actress and model known for her role as Gisele Harabo in The Fast and the Furious film
series

Gallagher, Liam
Best known as the frontman of Oasis

Gallifrey
Home world of the Doctor in Doctor Who

Gandolfini, James
American actor best known for his role as Tony Soprano in The Sopranos

“Gangnam Style”
K-pop single by South Korean musician PSY that became the first YouTube video to reach a billion
views on December 21, 2012

Garner, James
Played Old Noah Calhoun in the 2004 film The Notebook

Garrick, Jay
Fictional character in the DC Comics universe and is the first superhero to bear the name Flash

Gary
Pet snail of Spongebob Squarepants

Gaumont Film Company

First and oldest continuously operating film company in the world

Gearloose, Gyro
Anthropomorphic chicken created by Carl Barks for the Walt Disney Company as part of the
Scrooge McDuck universe as friend of Donald Duck
First appeared in Gladstone's Terrible Secret (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #140)

Gekko, Gordon
Character played by Michael Douglas in the 1987 film Wall Street

“Gentleman”
K-pop song by PSY that set YouTube records for most views in its first 24 hours, most views in any
24 hours, fastest music video to reach 100 million views, 200 million views, and 300 million views

Georgiou, Steven Demetre

Real name of British singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, now known as Yusuf Islam

Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina

Real name of singer-songwriter Lady Gaga

Gerson, Betty Lou

Provided the voice of the villainous, selfish socialite Cruella De Vil in the 1961 Walt Disney
animated feature One Hundred and One Dalmatians

Gertie the Trained Dinosaur

First animated cartoon character

Gibbons, Cedric
Credited as the designer of the Oscar statuette in 1928

Gibson, Debbie
Youngest artist to write, produce, and perform a #1 single on the Billboard Hot 100 when her song
“Foolish Beat” topped the chart on June 25, 1988

Gibson, Mel
First person selected as People magazine’s “Sexiest Man Alive”

Giger, Hans Rudolf

Swiss painter, sculptor and set designer best known for his design work on the film Alien

Gillespie, Bobby
Lead singer and founding member of the alternative rock band Primal Scream

Gilliam, Terence
Only “Python” not born in Britain

Gillies, Elizabeth
Played Jade West in Victorious

Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts

Performing arts festival that takes place near Pilton, Somerset, England, best known for its
contemporary music, but also for dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret and other arts

Gobb, Irma
Girlfriend of Mr. Bean

God
Only recurring character on TV’sThe Simpsons always drawn with five fingers on each hand, rather
than the usual four

Goddard
Pet robotic dog of Jimmy Neutron

Going Merry
Ship of Monkey D. Luffy in the manga series One Piece

Golden Globe Award for Drama

Year Drama Drama Actor Drama Actress Director

Jose Ferrer, Cyrano Gloria Swanson, Billy Wilder,
1950 Sunset Boulevard
de Bergerac Sunset Boulevard Sunset Boulevard
Fredric March, László Benedek,
Jane Wyman, The
1951 A Place in the Sun Death of a Death of a
Blue Veil
Salesman Salesman
Shirley Booth, Cecil B. DeMille,
The Greatest Show Gary Cooper, High
1952 Come Back Little The Greatest Show
on Earth Noon
Sheba on Earth
Fred Zinnermann,
Spencer Tracy, The Audrey Hepburn,
1953 The Robe From Here to
Actress Roman Holiday
Eternity
Marlon Brando, On Grace Kelly, The Elia Kazan, On the
1954 On the Waterfront
the Waterfront Country Girl Waterfront
Ernest Borgnine, Anna Magnani, The Joshua Logan,
1955 East of Eden
Marty Rose Tattoo Picnic
Around the World Kirk Douglas, Lust Ingrid Bergman, Elia Kazan, Baby
1956
in Eighty Days for Life Anastasia Doll
Alec Guinness, The Joanne Woodward, David Lean, The
The Bridge on the
1957 Bridge on the River The Three Faces of Bridge on the River
River Kwai
Kwai Eve Kwai
David Niven, Susan Hayward, I Vincente Minnelli,
1958 The Defiant Ones
Separate Tables Want to Live! Gigi
Elizabeth Taylor,
Anthony Franciosa, William Wyler,
1959 Ben-Hur Suddenly Last
Career Ben-Hur
Summer
Greer Garson,
Burt Lancaster, Jack Cardiff, Sons
1960 Spartacus Sunrise at
Elmer Gantry and Lovers
Campobello
Maximilian Schell, Stanley Kramer,
The Guns of Geraldine Page,
1961 Judgment at Judgment at
Navarone Summer and Smoke
Nuremberg Nuremberg
1962 Lawrence of Arabia Gregory Peck, To Geraldine Page, David Lean,
Year Drama Drama Actor Drama Actress Director
Kill a Mockingbird Sweet Bird of Youth Lawrence of Arabia
Sidney Poitier, Leslie Caron, The Elia Kazan,
1963 The Cardinal
Lilies of the Field L-Shaped Room America, America
Peter O’Toole, Anne Bancroft, The George Cukor, My
1964 Becket
Becket Pumpkin Eater Fair Lady
Omar Sharif, Samantha Eggar, David Lean, Doctor
1965 Doctor Zhivago
Doctor Zhivago The Collector Zhivago
Paul Scofield, A Fred Zinnermann,
A Man for All Anouk Aimée, A
1966 Man for All A Man for All
Seasons Man and a Woman
Seasons Seasons
In the Heat of the Rod Steiger, In the Edith Evans, The Mike Nichols, The
1967
Night Heat of the Night Whisperers Graduate
Peter O’Toole, The Joanne Woodward, Paul Newman,
1968 The Lion in Winter
Lion in Winter Rachel, Rachel Rachel, Rachel
Geneviève Bujold, Charles Jarrott,
Anne of the John Wayne, True
1969 Anne of the Anne of the
Thousand Days Grit
Thousand Days Thousand Days
George C. Scott, Ali MacGraw, Love Arthur Hiller, Love
1970 Love Story
Patton Story Story
Gene Hackman, William Friedkin,
The French
1971 The French Jane Fonda, Klute The French
Connection
Connection Connection
Francis Ford
Marlon Brando, Liv Ullmann, The
1972 The Godfather Coppola, The
The Godfather Emigrants
Godfather
Marsha Mason, William Friedkin,
1973 The Exorcist Al Pacino, Serpico
Cinderella Liberty The Exorcist
Gene Rowlands, A
Jack Nicholson, Roman Polanski,
1974 Chinatown Woman Under the
Chinatown Chinatown
Influence
Jack Nicholson, Louise Fletcher, Miloš Forman, One
One Flew Over the
1975 One Flew Over the One Flew Over the Flew Over the
uckoo’s Nest
uckoo’s Nest uckoo’s Nest uckoo’s Nest
Peter Finch, Faye Dunaway, Sidney Lumet,
1976 Rocky
Network Network Network
Richard Burton, Herbert Ross, The
1977 The Turning Point Jane Fonda, Julia
Equus Turning Point
Jon Voight, Jane Fonda, Michael Cimino,
1978 Midnight Express
Coming Home Coming Home The Deer Hunter
1979 Kramer vs. Kramer Dustin Hoffman, Sally Field, Norma Francis Ford
Year Drama Drama Actor Drama Actress Director
Kramer vs. Kramer Rae Coppola,
Apocalypse Now
Robert de Niro, Mary Tyler Moore, Robert Redford,
1980 Ordinary People
Raging Bull Ordinary People Ordinary People
Meryl Streep,
Henry Fonda, The French Warren Beatty,
1981 On Golden Pond
On Golden Pond Lieutenant’s Reds
Woman
Richard
E.T. the Extra- Ben Kingsley, Meryl Streep,
1982 Attenborough,
Terrestrial Gandhi Sophie’s Choice
Gandhi
Tom Courtenay,
The Dresser/ Shirley MacLaine,
Terms of Barbra Streisand,
1983 Robert Duvall, Terms of
Endearment Yentl
Tender Mercies Endearment
(tie)
F. Murray
Sally Field, Milos Forman,
1984 Amadeus Abraham,
Places in the Heart Amadeus
Amadeus
Jon Voight, Whoopi Goldberg, John Huston,
1985 Out of Africa
Runaway Train The Color Purple Prizzi’s Honor
Marlee Matlin,
Bob Hoskins, Oliver Stone,
1986 Platoon Children of a
Mona Lisa Platoon
Lesser God
Bernardo
Michael Douglas, Sally Kirkland,
1987 The Last Emperor Bertolucci,
Wall Street Anna
The Last Emperor
Dustin Hoffman, Jodie Foster, Clint Eastwood,
1988 Rain Man
Rain Man The Accused Bird
Tom Cruise, Michelle Pfeiffer, Oliver Stone,
Born on the Fourth
1989 Born on the Fourth The Fabulous Born on the Fourth
of July
of July Baker Boys of July
Kevin Costner,
Dances with Jeremy Irons, Kathy Bates,
1990 Dances with
Wolves Reversal of Fortune Misery
Wolves
Jodie Foster,
Nick Nolte, Oliver Stone,
1991 Bugsy The Silence of the
The Prince of Tides JFK
Lambs
Al Pacino, Emma Thompson, Clint Eastwood,
1992 Scent of a Woman
Scent of a Woman Howards End Unforgiven
1993 Schindler’s List Tom Hanks, Holly Hunter, Steven Spielberg,
Year Drama Drama Actor Drama Actress Director
Philadelphia The Piano Schindler’s List
Tom Hanks, Jessica Lange, Robert Zemeckis,
1994 Forrest Gump
Forrest Gump Blue Sky Forrest Gump
Sense and Nicolas Cage, Sharon Stone, Mel Gibson,
1995
Sensibility Leaving Las Vegas Casino Braveheart
Milos Forman,
Geoffrey Rush, Brenda Blethyn,
1996 The English Patient The People vs.
Shine Secrets & Lies
Larry Flynt
Peter Fonda, Judi Dench, James Cameron,
1997 Titanic
Ulee’s Gold Mrs. Brown Titanic
Steven Spielberg,
Saving Private Jim Carrey, Cate Blanchett,
1998 Saving Private
Ryan The Truman Show Elizabeth
Ryan
Denzel
Hilary Swank, Sam Mendes,
1999 American Beauty Washington,
Boys Don’t Cry American Beauty
The Hurricane
Ang Lee,
Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts,
2000 Gladiator Crouching Tiger,
Cast Away Erin Brockovich
Hidden Dragon
Russell Crowe, Sissy Spacek, Robert Altman,
2001 A Beautiful Mind
A Beautiful Mind In the Bedroom Gosford Park
Jack Nicholson, Nicole Kidman, Martin Scorsese,
2002 The Hours
About Schmidt The Hours Gangs of New York
Peter Jackson,
The Lord of the
Sean Penn, Charlize Theron, The Lord of the
2003 Rings: The Return
Mystic River Monster Rings: The Return
of the King
of the King
Leonardo Hilary Swank, Clint Eastwood,
2004 The Aviator DiCaprio, Million Dollar Million Dollar
The Aviator Baby Baby
Philip Seymour Ang Lee,
Brokeback Felicity Huffman,
2005 Hoffman, Brokeback
Mountain Transamerica
Capote Mountain
Forest Whitaker,
Helen Mirren, Martin Scorsese,
2006 Babel The Last King of
The Queen The Departed
Scotland
Daniel Day-Lewis, Julian Schnabel,
Julie Christie,
2007 Atonement There Will Be The Diving Bell
Away from Her
Blood and the Butterfly
Slumdog Mickey Rourke, Kate Winslet, Danny Boyle,
2008
Millionaire The Wrestler Revolutionary Road Slumdog
 Year Drama Drama Actor Drama Actress Director
Millionaire
Jeff Bridges, Sandra Bullock, James Cameron,
2009 Avatar
Crazy Heart The Blind Side Avatar
Colin Firth, Natalie Portman, David Fincher,
2010 The Social Network
The King’s Speech Black Swan The Social Network
George Clooney, Meryl Streep, Martin Scorsese,
2011 The Descendants
The Descendants The Iron Lady Hugo
Daniel Day-Lewis, Jessica Chastain, Ben Affleck,
2012 Argo
Lincoln Zero Dark Thirty Argo
Matthew
Cate Blanchett, Alfonso Cuarón,
2013 12 Years A Slave McConaughey,
Blue Jasmine Gravity
Dallas Buyers Clib

Golden Globe Award for Musical or Comedy

Musical / Comedy
Year Musical / Comedy Musical / Comedy Actor
Actress
Fred Astaire, Three Little Judy Holliday, Born
1950 An American in Paris
Words Yesterday
Danny Kaye, On the June Allyson, Too Young
1951 An American in Paris
Riviera to Ki
Donald O’Connor, Susan Hayward, With a
1952 With a Song In My Heart
Singin’ in the Rain Song In My Heart
David Niven, The Moon Ethel Merman, Call Me
1953 —
Is Blue Madam
James Mason, A Star Is Judy Garland, A Star is
1954 Carmen Jones
Born Born
Tom Ewell, The Seven Jean Simmons, Guys and
1955 Guys and Dolls
Year Itch Dolls
Cantinflas, Around the Deborah Kerr, The King
1956 The King and I
World in Eighty Days and I
Taina Elg, Kay Kendall,
1957 Les Girls Frank Sinatra, Pal Joey
Les Girls
Danny Kaye, Me and the Rosalind Russell, Auntie
1958 Auntie Mame
Colonel Mame
Jack Lemmon, Some Like Marilyn Monroe, Some
1959 Some Like It Hot
It Hot Like It Hot
Jack Lemmon, The Shirley MacLaine, The
1960 The Apartment
Apartment Apartment
 Musical / Comedy
Year Musical / Comedy Musical / Comedy Actor
Actress
Glenn Ford, Pocketful of Rosalind Russell, A
1961 A Majority of One
Miracles Majority of One
Marcello Mastroianni,
1962 That Touch of Mink Rosalind Russell, Gypsy
Divorce, Italian Style
Shirley MacLaine, Irma
1963 Tom Jones Alberto Sordi, The Devil
la Douce
Rex Harrison, My Fair Julie Andrews, Mary
1964 My Fair Lady
Lady Poppins
Julie Andrews, The
1965 The Sound of Music Lee Marvin, Cat Ballou
Sound of Music
Alan Arkin, The Russians
The Russians Are Coming Lynn Redgrave, Georgy
1966 Are Coming The Russians
The Russians Are Coming Girl
Are Coming
Anne Bancroft, The
1967 The Graduate Richard Harris, Camelot
Graduate
Barbra Streisand, Funny
1968 Oliver! Ron Moody, Oliver
Girl
The Secret of Santa Peter O’Toole, Goodbye
1969 Patty Duke, Me, Natalie
Vittoria Mr. Chips
Carrie Snodgress, Diary
1970 MASH Albert Finney, Scrooge
of a Mad Housewife
Topol, Fiddler on the
1971 Fiddler on the Roof Twiggy, The Boy Friend
Roof
1972 Cabaret Jack Lemmon, Avanti! Liza Minnelli, Cabaret
George Segal, A Touch of Glenda Jackson, A Touch
1973 American Graffiti
Class of Class
Art Carney, Harry and Raquel Welch, The Three
1974 The Longest Yard
Tonto Musketeers
Walter Matthau, The
1975 The Sunshine Boys Ann-Margret, Tommy
Sunshine Boys
Kris Kristofferson, A Star Barbra Streisand, A Star
1976 A Star Is Born
Is Born Is Born
Diane Keaton, Annie Hall
Richard Dreyfuss, The
1977 The Goodbye Girl Marsha Mason, The
Goodbye Girl
Goodbye Girl
Ellen Burstyn, Same Time
Warren Beatty, Heaven Next Year
1978 Heaven Can Wait
Can Wait Maggie Smith, California
Suite
 Musical / Comedy
Year Musical / Comedy Musical / Comedy Actor
Actress
1979 Breaking Away Peter Seller, Being There Bette Midler, The Rose
Ray Sharkey, The Sissy Spacek, Coal
1980 Coal Miner’s Daughter
Idolmaker Miner’s Daughter
Dudley Moore, Bernadette Peters,
1981 Arthur
Arthur Pennies from Heaven
Dustin Hoffman, Julie Andrews,
1982 Tootsie
Tootsie Victor Victoria
Michael Caine, Julie Walters,
1983 Yentl
Educating Rita Educating Rita
Dudley Moore, Kathleen Turner,
1984 Romancing the Stone
Micki + Maude Romancing the Stone
Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner,
1985 Prizzi’s Honor
Prizzi’s Honor Prizzi’s Honor
Paul Hogan, Sissy Spacek,
1986 Hannah and Her Sisters
“Crocodile” Dundee Crimes of the Heart
Robin Williams, Cher,
1987 Hope and Glory
Good Morning, Vietnam Moonstruck
Tom Hanks, Melanie Griffith,
1988 Working Girl
Big Working Girl
Morgan Freeman, Jessica Tandy,
1989 Driving Miss Daisy
Driving Miss Daisy Driving Miss Daisy
Gérard Depardieu, Julia Roberts,
1990 Green Card
Green Card Pretty Woman
Robin Williams, Bette Midler,
1991 Beauty and the Beast
The Fisher King For the Boys
Tim Robbins, Miranda Richardson,
1992 The Player
The Player Enchanted April
Angela Bassett,
Robin Williams,
1993 Mrs. Doubtfire What’s Love Got to Do
Mrs. Doubtfire
with It
Hugh Grant,
Jamie Lee Curtis,
1994 The Lion King Four Weddings and a
True Lies
Funeral
John Travolta, Nicole Kidman,
1995 Babe
Get Shorty To Die For
Tom Cruise, Madonna,
1996 Evita
Jerry Maguire Evita
1997 As Good as It Gets Jack Nicholson, Helen Hunt,
 Musical / Comedy
Year Musical / Comedy Musical / Comedy Actor
Actress
As Good as It Gets As Good as It Gets
Michael Caine, Gwyneth Paltrow,
1998 Shakespeare in Love
Little Voice Shakespeare in Love
Jim Carrey, Janet McTeer,
1999 Toy Story 2
Man on the Moon Tumbleweeds
George Clooney,
Renée Zellweger,
2000 Almost Famous O Brother, Where Art
Nurse Betty
Thou?
Gene Hackman, Nicole Kidman,
2001 Moulin Rouge!
The Royal Tenenbaums Moulin Rouge!
Richard Gere, Renée Zellweger,
2002 Chicago
Chicago Chicago
Bill Murray, Diane Keaton,
2003 Lost in Translation
Lost in Translation Something’s Gotta Give
Jamie Foxx, Annette Bening,
2004 Sideways
Ray Being Julia
Joaquin Phoenix, Reese Witherspoon,
2005 Walk the Line
Walk the Line Walk the Line
Sacha Baron Cohen, Meryl Streep,
2006 Dreamgirls
Borat The Devil Wears Prada
Johnny Depp,
Sweeney Todd: The
Sweeney Todd: The Marion Cotillard,
2007 Demon Barber of Fleet
Demon Barber of Fleet La Vie en Rose
Street
Street
Colin Farrell, Sally Hawkins,
2008 Vicky Cristina Barcelona
In Bruges Happy-Go-Lucky
Robert Downey, Jr., Meryl Streep,
2009 The Hangover
Sherlock Holmes Julie & Julia
Paul Giamatti, Annette Bening,
2010 The Kids Are All Right
Barney’s Version The Kids Are All Right
Jean Dujardin, Michelle Williams,
2011 The Artist
The Artist My Week with Marilyn
Hugh Jackman, Jennifer Lawrence,
2012 Les Misérables
Les Misérables Silver Linings Playbook
Leonardo DiCaprio, The Amy Adams, American
2013 American Hustle
Wolf of Wall Street Hustle

Gomez, Selena
Played Gianna in the children's TV series Barney & Friends, lasting from 2002to 2004

Gone With the Wind

Only Civil War epic ever filmed without a single battle scene

Goodman, Benny
American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader known as the “King of Swing”

Goodman, Sam
Fictional lawyer in the American TV drama series Breaking Bad portrayed by Bob Odenkirk

Gordon, Barbara
Alter ego of Batgirl and later Oracle

Gordy, Berry
Founder of the Motown record label

Gorman, Margaret
Best known for being the first Miss America

Gort
Fictional humanoid robot in The Day The Earth Stood Still

Gosselaar, Mark Paul

American actor best known for his roles as Zack Morris in NBC’s Saved by the Bell, Good
Morning, Miss Bliss, and Saved by the Bell: The College Years; Detective John Clark in ABC’s
NYPD Blue, Jerry Kellerman in TNT’s Raising the Bar, and Peter Bash in the TNT series Franklin
& Bash

Goulding, Ellie
Second artist to both top the BBC’s annual Sound of... poll and win the Critics’ Choice Award at
the Brit Awards in the same year, following Adele’s win of both in 2008

Grable, Betty
American actress, dancer, and singer celebrated for having the most beautiful legs in Hollywood
and studio publicity widely dispersed photos featuring them that were famously insured by her
studio for $1,000,000 with Lloyds of London

Grammer, Kelsey
American actor and comedian best remembered for his two-decade portrayal of psychiatrist Dr.
Frasier Crane on the hit NBC sitcoms Cheers and Frasier

Grammy Awards

Album of the Record of the

Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Domenico
Henry Mancini, Domenico
Modugno, “Nel
1959 The Music from Modugno, Bobby Darin
Blu Dipinto Di
Peter Gunn “Volare”
Blu (Volare)”
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Jimmy
Frank Sinatra, Driftwood, “The
Bobby Darin,
1960 Come Dance with Battle of New —
“Mack the Knife”
Me! Orleans”, Johnny
Orton
Bob Newhart, The
Percy Faith, Ernest Gold,
Button-Down
1961 “Theme from A “Theme from Bob Newhart
Mind of Bob
Summer Place” Exodus”
Newhart
Henry Mancini,
Judy Garland,
Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer,
1962 Judy at Carnegie Peter Nero
“Moon River” “Moon River”,
Hall
Andy Williams
Leslie Bricusse,
Tony Bennett, “I
Vaughn Meader, Anthony Newley,
1963 Left My Heart in Robert Goulet
The First Family “What Kind of
San Francisco”
Fool Am I?”
Henry Mancini,
Barbra Streisand, Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer,
The Swingle
1964 The Barbra “Days of Wine “Days of Wine
Singers
Streisand Album and Roses” and Roses”, Andy
Williams
Astrud Gilberto
Stan Getz & João Jerry Herman,
and Stan Getz,
1965 Gilberto, “Hello Dolly”, The Beatles
“The Girl from
Getz/Gilberto Louis Armstrong
Ipanema”
Paul Francis
Herb Alpert and Webster, Johnny
Frank Sinatra,
the Tijuana Brass, Mandel, “The
1966 September of My Tom Jones
“A Taste of Shadow of Your
Years
Honey” Smilee”, Tony
Bennett
John Lennon,
Frank Sinatra, A Frank Sinatra,
Paul McCartney,
1967 Man and His “Strangers in the —
“Michelle”, The
Music Night”
Beatles
Jimmy Webb,
The Beatles, Sgt. The 5th
“Up, Up and
1968 Pepper's Lonely Dimension, “Up, Bobbie Gentry
Away”, The 5th
Hearts Club Band Up and Away”
Dimension
Bobby Russell,
Glen Campbell, Simon and
“Little Green
1969 By the Time I Get Garfunkel, “Mrs. José Feliciano
Apples”, O. C.
to Phoenix Robinson”
Smith
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
The 5th
Blood, Sweat & Joe South,
Dimension' Crosby, Stills &
1970 Tears, Blood “Games People
“Aquarius/Let the Nash
Sweat & Tears Play”
Sunshine In”
Paul Simon,
Simon & Simon &
“Bridge over
Garfunkel, Bridge Garfunkel,
1971 Troubled Water”, The Carpenters
over Troubled “Bridge over
Simon &
Water Troubled Water”
Garfunkel
Carole King,
“You've Got a
Carole King, Carole King, “It's
1972 Friend”, James Carly Simon
Tapestry Too Late”
Taylor & Carole
King
Ewan MacColl,
George Harrison Roberta Flack,
“The First Time
& Friends, The “The First Time
1973 Ever I Saw Your America
Concert for Ever I Saw Your
Face”, Roberta
Bangla Desh Face”
Flack
Norman Gimbel,
Roberta Flack, Charles Fox,
Stevie Wonder, “Killing Me “Killing Me
1974 Bette Midler
Innervisions Softly with His Softly with His
Song” Song”, Roberta
Flack
Marilyn
Bergman, Alan
Stevie Wonder, Olivia Newton-
Bergman, Marvin
1975 Fulfillingness' John, “I Honestly Marvin Hamlisch
Hamlisch, “The
First Finale Love You”
Way We Were”,
Barbra Streisand
Captain & Stephen
Paul Simon, Still
Tennille, “Love Sondheim, “Send
1976 Crazy After All Natalie Cole
Will Keep Us in the Clowns”,
These Years
Together” Judy Collins
Bruce Johnston,
Stevie Wonder, George Benson,
“I Write the Starland Vocal
1977 Songs in the Key “This
Songs”, Barry Band
of Life Masquerade”
Manilow
Barbra Streisand,
The Eagles, Paul Williams,
Fleetwood Mac,
1978 “Hotel “Evergreen”, Debby Boone
Rumours
California” Barbra Streisand
——
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Joe Brooks, “You
Light Up My
Life”, Debby
Boone
Various artists,
Saturday Night Billy Joel, “Just Billy Joel, “Just
1979 Fever: The the Way You the Way You A Taste of Honey
Original Movie Are” Are”
Soundtrack
Kenny Loggins,
Michael
The Doobie
Billy Joel, 52nd McDonald,
1980 Brothers, “What a Rickie Lee Jones
Street “What a Fool
Fool Believes”
Believes”, The
Doobie Brothers
Christopher
Cross, Christopher Christopher
1981 Christopher Cross
Christopher Cross, “Sailing” Cross, “Sailing”
Cross
Donna Weiss,
Jackie
John Lennon & Kim Carnes,
DeShannon,
1982 Yoko Ono, “Bette Davis Sheena Easton
“Bette Davis
Double Fantasy Eyes”
Eyes”, Kim
Carnes
Johnny
Christopher,
Mark James,
1983 Toto, Toto IV Toto, “Rosanna” Wayne Carson, Men at Work
“Always on My
Mind”, Willie
Nelson
Sting, “Every
Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson,
1984 Breath You Culture Club
Thriller “Beat It”
Take”, The Police
Tina Turner,
Tina Turner,
Lionel Richie, “What's Love Got
1985 “What's Love Got Cyndi Lauper
Can't Slow Down to Do with It”,
to Do with It”
Tina Turner
Michael Jackson,
USA for Africa, Lionel Richie,
Phil Collins, No
1986 “We Are the “We Are the Sade
Jacket Required
World” World”, USA for
Africa
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Burt Bacharach,
Carole Bayer
Sager, “That's
Paul Simon, Steve Winwood, Bruce Hornsby
1987 What Friends Are
Graceland “Higher Love” and the Range
For”, Dionne
Warwick &
Friends
James Horner,
Barry Mann,
Cynthia Weil,
Paul Simon,
1988 U2, Joshua Tree “Somewhere Out Jody Watley
“Graceland”
There”, Linda
Ronstadt & James
Ingram
Bobby McFerrin, Bobby McFerrin,
George Michael,
1989 “Don't Worry, Be “Don't Worry, Be Tracy Chapman
Faith
Happy” Happy”
Larry Henler, Jeff
Bette Midler, Silbar, “Wind
Bonnie Raitt,
1990 “Wind Beneath Beneath My Milli Vanilli
Nick of Time
My Wings” Wings”, Bette
Midler
Quincy Jones & Phil Collins, Julie Gold, “From
1991 Various Artists, “Another Day in a Distance”, Bette Mariah Carey
Back on the Block Paradise” Midler
Irving Gordon,
Natalie Cole, Natalie Cole with
“Unforgettable”,
1992 Unforgettable... Nat King Cole, Marc Cohn
Natalie Cole with
with Love “Unforgettable”
Nat King Cole
Eric Clapton, Eric Clapton, Will
Eric Clapton, Arrested
1993 “Tears in Jennings, “Tears
Unplugged Development
Heaven” in Heaven”
Alan Menken,
Whitney Houston
Tim Rice, “A
The Bodyguard: Whitney Houston,
Whole New
1994 Original “I Will Always Toni Braxton
World”, Peabo
Soundtrack Love You”
Bryson & Regina
Album
Belle
Bruce
Tony Bennett, Sheryl Crow, “All Springsteen,
1995 Sheryl Crow
MTV Unplugged I Wanna Do” “Streets of
Philadelphia”
Alanis Morissette, Seal, “Kiss from a Seal, “Kiss from a Hootie & the
1996
Jagged Little Pill Rose” Rose” Blowfish
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Gordon Kennedy,
Wayne
Eric Clapton, Kirkpatrick,
Celine Dion,
1997 “Change the Tommy Sims, LeAnn Rimes
Falling into You
World” “Change the
World”, Eric
Clapton
Shawn Colvin,
Shawn Colvin,
Bob Dylan, Time John Leventhal,
1998 “Sunny Came Paula Cole
out of Mind “Sunny Came
Home”
Home”
James Horner,
Lauryn Hill, The Celine Dion, “My Will Jennings,
1999 Miseducation of Heart Will Go “My Heart Will Lauryn Hill
Lauryn Hill On” Go On”, Celine
Dion
Itaal Shur, Rob
Santana featuring Thomas,
Santana, Christina
2000 Rob Thomas, “Smooth”,
Supernatural Aguilera
“Smooth” Santana featuring
Rob Thomas
Adam Clayton,
David Evans,
Steely Dan, Two U2, “Beautiful Larry Mullen Jr.,
2001 Shelby Lynne
Against Nature Day” Paul Hewson,
“Beautiful Day”,
U2
Various artists, O
Brother, Where Alicia Keys,
2002 U2, “Walk On” Alicia Keys
Art Thou? “Fallin'“
Soundtrack
Jesse Harris,
Norah Jones, Norah Jones,
Don't Know
2003 Come Away with Don't Know Norah Jones
Why”, Norah
Me Why”
Jones
Richard Marx,
OutKast,
Coldplay, Luther Vandross,
2004 Speakerboxx/The Evanescence
“Clocks” “Dance with My
Love Below
Father”
Ray Charles and Ray Charles and
Various Artists, Norah Jones, John Mayer,
2005 Maroon 5
Genius Loves “Here We Go “Daughters”
Company Again”
2006 U2, How to Green Day, Adam Clayton, John Legend
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Dismantle an “Boulevard of David Evans,
Atomic Bomb Broken Dreams” Larry Mullen, Jr.,
Paul Hewson
“Sometimes You
Can’t Make It on
Your Own”, U2
Emily Robison,
Martie Maguire,
Dixie Chicks, Dixie Chicks, Natalie Maines,
Carrie
2007 Taking The Long “Not Ready to Dan Wilson, “Not
Underwood
Way Make Nice” Ready to Make
Nice”, Dixie
Chicks
Herbie Hancock,
Amy Winehouse, Amy Winehouse,
2008 River: The Joni Amy Winehouse
“Rehab” “Rehab”
Letters
Guy Berryman,
Alisson Krauss Jonathan
Robert Plant &
and Robert Plant, Buckland, Will
2009 Alison Krauss, Adele
“Please Read the Champion, Chris
Raising Sand
Letter” Martin, “Viva la
Vida”, Coldplay
Thaddis Harrell,
Beyoncé
Knowles, Terius
Taylor Swift, Kings of Leon,
2010 Nash, Christopher Zac Brown Band
Fearless “Use Somebody”
Stewart, “Single
Ladies (Put a
Ring on It)”
Dave Haywood,
Josh Kear,
Charles Kelley,
Arcade Fire, The Lady Antebellum, Esperanza
2011 Hillary Scott,
Suburbs “Need You Now” Spalding
“Need You
Now”, Lady
Antebellum
Adele Adkins,
Adele, “Rolling in Paul Epworth,
2012 Adele, 21 Bon Iver
the Deep” “Rolling in the
Deep”
Nate Ruess, Jack
Gotye featuring
Antonoff, Jeff
Mumford and Kimbra,
2013 Bhasker, Andrew fun.
Sons, Babel “Somebody That
Dost, “We Are
I Used to Know”
Young”, fun.
 Album of the Record of the
Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
Year Year
Daft Punk,
Daft Punk, featuring Pharrell Joel Little, Ella
Macklemore and
2014 Random Access Williams and Nile Yelich O'Conner,
Ryan Lewis
Memories Rodgers, “Get “Royals”, Lorde
Lucky”

Grand Illusion
First foreign language film to be nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture

Grant, Cary
Born Archibald Alexander Leach, nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his
role in the films Penny Serenade and None But the Lonely Heart

Graves, Peter
American film and television actor best known for his starring role in the CBS television series
Mission: Impossible

Grawlix
Term coined by Mort Walker for a string of typographical symbols used to represent an obscenity
or swearword

Gray, Linda
American actress best known for her role as Sue Ellen Ewing on the long-running CBS television
drama series Dallas

Great Jedi Purge

Better known as Order 66 or Operation: Knightfall, fictional major event in the Star Wars space
opera series created by George Lucas officially documented as a plot element in the 2005 film Star
Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith
In the film, the Jedi are nearly exterminated by order of the Sith Lord Darth Sidious to the Clone
Army, with only Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda among a handful of others surviving

Greendale
Setting for the British children’s TV series Postman Pat

Grey, Jennifer
American actress known for her roles in the 1980s films Ferris Bueller’s Day Off and Dirty
Dancing, the latter for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award

Griffin, Merv
Creator of TV game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune

Griffith, David Llewelyn Wark

American film director best known as the director of the epic 1915 film The Birth of a Nation and
the subsequent film Intolerance

Griffith, Gordon
First actor to portray Tom Sawyer and Tarzan on film
Griffiths, Richard
Known for his portrayal of Vernon Dursley in the Harry Potter films, Uncle Monty in Withnail and
I, Henry Crabbe in Pie in the Sky, and King George II in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger
Tides

Grint, Rupert
Played Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter film series

Grip
Lighting and rigging technicians in the filmmaking and video production industries

Groening, Matt
American cartoonist who created the the comic strip Life in Hell as well as two successful television
series, The Simpsons and Futurama

Grohl, Dave
American rock musician, multi-instrumentalist, singer-songwriter and film director, who is the lead
vocalist, guitarist, primary songwriter and founder of the Foo Fighters

“Group Hug”
Production title of 2012 film The Avengers

Guccione, Bob
Founder and publisher of the adult magazine Penthouse until his resignation in November 2003

Guevara, Max
Character played by Jessica Alba in the TV series Dark Angel

Gunzburg, Milton
American journalist who developed the Natural Vision stereoscopic 3-D system

Gustafsson, Greta Lovisa

Real name of actress Greta Garbo

“Gwiyomi Song”
Digital single by South Korean indie singer Hari that started a viral trend of people uploading their
own “Gwiyomi Song” videos to YouTube

Gwynne, Fred
American actor who played Judge Chamberlain Haller in My Cousin Vinny

Gyllenhaal, Jake
Played Jack Twist in Brokeback Mountain

Gyrich, Henry Peter

First person to be given the title of U.S. Government Liaison to the Avengers by the National
Security Agency later by the National Security Council

Haddock, Captain Archibald

Best friend of Tintin
Hagman, Larry
American film and television actor best known for playing ruthless oil baron J. R. Ewing in the
1980s prime time television soap opera Dallas, and befuddled astronaut Major Anthony “Tony”
Nelson in the 1960s sitcom I Dream of Jeannie

Hale, Lucy
American actress and singer best known for her role as Aria Montgomery on the ABC Family series
Pretty Little Liars

Haley, Jackie Earle

Played Rorschach in Watchmen and Freddy Krueger in the remake of A Nightmare on Elm Street

Hamill, Mark
American actor best known for his performance as Luke Skywalker in the original Star Wars trilogy

Hamlin, Vincent Trout

Creator the popular, long-run comic strip Alley Oop, syndicated by the Newspaper Enterprise
Association

Hammerstein, Oscar
Only person called Oscar to win an Oscar

HandMade Films
British film production and distribution company formed by former Beatle George Harrison and
Denis O'Brien whose notable films include Monty Python's Life of Brian, Time Bandits, Withnail
and I and Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels

Haneke, Michael
Austrian film director best known for his films such as Caché, Funny Games, The White Ribbon
and Amour

“Hang On Sloopy”
Official state rock song of Ohio

Hannigan, Alyson
Played Michelle Flaherty in the American Pie film series
Played Lily Aldrin in the TV series How I Met Your Mother

Happy talk
Additional and often meaningless commentary interspersed into news programs by news anchors
and others on set

Harajuku Girls
Four Japanese and Japanese American backup dancers featured in stage shows and music videos for
Gwen Stefani during her solo pop/R&B/dance-record phase

Hardy, Juliette
Character played by Brigitte Bardot in And God Created Woman

Hare
Luna Lovegood's patronus in the Harry Potter movies
Harpo
Production company of television host Oprah Winfrey

Harrelson, Woody
Played bounty hunter Carson Wells in No Country for Old Men, conspiracy nut Charlie Frost in
2012 and Haymitch Abernathy in The Hunger Games film series

Harrison, Rex
Played King Mongkut in the 1946 film Anna and the King of Siam, Julius Caesar in the 1963 film
Cleopatra and Professor Henry Higgins in the 1964 film My Fair Lady

Harry, Debbie
American singer-songwriter and actress best known for being the lead singer of the punk rock and
new wave band Blondie

Hart, Melissa Joan

American actress best known for her title roles in the television series Clarissa Explains It All, the
live action version of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, and Melissa & Joey

Hartley, Justin
Played Green Arrow in the TV series Smallville

Hartnell, William
First person to play the Doctor in the long-running BBC science-fiction TV series Doctor Who

Hatari!
1962 film directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne

Hatch, Richard
First winner of the Survivor series

Hattangadi, Rohini
Only Indian actress to win the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her
performance as Kasturba Gandhi in the 198 film Gandhi

Haughton
Real last name of singer Aaliyah

Hawaii
US state which require film crews to be blessed by a local priest before they can begin shooting

Hawkins, Jamesetta
Real name of singer Etta James

Hawn, Goldie
Played Pvt. Judy Benjamin in the 1980 film Private Benjamin

Hay, George D.
American radio personality who was the founder of the original Grand Old Opry radio program on
WSM-AM in Nashville, TN

Haysbert, Dennis
Known for portraying baseball player Pedro Cerrano in the Major League film trilogy, President
David Palmer on the American television series 24, and Sergeant Major Jonas Blane on the drama
series The Unit

Hazel
Pet Labrador retriever of actor Jim Carrey

Headon, Topper
Drummer of the punk rock band The Clash

Heart of the Ocean

Name of a fictional blue diamond featured prominently in the 1997 film Titanic

“Heartbreak Hotel”
First number one pop record and first million-seller of Elvis Presley

Heartbreak Ridge
1000th film to be released in Dolby Stereo

Heaven 17
English New Wave synthpop band who took their name from a fictional pop group mentioned in
Anthony Burgess’s novel A Clockwork Orange

Hefner, Hugh
Founder and chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises

Helm, Brigitte
German actress best remembered for her dual role as Maria and her double, the Maschinenmensch
(first robot ever depicted in cinema) in Fritz Lang’s 1927 silent film Metropolis

Henderson, Shirley
Scottish actress best known for her role as Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

Hendrix, Jimi
Sang the “Star Spangled Banner” in the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival

Henry
Actual first name of Indiana Jones

Hensley, Virginia Patterson

Real name of American country music singer Patsy Cline

Henson, Jim
American puppeteer, screenwriter, director and producer, best known as the creator of The Muppets

Hepburn, Audrey
Played Princess Ann in the 1953 romantic comedy Roman Holiday

Herbie
Anthropomorphic 1963 Volkswagen Beetle that is featured in several Disney motion pictures
starting with the 1969 feature film The Love Bug
Hergé
Born Georges Prosper Remi, Belgian comic book writer and artist best known for creating 23
completed comic books in The Adventures of Tintin series

Hermann, Eva
Character played by Hedy Lamarr in the film Ecstasy

Hernandez, Peter Gene

Real name of Bruno Mars

Herrick, Margaret
Librarian and director of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences generally credited with
naming the Academy Award an “Oscar”, declaring the statuettes “looked just like my Uncle Oscar”

Herriman, George
American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Krazy Kat

Hibbert, Julius
Family doctor of the title family in The Simpsons

Highest grossing film of the year (Boxofficemojo.com)

1980 Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back

1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark
1982 E.T.
1983 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
1984 Beverly Hills Cop
1985 Back to the Future
1986 Top Gun
1987 Three Men and a Baby
1988 Rain Man
1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
1990 Ghost
1991 Terminator 2: Judgment Day
1992 Aladdin
1993 Jurassic Park
1994 The Lion King
1995 Die Hard: With a Vengeance
1996 Independence Day
1997 Titanic
 1998 Armageddon
1999 Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
2000 Mission: Impossible II
2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
2002 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
2004 Shrek 2
2005 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End
2006 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest
2007 Spider-Man 3
2008 The Dark Knight
2009 Avatar
2010 Toy Story 3
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
2012 The Avengers
2013 Iron Man 3

Hill, Benny
Played Professor Simon Peach in the 1969 British caper film The Italian Job

Hill, Bernard
English actor who played Captain Edward smith in Titanic, and King Théoden in The Lord of the
Rings film trilogy

Hillenburg, Stephen
American marine biologist best known for creating the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants

Hitchcock, Alfred
Director of the romance film Notorious

Hoffman, Dustin
Winner of two Academy Awards for his performances in Kramer vs. Kramer and Rain Man

Holly, Buddy
One of the inaugural inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986

Hölzel, Johann (Hans)

Real name of Austrian musician Falco

Hope, Bob
Born Leslie Townes Hope, English-born American comedian noted for his numerous United
Service Organizations shows entertaining American military personnel from 1941 and 1991
Only movie actor to receive a Congressional Medal of Honor
Hosted the Academy Awards fourteen times in the period from 1941 to 1978

Hopkin, Mary
Welsh folk singer best known for her 1968 UK number one single “Those Were The Days” and one
of the first musicians to sign to The Beatles’ Apple label

Hopkins, Gaynor
Real name of Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler

Hoppus, Mark
Bass guitarist of Blink-182

Horowitz
Real last name of actress Winona Ryder

Houston, Thelma
American singer and actress who scored a number-one hit in 1977 with her cover version of the
song “Don’t Leave Me This Way”, which won the Grammy for Best Female R&B Vocal
Performance

Houston, Whitney
Only recording artist to chart seven consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits
Performed “The Star Spangled Banner” for Super Bowl XXV

“How Do I Live”
Song recorded by LeAnn Rimes that has spent the most time in the Billboard Hot 100’s top 10

“How Will I Know”

Song recorded by American recording artist Whitney Houston originally intended for Janet Jackson

Howard the Duck

First Marvel character to get a film adaptation (Howard the Duck, 1986)

Hudson, Kate
Played the role of Penny Lane in the 2000 film Almost Famous

Huggy Bear
Character played by Antonio Fargas on the 1970s TV show Starsky and Hutch, and played by
Snoop Dogg in the 2004 film

“Humanoid Boogie”
Song by Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band that became the first pop song about robots

“Hung Up”
Madonna’s first track to be released to iTunes Store for digital download

Hungry Bitches
Unofficially nicknamed for its trailer as 2 Girls 1 Cup, 2007 scat-fetish pornographic film produced
by MFX Media in which the trailer features two women conducting themselves in fetishistic
intimate relations, including defecating into a cup, taking turns in what appears to be consuming the
excrement, and vomiting it into each other’s mouths
Hunt, Ethan
Name of the protagonist of the Mission: Impossible film series, played by Tom Cruise

Hunter, Holly
American actress who starred in The Piano, for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress
in a Leading Role and Academy Award for Best Actress

Huston, Anjelica
Played Morticia Addams in the film The Addams Family

Huston, John
American film director, screenwriter and actor who wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature
films he directed, many of which are today considered classics: The Maltese Falcon, The Treasure
of the Sierra Madre, Key Largo, The Asphalt Jungle, The African Queen, Moulin Rouge, The
Misfits, and The Man Who Would Be King

Huxley, David
Character played by Cary Grant in the film Bringing Up Baby

“I Can See For Miles”

Only song by The Who to reach the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100

“I Dreamed a Dream”
Solo sung by the character Fantine during the first act of the musical Les Misérables
Best known as the song that catapulted British singer Susan Boyle to super-stardom

“I Me Mine”
Last song recorded by the Beatles

“I Need to Wake Up”

First and only song to date from a documentary film to win an Academy Award for Best Original
Song

“I Wanna Be Your Man”

First song ever performed on Top of the Pops

“I Will Always Love You”

Single by Whitney Houston, the best-selling single by a female artist in music history

“I Will Survive”
1978 single by Gloria Gaynor frequently recalled as a symbol of female strength and as a gay
anthem

“I’m Yours”
Single by Jason Mraz that holds the record for most weeks spent on the Billboard charts

Icon Productions
American independent production company founded in August 1989 by actor/director Mel Gibson
and Australian producing partner Bruce Davey

Ident
Also known as station identification, practice of radio and television stations or networks
identifying themselves on air, typically by means of a call sign or brand name

Iglesias, Enrique
Holds the record for producing 23 number-one Spanish-language singles on the Billboard’s Hot
Latin Tracks

Imbruglia, Natalie
Played Lorna Campbell in the film Johnny English

“In the Navy”

Last top 10 hit for Village People

In the Zone
Fourth studio album by American recording artist Britney Spears with themes ranging from love,
dancing, empowerment, and in the case of songs such as “Touch of My Hand”, sex and
masturbation

“Iris”
Song by Goo Goo Dolls originally written for the soundtrack of the 1998 film City of Angels

Irons, Jeremy
Provided the voice of Scar in 1994 film The Lion King

Irving, Sir Henry

First actor to be awarded a knighthood

Isbell, Jeffrey Dean

Known by his stage name Izzy Stradlin, American musician and songwriter best known as the co-
founder and former rhythm guitarist of the hard rock band Guns N’ Roses

Isla de Muerta
Island featured in the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl

“The It Girl”
Nickname given to American actress Clara Bow

It Happened One Night

1934 American romantic comedy film that became the first to win all five major Academy Awards
(Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay)

“It Will Rain”

Song by American artist Bruno Mars that appears on the soundtrack to the film The Twilight Saga:
Breaking Dawn — Part 1

“It’s Now or Never”

Song by Elvis Presley based on the aria “O Sole Mio”

Jackson, Sir Peter

New Zealand film director, producer and screenwriter who is best known for his The Lord of the
Rings film trilogy and its prequel The Hobbit film trilogy
Jackson, Randy
American bassist, singer, record producer, entrepreneur and television personality best known as a
judge on American Idol and executive producer for MTV’s America’s Best Dance Crew

Jackson, Samuel L.
Once served as Bill Cosby’s stand in on The Cosby Show

Jacobs, Jim
American composer, lyricist, and writer known for writing the book, lyrics and music, with Warren
Casey, for the stage and film musical Grease

Jagged Little Pill

Third studio album of Alanis Morissette

Jagger, Mick
Lead vocalist and a founder member of The Rolling Stones

James
Real first name of Paul McCartney

Jamison, Jimi
Frontman of Survivor

Janssen, David
American film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as Dr. Richard Kimble in
the television series The Fugitive

Jarvis, Edwin
Only one to stay with the Avengers for their entire existence

Jaws
First film to reach $100 million in rentals
First movie to earn $100 million
First movie to earn $200 million

Jaxx, Stacee
Character played by Tom Cruise in the film Rock of Ages

Jenkins, Harold Lloyd

Real name of American country music artist Conway Twitty

Jennings, Ken
Holds the record for the most consecutive wins in Jeopardy!, with 74

Jennings, Peter
Sole anchor of ABC’s World News Tonight from 1983 to 2005

Jess
Pet cat of Postman Pat

Jessup, Nathan
Character played by Jack Nicholson in the film A Few Good Men
Jobim, Antônio Carlos
Brazilian songwriter who was a primary force behind the creation of the bossa nova style and
widely known as the composer of “The Girl From Ipanema”

Johansson, Scarlett
Winner of the BAFTA award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her role in Sofia Coppola film
Lost in Translation

John Birks
Real first and middle names of American jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie

Johnson, Holly
Born William Johnson, English artist, musician and writer, best known as the lead vocalist of
Frankie Goes to Hollywood, and former bassist for Big in Japan

Jones
Ripley's cat in the Alien series

Jones, Angus Turner

Best known for playing Jake Harper in the hit CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men

Jones, Forsythe Pendleton III

Real name of Jughead

Jones, Grace
Jamaican singer whose hits include “Pull Up to the Bumper”, “I’ve Seen That Face Before
(Libertango)”, “Private Life”, “Slave to the Rhythm” and “I’m Not Perfect (But I’m Perfect for
You)”

Jones, Kimberly Denise

Real name of American rapper Li’l Kim

Joseph, Jenny
Model for the Columbia Pictures logo

Judge, Mike
American actor best known as the creator of the animated TV series Beavis and Butt-Head, King of
the Hill, and The Goode Family

Junstrom, Larry
Original bassist of Lynyrd Skynyrd

“Just Got Lucky”

Only song that the JoBoxers took to the US Top 40

Just Like Heaven

2005 American romantic comedy fantasy film starring Reese Witherspoon, Mark Ruffalo, and Jon
Heder and was based on the novel If Only It Were True by Marc Levy

“(Just Like) Starting Over”

Song by John Lennon that became the best-selling posthumous hit of all time
Justice, Buford T.
Character played by Jackie Gleason in the movie Smokey and the Bandit

Justice, Victoria
American actress, singer-songwriter, and dancer who appeared in several films and television series
including the Nickelodeon series Zoey 101 and Victorious

K-9
Pet dog of Marvin the Martian

Kabuto, Kouji
Pilot of Mazinger Z

KACL (780 AM)

Fictional radio station on the TV series Frasier

Kaiju
Japanese word that literally translates to “strange creature” however translated and defined in
English as “monster” or “giant monster” and refers to unnatural creatures of immense size featured
in science fiction films from Asia, particularly from Japan

Kamio, Yoko
Japanese manga artist most famous for Boys Over Flowers

Kane, Bob
Creator of Batman

Kane, Helen
American popular singer who likely became the basis of Betty Boop

Kane, Sugar
Character portrayed by Marilyn Monroe in the 1959 film Some Like It Hot

Karloff, Boris
Born William Henry Platt, English actor best remembered for his roles in horror films and his
portrayal of Frankenstein’s monster in Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, and Son of
Frankenstein

Karras, Fr. Damien

Protagonist of the novel and film The Exorcist

Kasem, Casey
American radio personality and voice actor known for being the host of the nationally syndicated
Top 40 countdown show American Top 40 and for voicing the character Shaggy in the popular
Saturday morning cartoon franchise Scooby-Doo

Kashyyyk
Planet in the Star Wars universe, tropical, forested home world of the Wookiees

Kato
Sidekick of The Green Hornet
Katrina and the Waves
English rock band best known for the 1985 hit “Walking on Sunshine” and also won the 1997
Eurovision Song Contest with the song “Love Shine a Light”

Kayfabe
In professional wrestling, portrayal of staged events within the industry as “real” or “true”

Kazantip
Electronic dance festival held every year on the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine

Keeble, John
Drummer of the 1980s new wave band Spandau Ballet

Keiko
Performing killer whale best known for the film Free Willy

Kelly, John Terrence

Real name of Tom Clancy character John Clark

Kelly, Minka
American actress most known for her roles in the TV series Friday Night Lights (2006),
Parenthood (2010), and Charlie’s Angels (2011) and also known for her role in The Roommate
(2011) and in the 2013 film The Butler, as Jackie Kennedy

Kelly, Moira
Played Kate Moseley in The Cutting Edge

Kemosabe
Term of endearment and catchphrase used by the intrepid and ever-faithful Tonto

Kerry, Margaret
Born Peggy Lynch, American actress, motivational speaker and radio host best known for her 1953
work as the model for Tinker Bell in the Walt Disney Pictures animated feature, Peter Pan

Khambatta, Persis
Indian actress and model best known for her role as Lieutenant Ilia in the 1979 feature film Star
Trek: The Motion Picture

Kidman, Nicole
Played the Russian mail-order bride in the 2001 film Birthday Girl

Kiss
American rock band formed in New York City in January 1973 well known for its members’ black
and white face paint and flamboyant stage outfits, the group rose to prominence in the mid to late
1970s with their elaborate live performances, which featured fire breathing, blood spitting, smoking
guitars, shooting rockets, levitating drum kits and pyrotechnics

Kit Carson
First Western movie

Kitty
Girlfriend of Felix the Cat

Kristel, Sylvia
Dutch actress who played the lead character in four of the seven Emmanuelle films

Krueger, Frederick Charles “Freddy”

Fictional character and the primary antagonist of the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series

Krustofski, Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham

Real name of The Simpsons character Krusty the Clown

Kubrick, Stanley
American director whose films include 2001: A Space Odyssey, Dr. Strangelove, The Shining, A
Clockwork Orange, Barry Lyndon, and Full Metal Jacket

Kunis, Mila
American actress who played Jackie Burkhart on the TV series That '70s Show and provided the
voice of Meg Griffin in Family Guy
Played Rachel Jansen in Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Mona Sax in Max Payne, Jamie in Friends
with Benefits, Lori in Ted and Theodora in Oz the Great and Powerful

Kurosawa, Akira
Japanese film director whose works include Rashomon, Seven Samurai, Yojimbo and Kagemusha

Kutcher, Ashton
Played Michael Kelso in That '70s Show

Kuzma, Norma Louise

Real name of pornographic actress Traci Lords

Kwik-E-Mart
Convenience store in the TV animated sitcom The Simpsons

Kyle, Selina
Real name of Batman opponent Catwoman

La boheme
Giacomo Puccini opera that inspired the Jonathan Larson musical Rent

La Verne, Lucille
Provided the voice of the Wicked Queen, and her alter ego, the old crone from Disney’s 1937 film
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Lady and the Tramp

First animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process

Laemmle, Carl
Founder of Universal Studios

Lagasse, Emeril
American celebrity chef most notable for his Food Network shows Emeril Live and Essence of
Emeril as well as the catchphrases such as “Kick it up a notch!” and “Bam!”
Lambert, Adam
First openly gay artist to debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 Album Charts, with his album
Trespassing

Lamichhane, Rabi
Nepali television presenter who set the world record for hosting the longest-ever television talk
show in April 2013

Lampkin, Romo
Fictional character in the television remake of Battlestar Galactica portrayed by Mark Sheppard

Lange, Jessica
American actress who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film
Tootsie and the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the 1994 film Blue Sky

Lansbury, Angela
Played Mame Dennis in the play Mame
Played Mrs. Nellie Lovett in the 1979 play Sweeney Todd

Lara
Mother of Superman in the DC universe

Larson, Glen
American television producer and writer best known as the creator of the television series Battlestar
Galactica, Quincy, M.E., B. J. and the Bear, The Fall Guy, Magnum, P.I. and Knight Rider

Larter, Ali
American actress best known for playing the dual roles of Niki Sanders and Tracy Strauss on the
NBC science fiction drama Heroes

Last films

Bogart, Humphrey The Harder They Fall

Crawford, Joan Trog
Davis, Bette Wicked Stepmother
Dean, James Giant
Durbin, Deanna For the Love of Mary
Fairbanks, Douglas The Private Life of Don Juan
Gable, Clark The Misfits
Lee, Bruce Enter the Dragon
Monroe, Marilyn The Misfits
O'Toole, Peter Katherine of Alexandria
Presley, Elvis Change of Habit
Price, Vincent Edward Scissorhands
 Wayne, John The Shootist
Winters, Jonathan The Smurfs 2

Lauper, Cyndi
American singer-songwriter whose hits include “Girls Just Want to Have Fun”, “Time After Time”,
“She Bop”, “All Through the Night”, “True Colors” and “Change of Heart”
First artist to top the Dance charts with a Broadway single in over 25 years in 2013
First female singer to have four top five singles on the Hot 100 from one album (She’s So Unusual)

Laurie, Hugh
English actor who played Dr. Gregory House, the protagonist of the American TV series House, for
which he received two Golden Globe awards, two Screen Actors Guild awards and six Emmy
nominations

Lavandeira, Mario Armando

Real name of American blogger Perez Hilton

Lawgiver
Fictional weapon used by the Judges in Judge Dredd

Lawrence, Florence
Canadian silent film actress often referred to as “The First Movie Star”, “The Biograph Girl”, “The
Imp Girl”, and “The Girl of a Thousand Faces”

Lawrence, Jennifer
American actress who achieved international recognition starring as the heroine Katniss Everdeen
in The Hunger Games
Played Tiffany Maxwell in the 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook

Lawson, Nigella
English journalist and food writer often called the “queen of food porn”

Lazenby, George
Youngest actor to play James Bond (30)

Lee, Ang
Directed the films Brokeback Mountain and Life of Pi

Lee, Christopher
English actor best known for playing Count Dracula in a string of popular Hammer Horror films,
Saruman in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and Count Dooku in the final two films of the Star
Wars prequel trilogy

Lee, Jason
American actor best known for his roles as the title character on the NBC television seriesMy Name
is Earl, Syndrome in the film The Incredibles, and Dave Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks
films

Lee, Peggy
Provided the voices of Darling, Si, Am, and Peg in the 1955 American animated romance film Lady
and the Tramp

Leguizamo, John
Provided the voice of Sid in Ice Age films

Leigh, Vivien
Born Vivian Mary Hartley, English actress best known for her performances as Scarlett O’Hara in
Gone with the Wind and Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire
Played the character Myra in the film Waterloo Bridges

Lemmy
Born Ian Fraser Kilmister, English rock musician best known as the lead vocalist, bassist, principal
songwriter and the founding and sole constant member of the rock band Motörhead

Leo
Name of the MGM lion

Lerman, Logan
Played the title character in the Percy Jackson film franchise

Letterman, David
Holds the record for having the longest late-night hosting career in the United States of America

Levine, Adam
Lead vocalist of the pop rock band Maroon 5

Levinson, Barry
American screenwriter, Academy Award winning film director, actor, and producer of film and
television whose notable films include The Natural, Good Morning Vietnam, Rain Man, Bugsy, and
Bandits

Lewis, Jerry Lee

American rock and roll and country music singer-songwriter known by the nickname “The Killer”
and often viewed as “rock and roll's first great wild man”

Liberace
Musician known as “Mr. Showmanship”

Lifetime
American cable television specialty channel devoted to films, situation comedies and dramas, all of
which are either geared toward women or feature women in lead roles

“Lily”
Code name used for the Beyoncé Knowles album Beyoncé

Lincoln, Elmo
American film actor best known in his silent movie role as the first Tarzan in 1918’s Tarzan of the
Apes as an adult

Lipton, Leonard
Wrote the lyrics of “Puff the Magic Dragon”
Little Green Men
Name given to the three-eyed rubber aliens in the Toy Story film franchise

Little monsters
Term for fans of the American singer Lady Gaga

“The Little Red-Haired Girl”

Love interest of Charlie Brown

Littlefeather, Sacheen
Born Marie Louise Cruz, Native American civil rights activist best known for presenting a speech
on behalf of actor Marlon Brando, for his performance in The Godfather, when he boycotted the
45th Academy Awards ceremony on March 27, 1973, in protest of the treatment of Native
Americans by the film industry

Lloyd, Christopher
American actor whose best known roles include Emmett “Doc” Brown in the Back to the Future
trilogy, Uncle Fester in The Addams Family and Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Logan, Lara
South African journalist who is currently the chief foreign affairs correspondent for CBS News

Lola-Lola
Name of the character played by Marlene Dietrich in the film The Blue Angel

Lom, Herbert
Czech-born film actor best known for his roles in The Ladykillers and The Pink Panther film series

Lorde
Born Ella Maria Lani Yelich-O'Connor, New Zealand singer-songwriter known for her single
“Royals”

Lorre, Chuck
Creator of sitcoms Dharma & Greg, Two and a Half Men and The Big Bang Theory

Lorre, Peter
Best known for his role as Hans Beckert in the 1931 German drama-thriller M

Louis-Dreyfus, Julia
American actress who played the roles of Elaine Benes in Seinfeld, Christine Campbell on The New
Adventures of Old Christine and Selina Meyer on Veep

“Love Me Do”
First single of The Beatles

Loveless, Miguelito Quixote

Fictional character and a villain who appeared in ten episodes of the 1960s television series The
Wild Wild West, portrayed by Michael Dunn

Lucasfilm Limited
American film and television production company best known for its films, such as the Star Wars
and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as its leadership in developing special effects, sound and
computer animation for film.
Bought by the Walt Disney Company in 2012 at a valuation of $4.05 billion

Lucifer
Tremaines’ pet cat in the 1950 film Cinderella

Ludovico technique
Fictional aversion therapy from the novel A Clockwork Orange administered by Dr. Brodsky with
the approval of the UK Minister of the Interior that involved forcing a patient to watch, through the
use of specula to hold the eyes open, violent images for long periods of time, while under the effect
of a nausea-inducing drug

Lugosi, Bela
Born Béla Ferenc Dezso Blaskó, Hungarian actor best known for playing the character Dracula in
the 1931 film

Luhrmann, Baz
Director of Romeo and Juliet

Lumet, Sidney
Director of the films 12 Angry Men, Dog Day Afternoon, Network and The Verdict

Lundgren, Dolph
Played Ivan Drago in the film Rocky IV

Luxo Jr.
First CGI film nominated for an Academy Award (Best Animated Short Film)

Lynch, David
American filmmaker whose works include Twin Peaks, Mulholland Drive, Blue Velvet, The
Elephant Man, and Eraserhead

MacArthur, James
American actor best known for the role of Danny “Danno” Williams, the reliable second-in-
command of the fictional Hawaiian State Police squad Hawaii Five-O

MacDougal
Last name of The Simpsons character Groundskeeper Willie

MacManus, Declan Patrick

Real name of English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello

MacNicol, Peter
Best known for the roles of the eccentric lawyer John Cage in the FOX comedy-drama Ally McBeal,
as Tom Lennox in the sixth season of action-thriller 24, Alan Birch in the Medical drama Chicago
Hope, and as physicist Dr. Larry Fleinhardt on the CBS crime drama NUMB3RS

Mad Men
First and only basic cable series to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, winning it
in each of its first four seasons in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011
Magical Negro
Supporting stock character in American cinema who is portrayed as coming to the aid of a film’s
white protagonists

Majorino, Tina
Hollywood child star appeared in the music video of Pink's “Fuckin' Perfect”

“Makes Me Wonder”
Maroon 5's first number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart

Maleficent
Fictional character and the main antagonist in Walt Disney’s 1959 film Sleeping Beauty

Malick, Terrence
American film director who won the Golden Bear at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival for
The Thin Red Line, the Palme d’Or at the 64th Cannes Film Festival for The Tree of Life, and the
SIGNIS Award at the 69th Venice International Film Festival for To the Wonder

“Manic Monday”
Song by the American pop rock band The Bangles, and the first single released from their second
studio album Different Light, written by Prince using the pseudonym “Christopher”

Manic Pixie Dream Girl

Term coined by film critic Nathan Rabin after seeing Kirsten Dunst in the 2005 film Elizabethtown,
which described as “that bubbly, shallow cinematic creature that exists solely in the fevered
imaginations of sensitive writer-directors to teach broodingly soulful young men to embrace life
and its infinite mysteries and adventures”

Mankiewicz, Joseph
Director of the 1950 film All About Eve

Mann, Michael
American film director whose films include Heat, The Insider, Collateral, Ali and Miami Vice

Mansi, John Louis

Best known for his role as Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen in the BBC sitcom Allo! Allo!

Mapother, Thomas Cruise IV

Real name of Tom Cruise
Highest paid actor in 2012 according to Forbes magazine

March, Little Peggy

Youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 with “I Will Follow Him” from April 27, 1963 to May 11,
1963

Marlohe, Bérénice
French actress well known for playing anti-hero Bond girl Sévérine in the twenty-third James Bond
film, Skyfall

Marquand, Richard
Welsh film director best known for directing the 1983 blockbuster Star Wars film, Return of the
Jedi

Marrow, Tracy
Real name of American rapper Ice-T

Marsh, Dave
First music critic to employ the term punk rock

Marston, William Moulton

Creator of Wonder Woman
Inventor of the systolic blood pressure test

Martin, Chris
English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, and is the lead vocalist, pianist, rhythm
guitarist and one of the founders of the band Coldplay

Martin, Steve
American comedian who played Master Sergeant Ernest G. Bilko in the film Sgt. Bilko

Martini shot
Hollywood term that describes the final shot set-up of the day

Marvin the Paranoid Android

Melancholic robot onboard the SS Heart of Gold in Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Marvin, Hank
English guitarist best known as the lead guitarist for The Shadows

Mary Elizabeth
Real first and middle names of actress Sissy Spacek, winner of the Academy Award for Best
Actress for her role as country star Loretta Lynn in the 1980 film Coal Miner’s Daughter

“Mas que Nada”

Signature song of Sérgio Mendes

Mathers, Marshall
Real name of rapper Eminem

Matsumoto, Kazuhiko
Prominent Japanese adult video director credited with inventing the bukkake genre of Japanese
pornography

Maverick
Call sign of the main character, played by Tom Cruise, in the film Top Gun

Max Headroom
Fictional British artificial intelligence (AI), known for his wit and stuttering, distorted,
electronically sampled voice, portrayed by Matt Frewer as “The World's first computer-generated
TV host”

Maximum Overdrive
Only directorial effort of novelist Stephen King

Mayhew, Peter
English actor best known for playing Chewbacca in the Star Wars films

McAdams, Rachel
Canadian actress who played Irene Adler in the films Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes: A
Game of Thrones, Becky Fuller in Morning Glory, Inez in Midnight in Paris and Paige Collins in
The Vow

McBrayer, Jack
American comedic actor who gained national exposure for his characters on Late Night with Conan
O’Brien and is known for portraying Kenneth Parcell on the television series 30 Rock

McDaniel, Hattie
First African American to win an Academy Award, winning the award for Best Supporting Actress
for her role of Mammy in Gone with the Wind
First black Oscar winner honored with a US postage stamp

McDiarmid, Ian
Scottish theatre actor most famous for his role as Emperor Palpatine in the Star Wars film series

McFadden
Surname of Casper the Friendly Ghost

McGregor, Ewan Gordon, OBE

Scottish actor best known for his roles as heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama Trainspotting,
Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy, poet Christian in the musical film Moulin
Rouge!, and storyteller Edward Bloom in Tim Burton’s Big Fish

McKellen, Sir Ian

English actor whose most notable film roles include Gandalf in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy
and The Hobbit film trilogy, Magneto in the X-Men films, and Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci
Code

McKimson, Richard
Original creator of Speedy Gonzales

McMahon, Ed
American comedian, game show host and announcer most famous for his work on television as
Johnny Carson’s sidekick, announcer, and second banana on The Tonight Show from 1962 to 1992
Hosted the original version of the talent show Star Search from 1983 to 1995 and co-hosted TV’s
Bloopers & Practical Jokes with Dick Clark from 1982 to 1998

McManus, Louis
American television engineer, film editor, and designer of the 1930s and 1940s best known as the
designer for the appearance of the Emmy award and symbol for the Academy of Television Arts &
Sciences

McMath, Virginia Katherine

Real name of American actress Ginger Rogers, known for her partnership with Fred Astaire
“Me At The Zoo”
Title of the first video uploaded to YouTube

“Mean”
Single by Taylor Swift that holds the Billboard Hot 100 record for the biggest drop off the Hot 100

The Mean Machine

Dick Dastardly’s car in the TV series Wacky Races

Meet the Press

Longest-running television series in American broadcasting history

Melange
Name of the fictional drug central central to the Dune series of science fiction novels by Frank
Herbert and derivative works

Melford, George
Director of the 1921 film The Sheik

Melmac
Fictional planet and homeworld to the alien life form in the eponymously titled sitcom ALF

Mendes, Sam
Director of the 1999 film American Beauty

Mercouri, Melina
Greek actress who met international success with her performances in Never on Sunday, Phaedra,
Topkapi and Promise at Dawn
First female Minister for Culture of Greece in 1981

Merrick, Joseph
English man with severe deformities who was exhibited as a human curiosity named the Elephant
Man

Mesmer, Otto
Creator of Felix the Cat

Michael, George
Born Georgios Kyriacos Panagiòtou, English musician, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
and record producer who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo Wham! with his
school friend, Andrew Ridgeley

Mickey Mouse
First cartoon character to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Midnight Cowboy
Only X-rated film ever to win Academy Award for Best Picture

Milano, Alyssa
American actress best known for portraying Phoebe Halliwell on The WB television series
Charmed
Millar, Christopher John
Better known by his stage name Rat Scabies, musician best known for his tenure as the drummer
for The Damned

Milli Vanilli
Pop and dance project whose Grammy was revoked after LA Times author Chuck Philips revealed
that lead vocals on the record were not the voices of Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus

Mills, Hayley
English actress best known for her dual role as twins Susan and Sharon in the 1961 Disney film The
Parent Trap

Ming Tea
Rock band led by the title character, portrayed by Mike Myers, in the Austin Powers film series

Mironov, Hyena Vasilievna

Real name of actress Helen Mirren, only actress ever to have portrayed both Queen Elizabeth I and
Queen Elizabeth II on the screen

Miss Earth titleholders

2001 Catharina Svensson

Džejla Glavović (dethroned)
2002
Winfred Adah Omwakwe
2003 Dania Patricia Prince Méndez
2004 Priscilla Meirelles de Almeida
2005 Alexandra Braun Waldeck
2006 Hil Hernández Escobar
2007 Jessica Trisko
2008 Karla Paula Henry
2009 Larissa Ramos
2010 Nicole Faria
2011 Olga Álava
2012 Tereza Fajksová
2013 Alyz Henrich

Miss International titleholders

Year Country Winner

1969 Colombia Stella Marquez Zawadski
1961 Netherlands Stam van Baer
Year Country Winner
1962 Australia Tania Verstak
1963 Iceland Gudrun Bjarnadottir
1964 Philippines Gemma Teresa Guerrero Cruz
1965 Germany Ingrid Finger
1966 — —
1967 Argentina Mirta Massa
1968 Brazil Maria da Gloria Carvalho
1969 Great Britain Valerie Holmes
1970 Philippines Aurora Pijuan
1971 New Zealand Jane Hansen
1972 Great Britain Linda Hooks
1973 Finland Tuula Njorkling
1974 United States Brucene Smith
1975 Yugoslavia Lidija Manic
1976 France Sophie Sonia Perin
1977 Spain Pilar Medina Canadell
1978 United States Katherine Patricia Ruth
1979 Philippines Melanie Marquez
1980 Costa Rica Lorna Chavez Mata
1981 Australia Jenny Annette Derek
1982 United States Christie Ellen Claridge
1983 Costa Rica Gidget Sandoval
1984 Guatemala Ilma Urrutia
Alejandrina “Nina” Sicilia
1985 Venezuela
Hernandez
1986 England Helen Fairbrother
1987 Puerto Rico Laurie Tamara Simpson Rivera
1988 Norway Catherine Alexandra Gude
1989 Germany Iris Klein
1990 Spain Silvia de Esteban Niubo
1991 Poland Agnieszka Kotlarska
1992 Australia Kirsten Davidson
 Year Country Winner
1993 Poland Agnieszka Pachalko
1994 Greece Christina Lekka
1995 Norway Anne Lena Hansen
1996 Portugal Fernanda Alves
1997 Venezuela Consuelo Adler
1998 Panama Lia Victoria Borrero Gonzalez
Paulina Margarita Galvez
1999 Colombia
Pineda
2000 Venezuela Vivian Urdaneta
2001 Poland Malgorzata Rozniecka
2002 Lebanon Christina Sawaya
2003 Venezuela Goizeder Azua
2004 Colombia Jeymmy Vargas
2005 Philippines Precious Lara Quigaman
2006 Venezuela Daniela Di Giacomo
2007 Mexico Priscila Perales
2008 Spain Alejandra Andreu
2009 Mexico Anagabriela Espinoza
2010 Venezuela Elizabeth Mosquera
2011 Ecuador Fernanda Cornejo
2012 Japan Ikumi Yoshimatsu
2013 Philippines Bea Rose Santiago

Miss Supranational winners

Year Country Winner

2009 Ukraine Oksana Moria
2010 Panama Karina Pinilla
2011 Poland Monika Lewczuk
2012 Belarus Ekaterina Buraya
2013 Philippines Mutya Johanna Datul
Miss Universe titleholders

Year Country Winner

1952 Finland Armi Kuusela
1953 France Christiane Martel
1954 United States Miriam Stevenson
1955 Sweden Hillevi Rombin
1956 United States Carol Morris
1957 Peru Gladys Zender
1958 Colombia Luz Marina Zuluaga
1959 Japan Akiko Kojima
1960 United States Linda Bement
1961 Germany Marlene Schmidt
1962 Argentina Norma Beatriz Nolan
1963 Brazil Ieda Mari Vargas
1964 Greece Corinna Tsopei
1965 Thailand Apsara Hongsakula
1966 Sweden Margareta Arvidsson
1967 United States Sylvia Hitchcock
1968 Brazil Marta Vasconcellos
1969 Philippines Gloria Diaz
1970 Puerto Rico Marisol Malaret
1971 Lebanon Georgina Rizk
1972 Australia Kerry Anne Wells
1973 Philippines Margarita Moran
1974 Spain Amparo Muñoz Quesada
1975 Finland Anna Marie Pohtamo
1976 Israel Rina Messinger
1977 Trinidad and Tobago Janelle Commissiong
1978 South Africa Margaret Gardiner
1979 Venezuela Martiza Sayalero
1980 United States Shawn Weatherly
1981 Venezuela Irene Saez
Year Country Winner
1982 Canada Karen Dianne Baldwin
1983 New Zealand Lorraine Downes
1984 Sweden Yvonne Ryding
1985 Puerto Rico Deborah Carthy Deu
1986 Venezuela Bárbara Palacios Teyde
1987 Chile Cecilia Bolocco
1988 Thailand Porntip Nakhirunkanok
1989 Netherlands Angela Visser
1990 Norway Mona Grudt
1991 Mexico Lupita Jones
1992 Namibia Michelle McLean
1993 Puerto Rico Dayanara Torres
1994 India Sushmita Sen
1995 United States Chelsi Smith
1996 Venezuela Alicia Machado
1997 United States Brook Mahealani Lee
1998 Trinidad and Tobago Wendy Fitzwilliam
1999 Botswana Mpule Kwelagobe
2000 India Lara Dutta
2001 Puerto Rico Denise Quiñones
2002 Panama Justine Pasek
2003 Dominican Republic Amelia Vega
2004 Australia Jennifer Hawkins
2005 Canada Natalie Glebova
2006 Puerto Rico Zuleyka Rivera
2007 Japan Riyo Mori
2008 Venezuela Dayana Mendoza
2009 Venezuela Stefania Fernandez
2010 Mexico Ximena Navarrete
2011 Angola Leila Lopes
2012 United States Olivia Culpo
 Year Country Winner
2013 Venezuela Maria Gabriela Isler

Miss World winners

Year Country Winner

1951 Sweden Kicki Håkansson
1952 Sweden May Louise Flodin
1953 France Denise Perrier
1954 Egypt Antigone Costanda
1955 Venezuela Susana Duijm
1956 Germany Petra Schürmann
1957 Finland Marita Lindahl
1958 South Africa Penelope Coelen
1959 Netherlands Corine Rottschäfer
1960 Argentina Norma Cappagli
1961 United Kingdom Rosemarie Frankland
1962 Netherlands Catharina Lodders
1963 Jamaica Carole Crawford
1964 United Kingdom Ann Sidney
1965 United Kingdom Lesley Langley
1966 India Reita Faria
1967 Peru Madeline Hartog-Bel
1968 Australia Penelope Plummer
1969 Austria Eva Rueber-Staier
1970 Grenada Jennifer Hosten
1971 Brazil Lúcia Petterle
1972 Australia Belinda Green
1973 United States Marjorie Wallace
United Kingdom Helen Morgan (resigned)
1974
South Africa Anneline Kriel
1975 Puerto Rico Wilnelia Merced
1976 Jamaica Cindy Breakspeare
Year Country Winner
1977 Sweden Mary Stävin
1978 Argentina Silvana Súarez
1979 Bermuda Gina Swainson
Germany Gabriella Brum (resigned)
1980
Guam Kimberly Santos
1981 Venezuela Pilín Leon
1982 Dominican Republic Mariasela Álvarez
1983 United Kingdom Sarah-Jane Hutt
1984 Venezuela Astrid Carolina Herrera
1985 Iceland Hólmfridur Karlsdóttir
1986 Trinidad and Tobago Giselle Laronde
1987 Austria Ulla Weigrtstofer
1988 Iceland Linda Pétursdóttir
1989 Poland Aneta Kręglicka
1990 United States Gina Tolleson
1991 Venezuela Ninibeth Leal
1992 Russia Julia Kourotchkina
1993 Jamaica Lisa Hanna
1994 India Aishwarya Rai
1995 Venezuela Jacqueline Aguilera
1996 Greece Irene Skliva
1997 India Diana Hayden
1998 Israel Linor Abargil
1999 India Yukta Mookhey
2000 India Priyanka Chopra
2001 Nigeria Agbani Darego
2002 Turkey Azra Akin
2003 Ireland Rosanna Davison
2004 Peru María Julia Mantilla
2005 Iceland Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir
2006 Czech Republic Tat'ána Kucharová
2007 China Zhang Zilin
 Year Country Winner
2008 Russia Ksenia Sukhinova
2009 Gibraltar Kaiane Aldorino
2010 United States Alexandra Mills
2011 Venezuela Ivian Sarcos
2012 China Yu Wenxia
2013 Philippines Megan Lynne Young

Mitchell, Carl Terrell

Real name of American rapper Twista

Mitchell, Mitch
English drummer best known for his work in The Jimi Hendrix Experience

Mitchell, Lieutenant Pete

Name of the character played by Tom Cruise in Top Gun

Mohr, Hal
Only person to have won a competitive Academy Award without being nominated for it (Best
Cinematography for the 1935 film A Midsummer Night's Dream)

The Monkees members

• Peter Tork
• Mickey Dolenz
• Davy Jones
• Michael Nesmith

Montage
Film editing technique introduced by Russian director Sergei Eisenstein in which a series of short
shots are edited into a sequence to condense time, space and information

Monterey International Pop Music Festival

Three-day concert event held June 16 to June 18, 1967 at the Monterey County Fairgrounds in
Monterey, California
First widely promoted and heavily attended rock festival, attracting an estimated 55,000 total
attendees with up to 90,000 people present at the event’s peak at midnight on Sunday
Remembered for the first major American appearances by Jimi Hendrix, The Who and Ravi
Shankar, the first large-scale public performance of Janis Joplin, and the introduction of Otis
Redding to a large, predominantly white audience

Montieth, Cory
Best known for his role of Finn Hudson on the Fox TV series Glee

Moonwalk
Dance technique that presents the illusion of the dancer being pulled backwards while attempting to
walk forward, popularized by Michael Jackson during a performance of “Billie Jean”on Motown
25: Yesterday, Today, Forever in 1983

Moore, Alan
English writer who wrote the graphic novels Watchmen and V for Vendetta

Moore, Alecia Beth

Real name of singer Pink

Moore, Sonny John

Real name of singer Skrillex

Moretz, Chloë Grace

American film actress who appeared in films such as The Amityville Horror, (500) Days of Summer,
Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Kick-Ass, Let Me In, Hugo, Dark Shadows and Carrie

Morgan, Piers
Born Piers Stefan O'Meara, British journalist, television host and former television talent
competition judge currently working in the United States, working as the editorial director of First
News, a national newspaper for children published in the UK and host of Piers Morgan Live on
CNN, which he began hosting on 17 January 2011

Morimoto, Kozueko
Creator of the manga series Gokusen

Morita, Pat
American film and television actor who was well known for playing the roles of Matsuo
“Arnold”Takahashi on Happy Days and Keisuke Miyagi in the The Karate Kid movie series, for
which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1984

Morley, Eric
Founder of the Miss World pageant

Morrison, Marion Robert

Real name of actor John Wayne, famous for the films The Quiet Man, The Searchers, Rio Bravo
and The Shootist

Mortensen, Viggo
American actor who played the role as Aragorn in the epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings

Mortenson, Norma Jeane

Real name of American actress Marilyn Monroe
First centerfold model of Playboy

Mötley Crüe
American heavy metal band described through the years as the World's Most Notorious Rock Band

Mouse, Timothy Q.
Friend of Dumbo

Move Over, Darling

1963 remake of the 1940 screwball comedy My Favorite Wife that starred Irene Dunne, Cary Grant
and Gail Patrick

Movie coda
Alternative name for a post-credits scene

“The Mozart of Madras”

Nickname given to Academy Award-winning composer Allahrakka (A. R.) Rahman

MTV Movie Awards winners

Best Female
Year Best Movie Best Male Performer
Performer
Arnold
Linda Hamilton,
Terminator 2: Schwarzenegger,
1992 Terminator 2:
Judgment Day Terminator 2:
Judgment Day
Judgment Day
Denzel Washington, Sharon Stone, Basic
1993 A Few Good Men
Malcolm X Instinct
Tom Hanks, Janet Jackson, Poetic
1994 Menace II Society
Philadelphia Justice
Brad Pitt, Interview
1995 Pulp Fiction Sandra Bullock, Speed
with the Vampire
Jim Carrey, Ace
Alicia Silverstone,
1996 Se7en Ventura: When Nature
Clueless
Calls
Tom Cruise, Jerry Claire Danes, Romeo
1997 Scream
Maguire + Juliet
Leonardo DiCaprio, Neve Campbell,
1998 Titanic
Titanic Scream 2
There’s Something Jim Carrey, The Cameron Diaz, There’s
1999
About Mary Truman Show Something About Mary
Keanu Reeves, The Sarah Michelle Gellar,
2000 The Matrix
Matrix Cruel Intentions
Tom Cruise, Mission: Julia Roberts, Erin
2001 Gladiator
Impossible 2 Brockovich
The Lord of the Rings:
Nicole Kidman,
2002 The Fellowship of the Will Smith, Ali
Moulin Rouge!
Ring
The Lord of the Rings: Kirsten Dunst, Spider-
2003 Eminem, 8 Mile
The Two Towers Man
Johnny Depp, Pirates
The Lord of the Rings: Uma Thurman, Kill
2004 of the Caribbean: The
The Return of the King Bill, Vol. 1
Curse of the Black
 Best Female
Year Best Movie Best Male Performer
Performer
Pearl
Leonardo DiCaprio, Lindsay Lohan, Mean
2005 Napoleon Dynamite
The Aviator Girls
2006 Wedding Crashers Jake Gyllenhaal, Brokeback Mountain
Pirates of the
Johnny Depp, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead
2007 Caribbean: Dead
Man’s Chest
Man’s Chest
Will Smith, I Am
2008 Transformers Ellen Page, Juno
Legend
Zac Efron, High
Kristen Stewart,
2009 Twilight School Musical 3:
Twilight
Senior Year
Robert Pattinson, The Kristen Stewart, The
The Twilight Saga:
2010 Twilight Saga: New Twilight Saga: New
New Moon
Moon Moon
The Twilight Saga: Robert Pattinson, The Kristen Stewart, The
2011
Eclipse Twilight Saga: Eclipse Twilight Saga: Eclipse
The Twilight Saga:
Josh Hutcherson, The Jennifer Lawrence,
2012 Breaking Dawn – Part
Hunger Games The Hunger Games
1
Jennifer Lawrence,
Bradley Cooper, Silver
2013 Marvel’s The Avengers Silver Linings
Linings Playbook
Playbook

MTV Video Music Award winners

Video of the Best Female

Year Best Male Video Best New Artist
Year Video
“Sweet Dreams
“Girls Just Want
“You Might “China Girl”, (Are Made of
1984 to Have Fun”,
Think”, The Cars David Bowie This”,
Cyndi Lauper
Eurhythmics
“The Boys of “What's Love Got
“I'm on Fire”, “Voices Carry”,
1985 Summer”, Don to Do with It”,
Bruce Springsteen 'Til Tuesday
Henley Tina Turner
“Money for “Addicted to “How Will I
“Take on Me”, a-
1986 Nothing”, Dire Love”, Robert Know”, Whitney
ha
Straits Palmer Houston
“Sledgehammer”, “Sledgehammer”, “Papa Don't “Don't Dream It's
1987
Peter Gabriel Peter Gabriel Preach”, Over”, Crowded
 Video of the Best Female
Year Best Male Video Best New Artist
Year Video
Madonna House
“U Got the
“Need You “Welcome to the
Look”, Prince “Luka”, Suzanne
1988 Tonight/Mediate” Jungle”, Guns N'
(featuring Sheena Vega
, INXS Roses
Easton)
“Cult of
“This Note's for “Veronica”, Elvis “Straight Up”,
1989 Personality”,
You”, Neil Young Costello Paula Abdul
Living Colour
“Nothing “The End of “Nothing
“No Myth”,
1990 Compares 2 U”, Innocence”, Don Compares 2 U”,
Michael Penn
Sinéad O'Connor Henley Sinéad O'Connor
“Love Will Never
“Wicked Game “Right Here,
“Losing My Do (Without
1991 (Concept)”, Chris Right Now”,
Religion”, R.E.M. You)”, Janet
Isaak Jesus Jones
Jackson
“Tears in Heaven “Smells Like
“Right Now”, “Why”, Annie
1992 (Performance)”, Teen Spirit”,
Van Halen Lennox
Eric Clapton Nirvana
“Are You Gonna “Constant
“Jeremy”, Pearl “Plush”, Stone
1993 Go My Way”, Craving”, k.d.
Jam Temple Pilots
Lenny Kravitz lang
“Mary Jane's Last
“Cryin'“, Dance”, Tom “If”, Janet “Mr. Jones”,
1994
Aerosmith Petty and the Jackson Counting Crows
Heartbreakers
“You Don't Know “Hold My Hand”,
“Waterfalls”, “Take a Bow”,
1995 How It Feels”, Hootie & the
TLC Madonna
Tom Petty Blowfish
“Tonight,
Tonight”, The “Where It's At”, “Ironic”, Alanis “Ironic”, Alanis
1996
Smashing Beck Morissette Morissette
Pumpkin
“Virtual “You Were
“Devils Haircut”, “Sleep to Dream”,
1997 Insanity”, Meant for Me”,
Beck Fiona Apple
Jamiroquai Jewel
“Ray of Light”, “Just the Two of “Ray of Light”, “Torn”, Natalie
1998
Madonna Us”, Will Smith Madonna Imbruglia
“Doo Wop (That “Doo Wop (That
“Miami”, Will “My Name Is”,
1999 Thing)”, Lauryn Thing)”, Lauryn
Smith Eminem
Hill Hill
2000 “The Real Slim “The Real Slim “Try Again”, “I Try”, Macy
 Video of the Best Female
Year Best Male Video Best New Artist
Year Video
Shady”, Eminem Shady”, Eminem Aaliyah Gray
“Lady
Marmalade”, “Let Me Blow Ya
“South Side”,
Christina Mind”, Eve “Fallin'“, Alicia
2001 Moby (featuring
Aguilera, Lil' (featuring Gwen Keys
Gwen Stefani)
Kim, Mya and Stefani)
Pink
“Without Me”, “Without Me”, “Get the Party “Complicated”,
2002
Eminem Eminem Started”, Pink Avril Lavigne
“Cry Me a “Crazy in Love”,
“Work It”, Missy “In da Club”, 50
2003 River”, Justin Beyoncé
Elliott Cent
Timberlake (featuring Jay-Z)
“Yeah!”, Usher
“Hey Ya,”, “Naughty Girl”, “This Love”,
2004 (featuring Lil Jon
OutKast Beyoncé Maroon 5
and Ludacris)
“Boulevard of “Since U Been
“Jesus Walks”, “Mr. Brightside”,
2005 Broken Dreams”, Gone”, Kelly
Kanye West The Killers
Green Day Clarkson
“I Write Sins Not
“You're “Because of “Bat Country”,
Tragedies”,
2006 Beautiful”, James You”, Kelly Avenged
Panic! At The
Blunt Clarkson Sevenfold
Disco
“Umbrella”,
Gym Class
2007 Rihanna Justin Timberlake Fergie
Heroes
(featuring Jay-Z)
“Piece of Me”, “With You”, “Piece of Me”, “Ready, Set,
2008
Britney Spears Chris Brown Britney Spears Go!”, Tokio Hotel
“Single Ladies “Live Your Life”,
“You Belong with “Poker Face”,
2009 (Put a Ring on It), T.I. (featuring
Me”, Taylor Swift Lady Gaga
Beyoncé Rihanna)
“Baby”, Justin
“Bad Romance”, “Not Afraid”, “Bad Romance”,
2010 Bieber (featuring
Lady Gaga Eminem Lady Gaga
Ludacris)
“Firework”, Katy “U Smile”, Justin “Born This Way”, “Yonkers”, Tyler,
2011
Perry Bieber Lady Gaga the Creator
“We Found
“Turn Up the “What Makes
Love”, Rihanna “Starships”, Nicki
2012 Music”, Chris You Beautiful”,
(featuring Calvin Minaj
Brown One Direction
Harris)
“Mirrors”, Justin “Locked Out of “I Knew You “What About
2013
Timberlake Heaven”, Bruno Were Trouble”, Love”, Austin
 Video of the Best Female
Year Best Male Video Best New Artist
Year Video
Mars Taylor Swift Mahone

Mull of Kintyre test

Purported to be an unofficial guideline said to have been used by the British Board of Film
Classification to decide whether an image of a man's penis could be shown

Murch, Walter
Sound editor responsible for the utterance which sparked the name for Star Wars character R2D2

Murnau, F. W.
German film director whose best known film is Nosferatu

Murphy, Alex
Real name of the fictional character RoboCop

Murphy, Donna
Provided the voice of Mother Gothel in the 2010 film Tangled

Murray, Mae
First person to dunk a doughnut into a cup of coffee

Mushu
In the movie Mulan, dragon that protected Mulan during her secretdeparture to fight in the war

Music Boys Live in Absolute Quality

Meaning of South Korean quintet male vocal group MBLAQ, created by South-Korean entertainer
Rain (Jung Ji-hoon)

Music for UNICEF Concert: A Gift of Song

Benefit concert of popular music held at the United Nations General Assembly in New York
intended to raise money for UNICEF world hunger programs and to mark the beginning of the
International Year of the Child

My Fair Lady
Musical derived from the George Bernard Shaw novel Pygmalion

“My Life Would Suck Without You”

Single by Kelly Clarkson that holds the Billboard Hot 100 record for biggest jump to number one
and biggest single-week upward movements

My Man Godfrey
1936 American screwball comedy film directed by Gregory La Cava that became the first movie to
be nominated in all four Academy Award acting categories
Only film in Oscar history to receive a nomination in all four acting categories and not be
nominated for Best Picture
Only film to be nominated in the six categories and not receive an award

My Week with Marilyn

2011 British drama film directed by Simon Curtis and written by Adrian Hodges based on two
books by Colin Clark that depicts the making of the 1957 film The Prince and the Showgirl, which
starred Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier

Myers, Stanley
British film composer best known for his guitar piece “Cavatina” that served as the signature theme
for Michael Cimino's 1978 film The Deer Hunter

“Mystery Machine”
Van painted with psychedelic colors and flower power imagery in the animated cartoon franchise
Scooby Doo

Nanook of the North

1922 silent documentary film by Robert J. Flaherty which captured the struggles of the Inuk
Nanook and his family in the Canadian Arctic
Considered to be the first feature-length documentary

Nast, Thomas
German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the “Father of
the American Cartoon” whose notable works include the creation of the modern version of Santa
Claus and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party

NCC-1701
Registry number of the USS Enterprise, the central starship in Star Trek

Neeson, Liam
Irish actor best known for his roles in Schindler’s List, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace,
Michael Collins, Taken, Kinsey, Batman Begins and Darkman

Nemo’s
Name of the restaurant in the TV sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond

Neon Trees
American alternative rock band from Provo, Utah whose first single is “Animal”

Neuralyzer
Device used to make people forget in the Men in Black film franchise

Newman, Alfred
American composer who won nine Academy Awards, more than any other composer in Oscar
history

Newton, John
English clergyman who wrote the words of the Christian hymn “Amazing Grace”

Nichols, Dudley
American screenwriter who became the first artist to refuse an Academy Award

Nicholson, John Joseph “Jack”

Two-time winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor for One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and
for As Good as It Gets and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the 1983 film
Terms of Endearment
Nielsen, Brigitte
Played Ingrid Knudsen in the 1986 film Cobra

Nightlock
Name given to the wild plant with poisonous berries that Katniss Everdeenand Peeta Mellark used
to win the 74th Hunger Games

Nigma, Edward E.
Alter-ego of Batman adversary The Riddler

Noo-noo
Teletubbies’ guardian and housekeeper

Norman, Steve
English musician who plays saxophone, guitar, percussion, and other instruments, for Spandau
Ballet

North by Northwest
American thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock that is generally cited as the first to feature
extended use of kinetic typography in its opening credits

Not Tonight, Josephine

Working title of the film Some Like It Hot

Number one debuts in Billboard Hot 100

Date Artist Single

September 2, 1995 Michael Jackson “You Are Not Alone”
September 30, 1995 Mariah Carey “Fantasy”
November 25, 1995 Whitney Houston “Exhale (Shoop Shoop)
December 2, 1995 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men “One Sweet Day”
Puff Daddy and Faith Evans
June 14, 1997 “I'll Be Missing You”
featuring 112
September 13, 1997 Mariah Carey “Honey”
“Candle in the Wind 1997” /
October 11, 1997 Sir Elton John “Something About the Way
You Look Tonight”
February 28, 1998 Céline Dion “My Heart Will Go On”
September 5, 1998 Aerosmith “I Don't Want to Miss a Thing”
November 14, 1998 Lauryn Hill “Doo Wop (That Thing)”
June 28, 2003 Clay Aiken “This Is The Night”
July 10, 2004 Fantasia “I Believe”
July 2, 2005 Carrie Underwood “Inside Your Heaven”
 Date Artist Single
July 1, 2006 Taylor Hicks “Do I Make You Proud”
October 24, 2009 Britney Spears “3”
May 22, 2010 Eminem “Not Afraid”
November 13, 2010 Ke$ha “We R Who We R”
January 29, 2011 Britney Spears “Hold It Against Me”
February 26, 2011 Lady Gaga “Born This Way”
March 3, 2012 Katy Perry “Part of Me”
March 2, 2013 Baauer “Harlem Shake”

O’Brien, Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette

Real name of English pop singer Dusty Springfield

O’Donoghue, Danny
Frontman of The Script

O’Loughlin, Alex
Australian actor who currently stars in CBS’s Hawaii Five-0 as Lieutenant Commander Steve
McGarrett

O’Neill, Oona
Fourth and last wife of British comic and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin

O'Riordan, Dolores
Irish singer, guitarist and songwriter who led the rock band The Cranberries to worldwide success
for thirteen years before the band took a break from 2003 until it reunited in 2009

O'Sullivan, Maureen
Irish actress best known for playing Jane in the Tarzan film series starring Johnny Weissmüller

O'Toole, Peter
Irish-born British reared actor who achieved stardom playing T. E. Lawrence in the 1962 film
Lawrence of Arabia
Provided the voice of Anton Ego in Ratatouille
Holds the record for the most Academy Award acting nominations without a win

Oakley, Annie
Famous markswoman once shot a cigarette from themouth of Kaiser Wilhelm II on a tour to Europe

Oda, Eiichiro
Japanese manga artist, best known for his long-running series One Piece, which is the highest-
selling manga series of all time

Oka, Masayori
Japanese-American actor and digital effects artist became widely known for his role on NBC’s
Heroes as Hiro Nakamura
Oklahoma!
First gold album to be certified by RIAA (1958)

Oldboy
2003 South Korean mystery thriller film directed by Park Chan-wook that won the Grand Prix at
the 2004 Cannes Film Festival

Olive
Real first name of singer Marie Osmond

Oliver
First name of Little Orphan Annie character “Daddy” Warbucks

Olsson
Real surname of Swedish-American actress Ann-Margret

“One Sweet Day”

Song by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey and R&B group Boyz II Men that became the
longest running number one song in US chart history

Opel, Robert
Man who streaked during the 46th Academy Awards (1974)

Orbison, Roy
Also known by the nickname The Big O, American singer-songwriter, best known for his
distinctive, powerful voice, complex compositions, and dark emotional ballads whose hits include
“Only the Lonely”, “Crying”, and “Oh, Pretty Woman”

Original names of band groups

Bachman Turner Overdrive - Brave Belt

Badfinger - The Iveys
The Band - The Hawks
Barenaked Ladies - Free Beer
Beach Boys - The Pendletones
The Beatles - Johnny & The Moondogs, The Quarrymen
Bee Gees - The Rattlesnakes
Black Crowes - Mr. Crowes Garden
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club - The Other Gang
Black Sabbath - The Polka Tulk Blues Band, Earth
Boom Town Rats – Nightlife Thugs
Chicago - Chicago Transit Authority
Coldplay - Starfish
Creedence Clearwater Revival - The Golliwogs
The Cure - Easy Cure
Def Leppard - Atomic Mass
The Doors - Psychedelic Rangers
Goo Goo Dolls - The Sex Maggots
Grateful Dead - Mother Mcree’s Uptown Jug Champions, The Warlocks
Green Day - Sweet Children
Guster - Gus
Jimi Hendrix Experience - Jimmy James & The Blue Flames
Klaxons - Klaxons (Not Centaurs)
Led Zeppelin – The New Yardbirds
Maroon 5 – Kara’s Flowers
Nirvana - Pen Cap Chew, Skid Row
Oasis - Rain
Queen - Smile
Pearl Jam - Mookie Blaylock
Pink Floyd - Tea Set, Meggadeath
Phish - Blackwood Convention
Pixies - Pixies In Panoply
The Pogues - Póg mo Thóin (Kiss my Ass)
Radiohead - On A Friday
Red Hot Chili Peppers - Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem
REM - Cans Of Piss, Negro Wives
Slayer - Dragon Slayer
Snow Patrol – Polar Bear
Stone Temple Pilots – Mighty Joe Young
The Supremes – The Primettes
U2 - Feedback
Van Halen - Rat Salad, Mammoth
The Who - The High Numbers, The Detours
The Yardbirds - Metropolis Blues Quartet

Orion Pax
Original name of Optimus Prime

Orr, Benjamin
Bassist and vocalist for the rock band The Cars

Orr, Sheena Shirley

Real name of Scottish recording artist Sheena Easton

Osbourne, Ozzy
English musician who rose to prominence in the early 1970s as the lead vocalist of the pioneering
English rock band Black Sabbath

Otaku
Japanese term for “obsessed anime fan”

Our Versions of Events

Album by Emeli Sande that beaten the record of Beatles' Please Please Me for spending the most
consecutive weeks in the UK Official Albums Chart Top 10 of any debut album

Our World
First live, international, satellite television production, which was broadcast on 25 June 1967

Owens, Dana Elaine

Real name of American singer-songwriter Queen Latifah

Pacino, Al
Played Michael Corleone in The Godfather trilogy and Tony Montana in Scarface
Played Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman

Palicki, Adrianne
Played Lady Jaye in the 2013 film G.I. Joe: Retaliation

Papathanassiou, Evangelos Odysseas

Real name of Greek composer Vangelis, best known for his Academy Award-winning score for the
film Chariots of Fire, and composing scores for the films Antarctica, Blade Runner, 1492:
Conquest of Paradise and Alexander

Paquin, Anna
Canadian-born New Zealand actress who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for
her role in the film The Piano

Pardo, Don
American radio and TV announcer best known as the voice of the long-running late night sketch
comedy show Saturday Night Live

Parker, Alan
English film director whose works include Bugsy Malone, Midnight Express, Fame, The
Commitments, Evita and The Life of David Gale

Parker, CJ
Character played by Pamela Anderson in the TV series Baywatch

Parker, Peter
Alter-ego of Spider-Man

Patrick, Tara Leigh

Real name of American actress-singer Carmen Electra

Pathé Frères
French company that invented the newsreel that was shown in theaters prior to a feature film

Pattinson, Robert
Played Edward Cullen in the film adaptations of the Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer

“Peacock Network”
Moniker for the American TV network National Broadcasting Corporation

Peckinpah, Sam
American film director and screenwriter who achieved prominence following the release of the
Western epic The Wild Bunch

People Magazine Sexiest Man Alive

1985 Mel Gibson

1986 Mark Harmon
1987 Harry Hamlin
1988 John F. Kennedy, Jr.
 1989 Sean Connery
1990 Tom Cruise
1991 Patrick Swayze
1992 Nick Nolte
1993 Richard Gere, Cindy Crawford
1995 Brad Pitt
1996 Denzel Washington
1997 George Clooney
1998 Harrison Ford
1999 Richard Gere
2000 Brad Pitt
2001 Pierce Brosnan
2002 Ben Affleck
2003 Johnny Depp
2004 Jude Law
2005 Matthew McConaughey
2006 George Clooney
2007 Matt Damon
2008 Hugh Jackman
2009 Johnny Depp
2010 Ryan Reynolds
2011 Bradley Cooper
2012 Channing Tatum
2013 Adam Levine

Peppard, George
Played the role of Paul Varjak in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's

Perlman, Rhea Jo
American actress best known for her role as Carla Tortelli on the sitcom Cheers

Perrine, Valerie
Played Eve Teschmacher in the 1978 film Superman

Pesci, Joe
Winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the psychopathic mobster
Tommy DeVito in Goodfellas
Pet Shop Boys
English electronic pop duo, consisting of Neil Tennant, who provides main vocals, keyboards and
occasional guitar, and Chris Lowe on keyboards and occasional vocals

Petersen, Wolfgang
German film director and screenwriter whose works include Das Boot, The Neverending Story,
Enemy Mine, In the Line of Fire, Outbreak, Air Force One, The Perfect Storm, Troy, and Poseidon

Petty, Tom
Front man of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and was a founding member of the late 1980s
supergroup Traveling Wilburys and Mudcrutch

The Phantom of the Opera

Musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart that is the longest running
show in Broadway history by a wide margin, and celebrated its 10,000th Broadway performance on
11 February 2012, the first production ever to do so

Philadelphia
1993 American drama film that became one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to
acknowledge HIV/AIDS, homosexuality, and homophobia

Phillips, Julia
First female producer to win an Academy Award for Best Film (The Sting)

Piano
Musical instrument of jazz musician Jelly Roll Morton

Pickens, Slim
Born Louis Burton Lindley, Jr., American rodeo performer and film and television actor who
epitomized the profane, tough, sardonic cowboy, but who is best remembered for his comic roles,
notably in Dr. Strangelove and Blazing Saddles
Rode in a dropped H-bomb to a certain death, whooping and waving his cowboy hat (in the manner
of a rodeo performer bronc riding or bull riding), not knowing its detonation will trigger a Russian
doomsday device in Dr. Strangelove

Pikasso Guitar
Instrument designed and built by Canadian master luthier Linda Manzer

Pinewood Studios
Home of the Carry On, Superman, and James Bond film series

Pinheiro, Heloísa
Brazilian model and businesswoman who inspired the lyrics to the song “The Girl From Ipanema”

Pink film
Broad cinematic term used to categorize a wide variety of Japanese films with adult content

The Pips
Backing group of Gladys Knight

Plan B Entertainment
American film production company founded by Brad Pitt, Brad Grey, and Jennifer Aniston

Plane Crazy
American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks released in 1929 by The
Walt Disney Studio, which was the first creation of the character Mickey Mouse

Plant, Robert
Lead vocalist and lyricist of Led Zeppelin

Pleasance, Donald
English actor whose most notable film roles include psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis in the Halloween
series, the villain Ernest Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film You Only Live Twice and RAF
Lieutenant Colin Blythe in The Great Escape

Plummer, Christopher
Oldest actor and person ever to win an Academy Award, provided the voice of Charles Muntz in
the animated film Up

Pointy-haired boss
Title character’s boss in the Dilbert comic stip

Poitier, Sydney
First black person to win an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Lilies of the Field
First African American to receive the American Film Institute’s Lifetime Achievement Award

“Poor Little Fool”

Song by Ricky Nelson that became the first number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100

Porter, Edwin Stanton

American early film pioneer, most famous as a director with Thomas Edison’s company who
directed the films Life of an American Fireman and The Great Train Robbery

Portman, Natalie
Born Natalie Hershlag, winner of the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award, the BAFTA
Award, the Screen Actors Guild Award, and the Independent Spirit Award for her lead performance
as Nina Sayers in Black Swan
Played Mathilda in the 1994 film Léon (The Professional)

Pottsylvania
Fictional country led by the Fearless Leader that appeared in the TV series Rocky and his Friends
and The Bullwinkle Show

Presley, Elvis
Best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music

Previn, Andre
German-American pianist, conductor, and composer considered one of the most versatile musicians
in the world and is the winner of four Academy Awards for his film work and ten Grammy Awards
for his recordings

Pride
Last name of Woody
Prince
Born Prince Rogers Nelson, American singer-songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist and actor
whose hit singles include “Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?” and “I Wanna Be Your Lover”

Prince, Diana
Alter ego of Wonder Woman

Prinze, Freddie James

Born Frederick Karl Pruetzel, American actor and stand-up comedian, the star of 1970s sitcom
Chico and the Man

Psycho
1960 Alfred Hitchcock film released along with manuals to theaters that gave explicit instructions
not to let any movie-goer in after the movie began

“Puff, the Magic Dragon”

Song written by Leonard Lipton and Peter Yarrow, and made popular by Yarrow’s group Peter,
Paul and Mary in a 1963 recording

Pugh, Virginia Wynette

Real name of American country music singer-songwriter Tammy Wynette, nicknamed the “First
Lady of Country Music” and best-known for the song “Stand by Your Man”

Pukkelpop
Annual music festival which takes place near the city of Hasselt, Belgium in mid-to-late August

Pumbaa
First character to fart in a Disney movie

Puss Gets the Boot

First animated short subject in the Tom and Jerry series

Pygmalion
Play by George Bernard Shaw that was the basis for the musical My Fair Lady

Pyle, Denver
American actor best remembered for having portrayed Briscoe Darling on several episodes of The
Andy Griffith Show and also as Uncle Jesse in The Dukes of Hazzard from 1979 to 1985

Pytka, Joe
Director of 1996 film Space Jam

Quaid, Randy
Played Russell Casse in Independence Day and Joe in Brokeback Mountain

The Quarrymen
British skiffle and rock and roll group, formed by John Lennon in Liverpool in 1956, which
eventually evolved into the Beatles in 1960

Queen, Oliver
Alter ego of Green Arrow
“Queen of Soul”
Nickname given to American singer Aretha Franklin whose hits include “I Never Loved a Man
(The Way I Love You)”,”(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman”,”Think”, “Chain of Fools”
and “Respect”

Queen’s Hall
Home of the promenade concerts (“The Proms”) founded by Robert Newman together with Henry
Wood from 1895 until 1941

Questel, Mae
American actress best known for providing the voices for the animated characters Betty Boop and
Olive Oyl

Quintanilla-Pérez, Selena
The only female artist to have five albums in U.S. Billboard 200 at the same time, murdered at the
age of 23 on March 31, 1995 by Yolanda Saldívar, the former president of her fan club

“Radio Ga Ga”
Queen song that became the basis of Lady Gaga’s stage name

Raimbaud, Jean-Yves
Creator of French animated comedy series Oggy and the Cockroaches

Raja Harischandra
First full-length Indian feature film

Ramsay, Gordon
British chef known for presenting TV programs about competitive cookery and food, such as the
British series Hell’s Kitchen, The F Word, Ramsay’s Best Restaurant, Ramsay’s Kitchen
Nightmares, Gordon’s Great Escape, Gordon Behind Bars, and Gordon Ramsay’s Ultimate
Cookery Course, along with the American versions of Hell’s Kitchen, Kitchen Nightmares,
MasterChef, and Hotel Hell

Randolph, Boots
American musician best known for his 1963 saxophone hit “Yakety Sax”

Ranier, Luise
First person ever to win two consecutive Academy Awards

Rastapopoulos
Primary antagonist of The Adventures of Tintin comic series

Rawhide
Only Hollywood movie in which Lou Gehrig made a screen appearance

Record of a Sneeze
World’s first copyrighted motion picture made by Thomas Edison

Redgrave, Lynn
Played the title role in the 1966 film Georgy Girl
Redgrave, Vanessa
English actress who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the 1977
film Julia

Reed, Lou
Principal songwriter of The Velvet Underground

Rees, David
American cartoonist and humorist whose best-known work combines bland clip art with outrageous
“trash talk”to incongruous effect

Reeve, Christopher
American actor who achieved stardom for his acting achievements, in particular his motion-picture
portrayal of the fictional superhero Superman

“Reflection”
Debut single by American recording artist Christina Aguilera

Regeneration
Biological ability exhibited by Time Lords, a race of fictional humanoids originating on the planet
Gallifrey, in the long running British science fiction television series Doctor Who which allows a
Time Lord who is old or mortally wounded to undergo a transformation into a new physical form
and a somewhat different personality

“Rehab”
Signature song of Amy Winehouse

Reichardt, Patricia
Real name of Peanuts character Peppermint Patty

Reichs, Kathy
American forensic anthropologist who is the producer for the TV series Bones

Remy
Name of the rat who wants to be a chef in the animated film Ratatouille

Resnais, Alain
French film director whose works include Nuit et Brouillard, Hiroshima mon amour, Last Year at
Marienbad, and Muriel

Reznor, Trent
Founder of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails

Richards, Michael
American actor, comedian, writer and television producer best known for his portrayal of Cosmo
Kramer on the television sitcom Seinfeld

Richards, Reed
Alter ego of Mister Fantastic

Rickman, Alan
Provided the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the 2005 film The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the
Galaxy
Played Severus Snape in the Harry Potter film series

Riefenstahl, Leni
German film director best known for directing the documentary film Triumph of the Will

Rigel IV
Home planet of The Simpsons characters Kang and Kodos

Riverdale
Fictional setting for the characters in the Archie comics

Ripley, Robert LeRoy

American cartoonist, entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist, who created the Ripley’s Believe It
or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd ‘facts’ from
around the world

Ripper, Brigadier General Jack

Name of the character played by Sterling Hayden in the 1964 film Dr. Strangelove

Robbins, Tim
Tallest actor ever to win an Academy Award (6’5”)

Robby the Robot

Fictional robot and early science fiction icon, first appearing in the 1956 MGM movie Forbidden
Planet

Robin Hood (1922)

First motion picture ever to have a Hollywood premiere, held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre
starring Douglas Fairbanks and Wallace Beery

Rock Werchter
Belgian annual music festival held in the village of Werchter, near Leuven, since 1976

Rockatansky, Max
Title character and main protagonist of the Mad Max film franchise portrayed by Mel Gibson

Roddenberry, Gene
American television screenwriter best known for creating the original Star Trek television series
and the Star Trek science fiction franchise

Rogers, Norville
Real name of Scooby-Doo character Shaggy

Rogers, Steve
Alter ego of Captain America

“Rolling in the Deep”

2010 single by Adele that became the highest selling digital song by a female artist in the US

Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

1. Like a Rolling Stone, Bob Dylan
2. Satisfaction, The Rolling Stones
3. Imagine, John Lennon
4. What’s Going On, Marvin Gaye
5. Respect, Aretha Franklin
6. Good Vibrations, The Beach Boys
7. Johnny B. Goode, Chuck Berry
8. Hey Jude, The Beatles
9. Smells Like Teen Spirit, Nirvana
10. What’d I Say, Ray Charles
11. My Generation, The Who
12. A Change Is Gonna Come, Sam Cooke
13. Yesterday, The Beatles
14. Blowin’ in the Wind, Bob Dylan
15. London Calling, The Clash
16. I Want to Hold Your Hand, The Beatles
17. Purple Haze, Jimi Hendrix
18. Maybellene, Chuck Berry
19. Hound Dog, Elvis Presley
20. Let It Be, The Beatles
21. Born to Run, Bruce Springsteen
22. Be My Baby, The Ronettes
23. In My Life, The Beatles
24. People Get Ready, The Impressions
25. God Only Knows, The Beach Boys
26. A Day in the Life, The Beatles
27. Layla, Derek and the Dominos
28. (Sittin on) the Dock of the Bay, Otis Redding
29. Help!, The Beatles
30. I Walk the Line, Johnny Cash
31. Stairway To Heaven, Led Zeppelin
32. Sympathy for the Devil, The Rolling Stones
33. River Deep - Mountain High, Ike and Tina Turner
34. You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feelin’, The Righteous Brothers
35. Light My Fire, The Doors
36. One, U2
37. No Woman, No Cry, Bob Marley and the Wailers
38. Gimme Shelter, The Rolling Stones
39. That’ll Be the Day, Buddy Holly and the Crickets
40. Dancing in the Street, Martha and the Vandellas
41. The Weight, The Band
42. Waterloo Sunset, The Kinks
43. Tutti-Frutti, Little Richard
44. Georgia on My Mind, Ray Charles
45. Heartbreak Hotel, Elvis Presley
46. Heroes, David Bowie
47. Bridge Over Troubled Water, Simon and Garfunkel
48. All Along the Watchtower, Jimi Hendrix
49. Hotel California, The Eagles
50. The Tracks of My Tears, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
51. The Message, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
52. When Doves Cry, Prince
53. Anarchy in the U.K., The Sex Pistols
54. When a Man Loves a Woman, Percy Sledge
55. Louie Louie, The Kingsmen
56. Long Tall Sally, Little Richard
57. Whiter Shade of Pale, Procol Harum
58. Billie Jean, Michael Jackson
59. The Times They Are A-Changin’, Bob Dylan
60. Let’s Stay Together, Al Green
61. Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin On, Jerry Lee Lewis
62. Bo Diddley, Bo Diddley
63. For What It’s Worth, Buffalo Springfield
64. She Loves You, The Beatles
65. Sunshine of Your Love, Cream
66. Redemption Song, Bob Marley and the Wailers
67. Jailhouse Rock, Elvis Presley
68. Tangled Up in Blue, Bob Dylan
69. Crying, Roy Orbison
70. Walk On By, Dionne Warwick
71. California Girls, The Beach Boys
72. Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag, James Brown
73. Summertime Blues, Eddie Cochran
74. Superstition, Stevie Wonder
75. Whole Lotta Love, Led Zeppelin
76. Strawberry Fields Forever, The Beatles
77. Mystery Train, Elvis Presley
78. I Got You (I Feel Good), James Brown
79. Mr. Tambourine Man, The Byrds
80. I Heard It Through the Grapevine, Marvin Gaye
81. Blueberry Hill, Fats Domino
82. You Really Got Me, The Kinks
83. Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown), The Beatles
84. Every Breath You Take, The Police
85. Crazy, Patsy Cline
86. Thunder Road, Bruce Springsteen
87. Ring of Fire, Johnny Cash
88. My Girl, The Temptations
89. California Dreamin’, The Mamas and The Papas
90. In the Still of the Nite, The Five Satins
91. Suspicious Minds, Elvis Presley
92. Blitzkrieg Bop, Ramones
93. I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For, U2
94. Good Golly, Miss Molly, Little Richard
95. Blue Suede Shoes, Carl Perkins
96. Great Balls of Fire, Jerry Lee Lewis
97. Roll Over Beethoven, Chuck Berry
98. Love and Happiness, Al Green
99. Fortunate Son, Creedence Clearwater Revival
100. You Can’t Always Get What You Want, The Rolling Stones
101. Voodoo Child (Slight Return), Jimi Hendrix
102. Be-Bop-A-Lula, Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps
103. Hot Stuff, Donna Summer
104. Living for the City, Stevie Wonder
105. The Boxer, Simon and Garfunkel
106. Mr. Tambourine Man, Bob Dylan
107. Not Fade Away, Buddy Holly and the Crickets
108. Little Red Corvette, Prince
109. Brown Eyed Girl, Van Morrison
110. I’ve Been Loving You Too Long (to Stop Now), Otis Redding
111. I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry, Hank Williams
112. That’s All Right, Elvis Presley
113. Up on the Roof, The Drifters
114. Da Doo Ron Ron (When He Walked Me Home), The Crystals
115. You Send Me, Sam Cooke
116. Honky Tonk Women, The Rolling Stones
117. Take Me to the River , Al Green
118. Shout (Parts 1 and 2)], The Isley Brothers
119. Go Your Own Way, Fleetwood Mac
120. I Want You Back,The Jackson 5
121. Stand By Me, Ben E. King
122. House of the Rising Sun, The Animals
123. It’s a Man’s Man’s Man’s World, James Brown
124. Jumpin’ Jack Flash, The Rolling Stones
125. Will You Love Me Tomorrow, The Shirelles
126. Shake, Rattle & Roll, Big Joe Turner
127. Changes, David Bowie
128. Rock & Roll Music, Chuck Berry
129. Born to Be Wild, Steppenwolf
130. Maggie May, Rod Stewart
131. With or Without You, U2
132. Who Do You Love, Bo Diddley
133. Won’t Get Fooled Again, The Who
134. In the Midnight Hour, Wilson Pickett
135. While My Guitar Gently Weeps, The Beatles
136. Your Song, Elton John
137. Eleanor Rigby, The Beatles
138. Family Affair, Sly and the Family Stone
139. I Saw Her Standing There, The Beatles
140. Kashmir, Led Zeppelin
141. All I Have to Do Is Dream, The Everly Brothers
142. Please, Please, Please, James Brown
143. Purple Rain, Prince
144. I Wanna Be Sedated, The Ramones
145. Everyday People, Sly and the Family Stone
146. Rock Lobster, The B-52’s
147. Lust for Life, Iggy Pop
148. Me and Bobby McGee, Janis Joplin
149. Cathy’s Clown, The Everly Brothers
150. Eight Miles High, The Byrds
151. Earth Angel, The Penguins
152. Foxey Lady, Jimi Hendrix
153. A Hard Day’s Night, The Beatles
154. Rave On, Buddy Holly and the Crickets
155. Proud Mary, Creedence Clearwater Revival
156. The Sounds of Silence, Simon and Garfunkel
157. I Only Have Eyes for You, The Flamingos
158. (We’re Gonna) Rock Around the Clock, Bill Haley and His Comets
159. I’m Waiting for the Man, The Velvet Underground
160. Bring the Noise, Public Enemy
161. I Can’t Stop Loving You, Ray Charles
162. Nothing Compares 2 U, Sinead O’Connor
163. Bohemian Rhapsody, Queen
164. Folsom Prison Blues, Johnny Cash
165. Fast Car, Tracy Chapman
166. Lose Yourself , Eminem
167. Let’s Get It On, Marvin Gaye
168. Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone, The Temptations
169. Losing My Religion, R.E.M.
170. Both Sides Now, Joni Mitchell
171. Dancing Queen, Abba
172. Dream On, Aerosmith
173. God Save the Queen, The Sex Pistols
174. Paint It, Black, The Rolling Stones
175. I Fought the Law, The Bobby Fuller Four
176. Don’t Worry Baby, The Beach Boys
177. Free Fallin’, Tom Petty
178. September Gurls, Big Star
179. Love Will Tear Us Apart, Joy Division
180. Hey Ya!, Outkast
181. Green Onions, Booker T. and the MG’s
182. Save the Last Dance for Me, The Drifters
183. The Thrill Is Gone, B.B. King
184. Please Please Me, The Beatles
185. Desolation Row, Bob Dylan
186. I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You), Aretha Franklin
187. Back in Black, AC/DC
188. Who’ll Stop the Rain,Creedence Clearwater Revival
189. Stayin’ Alive, The Bee Gees
190. Knocking on Heaven’s Door, Bob Dylan
191. Free Bird, Lynyrd Skynyrd
192. Wichita Lineman, Glen Campbell
193. There Goes My Baby, The Drifters
194. Peggy Sue, Buddy Holly
195. Maybe, The Chantels
196. Sweet Child O’ Mine, Guns N’ Roses
197. Don’t Be Cruel, Elvis Presley
198. Hey Joe, Jimi Hendrix
199. Flash Light, Parliament
200. Loser, Beck
201. Bizarre Love Triangle, New Order
202. Come Together, The Beatles
203. Positively 4th Street, Bob Dylan
204. Try a Little Tenderness, Otis Redding
205. Lean On Me, Bill Withers
206. Reach Out, I’ll Be There, The Four Tops
207. Bye Bye Love, The Everly Brothers
208. Gloria, Them
209. In My Room, The Beach Boys
210. 96 Tears, ? and the Mysterians
211. Caroline, No, The Beach Boys
212. 1999, Prince
213. Your Cheatin’ Heart, Hank Williams
214. Rockin’ in the Free World, Neil Young
215. Sh-Boom, The Chords
216. Do You Believe in Magic, The Lovin’ Spoonful
217. Jolene, Dolly Parton
218. Boom Boom, John Lee Hooker
219. Spoonful, Howlin’ Wolf
220. Walk Away Renee, The Left Banke
221. Walk on the Wild Side, Lou Reed
222. Oh, Pretty Woman, Roy Orbison
223. Dance to the Music, Sly and the Family Stone
224. Good Times, Chic
225. Hoochie Coochie Man, Muddy Waters
226. Moondance, Van Morrison
227. Fire and Rain, James Taylor
228. Should I Stay or Should I Go, The Clash
229. Mannish Boy, Muddy Waters
230. Just Like a Woman, Bob Dylan
231. Sexual Healing, Marvin Gaye
232. Only the Lonely, Roy Orbison
233. We Gotta Get Out of This Place, The Animals
234. I’ll Feel a Whole Lot Better, The Byrds
235. I Got a Woman, Ray Charles
236. Everyday, Buddy Holly and the Crickets
237. Planet Rock, Afrika Bambaataa and the Soul Sonic Force
238. I Fall to Pieces, Patsy Cline
239. The Wanderer, Dion
240. Son of a Preacher Man, Dusty Springfield
241. Stand!, Sly and the Family Stone
242. Rocket Man, Elton John
243. Love Shack, The B-52’s
244. Gimme Some Lovin’, The Spencer Davis Group
245. The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, The Band
246. (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Jackie Wilson
247. Hot Fun in the Summertime,Sly and the Family Stone
248. Rappers Delight, The Sugarhill Gang
249. Chain of Fools, Aretha Franklin
250. Paranoid, Black Sabbath
251. Mack the Knife, Bobby Darin
252. Money Honey, The Drifters
253. All the Young Dudes, Mott the Hoople
254. Highway to Hell, AC/DC
255. Heart of Glass, Blondie
256. Paranoid Android, Radiohead
257. Wild Thing, The Troggs
258. I Can See for Miles, The Who
259. Hallelujah, Jeff Buckley
260. Oh, What a Night, The Dells
261. Higher Ground, Stevie Wonder
262. Ooo Baby Baby, Smokey Robinson
263. He’s a Rebel, The Crystals
264. Sail Away, Randy Newman
265. Tighten Up, Archie Bell and the Drells
266. Walking in the Rain, The Ronettes
267. Personality Crisis, New York Dolls
268. Sunday Bloody Sunday, U2
269. Roadrunner, The Modern Lovers
270. He Stopped Loving Her Today, George Jones
271. Sloop John B, The Beach Boys
272. Sweet Little Sixteen, Chuck Berry
273. Something, The Beatles
274. Somebody to Love, Jefferson Airplane
275. Born in the U.S.A., Bruce Springsteen
276. I’ll Take You There, The Staple Singers
277. Ziggy Stardust, David Bowie
278. Pictures of You, The Cure
279. Chapel of Love, The Dixie Cups
280. Ain’t No Sunshine, Bill Withers
281. You Are the Sunshine of My Life, Stevie Wonder
282. Help Me, Joni Mitchell
283. Call Me, Blondie
284. (What’s So Funny ‘ out) Peace Love and Understanding?, Elvis Costello and the Attractions
285. Smoke Stack Lightning, Howlin’ Wolf
286. Summer Babe, Pavement
287. Walk This Way, Run-DMC
288. Money (That’s What I Want), Barrett Strong
289. Can’t Buy Me Love, The Beatles
290. Stan, Eminem featuring Dido
291. She’s Not There, The Zombies
292. Train in Vain, The Clash
293. Tired of Being Alone, Al Green
294. Black Dog, Led Zeppelin
295. Street Fighting Man, The Rolling Stones
296. Get Up, Stand Up, Bob Marley and the Wailers
297. Heart of Gold, Neil Young
298. One Way or Another, Blondie
299. Sign ‘O’ the Times, Prince
300. Like a Prayer, Madonna
301. Do Ya Think I’m Sexy?, Rod Stewart
302. Blue Eyes Crying In the Rain, Willie Nelson
303. Ruby Tuesday, The Rolling Stones
304. With a Little Help From My Friends, The Beatles
305. Say It Loud -- I’m Black and Proud, James Brown
306. That’s Entertainment, The Jam
307. Why Do Fools Fall In Love, Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
308. Lonely Teardrops, Jackie Wilson
309. What’s Love Got To Do With It, Tina Turner
310. Iron Man, Black Sabbath
311. Wake Up Little Susie, The Everly Brothers
312. In Dreams, Roy Orbison
313. I Put a Spell on You, Screamin’ Jay Hawkins
314. Comfortably Numb, Pink Floyd
315. Don’t Let Me Be Misunderstood, The Animals
316. Wish You Were Here, Pink Floyd
317. Many Rivers to Cross, Jimmy Cliff
318. Alison, Elvis Costello
319. School’s Out, Alice Cooper
320. Heartbreaker, Led Zeppelin
321. Cortez the Killer, Neil Young
322. Fight the Power, Public Enemy
323. Dancing Barefoot, Patti Smith Group
324. Baby Love, The Supremes
325. Good Lovin’, The Young Rascals
326. Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine, James Brown
327. For Your Precious Love, Jerry Butler and the Impressions
328. The End, The Doors
329. That’s the Way of the World, Earth, Wind and Fire
330. We Will Rock You, Queen
331. I Can’t Make You Love Me, Bonnie Raitt
332. Subterranean Homesick Blues, Bob Dylan
333. Spirit in the Sky, Norman Greenbaum
334. Wild Horses, The Rolling Stones
335. Sweet Jane, The Velvet Underground
336. Walk This Way, Aerosmith
337. Beat It, Michael Jackson
338. Maybe I’m Amazed, Paul McCartney
339. You Keep Me Hanging On, The Supremes
340. Baba O’Riley, The Who
341. The Harder They Come, Jimmy Cliff
342. Runaround Sue, Dion
343. Jim Dandy, Lavern Baker
344. Piece of My Heart, Big Brother and the Holding Company
345. La Bamba, Ritchie Valens
346. California Love, Dr. Dre and 2Pac
347. Candle in the Wind, Elton John
348. That Lady (Part 1 and 2), The Isley Brothers
349. Spanish Harlem, Ben E. King
350. The Locomotion, Little Eva
351. The Great Pretender, The Platters
352. All Shook Up, Elvis Presley
353. Tears in Heaven, Eric Clapton
354. Watching the Detectives, Elvis Costello
355. Bad Moon Rising, Creedence Clearwater Revival
356. Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), Eurythmics
357. Little Wing, Jimi Hendrix
358. Nowhere to Run, Martha and the Vandellas
359. Got My Mojo Working, Muddy Waters
360. Killing Me Softly With His Song, Roberta Flack
361. Complete Control, The Clash
362. All You Need Is Love, The Beatles
363. The Letter, The Box Tops
364. Highway 61 Revisited, Bob Dylan
365. Unchained Melody, The Righteous Brothers
366. How Deep Is Your Love, The Bee Gees
367. White Room, Cream
368. Personal Jesus, Depeche Mode
369. I’m A Man, Bo Diddley
370. The Wind Cries Mary, Jimi Hendrix
371. I Can’t Explain, The Who
372. Marquee Moon, Television
373. Wonderful World, Sam Cooke
374. Brown Eyed Handsome Man, Chuck Berry
375. Another Brick in the Wall Part 2, Pink Floyd
376. Fake Plastic Trees,Radiohead
377. Hit the Road Jack, Ray Charles
378. Pride (In The Name of Love), U2
379. Radio Free Europe, R.E.M.
380. Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, Elton John
381. Tell It Like It Is, Aaron Neville
382. Bitter Sweet Symphony, The Verve
383. Whipping Post, The Allman Brothers Band
384. Ticket to Ride, The Beatles
385. Ohio, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young
386. I Know You Got Soul, Eric B and Rakim
387. Tiny Dancer, Elton John
388. Roxanne, The Police
389. Just My Imagination, The Temptations
390. Baby I Need Your Loving, The Four Tops
391. Band of Gold, Freda Payne
392. O-o-h Child, The Five Stairsteps
393. Summer in the City, The Lovin’ Spoonful
394. Can’t Help Falling in Love, Elvis Presley
395. Remember (Walkin’ in the Sand), The Shangri-Las
396. Thirteen, Big Star
397. (Don’t Fear) the Reaper, Blue Oyster Cult
398. Sweet Home Alabama, Lynyrd Skynyrd
399. Enter Sandman, Metallica
400. Kicks, Paul Revere and the Raiders
401. Tonight’s the Night, The Shirelles
402. Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin), Sly & the Family Stone
403. C’mon Everybody, Eddie Cochran
404. Visions of Johanna, Bob Dylan
405. We’ve Only Just Begun, The Carpenters
406. I Believe I Can Fly, R. Kelly
407. In Bloom, Nirvana
408. Sweet Emotion, Aerosmith
409. Crossroads, Cream
410. Monkey Gone to Heaven, Pixies
411. I Feel Love, Donna Summer
412. Ode to Billie Joe, Bobbie Gentry
413. The Girl Can’t Help It, Little Richard
414. Young Blood, The Coasters
415. I Can’t Help Myself, The Four Tops
416. The Boys of Summer, Don Henley
417. Fuck tha Police, N.W.A.
418. Suite: Judy Blue Eyes, Crosby, Stills and Nash
419. Nuthin’ But a ‘G’ Thang, Dr. Dre
420. It’s Your Thing, The Isley Brothers
421. Piano Man, Billy Joel
422. Lola, The Kinks
423. Blue Suede Shoes, Elvis Presley
424. Tumbling Dice, The Rolling Stones
425. William, It Was Really Nothing, The Smiths
426. Smoke on the Water, Deep Purple
427. New Year’s Day, U2
428. Devil With a Blue Dress On/Good Golly Miss Molly, Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels
429. Everybody Needs Somebody to Love, Solomon Burke
430. White Man in Hammersmith Palais, The Clash
431. Ain’t It a Shame, Fats Domino
432. Midnight Train to Georgia, Gladys Knight and the Pips
433. Ramble On, Led Zeppelin
434. Mustang Sally, Wilson Pickett
435. Beast of Burden, The Rolling Stones
436. Alone Again Or, Love
437. Love Me Tender, Elvis Presley
438. I Wanna Be Your Dog, The Stooges
439. Pink Houses, John Cougar Mellencamp
440. Push It, Salt-n-Pepa
441. Come Go With Me, The Del-Vikings
442. Keep a Knockin’, Little Richard
443. I Shot the Sheriff, Bob Marley and the Whailers
444. I Got You Babe, Sonny and Cher
445. Come As You Are, Nirvana
446. Pressure Drop, Toot and the Maytals
447. Leader of the Pack, The Shangri-Las
448. Heroin, The Velvet Underground
449. Penny Lane, The Beatles
450. By the Time I Get to Phoenix, Glem Campbell
451. The Twist, Chubby Checker
452. Cupid, Sam Cooke
453. Paradise City, Guns n’ Roses
454. My Sweet Lord, George Harrison
455. All Apologies, Nirvana
456. Stagger Lee, Lloyd Price
457. Sheena Is a Punk Rocker, Ramones
458. Soul Man, Sam and Dave
459. Rollin’ Stone, Muddy Waters
460. One Fine Day, The Chiffons
461. Kiss, Prince
462. Respect Yourself, The Staple Singers
463. Rain, The Beatles
464. Standing in the Shadows of Love, The Four Tops
465. Surrender, Cheap Trick
466. Runaway, Del Shannon
467. Welcome to the Jungle, Guns n’ Roses
468. Search and Destroy, The Stooges
469. It’s Too Late, Carole King
470. Free Man in Paris, Joni Mitchell
471. On the Road Again, Willie Nelson
472. Where Did Our Love Go, The Supremes
473. Do Right Woman, Do Right Man, Aretha Franklin
474. One Nation Under a Groove, Funkadelic
475. Sabotage, Beastie Boys
476. I Want to Know What Love Is,Foreigner
477. Super Freak, Rick James
478. White Rabbit, Jefferson Airplane
479. Lady Marmalade, Labelle
480. Into the Mystic, Van Morrison
481. Young Americans, David Bowie
482. I’m Eighteen, Alice Cooper
483. Just Like Heaven, The Cure
484. I Love Rock ‘N Roll, Joan Jett
485. Graceland, Paul Simon
486. How Soon Is Now?, The Smiths
487. Under the Boardwalk, The Drifters
488. Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win), Fleetwood Mac
489. I Will Survive, Gloria Gaynor
490. Brown Sugar, The Rolling Stones
491. You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me, Dusty Springfield
492. Running on Empty, Jackson Browne
493. Then He Kissed Me, The Crystals
494. Desperado, The Eagles
495. Shop Around, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
496. Miss You, The Rolling Stones
497. Buddy Holly, Weezer
498. Rainy Night in Georgia, Brook Benton
499. The Boys Are Back in Town, Thin Lizzy
500. More Than a Feeling, Boston

Romano, Ray
American actor, stand-up comedian, screenwriter and voice actor, best known for his roles on the
sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and in the Ice Age film series

Rooney, Mickey
Portrayed Thomas Edison in the 1940 film Young Tom Edison

Roskilde Festival
Festival held south of Roskilde in Denmark and is one of the largest music festivals in Europe,
created in 1971 by two high school students, Mogens Sandfær and Jesper Switzer Møller, and
promoter Carl Fischer

Rotoscoping
Animation technique invented by Max Fleischer in which animators trace over footage, frame by
frame, for use in live-action and animated films

Roxette
Swedish pop rock duo, consisting of Marie Fredriksson (vocals) and Per Gessle (vocals and guitar)
whose hits include “The Look”, “Listen to Your Heart”, “It Must Have Been Love”, and “Joyride”

R. S. Owens and Company

Company that produce the Oscar statuette since 1982

Russell, Keri
American actress and dancer who came to fame for portraying the title role of Felicity Porter on the
TV series Felicity

Ruston, Audrey Kathleen

Real name of British actress Audrey Hepburn, famous for playing the role of Holly Golightly in
Breakfast at Tiffany’s and Princess Ann in Roman Holiday

Rutter, Brad
All time highest earner in Jeopardy!, with total earnings of $3,370,102

Rzeznik, John
Frontman of the Goo Goo Dolls

Sacred Heart Hospital

Fictional hospital that is the setting of the TV series Scrubs

Sacred Stones of Sankara

Mythical item Indiana Jones is trying to get in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

“Saint Louis Blues”

Popular American song composed by W. C. Handy in the blues style that remains a fundamental
part of jazz musicians’ repertoire

Sakata, Toshiyuki “Harold”

American Olympic weightlifter, professional wrestler, and film actor of Japanese descent who is
most famous for his role as the villain Oddjob in the James Bond film Goldfinger

Santa’s Little Helper

Pet greyhound of the Simpson family in The Simpsons

Sarfati, Lea Michele

Known professionally as Lea Michele, best known for her performance as Rachel Berry on the Fox
TV series Glee

Savage Garden
Australian pop rock duo consisting of Darren Hayes as vocalist and Daniel Jones as instrumentalist,
whose hit singles include “I Want You”, “To the Moon and Back”, “Truly Madly Deeply”, “The
Animal Song” and “I Knew I Loved You”
Named after a phrase from The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice

Saving Private Ryan

1998 Steven Spielberg film loosely based on the story of the Niland brothers
Notable for its graphic and realistic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes,
which depict the Omaha Beach assault of June 6, 1944
Scat singing
In vocal jazz, vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at
all

Scherzinger, Nicole
Lead singer and front-woman of The Pussycat Dolls

Schreck, Max
German actor most often remembered today for his lead role in the 1922 film Nosferatu, named
Count Orlok

Schulz, Charles Monroe

Nicknamed Sparky, American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Peanuts

Schwartz, Sherwood
American television producer who created the television series Gilligan’s Island on CBS and The
Brady Bunch on ABC

Scoobert Doo
Real name of Scooby Doo

Scorsese, Martin
American film director whose works include Mean Streets, Taxi Driver, Raging Bull, Goodfellas,
and The Departed

Scott, George Campbell

American stage and film actor, director, and producer best known for his stage work, as well as his
portrayal of General George S. Patton in the film Patton, as General Buck Turgidson in Stanley
Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove, and as Ebenezer Scrooge in Clive Donner’s adaptation of A Christmas
Carol

Scott, Ridley
Directed the films White Squall, 1492: Conquest of Paradise and Thelma andLouise

“Scrambled Eggs”
Working title of The Beatles song “Yesterday”

Scrat
Fictional species in the Ice Age film franchise who is obsessed with collecting acorns, constantly
putting his life in danger to obtain and defend them

Scully, Dana
Fictional character portrayed by Gillian Anderson in the TV series The X-Files

Seacrest, Ryan
Host of American Top 40 and American Idol

Seattle Grace Hospital

Name of the hospital that is the setting of the American TV series Grey’s Anatomy

Sebert, Kesha Rose

Real name of singer Ke$ha
Segar, Elzie Crisler
American cartoonist best known as the creator of Popeye, a pop culture character who first
appeared in 1929 in Crisler’s comic strip Thimble Theatre

Selleck, Tom
American actor best known for his starring role as the private investigator Thomas Magnum in the
television series Magnum, P.I.

Sellers, Peter
Portrayed Inspector Jacques Clouseau in the Pink Panther series

Sennett, Mack
Canadian-born American director and actor and was known as the innovator of slapstick comedy in
film

Serkis, Andy
English actor popularly known for playing through performance capture to animate and voice
computer-generated characters: Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and The Hobbit
prequels, King Kong in the eponymous 2005 film, Caesar in Rise of the Planet of the Apes and
Captain Haddock in Steven Spielberg’s The Adventures of Tintin

Settings of TV shows

Ally McBeal – Boston

Bewitched – Westport, CT
Bones – Washington, D.C.
Boston Legal – Boston
Breaking Bad – Albuquerque
Dallas – Dallas
Designing Women – Atlanta
The Drew Carey Show – Cleveland
Frasier – Seattle
Gilmore Girls – Hartford
The Golden Girls – Miami
Grey’s Anatomy – Seattle
Hawaii Five-O – Honolulu
House of Payne – Atlanta
iCarly – Seattle
The Lying Game – Scottsdale, AZ
Magnum, P.I. – Honolulu
The Mary Tyler Moore Show – Minneapolis – St. Paul
Matlock – Atlanta
Meet the Browns – Atlanta
Miami Vice – Miami
Murphy Brown – Washington, D.C.
NCIS – Washington, D.C.
NYPD Blue – New York City
The Office – Scranton, PA
Perfect Strangers – Chicago
Punky Brewster – Chicago
Sex and the City – New York City
The Sopranos – New York City
Suits – New York City
That ‘70s Show – Milwaukee
The Walking Dead – Atlanta
The West Wing – Washington, D.C.
WKRP in Cincinnati – Cincinnati
Wizards in Waverly Place – New York City
The X-Files – Washington, D.C.

“Sex on Fire”
First single released from American Alternative Rock band Kings of Leon’s fourth studio album
Only by the Night

Seyfried, Amanda
Played Linda Lovelace in the biopic Lovelace

Shag
State dance of South Carolina

Shaguar
Personal Jaguar of Austin Powers

Sharif, Omar
Born Michel Demitri Shalhoub, Egyptian actor who has starred in Hollywood films including
Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago and Funny Girl

“She Blinded Me with Science”

New Wave song by English musician Thomas Dolby

Sheen, Charlie
Fired from Two and a Half Men by CBS and Warner Bros. in March 2011

Shepard, Cybill
Played Betsy in Taxi Driver and Maddie Hayes in Moonlighting

Shields, Brooke
Played Violet in the 1978 film Pretty Baby, Emmeline Lestrange in the 1980 film The Blue Lagoon,
and Jade Butterfield in the 1981 film Endless Love
Played Susan Stewart (title character's mother) in Hannah Montana

Shock jock
Type of radio broadcaster or disc jockey who entertains listeners or attracts attention using humor
and/or melodramatic exaggeration that a notable portion of the listening audience may find
offensive

Shoegazing
Subgenre of alternative rock that emerged from the United Kingdom in the late 1980s by bands
such as My Bloody Valentine, Slowdive and Ride

Shore, Howard
Composer of the musical score for Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy
Shuttlesworth, Jesus
Character played by NBA player Ray Allen in the film HeGot Game

Shyriiwook
Native language of the Wookiee race in Star Wars

Sigur Rós
Icelandic post-rock band from Reykjavík known for their ethereal sound, frontman Jónsi
Birgisson’s falsetto vocals, and the use of bowed guitar
Named after Jónsi’s sister Sigurrós Elin

“Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire”

Series premiere episode of The Simpsons

“Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)”

Single by Beyonce Knowles in which its accompanying music video was shot in black-and-white
and features the choreography that was inspired by “Mexican Breakfast”, a 1969 routine
choreographed by Bob Fosse, winner the Grammy Awards for the Song of the Year, Best R&B
Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 2010

Sinise, Gary
American actor who played Lieutenant Dan in the film Forrest Gump

Sirtis, Marina
English-American actress best known for her role as Counselor Deanna Troi on the television series
Star Trek: The Next Generation

“(Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay”

Single by Otis Redding that became the first posthumous single to top the charts in the United
States

Ska
Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s that combined elements of Caribbean
mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues and characterized by a walking bass
line accented with rhythms on the upbeat

Skinjob
In Battlestar Galactica, term used to describe humanoid cylons

Skynet
Fictional, self-aware artificial intelligence system which features centrally in the Terminator
franchise and serves as the franchise’s main antagonist

Slimey
Oscar the Grouch’s pet worm

Slippery When Wet

1986 studio album by Bon Jovi

Slovak, Hillel
Israeli-American musician best known as the original guitarist and founding member of the Los
Angeles rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers
Sluizer, George
Dutch filmmaker best known for directing two versions of The Vanishing (originally titled
Spoorloos)

Smith, Dame Maggie

Played the role of Professor Minerva McGonagall in the Harry Potter film franchise

Smythe, Reg
British cartoonist who created the popular, long-running Andy Capp comic strip

Snowball II
Pet cat of the Simpson family in The Simpsons

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

First full-length animated film

Snyder, Zack
Director of the films Dawn of the Dead, 300, Watchmen, Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of
Ga’Hoole, Sucker Punch, and Man of Steel

Sometimes a Great Notion

1971 American dram film directed by Paul Newman that became the first program to be broadcast
by HBO

Song of the South

1946 American live-action/animated musical film produced by Walt Disney and released by RKO
Radio Pictures based on the Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris

Sonic screwdriver
Fictional multifunctional tool used by The Doctor in the British science fiction television series
Doctor Who and its spinoffs

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

Also known as the “Betamax case”, decision by the United States Supreme Court which ruled that
the making of individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time shifting does not
constitute copyright infringement, but is fair use.

“SOS”
Only palindromic song by a palindromic band (ABBA)

Soundgarden
American rock band that had the Grammy Award-winning singles “Black Hole Sun” and
“Spoonman”

Sousa, John Philip

American composer known primarily for American military and patriotic marches and is
nicknamed “The March King”or the “American March King”
His best-known marches are “The Washington Post”, “Semper Fidelis”and “The Stars and Stripes
Forever”

Spacey, Kevin
Born Kevin Spacey Fowler, American actor who played Roger “Verbal” Kint in The Usual
Suspects, Hopper in A Bug's Life, Lester Burnham in American Beauty and Francis “Frank”
Underwood in House of Cards

Spandau Ballet members

• Tony Hadley
• Gary Kemp
• Steve Norman
• John Keemble
• Martin Jemp

Spanier, Francis Joseph Julian “Muggsy”

Prominent cornet player based in Chicago renowned as the best trumpet/cornet in Chicago until Bix
Beiderbecke entered the scene

Speech balloons
Graphic convention used most commonly in comic books, comic strips and cartoons to allow words
to be understood as representing the speech or thoughts of a given character in the comic

Spelvin, George
Traditional pseudonym used in programs in American theater

Spelvin, Georgina
Stage name of Michelle Graham, former American pornographic performer who is best known as
the star of the classic pornographic film The Devil in Miss Jones

Spice Girls members

• Melanie Brown (“Scary Spice”)

• Melanie Chisholm (“Sporty Spice”)
• Emma Bunton (“Baby Spice”)
• Geri Halliwell (“Ginger Spice”)
• Victoria Beckham, née Adams (“Posh Spice”)

Spiegelman, Art
American cartoonist best known for his graphic novel Maus

Spiner, Brent
American actor best known for his portrayal of the android Lieutenant Commander Data in the TV
series Star Trek: The Next Generation

Spinney, Carroll
American puppeteer most famous for playing Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch on Sesame Street

Splatter film
Subgenre of horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and graphic violence

Spongebob Squarepants
First Nicktoon to have 200 or more episodes

Spouses of actress Dame Elizabeth Taylor

 1950-1951 Conrad Hilton Jr,
1952-1957 Michael Wilding
1957-1958 Mike Todd
1959-1964 Eddie Fisher
1964-1974 Richard Burton
1975-1976 Richard Burton
1976-1982 John Warner
1991-1996 Larry Fortensky

Springfield, Jebediah
Founder of the fictional city of Springfield in The Simpsons

Spy vs. Spy

Wordless comic strip that debuted in Mad magazine in 1961, created by Antonio Prohías

Squadron Supreme members

• Hyperion
• Nighthawk
• Doctor Spectrum
• Power Princess
• The Whizzer

SS Minnow
Fictional charter boat on the hit 1960s television sitcom Gilligan's Island

Stanley, George
American sculptor who designed the Academy Award of Merit or Oscar

Star Warsmovies

• Episode IV: A New Hope

• Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back
• Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
• Episode I: The Phantom Menace
• Episode II: Attack of the Clones
• Episode III: Revenge of the Sith

Stark, Tony
Real name of Iron Man
Fifth wealthiest fictional character of all time by Forbes in the most recent edition of the
publication’s annual “Fictional 15” list

“Starships”
Single by Nicki Minaj that hold the Billboard Hot 100 record of most consecutive weeks in top ten
after debuting in top ten
Statham, Jason
Played Frank Martin in the Transporter films

Steamboat Willie
First cartoon to feature a fully post-produced soundtrack and considered the debut of Mickey
Mouse

Stevens, Yvette Marie

Real name of American singer-songwriter Chaka Khan, frequently known as the “Queen of Funk
Soul”, whose hit singles include “Ain’t Nobody”, “I’m Every Woman”, “I Feel for You” and
“Through the Fire”

Stewart, Kristen
American actress best known for playing Bella Swan in the Twilight saga
Highest paid actress in 2012 with total earnings of $34.5 million according to Forbes magazine

Stewart, Sir Patrick

English actor best known for his roles as Captain Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek: The Next
Generation, as Professor Charles Xavier in the X-Men film series and as Gurney Halleck in the
1984 David Lynch film Dune

Stills, Stephen
American multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter best known for his work with Buffalo
Springfield and Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)

Stone, Emily Jean “Emma”

American actress who played Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider-Man and provided the voice of
Eep in The Croods

Stone, Oliver
American film director, screenwriter, and producer who came to public prominence between the
mid-1980s and the early 1990s for writing and directing a series of films about the Vietnam War, in
which he had participated as an infantry soldier
Directed the film Midnight Express

Streep, Meryl
Born Mary Louise Streep, winner of the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in
Sophie’s Choice (1982) and The Iron Lady (2011)
Received 17 Academy Award nominations, winning three, and 27 Golden Globe nominations,
winning eight, more nominations than any other actor in the history of either award

Street Survivors
Final album of Lynyrd Skynyrd

Streisand, Barbra
American singer-songwriter, actress, writer, film producer, and director who won two Academy
Awards, eight Grammy Awards, five Emmy Awards including one Daytime Emmy, a Special Tony
Award, an American Film Institute award, a Kennedy Center Honors award, a Peabody Award, and
is one of the few entertainers who have won an Oscar, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award
Only recipient of a star in Hollywood Walk of Fame who has failed after agreeing to do so in 1976
“Strip Me”
Song by Natasha Bedingfield that was the official theme song for the 2010 film Morning Glory

Strong, Arnold
First screen name of Arnold Schwarzenegger

Sugababes
English pop girl group based in London, consisting of members Heidi Range, Amelle Berrabah and
Jade Ewen

“Suicide Is Painless”
Song written by Johnny Mandel (music) and Mike Altman (lyrics), which is best known for having
been featured as the theme song for both the movie and TV series M*A*S*H

Summer, Donna
First artist to have three consecutive double albums reach number one on the United States
Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the United States within a 13-month
period

“Summer Nights”
Popular song from the musical Grease, best-known version was recorded by John Travolta and
Olivia Newton-John

Summers, Buffy Anne

Name of the title character in the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer played by Sarah Michelle
Gellar

Sunday in the Park with George

Stephen Sondheim musical that was inspired by the Georges Seurat painting A Sunday Afternoon on
the Island of La Grande Jatte

Sutcliffe, Stuart
Scottish-born musician best known as the original bassist for the Beatles

Sutherland, Donald
Canadian actor who played President Snow in The Hunger Games trilogy

Swann, Elizabeth
Character played by Keira Knightley in the Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise

Swanson, Kristy
American actress who played Buffy Summers in the 1992 film Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Swift, Taylor
Youngest person to single-handedly write and perform a number one song on the country chart with
the song “Our Song”

Synthpop
Also known as electropop or technopop, genre of popular music that first became prominent in the
1980s, in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument

“Take a Bow”
Madonna’s longest-running number-one hit in the United States

Take That members

• Gary Barlow
• Howard Donald
• Jason Orange
• Mark Owen
• Robbie Williams

Takei, George
Played Sulu in the original Star Trek series

Tandy, Jessica
Oldest actress to receive the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Driving Miss Daisy

Tarantino, Quentin
American film director whose works include Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, Kill Bill, Inglourious
Basterds and Django Unchained

Tardar Sauce
Real name of Internet celebrity Grumpy Cat, known for her grumpy facial expression

Tate, Sharon
Wife of film director Roman Polanski who was murdered by followers of Charles Manson in 1969

Tautou, Audrey
Played Coco Chanel in the film Coco Before Chanel

Taylor, Alan
Director of the films The Emperor’s New Clothes and Thor: The Dark World

Taylor, Elizabeth
First woman to get a US$1 million film contract for her role in Cleopatra

Taynton, William
First person on television as a test subject in 1938

TCL Chinese Theatre

New name of Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in the historic Hollywood Walk of Fame

Tears for Fears

English New Wave band formed in 1981 by Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith

Technicolor
Color motion picture process invented in 1916 and then improved over several decades, founded by
Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock, and W. Burton Wescott

Tejada, Jo Raquel
Real name of American actress Raquel Welch

“Telephone”
Song co-written and performed by Lady Gaga, originally written for Britney Spears but rejected by
the latter

Telerecords
Original name given to music videos

“Telling the World”

Song by English singer-songwriter Taio Cruz which became the main theme for the film Rio

Temple, Shirley
Shortest actress ever to win an Academy Award (3'5”)

Terwilliger, Jr., Robert Underdunk

Real name of The Simpsons character Sideshow Bob

Tezuka, Osamu
Japanese cartoonist best known as the creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion, and Black Jack
and is often credited as the “Godfather of Anime”

“The Band Played On”

Also known by its refrain as “Casey would waltz with a strawberry blonde”, popular song with
lyrics by John F. Palmer and music by Charles B. Ward written in 1895

The Beatles
Holds the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with 20

“The Best Is Yet to Come”

Last song Frank Sinatra ever performed live

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

1920 German silent horror film directed by Robert Wiene that is cited as having introduced the
'twist' ending in cinema

The Death of Klinghoffer

American opera, with music by John Adams to an English-language libretto by Alice Goodman
based on the hijacking of the passenger liner Achille Lauro by the Palestine Liberation Front in
1985, and the resulting murder of Jewish-American passenger Leon Klinghoffer

The Dr. Frasier Crane Show

Fictional radio program in Frasier

“The Drugs Don't Work”

Song by the English rock band The Verve that became the band's most successful single in the
United Kingdom

The Edge
Born David Howell Evans, best known as the guitarist, backing vocalist, and keyboardist of the
Irish rock band U2

“The Fastest Mouse in All Mexico”

Nickname of Speedy Gonzales
“The Godfather”
Nickname of fictional character Mitch Martin in the film Old School, played by Luke Wilson

The Go-Go’s
First all-female band that both wrote their own songs and played their own instruments to top the
Billboard album charts

The Goldbergs
First television sitcom

The Great Gatsby

Opening film of the 66th Cannes Film Festival on May 15, 2013

The Great Train Robbery

1903 American western film written, produced and directed by Edwin S. Porter
First film to introduce the technique of cross cutting

The Honeymooners
American sitcom that became the basis of the animated TV series The Flintstones

The Itchy & Scratchy Show

Show within a show in the animated television series The Simpsons

The Jazz Singer

1927 American musical film that became the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized
dialogue sequences

The Karnival Kid

1929 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks that became the ninth
film in the Mickey Mouse film series, and the first in which Mickey speaks

The Kiss
First romantic kiss on screen

The Last Emperor

First Western movie to be filmed in the Forbidden City

“The Long and Winding Road”

Last number-one song of the Beatles in the United States on 13 June 1970
Last single released by the quartet while all four remained alive

The Lying Game

American teen drama television series loosely based on a series of novels of the same name by Sara
Shepard

The Office
First British sitcom to win the Best Comedy prize at the Golden Globe Awards

The Passion of the Christ

Highest grossing R-rated film in United States
Highest grossing non-English language film of all time
The Pawnbroker
1964 drama film directed by Sidney Lumet based from the novel of the same name by Edward
Lewis Wallant and was the first American movie to deal with the Jewish holocaust from the
viewpoint of a survivor and the first film featuring bare breasts to receive Production Code approval

The Price Is Right

Named the “greatest game show of all time” by TV Guide in a 2007 article

The Producers
Favorite movie of Patrick in The Perks of Being a Wallflower

The Proms
More formally known as The BBC Proms, or The Henry Wood Promenade Concerts presented by
the BBC, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts and other
events held annually, predominantly in the Royal Albert Hall in London

The Return of Doctor X

Only science-fiction or horror film of Humphrey Bogart

The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Longest-running theatrical release in film history
First film from a major Hollywood studio to be in the midnight movie market

The Simpsons
Longest running primetime animated TV series, debuted in 1989

The Sopranos
Named by the Writers Guild of America as the best-written series in television history in 2013

The Story of the Kelly Gang

Australian film that was regarded as the world’s first full-length feature film

“The Stripper”
Instrumental composed by David Rose recorded in 1958 that evinces a jazz influence with
especially prominent trombone lines, and evokes the feel if music used to accompany striptease
artists

The Supremes
Originally founded as the Primettes, American female singing group and the premier act of Motown
Records during the 1960s

The Supremes A' Go-Go

1966 album by Motown singing group The Supremes that was the first album by an all-female
group to reach number-one on the Billboard 200 album charts in the United States

The Ten Commandments

Last film directed by Cecil B. DeMille

The Toll of the Sea

Second Technicolor feature, the first color feature made in Hollywood, and the first color feature
anywhere that did not require a special projector to be shown
The Tracey Ullman Show
Television variety show that produced The Simpsons before it spun off into its own show

The Tropicana
Name of the fictional New York City nightclub where Ricky Ricardo served as bandleader on the
classic 1950s sitcom I Love Lucy

“The Twist”
Single by Chubby Checker known for being the only single to reach No. 1 in two different chart
runs

The Ventures
American instrumental rock band known for their moniker “The Band that Launched a Thousand
Bands”

“The Way It Is”

Song recorded by Bruce Hornsby and the Range from their 1986 album The Way It Is

“The Way You Make Me Feel”

Song by American recording artist Michael Jackson

The Wise Little Hen

Walt Disney’s Silly Symphonies cartoon, based on the fairy tale The Little Red Hen, which marked
the debut of Donald Duck

The Woman in the Dunes

1964 film directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar in
1964 and the Best Director Oscar in 1965

The Yellow Kid

Name of a lead comic strip character that ran from 1895 to 1898 in Joseph Pulitzer’s New York
World and later William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal, created and drawn by Richard F.
Outcault in the comic strip Hogan’s Alley

Theed
Capital of Naboo

Thermopolis, Mia
Fictional character and the protagonist of The Princess Diaries novels by Meg Cabot, portrayed in
film by Anne Hathaway

Theron, Charlize
First South African to win an Academy Award in a major acting category for her role in the film
Monster
Played the title role in the film Æon Flux
Played Queen Ravenna in the 2012 film Snow White and the Huntsman

Thiam, Aliaune Damala Badara Akon

Real name of R & B and hip hop recording artist Akon
First solo artist to hold both the number one and two spots simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100
charts twice
This Is The End
Last video ever rented at any Blockbuster Video store prior to the chain closing

Thomas, Philip Michael

American actor who coined the term EGOT

Thomas, Rob
American producer best known as the author of the 1996 novel Rats Saw God and creator of the
critically acclaimed TV series Veronica Mars

Thomaz, Cameron Jibril

Real name of American rapper Wiz Khalifa

Thompson, Emma
Played the title role in the 2005 film Nanny McPhee

“TiK ToK”
2009 single by Kesha that became the best-selling single worldwide in 2010, selling 12.8 million
copies in that year alone

Time shifting
Recording of programming to a storage medium to be viewed or listened to at a more convenient
time to the consumer

Tisdale, Ashley
American actress and singer who rose to prominence portraying Maddie Fitzpatrick in Disney
Channel’s The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and the female antagonist Sharpay Evans in the High
School Musical film series
First female artist to debut with two songs simultaneously on the chart with “What I’ve Been
Looking For” and “Bop to the Top”, both tracks from the High School Musical film’s soundtrack

“To Cut a Long Story Short”

Debut single of Spandau Ballet

Toast of the Town

First title used by the American TV variety show The Ed Sullivan Show

Todd, Michael “Mike”

American theater and film producer, best known for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80
Days, which won an Academy Award for Best Picture
Only husband of Elizabeth Taylor whom she did not divorce
Known as the driving force behind the development of the eponymous Todd-AO widescreen film
format

Tony Award for Best Musical

1949 Kiss Me, Kate

1950 South Pacific
1951 Guys and Dolls
1952 The King and I
1953 Wonderful Town
1954 Kismet
1955 The Pajama Game
1956 Damn Yankees
1957 My Fair Lady
1958 The Music Man
1959 Redhead
The Sound of Music
1960
Fiorello!
1961 Bye Bye Birdie
How to Succeed in Business Without Really
1962
Trying
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the
1963
Forum
1964 Hello, Dolly!
1965 Fiddler on the Roof
1966 Man of La Mancha
1967 Cabaret
1968 Hallelujah, Baby!
1969 1776
1970 Applause
1971 Company
1972 Two Gentlemen of Verona
1973 A Little Night Music
1974 Raisin
1975 The Wiz
1976 A Chorus Line
1977 Annie
1978 Ain’t Misbehavin’
1979 Sweeney Todd: The Demon of Fleet Street
1980 Evita
1981 42nd Street
1982 Nine
1983 Cats
 1984 La Cage aux Folles
1985 Big River
1986 The Mystery of Edwin Drood
1987 Les Misérables
1988 The Phantom of the Opera
1989 Jerome Robbins’ Broadway
1990 City of Angels
1991 The Will Rogers Follies
1992 Crazy for You
1993 Kiss of the Spider Woman
1994 Passion
1995 Sunset Boulevard
1996 Rent
1997 Titanic
1998 The Lion King
1999 Fosse
2000 Contact
2001 The Producers
2002 Thoroughly Modern Millie
2003 Hairspray
2004 Avenue Q
2005 Monty Python’s Spamalot
2006 Jersey Boys
2007 Spring Awakening
2008 In the Heights
2009 Billy Elliot the Musical
2010 Memphis
2011 The Book of Mormon
2012 Once
2013 Kinky Boots

Toriyama, Akira
Japanese manga artist and game artist best known for his manga series Dr. Slump and Dragon Ball
Toy Story
First feature-length computer-animated film
First film produced by Pixar

Treehouse of Horror
Series of Halloween specials in the animated TV series The Simpsons

Tribbles
Fictional animals in the Star Trek universe depicted as small, furry, soft, gentle and slow-moving

Trigger
• Name of the Martin N-20 guitar played by Willie Nelson
• Switch in a trombone that enables a trombonist to switch from one set of tubing to another

Troyer, Verne
Played the character Mini-Me in the Austin Powers film franchise

Trujillo, Victor
Mexican comedian known for his character Brozo el Payaso Tenebroso who could criticize
politicians freely and poignantly

Truffaut, François
Director of the film The 400 Blows

Trumbo, Dalton
American screenwriter who won two Academy Awards while blacklisted; one was originally given
to a front writer, and one was awarded to “Robert Rich”, Trumbo’s pseudonym

Tudyk, Alan
Provided the voice and body movements for the robot Sonny in the film I, Robot

Turner, Ted
Nicknamed “The Mouth of the South” and “Captain Outrageous”, founder of the cable news
network CNN, the first 24-hour cable news channel

Twister
1996 film that became the first Hollywood feature film to be released on DVD format and one of
the last to be released on HD DVD

Tyler, Judy
American actress known for playing Princess Summerfall Winterspring in the TV series Howdy
Doody

Tyler, Steven
Born Steven Victor Tallarico and nicknamed the “Demon of Screamin'“, American singer,
songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the frontman and lead singer of the Boston-
based rock band Aerosmith

Ubiquitous Korean International idol Super Star

Meaning of the name of the South Korean boy band U-KISS
Uderzo, Albert
French comic book artist and scriptwriter best known for his work on the Astérix series

Ulrich, Lars
Danish-American drummer of the American heavy metal band Metallica

Umeki, Miyoshi
First and only Asian woman to win an Academy Award for acting for her role as Katsumi in the
1957 film Sayonara

“Under The Bridge”

1992 single by Red Hot Chili Peppers

Underwood, Carrie
American Idol winnerknown for her hits “Jesus Take the Wheel” and “Before He Cheats”
Female country artist with the most number one hits on the Billboard Hot Country songs chart

United Artists
American film studio founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and
Douglas Fairbanks, with the intention of controlling their own interests rather than depending upon
the powerful commercial studios

United Plankton Pictures, Inc.

American television and film production company founded in 1999 by Stephen Hillenburg

Unobtainium
Mineral ore that the humans have ventured to the moon of Pandora for as it is considered highly
valuable in the James Cameron film Avatar

Up
First animated film or a film in 3-D that opened the Cannes Film Festival

“Up to eleven”
Idiom from popular culture, carried in the movie This Is Spinal Tap, which has come to refer to
anything being exploited to its utmost abilities or apparently exceeding them

Urban, Karl
Played the title role in the 2012 film Dredd

Urban, Keith
New Zealand born and Australian raised country music singer, songwriter and guitarist known for
his roles as a coach on the Australian version of the singing competition The Voice, and as a judge
on American Idol

Urkel, Steven Quincy

Fictional nerd in the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, played by Jaleel White

Ursula
Name of the sea witch in the film The Little Mermaid

Uru
Fictional metal in Marvel Comics from which Thor's hammer Mjolnir is made
Vadim, Roger
French director whose works include And God Created Woman, Spirits of the Dead and Barbarella,
Queen of the Galaxy

Valentino, Rudolph
Born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Pierre Filibert Guglielmi di Valentina d’Antonguolla, Italian actor
who starred in several well-known silent films including The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,
The Sheik, Blood and Sand, The Eagle, and The Son of the Sheik

Valenzuela, Richard Steven

Real name of Mexican-American singer-songwriter Ritchie Valens

van Gogh, Theodore

Dutch film director who worked with the Somali-born writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali to produce the film
Submission, which criticized the treatment of women in Islam and aroused controversy among
Muslims
Assassinated by Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch-Moroccan Muslim in 2004

Van Horne, Melvin

Real name of The Simpsons character Sideshow Mel

Vaughn, Wendell Elvis

Alter ego of fictional comic book superhero Quasar

Vega, Makenzie
Played the role of Grace Florrick in the American TV legal drama The Good Wife

Verne
Name of the turtle in the comic strip and animated film Over the Hedge

“Veronica”
Single from Elvis Costello’s 1989 album Spike and Costello’s highest-charting Top 40 hit in the
United States, peaking at #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart

Vicious, Sid
Born John Simon Ritchie, English musician who was the bass guitarist of the influential punk group
the Sex Pistols

“Video Killed the Radio Star”

First music video shown on MTV in the U.S. at 12:01 AM on 1 August 1981

Visual Kei
Movement among Japanese musicians that is characterized by the use of make-up, elaborate hair
styles and flamboyant costumes, often, but not always, coupled with androgynous aesthetics

“Voices That Care”

1991 song written by David Foster, Linda Thompson and Peter Cetera and recorded by a
supergroup of popular musicians, entertainers and athletes collectively known as Voices That Care
intended to help boost the morale of U.S. troops involved in Operation Desert Storm

Voight-Kampff Test
Test that determines whether an individual is human or replicant in Blade Runner

von Sydow, Max

Swedish actor who played Knight Antonius Block in Ingmar Bergman’s The Seventh Seal

Wadih El Safi
Lebanese singer-songwriter known as the “Voice of Lebanon”

Wagner, Lindsay
American actress best known for her portrayal of Jaime Sommers in the 1970s television series The
Bionic Woman

Walker, Mort
American comic artist best known for creating newspaper comic strips Beetle Bailey and Hi and
Lois
Author of the 1980 book The Lexicon of Comicana

Walker, Paul
American actor best known for starring as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and the Furious film series

Wallace, Christopher
Real name of rapper The Notorious B.I.G.

Wallace, Marcia
American character actress best known for her roles as receptionist Carol Kester on the 1970s
sitcom The Bob Newhart Show, and as the voice of elementary school teacher Edna Krabappel on
the animated series The Simpsons

Waller, Thomas Wright “Fats”

Influential jazz pianist whose innovations to the Harlem stride style laid the groundwork for modern
jazz piano and known for his compositions “Ain't Misbehavin'“ and “Honeysuckle Rose”

Walsh, John
American television personality, criminal investigator, human and victim rights advocate and the
host, as well as creator of the television series America’s Most Wanted

Walters, Barbara
First female co-anchor of any network evening news, working with Harry Reasoner on the ABC
News flagship program ABC Evening News

Waltz, Christoph
Austrian-German actor best known for his works with American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino and
received acclaim for his supporting roles as SS-Colonel Hans Landa in Tarantino’s Inglourious
Basterds and bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz in Tarantino’s Django Unchained

Warriors Three
Group of fictional characters who served as supporting cast members in Thor, published by Marvel
Comics, made up of the Asgardians Fandral, Hogun, and Volstagg

Warner, Brian Hugh

Real name of musician Marilyn Manson
Washington, Dinah
First African-American to perform in Las Vegas

Washington, Kerry
American actress who played Olivia Pope in the ABC drama series Scandal
Played Idi Amin's wife Kay in The Last King of Scotland and Broomhilda von Schaft in Django
Unchained

Waterman, Dame Fanny

Founder of Leeds International Pianoforte Competition

Waters, Jennifer
Alter-ego of She-hulk

Watson, Emma
English actress and model who rose to prominence playing Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter
film series

Watterson, Bill
American artist and the author of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes

Waymon, Eunice Kathleen

Real name of American singer-songwriter Nina Simone

Wayne, Bruce
Alter-ego of Batman

“We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together”

Pop and bubblegum pop song recorded by American recording artist Taylor Swift, which set record
for the biggest digital sales week ever for a song by a female artist, surpassing the record held by
Kesha’s “Tik Tok”, which sold 610,000 digital copies in its largest week and also surpassed Lady
Gaga’s song “Born This Way” to become the song with the highest first-week digital sales for a
female act

“We Are Young”

2011 single by Fun featuring Janelle Monae that became the first song to log seven weeks of
300,000 or more in digital sales, a record that was previously held by Eminem’s “Love the Way
You Lie” (2010)

“We Belong Together”

Song from Mariah Carey album The Emancipation of Mimi that won two Grammy Awards, two
Radio Music Awards, two Soul Train Music Awards, one Vibe Award, a World Music Award and a
Teen Choice Award

Weaver, Sigourney
Narrator of the 2002 film The Tale of Despereaux

Webb, Jack
American actor, television producer, director, and screenwriter, most famous for his role as
Sergeant Joe Friday in the radio and television series Dragnet

Weiland, Scott
Born Scott Richard Kline, American musician best known as the former frontman for the successful
rock band Stone Temple Pilots, as well as the supergroup Velvet Revolver from 2003 to 2008

Weisz, Erik
Real name of escapologist Harry Houdini

Welland, May
Character played by Winona Ryder in the 1993 film The Age of Innocence

Welles, Orson
American actor best remembered for his role in Citizen Kane

Wells, Julia
Real name of Julie Andrews

Welsh, Pat
American film actress known as the voice of E.T.

Wensleydale
Favorite cheese of Wallace in Wallace and Gromit

Wentworth, Martha
Provided the voice of Madame Mim in The Sword in the Stone

Wepner, Chuck
Former heavyweight boxer who became the inspiration for the movie Rocky

West, Adam
American actor best known for his lead role in the Batman TV series on ABC and the 1966 Batman
feature film

“We’ve Only Just Begun”

Hit single by The Carpenters that debuted in a wedding-themed television commercial for Crocker
National Bank in California in the winter of 1970s

Wheeler-Nicholson, Malcolm
American pulp magazine writer and entrepreneur who founded National Allied Publication, which
would evolve into DC Comics

Whitaker, Forest
Winner of an Academy Award for his performance as Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film
The Last King of Scotland

White, Betty
First female game-show host to win an Emmy award for Just Men!

White, Richard
Provided the voice of Gaston in Disney’s Beauty and the Beast

White, Vanna
Born Vanna Marie Rosich, American television personality and film actress best known as the
hostess of Wheel of Fortune since 1982
Recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as “television’s most frequent clapper” in
1992

Whitney, Daniel Lawrence

Real name of American stand-up comedian Larry the Cable Guy

“Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On”

Song best known for the 1957 rock and roll hit version by Jerry Lee Lewis

Wicked Game
1991 album by singer-songwriter Chris Isaak

Wife Beware
First movie shown in a drive-in theatre in 1933

Wild Strawberries
1957 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman about an old man recalling his past

Wilder, Gene
Born Jerome Silberman, American actor best known for his portrayal of Willy Wonka in Willy
Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

Wilkins, Toby
Director of the 2009 film The Grudge 3

William McKinley High School

Setting of the hit musical comedy-drama television series Glee located in Lima, Ohio

Williams, Billy Dee

American actor, artist, singer, and writer best known for playing the character of Lando Calrissian
in the movies Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back and Star Wars Episode VI: Return of
the Jedi

Williams, John Towner

American pianist who composed some of the most popular and recognizable film scores in
cinematic history, including the Star Wars saga, Superman, Jaws, the Indiana Jones films, E.T. the
Extra-Terrestrial, the first two Home Alone films, Hook, Jurassic Park, Schindler’s List, Saving
Private Ryan, War Horse, Lincoln, Memoirs of a Geisha, and the first three Harry Potter films

Williams, Vanessa
First African-American woman crowned Miss America
First Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown after nude photos of her appeared in
Penthouse magazine

Willis, Bruce
German-American actor best known for his role as John McClane in the Die Hard series
Played Harry Stamper in Armageddon, Butch Coolidge in Pulp Fiction, Dwayne Hoover in
Breakfast of Champions and Dr. Malcolm Crowe in The Sixth Sense

Willis, Victor
Original lead singer of the disco group Village People
Wilson, Jackie
American singer and performer known as “Mr. Excitement”

Wilson, John J. B.
American copywriter who founded the Golden Raspberry Awards

Wilson, Mara
Played Matilda Wormwood in Matilda

Wilson, Torrie
American model, fitness competitor, actress, and retired professional wrestler best known for her
tenures in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)

Winchell, Paul
American ventriloquist widely known for being the original voice of Tigger

Winehouse, Amy
English singer-songwriter known for her deep contralto vocals and her eclectic mix of musical
genres including R&B, soul and jazz
First British female to win five Grammys for her album Back to Black

Winger, John
Name of the character played by Bill Murray in the 1981 American comedy film Stripes

Wings
Only silent film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture

Winkler, Henry
American actor best known for his role as Fonzie in the 1970s American sitcom Happy Days
First to be offered the role of Danny Zuko in the film Grease

Winners of Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony (EGOT) Awards

Artist Emmy Grammy Oscar Tony

Richard Rodgers 1962 1960 1945 1950
Helen Hayes 1953 1977 1932 1947
Rita Moreno 1977 1972 1961 1975
John Gielgud 1991 1979 1981 1961
Audrey Hepburn 1993 1994 1953 1954
Marvin Hamlisch 1995 1974 1973 1976
Jonathan Tunick 1982 1988 1977 1997
Mel Brooks 1967 1998 1968 2001
Mike Nichols 2001 1961 1967 1964
Whoopi Goldberg 2002 1985 1990 2002
Scott Rudin 1984 2012 2007 1994
Winslet, Kate Elizabeth
English actress who played Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic, Clementine Kruczynski in Eternal
Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Sarah Pierce in Little Children, and Hanna Schmitz in The Reader
Youngest person to accrue six Academy Award nominations

Winter, Alex
English-born American actor, film director and screenwriter best known for his role as Bill S.
Preston Esq. in the 1989 film Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure and its 1991 sequel Bill & Ted’s
Bogus Journey

Winters, Jonathan
Played Mearth in the TV series Mork & Mindy

Wintour, Anna
English editor-in-chief of American Vogue since 1988

Wisteria Lane
Name of a fictional street at the center of U.S. television drama series Desperate Housewives

Wladziu Valentino
First and middle names of American pianist Liberace

Wolf, Dick
Produced the TV series Miami Vice and Law and Order

Woman Haters
First short subject starring American slapstick comedy team the Three Stooges

Wonder, Stevie
Born Stevland Hardaway Judkins, American singer-songwriter who has been blind since bird, most
famous for the song “Superstition”
Youngest male artist to top the Hot 100 with “Fingertips Pt. 2” from August 10, 1963 to August 24,
1963

Woo, John
Hong Kong film director whose films include Hard Target, Broken Arrow, Face/Off and Mission:
Impossible II

Wood, Elijah
American actor who made his film debut with a minor part in Back to the Future Part II and best
known for his high-profile role as Frodo Baggins in Peter Jackson’s critically acclaimed The Lord
of the Rings trilogy

Wood, Sir Henry Joseph

English conductor best known for his association with London’s annual series of promenade
concerts, known as the Proms

Woods, Elle
Protagonist of the film Legally Blonde, played by Reese Witherspoon
Woods, James
Provided the voice of Hades in the 1997 film Hercules

Woodstock
Snoopy’s closest friend and, after Snoopy, the most recognized non-human in the comic strip
Peanuts

Woodward, Joanne
American actress and producer of television and theatre best known for her Academy Award-
winning role (Eve White / Eve Black / Jane) in The Three Faces of Eve

Worldwide Pants Incorporated

American television and film production company owned by comedian and talk show host David
Letterman

Wormer, Vernon
Dean of Faber College in the film National Lampoon’s Animal House, played by John Vernon

“Wrecking Ball”
First number one single of Miley Cyrus in the United States

Wright, Robin
Played Jenny Curran in the film Forrest Gump

Xanadu
49,000-acre Florida estate of Charles Foster Kane, played by Orson Welles, in the film Citizen
Kane

“Yellow Submarine”
1966 song by the Beatles that won an Ivor Novello Award for the highest certified sales of any
single issued in the UK in 1966

Yes, Giorgio
1982 musical/comedy film starring Luciano Pavarotti, his only venture in film acting

“Y.M.C.A.”
Biggest hit of Village People

YOLO
Acronym for “you only live once”, used in youth culture and music, and were popularized by the
2011 song “The Motto” by Canadian rapper Drake

You've Got Mail

1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Nora Ephron starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan
that is based on the play Parfumerie by Mikos László

Young, Chic
American cartoonist who created the popular, long-running comic strip Blondie

Yunupingu, Mandawuy
Aboriginal Australian musician notable for being the front man of the band Yothu Yindi
Zebra Three
Radio code name, more accurately known as a call sign, given by the fictional “Bay City,
California” police department of the iconic 1970s television series Starsky and Hutch to Robbery-
Homicide Division detectives David Starsky and Kenneth “Hutch” Hutchinson

Zeffirelli, Franco
Italian film director principally known for his 1968 version of Romeo and Juliet

Zeiger, Lawrence Harvey

Real name of American TV and radio host Larry King

Zellweger, Renée
Winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 2003 drama
Cold Mountain

Zenga Zenga
Auto-tuned somg and viral YouTube video that parodied the late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi

Zeta-Jones, Catherine
Welsh actress who came to prominence with roles in Hollywood movies including the 1998 action
film The Mask of Zorro and the 1999 crime thriller film Entrapment

Zimmerman, Robert Allen

Real name of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan

Zorin, Max
Main antagonist in the James Bond movie A View to Kill, portrayed by Christopher Walken

Zukor, Adolph
Founder of Paramount Pictures

ZZ Top
Played the Hill Valley Town Festival band in Back to the Future III
Geography

8
Number of countries that lie within the Arctic Circle

10 Downing Street
Official residence of the British prime minister

24 Sussex Drive
Official residence of the Canadian prime minister

38th parallel
Serves as boundary between North Korea and South Korea

49th parallel
Serves as Canada-United States border

50
Speed limit, in kilometers per hour, of Australian roads with unspecified limit

158
Number of verses in the Greek national anthem

Aberdeen
Scottish seaport that lie within the rivers Dee and Don

Aconcagua
Highest mountain in the Americas

Adam's Peak
Tall conical mountain located in Sri Lanka well known for the Sri Pada, a rock formation which in
Buddhist tradition is held to be the footprint of the Buddha, in Hindu tradition that of Shiva and in
Islamic and Christian tradition that of Adam

Adelaide
Capital of South Australia named after the wife of William IV of United Kingdom

Africa
Roman name for the modern-day Tunisia

Akihabara
Literally meaning “Field of Autumn Leaves”, major shopping area in Tokyo, Japan for electronic,
computer, anime, games and otaku goods

Algarve
Southernmost region of mainland Portugal

Algeria
Largest country in Africa by area

Altai Mountains
Mountain range in East-Central Asia where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come
together and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters

Altiplano
Most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet

Ambergris Caye
Largest island of Belize

Amritsar
Spiritual center of the Sikhism

Andorra la Vella
Highest capital city in Europe

Angel, James Crawford “Jimmie”

American aviator after whom Angel Falls in Venezuela, the tallest waterfall in the world, is named

Anitkabir
Mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, located in Ankara

Ankara
Capital of Turkey and second largest city after Istanbul

Annapurna I
Tenth highest mountain in the world

Antarctica
Driest continent on Earth

Aokigahara
Forest at the base of Mount Fuji associated with demons in Japanese mythology and a popular place
for suicides

Aoraki
Also known as Mount Cook, highest mountain in New Zealand

Aras an Uachatarain
Official residence of the president of Ireland

Arroyo
Dry creek or stream bed—gulch that temporarily or seasonally fills and flows after sufficient rain

Art Deco Historic District

District in the US city of Miami Beach that has the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the
world

Atacama Desert
Found in Chile, considered the driest location on Earth

“Athens of the North”

Nickname of the Scottish city of Edinburgh
Augusta, Maine
Easternmost capital city in the United States

Bangkok
Capital of Thailand
Full name: Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop
Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit
Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit (City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine
gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Visvakarman at
Indra’s behest)

Bay of Bengal
World’s largest bay

Beck, Harry
English technical draftsman best known for creating the present London Underground tube map

Belize
Only country in Central America that has no frontage on the Pacific Ocean
Only English-speaking country in Central America

Bhutan
First country to institute a total ban on tobacco

Billabong
Wiradjuri word that is used for an isolated pond that is left behind after a river changes course

Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly

Listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world’s smallest island with a building on it

Black Rock Desert

Semi-arid region in Nevada where the annual Burning Man Festival is being held

Blue Banana
Term for the discontinuous corridor of urbanization in Western Europe, with a population of around
110 million, which stretches approximately from North West England in the north to Milan in the
south

Bohai Sea
Innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea

Boroughs of New York City

• Manhattan
• The Bronx
• Brooklyn
• Queens
• Staten Island

Boston Commons
America’s first public park established in 1634
Bouvet Island
Most remote island in the world

“The Bride of the Sea”

Nickname given to the Italian city of Venice

Brussels
Headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Bytown
Former name of Ottawa, Canada

Caldera
Cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption

Calypso Deep
The deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea

Candia
Archaic name for Heraklion, Crete

Canton
• Former name of the Chinese city Guangzhou
• Territorial/administrative subdivision in Switzerland

Cape of Storms
Old name for the Cape of Good Hope

Capri
Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in
the Campania region of Italy, which has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic

Caprivi Strip
Narrow protrusion of Namibia eastwards from the Okavango region about 450 km, between
Botswana to the south and Angola and Zambia to the north

Cascade Range
Major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia
through Washington and Oregon to northern California

Caspian Sea
Source of half the world’s oil by the dawn of the 20th century
Largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area

Challenger Deep
Deepest known point in the Earth’s sea floor hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,898 m (35,755 ft) to
10,916 m (35,814 ft) by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar
bathymetry

Chang
Most common last name in the world
Changsha
Capital city of Hunan, China

Cheomseongdae
Oldest surviving observatory in East Asia

Chennai
Also known as Madras, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu

Chimborazo
Highest peak in Ecuador
Highest peak in close proximity to the equator
Farthest point on the Earth’s surface from the Earth’s center

China
World's largest country with a single time zone

Ciudad Juárez
Mexican city declared as the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones in 2009

Commonwealth Bay
Open bay in Antarctica listed in the Guinness World Records as the windiest place on Earth with
winds regularly exceeding 240 kilometers per hour

Coober Pedy
Town in South Australia that is referred to as the “opal capital of the world”

Corcovado
Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil known worldwide for the 38-meter (125 ft) statue of Jesus atop
its peak, entitled Cristo Redentor or “Christ the Redeemer”

Costa Rica
Only country in the Western hemisphere that doesn’t have any military
Only Latin American country in the list of the world’s 22 older democracies
Only country to meet all five criteria established to measure environmental sustainability
The greenest country in the world
First country in the American continent to ban recreational hunting after the country’s legislature
approved the popular measure by a wide margin
Known as the “Switzerland of Central America”

Cotopaxi
Highest active volcano in the world

Cozumel
Largest island off the coast of Yucatan Peninsula

Cyclone Nargis
Strong tropical cyclone that caused the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Burma

Dâmbovita
River that passes through Bucharest, Romania
Dammam No. 7
Name given to the first of the Saudi wells to produce oil in 1936

Dannebrog
Flag of Denmark, “oldest state flag” in the world still in use by a nation

Darién Gap
Large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama's Darién Province in Central
America from Colombia in South America

Dead Sea
Deepest hypersaline lake in the world

Devil’s Island
Island off the coast of French Guiana famous due to its use of internal exile of political prisoners

Devil’s Tower
First declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President
Theodore Roosevelt

Diego Garcia
Tropical, footprint-shaped coral atoll located south of the equator in the Indian Ocean that is part of
the British Indian Ocean Territory
In 1965, 2,000 inhabitants were expelled by the British government to Mauritius and Seychelles to
allow the United States to establish a military base on the island

Dijon
Capital of Cote-d’Or and Burgundy region in France

Don Juan Pond

Saltiest pond in the world

Douglas
Capital of Isle of Man

Drakensberg
Literally meaning “Dragon Mountains” in Afrikaans, highest mountain range in Southern Africa,
rising to 3,482 meters (11,424 ft) in height

Eagan, Minnesota
The “Onion Capital of the United States”

East Australian Current

Ocean current that moves warm water from the tropical Coral Sea, where it splits from the South
Equatorial Current, down the east coast of Australia

East Sea
Name given by Vietnam to South China Sea

East Timor
Only Asian country that lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
Capital of Tristan da Cunha

Edwinton
Former name of Bismarck, North Dakota

El Salvador
Smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America

Elcano, Juan Sebastian

Spanish Basque explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of the world

Ellice Islands
Former name of Tuvalu

Endorheic basin
Closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other external bodies of water
such as rivers or oceans, but converges instead into lakes or swamps, permanent or seasonal, that
equilibrate through evaporation

English Channel
World’s busiest seaway

Erdapfel
Produced by explorer Martin Behaim in 1492, considered to be the oldest surviving terrestrial globe

Euphrates
The longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia
Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia

Farallon Islands
Group of islands and sea stacks in the Gulf of the Farallones, off the coast of San Francisco,
California

“Father of Deer”
Literal meaning of Abu Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates

Favela
Term for a shanty town in Brazil

Five Great Mountains

Term referring to five of the most renowned mountains in Chinese history, and they were the
subjects of imperial pilgrimage by emperors throughout ages

Fjord
Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley carved by glacial activity

Flag of the Dominican Republic

Only national flag with a Bible on it

Flag of Guatemala
Prominently displays its exact date of independence

Flag of Paraguay
Only national flag with different emblems on its obverse and reverse sides

“Florence of the Elbe”

Nickname given to the German city of Dresden

Forbidden City
Listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world

Former names of countries

Angola – Portuguese West Africa

Bangladesh – East Pakistan
Benin – Dahomey
Bolivia – Upper Peru
Botswana – Bechuanaland
Burkina Faso – Upper Volta
Cambodia – Kampuchea
Central African Republic – Ubangi-Shari
Colombia – New Granada
Democratic Republic of Congo – Zaire
Djibouti – French Somaliland / Territory of the Afars and the Issas
Equatorial Guinea – Spanish Guinea
Ethiopia – Abyssinia
Ghana – Gold Coast
Guinea-Bissau – Portuguese Guinea
Guyana – British Guiana
Indonesia – Dutch East Indies
Iran – Persia
Kiribati – Gilbert Islands
Lesotho – Basutoland
Malawi – Nyasaland
Mali – French Sudan
Mexico – New Spain
Moldova – Bessarabia
Namibia – German Southwest Africa
Singapore – Temasek
Sri Lanka – Ceylon
Suriname – Dutch Guiana
Thailand – Siam
Togo – French Togoland
Tuvalu – Ellice Islands
Vanuatu – New Hebrides
Zambia – Northern Rhodesia
Zimbabwe – Southern Rhodesia

Four Corners Monument

Only point in the United States shared by four states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah)

Frying Pan Lake

Located in New Zealand, largest hot spring in the world

Fuchs, Vivian
First person to cross Antarctica

The Gambia
Smallest country in Africa

Geneva
Home to the headquarters of the International Red Cross

Glass House Mountains

Group of eleven hills that rise abruptly from the coastal plain on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland,
Australia

Goa
India’s smallest state by area

Golden Gate Bridge

Designed by Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow and Charles Ellis
Second most common suicide site in the world

Gorky
Former name of the Russian city of Nizhni Novgorod

Gracie Mansion
Official residence of the Mayor of New York CIty

Graz
Capital of the Austrian state of Styria

Great Barrier Reef

World’s largest coral reef system

Great Bear Lake

Largest lake entirely in Canada

Great Lakes

Michigan
Huron
Superior
Erie
Ontario

Great Pyramid of Giza

The only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages

Guadalajara
Capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco

Guyana
Only South American nation whose official language is English

Hanga Roa
Capital of Easter Island

Harmattan
Dry and dusty West African trade wind

Heraklion
Largest city, capital and administrative center of Crete

High Court of Tynwald

Legislature of the Isle of Man

Highest peaks by country

Rank Country Highest point Elevation

1 Nepal Mount Everest 8,848 m (29,029 ft)
1 China Mount Everest 8,848 m (29,029 ft)
3 Pakistan K2 8,611 m (28,251 ft)
4 India Kangchenjunga 8,586 m (28,169 ft)
5 Bhutan Gangkhar Puensum 7,570 m (24,836 ft)
6 Tajikistan Ismoil Somoni Peak 7,495 m (24,590 ft)
7 Afghanistan Noshaq 7,492 m (24,580 ft)
8 Kyrgyzstan Jengish Chokusu 7,439 m (24,406 ft)
9 Kazakhstan Khan Tengri 7,010 m (22,999 ft)
10 Argentina Aconcagua 6,960 m (22,835 ft)
11 Chile Ojos del Salado 6,893 m (22,615 ft)
12 Peru Huascarán 6,768 m (22,205 ft)
13 Bolivia Nevado Sajama 6,542 m (21,463 ft)
14 Ecuador Mount Chimborazo 6,267 m (20,561 ft)
15 United States Mount McKinley 6,168 m (20,236 ft)
16 Canada Mount Logan 5,959 m (19,551 ft)
17 Tanzania Mount Kilimanjaro 5,892 m (19,331 ft)
18 Myanmar Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m (19,295 ft)
Pico Cristóbal Colón or Pico Simón
19 Colombia 5,700 m (18,701 ft)
Bolívar
20 Russia Mount Elbrus 5,642 m (18,510 ft)
21 Mexico Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m (18,491 ft)
Rank Country Highest point Elevation
22 Iran Damavand 5,610 m (18,406 ft)
23 Kenya Batian on Mount Kenya 5,199 m (17,057 ft)
24 Georgia Mt’a Shkhara 5,193 m (17,037 ft)
25 Turkey Mount Ararat 5,137 m (16,854 ft)
Democratic Republic
26 Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m (16,765 ft)
of the Congo
26 Uganda Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m (16,765 ft)
28 Venezuela Pico Bolívar (La Columna) 4,981 m (16,342 ft)
30 Indonesia Mount Carstensz (Puncak Jaya) 4,884 m (16,024 ft)
France (Metropolitan
31 Mont Blanc 4,810 m (15,781 ft)
France)
31 Italy Monte Bianco 4,810 m (15,781 ft)
33 Uzbekistan Khazret Sultan 4,643 m (15,233 ft)
34 Switzerland Dufourspitze on Monte Rosa 4,634 m (15,203 ft)
35 Ethiopia Ras Dejen 4,550 m (14,928 ft)
36 Rwanda Mount Karisimbi 4,519 m (14,826 ft)
37 Papua New Guinea Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m (14,793 ft)
38 Azerbaijan Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m (14,715 ft)
39 Mongolia Khüiten Peak (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m (14,350 ft)
40 Guatemala Volcán Tajumulco 4,220 m (13,845 ft)
41 Morocco Jbel Toubkal 4,165 m (13,665 ft)
42 Malaysia Mount Kinabalu 4,095 m (13,435 ft)
43 Armenia Mount Aragats 4,090 m (13,419 ft)
45 Cameroon Fako on Mount Cameroon 4,040 m (13,255 ft)
48 Costa Rica Cerro Chirripó 3,820 m (12,533 ft)
49 Austria Großglockner 3,798 m (12,461 ft)
50 Japan Mount Fuji 3,776 m (12,388 ft)
51 New Zealand Aoraki/Mount Cook 3,754 m (12,316 ft)
52 Spain Teide on Tenerife in the Canary Islands 3,718 m (12,198 ft)
54 Yemen Jabal an Nabi Shu’ayb 3,666 m (12,028 ft)
55 Iraq Cheekha Dar 3,611 m (11,847 ft)
56 Lesotho Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m (11,424 ft)
Rank Country Highest point Elevation
57 Panama Volcán Barú 3,475 m (11,401 ft)
58 South Africa Mafadi 3,450 m (11,319 ft)
59 Chad Emi Koussi 3,445 m (11,302 ft)
60 South Sudan Kinyeti 3,187 m (10,456 ft)
61 Vietnam Fan Si Pan 3,143 m (10,312 ft)
62 Turkmenistan Aýrybaba 3,139 m (10,299 ft)
63 Dominican Republic Pico Duarte 3,098 m (10,164 ft)
64 Lebanon Qurnat as Sawda’ 3,088 m (10,131 ft)
66 Sudan Deriba Caldera 3,042 m (9,980 ft)
67 Eritrea Emba Soira 3,018 m (9,902 ft)
68 Equatorial Guinea Pico Basile 3,008 m (9,869 ft)
69 Algeria Mount Tahat 3,003 m (9,852 ft)
70 Malawi Sapitwa (Mulanje Massif) 3,002 m (9,849 ft)
71 Saudi Arabia unclear (possibly Jabal Sawda) 3,000 m (9,843 ft) c.
72 Brazil Pico da Neblina 2,994 m (9,823 ft)
73 Oman Jabal Shams 2,980 m (9,777 ft)
74 East Timor Pico do Ramelau (Mount Ramelau) 2,963 m (9,721 ft)
75 Germany Zugspitze 2,962 m (9,718 ft)
76 Philippines Mount Apo 2,954 m (9,692 ft)
77 Andorra Coma Pedrosa 2,942 m (9,652 ft)
79 Bulgaria Musala 2,925 m (9,596 ft)
80 Greece Mount Olympus 2,919 m (9,577 ft)
81 Madagascar Maromokotro 2,876 m (9,436 ft)
82 Honduras Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m (9,416 ft)
83 Slovenia Triglav 2,864 m (9,396 ft)
84 Cape Verde Mount Fogo 2,829 m (9,281 ft)
85 Laos Phou Bia 2,817 m (9,242 ft)
86 Syria Mount Hermon (Jabal el-Sheikh) 2,814 m (9,232 ft)
87 Albania Maja e Korabit 2,764 m (9,068 ft)
87 Macedonia Golem Korab 2,764 m (9,068 ft)
89 Guyana Mount Roraima 2,750 m (9,022 ft)
90 Australia Mawson Peak on Heard Island 2,745 m (9,006 ft)
Rank Country Highest point Elevation
91 North Korea Paektu-san 2,744 m (9,003 ft)
92 El Salvador Cerro El Pital 2,730 m (8,957 ft)
93 Burundi south east of Mount Heha 2,684 m (8,806 ft)
94 Haiti Pic la Selle 2,680 m (8,793 ft)
96 Slovakia Gerlachovský štít 2,655 m (8,711 ft)
97 Egypt Mount Catherine 2,629 m (8,625 ft)
98 Angola Morro de Môco 2,620 m (8,596 ft)
99 Namibia Konigstein 2,606 m (8,550 ft)
100 Liechtenstein Grauspitz 2,599 m (8,527 ft)
101 Zimbabwe Mount Nyangani 2,592 m (8,504 ft)
102 Thailand Doi Inthanon 2,565 m (8,415 ft)
103 Romania Moldoveanu 2,544 m (8,346 ft)
104 Montenegro Zla Kolata 2,534 m (8,314 ft)
105 Sri Lanka Pidurutalagala 2,524 m (8,281 ft)
106 Poland Rysy 2,499 m (8,199 ft)
107 Norway Galdhøpiggen 2,469 m (8,100 ft)
108 Somalia Shimbiris 2,450 m (8,038 ft)
109 Mozambique Monte Binga 2,436 m (7,992 ft)
110 Nigeria Chappal Waddi 2,419 m (7,936 ft)
Bosnia and
111 Maglić 2,386 m (7,828 ft)
Herzegovina
112 Comoros Le Kartala 2,360 m (7,743 ft)
Ponta do Pico on Pico Island in the
113 Portugal 2,351 m (7,713 ft)
Azores
114 Solomon Islands Mount Popomanaseu 2,335 m (7,661 ft)
115 Zambia unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,329 m (7,641 ft)
116 Libya Bikku Bitti 2,267 m (7,438 ft)
117 Jamaica Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m (7,402 ft)
1,208 m (3,963 ft) or
119 Israel Har Meron or Mount Hermon
2,236 m (7,336 ft)
2,169 m (7,116 ft) or
120 Serbia Midžor or Đeravica
2,656 m (8,714 ft)
121 Iceland Hvannadalshnúkur 2,110 m (6,923 ft)
Rank Country Highest point Elevation
122 Nicaragua Mogoton 2,107 m (6,913 ft)
123 Sweden Kebnekaise 2,104 m (6,903 ft)
125 Ukraine Hora Hoverla 2,061 m (6,762 ft)
126 Djibouti Mousa Ali 2,028 m (6,654 ft)
127 São Tomé and Príncipe Pico de São Tomé 2,024 m (6,640 ft)
128 Niger Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès 2,022 m (6,634 ft)
129 Cuba Pico Turquino 1,974 m (6,476 ft)
130 Cyprus Mount Olympus 1,951 m (6,401 ft)
131 South Korea Halla-san (in Jeju Island) 1,950 m (6,398 ft)
132 Sierra Leone Mount Bintumani (Loma Mansa) 1,948 m (6,391 ft)
133 United Arab Emirates Unnamed knoll west of Jabal Bil Ays 1,910 m (6,266 ft)
134 Vanuatu Mount Tabwemasana 1,879 m (6,165 ft)
135 Swaziland Emlembe 1,862 m (6,109 ft)
136 Samoa Mauga Silisili (Savaii) 1,857 m (6,093 ft)
137 Jordan Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m (6,083 ft)
138 Brunei Bukit Pagon 1,850 m (6,070 ft)
139 Croatia Dinara 1,831 m (6,007 ft)
140 Cambodia Phnom Aural 1,810 m (5,938 ft)
141 Côte d’Ivoire Mont Nimba 1,752 m (5,748 ft)
141 Guinea Mont Nimba 1,752 m (5,748 ft)
145 Czech Republic Sněžka 1,602 m (5,256 ft)
146 Tunisia Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m (5,066 ft)
147 Botswana Otse Hill 1,491 m (4,892 ft)
149 Dominica Morne Diablotins 1,447 m (4,747 ft)
150 Liberia Mount Wuteve 1,440 m (4,724 ft)
Central African
151 Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m (4,659 ft)
Republic
153 United Kingdom Ben Nevis 1,344 m (4,409 ft)
155 Fiji Tomanivi 1,324 m (4,344 ft)
155 Finland Halti 1,324 m (4,344 ft)
Saint Vincent and the
157 Soufrière 1,234 m (4,049 ft)
Grenadines
Rank Country Highest point Elevation
158 Suriname Juliana Top 1,230 m (4,035 ft)
159 Saint Kitts and Nevis Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m (3,793 ft)
160 Mali Hombori Tondo 1,155 m (3,789 ft)
161 Belize Doyle’s Delight 1,124 m (3,688 ft)
162 Gabon Mont Bengoué 1,070 m (3,510 ft)
163 Bangladesh Saka Haphong 1,063 m (3,488 ft)
164 Ireland Carrauntoohil 1,038 m (3,406 ft)
165 Tonga unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m (3,389 ft)
167 Republic of the Congo Mont Nabeba 1,020 m (3,346 ft)
168 Hungary Kékes 1,014 m (3,327 ft)
169 Togo Mont Agou 986 m (3,235 ft)
173 Saint Lucia Mount Gimie 950 m (3,117 ft)
174 Trinidad and Tobago El Cerro del Aripo 940 m (3,084 ft)
175 Mauritania Kediet ej Jill 915 m (3,002 ft)
177 Seychelles Morne Seychellois 905 m (2,969 ft)
Mount Scenery (on the Caribbean
178 Netherlands 887 m (2,910 ft)
island of Saba)
180 Ghana Mount Afadjato 880 m (2,887 ft)
182 Paraguay Cerro Peró (Cerro Tres Kandú) 842 m (2,762 ft)
183 Grenada Mount Saint Catherine 840 m (2,756 ft)
184 Mauritius Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire 828 m (2,717 ft)
Federated States of
185 Dolohmwar (Totolom) 791 m (2,595 ft)
Micronesia
186 San Marino Monte Titano 755 m (2,477 ft)
187 Burkina Faso Tena Kourou 749 m (2,457 ft)
189 Belgium Signal de Botrange 694 m (2,277 ft)
191 Benin Mont Sokbaro 658 m (2,159 ft)
194 Senegal unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m (1,906 ft)
195 Luxembourg Kneiff 560 m (1,837 ft)
198 Uruguay Cerro Catedral 514 m (1,686 ft)
201 Moldova Dealul ălăneşti 430 m (1,411 ft)
205 Antigua and Barbuda Mount Obama 402 m (1,319 ft)
 Rank Country Highest point Elevation
209 Belarus Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m (1,135 ft)
211 Barbados Mount Hillaby 336 m (1,102 ft)
213 Estonia Suur Munamägi 318 m (1,043 ft)
214 Latvia Gaizinkalns 312 m (1,024 ft)
215 Kuwait unnamed location 306 m (1,004 ft)
unnamed location in the northeast
216 Guinea-Bissau 300 m (984 ft)
corner of the country
217 Lithuania Aukštojas Hill 294 m (965 ft)
219 Malta Ta’Dmejrek 253 m (830 ft)
220 Palau Mount Ngerchelchuus 242 m (794 ft)
224 Denmark Møllehøj 171 m (561 ft)
225 Singapore Bukit Timah 164 m (538 ft)
Chemin des Révoires, a pathway
226 Monaco 161 m (528 ft)
located on the slopes of Mont Agel
228 Bahrain Jabal ad Dukhan 134 m (440 ft)
230 Qatar Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m (338 ft)
231 Kiribati unnamed location on Banaba 81 m (266 ft)
233 Vatican City Vatican Hill 75 m (246 ft)
234 Nauru Command Ridge 71 m (233 ft)
237 Bahamas Mount Alvernia on Cat Island 63 m (207 ft)
238 The Gambia unnamed location 53 m (174 ft)
242 Marshall Islands unnamed location on Likiep 10 m (33 ft)
243 Tuvalu unnamed location on Niulakita 5 m (16 ft)
246 Maldives unnamed location on Villingili Island 2.4 m (8 ft)

Hispaniola
Second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba
Most populous island in the Americas

Hong Kong
Has the longest life expectancy of any country/special administrative region in the world in 2012,
surpassing Japan

Honshu
Largest and most populous island of Japan

Hortobágy
Located in Hungary, largest semi-natural grassland in Europe

Hotel Chelsea
New York City hotel where Arthur C. Clarke wrote 2001: A Space Odyssey while staying at the
Chelsea, and poets Allen Ginsberg, and Gregory Corso chose it as a place for philosophical and
artistical exchange, where the writer Dylan Thomas was staying when he died of pneumonia in
1953 and where Nancy Spungen, girlfriend of Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols, was found stabbed to
death in 1978

Huangpu River
113 kilometer-long river in China flowing through Shanghai
Last significant tributary of the Yangtze before it empties into the East China Sea

Humboldt Current
Cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the west coast of South America from the
southern tip of Chile to northern Peru

Hurricane Sandy
Deadliest and most destructive hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, as well as the
second-costliest hurricane in United States history

Hutton, James
Scottish geologist, physician, chemical manufacturer, naturalist, and experimental agriculturalist
credited as being the originator of uniformitarianism which explains the features of the Earth’s crust
by means of natural processes over geologic time

Iguazu Falls
Waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of Brazil and Argentina, discovered by Spanish
conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

IJsselmeer
Largest lake in Western Europe

Île de la Cité
One of two remaining natural islands in the Seine within the city of Paris, the other being the Île
Saint-Louis
Location of the Notre Dame

Inselberg
Isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or
virtually level surrounding plain

Inside Passage
Coastal route for oceangoing vessels along a network of passages which weave through the islands
on the Pacific coast of North America

'Iolani Palace
Only royal palace in the United States used as an official residence by a reigning monarch

Iqaluit
Formerly called Frobisher Bay, largest city and territorial capital of the Canadian territory of
Nunavut
Irazú Volcano
The highest active volcano in Costa Rica where, from the top, it is possible to see both the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans on a clear day

Isle Royale
Largest natural island in Lake Superior

Ismoil Somoni Peak

Highest mountain in Tajikistan, formerly known as Stalin Peak in 1933 and Communism Peak in
1962

Isobar
Line on a weather chart which join points of equal pressure

Isostasy
Term used in geology to refer to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the earth’s
lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates “float” at an elevation which depends on
their thickness and density

Issei
Japanese language term used in countries in North America, South America and Australia to specify
the Japanese people first to immigrate

Isthmus of Suez
Narrow strip of land that lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, linking Africa and
Asia

Itaipu Dam
Largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy generation

Jakarta
World’s most active city in Twitter

Java
World’s most populous island

Jeju
Largest island of South Korea

Juan Fernández Islands

Sparsely inhabited island group reliant on tourism and fishing in the South Pacific Ocean mainly
known for having been the home to the marooned sailor Alexander Selkirk for four years, which
may have inspired the Daniel Defoe novel Robinson Crusoe

Kazakhstan
World’s largest landlocked country

Kali Gandaki Gorge

Deepest gorge in the world

Kanak flag
Second official flag of New Caledonia

Kandy
City in Sri Lanka that is home to the Temple of the Tooth Relic

Kaokoveld Desert
Coastal desert of northern Namibia and southern Angola

Karakoram Highway
Highest pave highway in the world

Kata Tjuta
Also called “The Olgas”, large domed rock formation southwest of Ayers Rock

Katabatic wind
Technical name for a drainage wind, a wind that carries high density air from a higher elevation
down a slope under the force of gravity

Kazan
Capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia

Kelimutu
Volcano in Flores Island, Indonesia which contain three striking crater lakes of varying colors

Khlong
General name for a canal in the central plain of Thailand

Kibbutz
Collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture

Kiel Canal
World’s busiest artificial waterway

Kijong-dong
One of the two villages permitted to remain in the 4-kilometer-wide Demilitarized Zone set up
under the 1953 armistice ending the Korean War, the other is the South Korean village of Daesong-
dong

King Fahd Causeway

Series of bridges and causeways connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain

Knesset
Unicameral parliament of Israel

Konigsberg
Former name of Kaliningrad, Russia

“Koshkar-muiz”
Literally meaning “the horns of the ram”, national ornamental pattern in the hoist side of the flag of
Kazakhstan

Kukuczka, Jerzy
Second man, after Reinhold Messner, to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world

Kunlun Mountains
One of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than 3,000 km

Kuroshio
North-flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean

KV
Acronym referring to tombs in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt

Lahar
Type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and
water

Lake Assal
Crater lake in Djibouti that is the lowest point on land in Africa and the third lowest land depression
on Earth after the Dead Sea and Sea of Galilee

Lake Baikal
Deepest freshwater lake in the world
Most voluminous freshwater lake in the world

Lake Iliamna
Largest lake in Alaska

Lake Malawi
African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between
Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania
Third largest and second deepest lake in Africa

Lake Mead
Largest reservoir in the United States in maximum water capacity

Lake Natron
Salt lake located in northern Tanzania, close to the Kenyan border, in the eastern branch of the East
African Rift

Lake Nicaragua
Boasts the only freshwater sharks in the world

Lake Nyos
Lake in Cameroon identified as one of only three known exploding lakes to be saturated with
carbon dioxide in this way, the others being Lake Monoun, also in Cameroon, and Lake Kivu in
Democratic Republic of Congo
Suffocated 1,700 people and 3,500 livestock in nearby towns and villages as a result of a landslide
in 1986

Lake Okeechobee
Largest freshwater lake in Florida

Lake Pontchartrain
Brackish estuary located in southern Louisiana

Lake Superior
Largest of the five traditionally demarcated Great Lakes of North America

Lake Titicaca
Largest lake in South America by volume of water

Lake Urmia
Largest lake in the Middle East

Lake Victoria
Africa’s largest lake by area, and largest tropical lake in the world

Lake Volta
Largest artificial lake in the world

Lake Vostok
Largest of Antarctica's 400 known subglacial lakes

Lampedusa
Largest island of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea

Land’s End
Most westerly point of England

Lanzarote
Easternmost of the Canary Islands

Las Tortugas
Name given by Christopher Columbus on Cayman Islands

Le Havre
Second-largest port in France after Marseille

Liberia
Second-largest maritime registry in the world behind Panama, with 3,500 vessels registered under
its flag accounting for 11% of ships worldwide

Limmat
River the flows into Zurich, Switzerland

Limon Bay
Caribbean entrance of the Panama Canal

Lipari
Largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the north coast of Sicily

Lisbon
Capital city of Portugal and oldest city in Western Europe

Loch Lomond
Largest inland stretch of water in Great Britain by surface area

Logting
Unicameral parliament of the Faroe Islands

Luoyang
Chinese city known as the cradle of Chinese civilization

Maelstrom
Very powerful whirlpool

Mahé
Largest island of Seychelles

Makepeace Island
Small heart-shaped island resort located in the Noosa River on Australia’s Sunshine Coast currently
owned by Sir Richard Branson

Maldives
Country with the lowest natural highest point in the world
Earth’s lowest country

Manhattanhenge
Circumstance which occurs twice a year, during which the setting sun aligns with the east–west
streets of the main street grid in the borough of Manhattan in New York City

Marmolada
Highest mountain of the Dolomites

Masada
Ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel situated on top of an isolated rock plateau on
the eastern edge of the Judaean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea

Mata-Utu
Capital of Wallis and Futuna

Mauretania
Roman name for the modern-day Morocco

Medina
Name given to the oldest, often maze-like districts in old North African cities

Menai Suspension Bridge

First modern suspension bridge in the world, designed by Thomas Telford

Mercator, Gerardus
Cartographer best known for his work on the world map of 1569 based on a new projection which
represented sailing courses of constant bearing as straight lines
First to use the term Atlas for a collection of maps

Mexico
Has the world’s largest community of American expatriates
Milan
Second largest city of Italy

Minsk
Capital and largest city of Belarus
Administrative center of the Commonwealth of Independent States

Mohorovicic discontinuity
The boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle

Mongolia
Most sparsely populated independent country in the world

Mont Blanc
Highest mountain in the European Alps

Montana
Only US state that borders three different Canadian provinces (Alberta, British Columbia,
Saskatchewan)

Montevideo
Spanish for “I see a mountain”, capital of Uruguay

Moshaweng
Original name of Gaborone, capital of Botswana

Mosi-oa-Tunya
Local name of Victoria Falls, literally meaning “the smoke that thunders”, discovered by David
Livingstone

Mossad
National intelligence agency of Israel

Mount Ararat
Can be seen on the Coat of arms of Armenia

Mount Erebus
Second highest volcano in Antarctica after Mount Sidley and the most southerly volcano on earth

Mount Etna
Highest and most active volcano in Europe

Mount Everest
Highest mountain in the Earth, called Chomolungma by Tibetans

Mount Fumaiolo
Source of the Tiber

Mount Kailash
Peak in the Kailas range in Tibet considered a sacred place in Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism and
Jainism
Mount Kilimanjaro
Highest mountain in Tanzania
Highest mountain in Africa
Highest free-standing mountain in the world at 5,895 meters or 19,341 feet above sea level

Mount Korab
Pictured in the coat of arms of Macedonia

Mount Suribachi
Highest point of Iwo Jima

Mount Vesuvius
Best known for its eruption in 79 CE that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of
Pompeii and Herculaneum

Mozambique
Holds the record for the largest percentage of its population of age 64 in its workforce

Muristan
Complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem and also the
location of the first hospital of the Knights Hospitaller

Murmansk, Russia
Largest city north of the Arctic Circle

Namdaemun
First National Treasure of South Korea

Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge

Most common suicide site in the world

Naples
Most-bombed Italian city in World War II

National capitals

Country / Dependency Capital

Afghanistan Kabul
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Episkopi Cantonment
Algeria Algiers
Andorra Andorra La Vella
Angola Luanda
Argentina Buenos Aires
Ascension Island Georgetown
Australia Canberra
 Country / Dependency Capital
Azerbaijan Baku
Bahrain Manama
Bangladesh Dhaka
Barbados Bridgetown
Belarus Minsk
Belgium Brussels
Belize Belmopan
Bermuda Hamilton
Botswana Gaborone
Brazil Brasilia
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan
Burundi Bujumbura
Cayman Islands George Town
Central African Republic Bangui
China Beijing
Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove
Colombia Bogotá
Comoros Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of the Brazzaville
Cook Islands Avarua
Croatia Zagreb
Cuba Havana
Denmark Copenhagen
Djibouti Djibouti
East Timor Dili
Easter Island Hanga Roa
Egypt Cairo
Equatorial Guinea Malabo
Eritrea Asmara
Ethiopia Addis Ababa
Finland Helsinki
 Country / Dependency Capital
French Guiana Cayenne
Gabon Libreville
Gambia Banjul
Germany Berlin
Ghana Accra
Gibraltar Gibraltar
Greece Athens
Guam Hagatna
Guatemala Guatemala City
Guinea Conakry
Guinea-Bissau Bissau
Guyana Georgetown
Hungary Budapest
Indonesia Jakarta
Iraq Baghdad
Ireland Dublin
Isle of Man Douglas
Israel Jerusalem
Jamaica Kingston
Jordan Amman
Kazakhstan Astana
Kuwait Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek
Lebanon Beirut
Lesotho Maseru
Liberia Monrovia
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Madagascar Antananarivo
Malawi Lilongwe
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Putrajaya
Maldives Malé
 Country / Dependency Capital
Mali Bamako
Marshall Islands Majuro
Mexico Mexico City
Moldova Chisinau
Monaco Monaco
Mozambique Maputo
Nepal Kathmandu
Netherlands Amsterdam
Nicaragua Managua
Nigeria Abuja
Niue Alofi
Norfolk Island Kingston
Pakistan Islamabad
Melekeok (official)
Palau
Ngerulmud (seat of government)
Jerusalem
Palestine Ramallah
Gaza
Paraguay Asunción
Peru Lima
Philippines Manila
Pitcairn Islands Adamstown
Portugal Lisbon
Qatar Doha
Romania Bucharest
Russia Moscow
Rwanda Kigali
Saint Barthélemy Gustavia
Saint Helena Jamestown
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre
Saint Lucia Castries
Saint Martin Marigot
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown
 Country / Dependency Capital
Samoa Apia
Senegal Dakar
Serbia Belgrade
Sierra Leone Freetown
Slovakia Bratislava
Slovenia Ljubljana
Solomon Islands Honiara
Somalia Mogadishu
Somaliland Hargeisa
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Grytviken
South Sudan Juba
Spain Madrid
Sudan Khartoum
Mbabane
Swaziland
Lobamba
Switzerland Bern
Syria Damascus
Tajikistan Dushanbe
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Dodoma
Thailand Bangkok
Togo Lomé
Tristan da Cunha Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
Turkey Ankara
Turkmenistan Ashgabat
Turks and Caicos Islands Cockburn Town
Tuvalu Funafuti
Uganda Kampala
Ukraine Kiev
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom London
Uruguay Montevideo
 Country / Dependency Capital
Venezuela Caracas
Vietnam Hanoi
Virgin Islands (United States) Charlotte Amalie
Wallis and Futuna Mata-Utu
Western Sahara El Aaiún
Zambia Lusaka
Zimbabwe Harare
Oman Muscat
Kenya Nairobi
Bahamas Nassau
Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw
Chad N'Djamena
India New Delhi
Niger Niamey
Cyprus Nicosia
Northern Cyprus Nicosia
Mauritania Nouakchott
New Caledonia Nouméa
Tonga Nuku'alofa
Greenland Nuuk
Aruba Oranjestad
Norway Oslo
Canada Ottawa
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou
American Samoa Pago Pago
Micronesia, Federated States of Palikir
Panama Panama City
French Polynesia Papeete
Suriname Paramaribo
France Paris
Sint Maarten Philipsburg
Cambodia Phnom Penh
 Country / Dependency Capital
Plymouth
Montserrat
Brades Estate
Podgorica
Montenegro
Cetinje
Mauritius Port Louis
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby
Vanuatu Port Vila
Haiti Port-au-Prince
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Porto Novo
Benin
Cotonou
Czech Republic Prague
Cape Verde Praia
Pretoria
South Africa Bloemfontein
Cape Town
Kosovo Pristina
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Pyongyang
Ecuador Quito
Morocco Rabat
Iceland Reykjavik
Latvia Riga
Saudi Arabia Riyadh
British Virgin Islands Road Town
Italy Rome
Dominica Roseau
Northern Mariana Islands Saipan
Costa Rica San José
Puerto Rico San Juan
San Marino San Marino
El Salvador San Salvador
Yemen Sana'a
Santiago
Chile
Valparaíso
 Country / Dependency Capital
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo
São Tomé and Principe São Tomé
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo
Korea, Republic of Seoul
Singapore Singapore
Macedonia Skopje
Bulgaria Sofia
Sri Jayawardenepurra Kotte
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Grenada St. George's
Jersey St. Helier
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's
Guernsey St. Peter Port
Saint Pierre and Miquelon St. Pierre
Falkland Islands Stanley
Nagorno-Karabakh Stepanakert
Sweden Stockholm
Sucre
Bolivia
La Paz
Abkhazia Sukhumi
Fiji Suva
Taiwan Taipei
Estonia Tallinn
Kiribati Tarawa
Uzbekistan Tashkent
Tbilisi
Georgia
Kutaisi (legislative)
Honduras Tegucigalpa
Iran Tehran
Bhutan Thimphu
Albania Tirana
Transnistria Tiraspol
Japan Tokyo
 Country / Dependency Capital
Faroe Islands Tórshavn
Libya Tripoli
South Ossetia Tskhinvali
Tunisia Tunis
Mongolia Ulan Bator
Liechtenstein Vaduz
Malta Valletta
Anguilla The Valley
Vatican City Vatican City
Seychelles Victoria
Austria Vienna
Laos Vientiane
Lithuania Vilnius
Poland Warsaw
United States Washington D.C.
New Zealand Wellington
Cocos Islands West Island
Curaçao Willemstad
Namibia Windhoek
Yamoussoukro
Ivory Coast
Abidjan
Cameroon Yaoundé
Nauru Yaren
Armenia Yerevan

Netherlands
First nation to recognize same-sex marriage in 2001

Nettilling Lake
Cold freshwater lake located toward the south end of Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
World's largest lake on an island

Nevada
Driest state in the United States
Only US state to legalize prostitution
US state which hosted the most nuclear tests
“New Flower”
Literal meaning of the name of Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia

Nicknames of Aberdeen

• Granite City
• Oil Capital of Europe
• Silver City

Nicknames of Las Vegas

• The Gambling Capital of the World

• Sin City
• The Entertainment Capital of the World
• Capital of Second Chances
• The Marriage Capital of the World

Niue
Nicknamed “Rock of Polynesia”, became the world’s first “Wi-Fi nation” in 2003

Nordraak, Rikard
Composer of the Norwegian national anthem

North Dakota
Only US state never to have had an earthquake

Northeast Greenland National Park

World’s largest and most northerly national park

Numidia
Roman name given to the present-day Algeria

Nunavut
Meaning “our land” in Inuktitut, largest, northernmost and newest territory of Canada

Nurzhol Boulevard
National boulevard of Kazakhstan

Oklo
Region near the town of Franceville, Gabon where several natural nuclear fission reactors were
discovered in the uranium mines in the region in 1972

Ometepe
Largest island in Lake Nicaragua
Largest volcanic island inside a fresh water lake in the world

Pahoehoe
Basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface

Palau
Last UN Trust Territory to become independent
Palermo
Capital of Sicily

Palk Strait
Strait between India and Sri Lanka that connects the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mannar

Palma, Emilio
Argentine national who is the first person known to be born on the continent of Antarctica

Palmer, Nathaniel
First American to see Antarctica

Pan-American Highway
Network of roads measuring about 48,000 kilometers in length

Panama
Only country in the world where the sun rises over the Pacific Ocean and set over the Atlantic

Paraside Valley
Former name of Hollywood

“Patience” and “Fortitude”

Name of the lion statues at the New York Public Library

Peak XV
Name given to Mount Everest until 1865

Pedra Branca
Easternmost point of Singapore

Pennsylvania
First US state to list its website on its license plate

Permafrost
In geology, soil at or below the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years

Pietermaritzburg
Capital of South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal Province

Pillars of Hercules
Phrase that was applied in Antiquity to the promontories that flank the entrance to the Strait of
Gibraltar

Pitcairn Islands
World’s smallest democracy

Plains of Abraham
Historic area in Quebec City

Pláka
Also known as the “Neighborhood of the Gods”, old historical neighborhood of Athens, Greece
Pleasant Island
Former name of Nauru, the world’s smallest republic

Point break
Place where waves hit a point of land or rocks jutting out from the coastline

Poland
First country to ban corporal punishment in schools in 1783

Polynya
Area of open water surrounded by sea ice

Ponte Milvio
Bridge in Rome that began attracting couples, who use a lamppost on the bridge to attach love
padlocks as a token of love

Port of Rotterdam
Largest port in Europe

Port of Shanghai
World’s busiest container port

Porto
Second-largest city in Portugal, after Lisbon

Praia
Capital of Cape Verde

Punta La Marmora
Highest point in the Mediterranean island of Sardinia

Putrajaya
Planned city that serves as the federal administrative centre of Malaysia

Pyrenees
Range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between France and Spain

Qaasuitsup
Largest municipality in the world by area (Greenland)

Racetrack Playa
A scenic dry lake feature with “sailing stones”that leave linear “racetrack”imprints located in the
Death Valley

“Red or Green?”
Official state question of New Mexico

Registan
Heart of the ancient city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan

Rhodes
Largest of the Dodecanese islands in Greece

Rift valley
Linear-shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a
geologic rift or fault

Rikers Island
New York City’s main jail complex

Ripon Falls
Located at the northern end of Lake Victoria in Uganda, often considered the source of the river
Nile

Roaring Forties
Name given to strong westerly winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, generally between the
latitudes of 40 and 50 degrees

Rokel
Largest river in Sierra Leone

Ross Ice Shelf

Largest ice shelf of Antarctica

Rub’ al Khali
Literally meaning “empty quarter”, largest sand desert in the world

Russia
Largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area
World’s largest reserves of mineral and energy resources
Largest producer of oil and natural gas globally
World’s largest forest reserves
Possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction

Rwenzori Mountains
Also called “Mountains of the Moon”, snow-capped mountain range in Africa

Saharan Air Layer

Intensely dry, warm and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere which often overlies the
cooler, more humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean

St. Augustine, Florida

Oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement and port in the continental United
States

St. Elmo’s fire

Weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a coronal discharge from a sharp or
pointed object in a strong electric field in the atmosphere

St. Helena
Island where Napoleon died and where Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and 5000 Boer prisoners were
exiled
United Kingdom's second oldest remaining colony
Sakhalin
Russia’s largest island

Salar de Uyuni
World’s biggest salt flat

Saldanha, António de
First European who made the first recorded ascent of Table Mountain

Salzburg, Austria
Setting for parts of the musical and film The Sound of Music

San Pedro Sula

Industrial capital of Honduras that has the highest murder rate in the world

Sapporo
Capital of the Hokkaido Prefecture of Japan

Sar Mountains
Mountain range in the Balkans, extending from Kosovo to Albania to Macedonia

Sargasso Sea
Distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 200
feet
Only sea that has no boundaries

Sea of Marmara
Inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey’s Asian and
European parts

Second Street
Most common street name in the United States

Seikan Tunnel
Located beneath the Tsugaru Strait, longest and the deepest operational rail tunnel in the world

Sejm
Lower house of parliament in Poland

Seoraksan
Highest mountain in the Taebaek mountain range in South Korea

Serein
Rain falling from a cloudless sky

Serengeti National Park

Tanzanian national park famous for its annual migration of over 1.5 million white bearded
wildebeest and 250,000 zebra and for its numerous Nile crocodile

Seven Hills of Rome

• Aventine
• Esquiline
• Palatine
• Caelian
• Quirinal
• Viminal
• Capitoline

Severn
Longest river in the United Kingdom

Shenyang
Capital and largest city of China’s Liaoning Province

Shishapangma
Fourteenth-highest mountain in the world and, at 8,013 m
Lowest of the eight-thousanders
Last 8,000-meter peak to be climbed

Silhouette Island
Third largest island of Seychelles

Sirocco
Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and
Southern Europe

Skeleton Coast
Northern part of the Atlantic Ocean coast of Namibia and south of Angola from the Kunene River
south to the Swakop River, although the name is sometimes used to describe the entire Namib
Desert coast

Slocum, Joshua
First man to sail single-handedly around the world

Soomaa National Park

Largest intact peat bog system in Europe preserved as wilderness, located in Estonia

Southern Alps
Mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand’s South Island, reaching its
greatest elevations near the island’s western side

Soyombo symbol
Special character out of the Mongolian Soyombo script that serves as a national symbol of
Mongolia, to be found on the Flag of Mongolia, the Coat of arms of Mongolia, and on many other
official documents

Spain
Only nation that currently grants automatic citizenship to the descendants of Jews expelled during
the European medieval evictions

Spanish Riding School

Traditional riding school for Lipizzan horses, which perform in the Winter Riding School in the
Hofburg

Steppe
Ecoregion, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas, and
shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and
lakes

Strait of Juan de Fuca

Large body of water about 95 miles long that is the Salish Sea outlet to the Pacific Ocean where the
international boundary between the United States and Canada runs down the center of the Strait

Strait of Malacca
Body of water that separates Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula

Strait of Messina
Narrow passage between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern tip of Calabria in the south of
Italy

Strasbourg
Capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the
European Parliament

Stromboli
Small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea known for being the inspiration behind Mordor, from J.R.R.
Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings

Sundarbans
Largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, located in Bangladesh and
India's West Bengal state

Table Mountain
Flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South
Africa

Tarahumara
Native American people of northwestern Mexico who are renowned for their long-distance running
ability

Taklamakan
Desert in the southwest portion of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwest China

Tamu Massif
Inactive submarine shield volcano located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean that is the largest
volcano on Earth, discovered in 2013

Taylor, Annie Edson

First person to cross the Niagara Falls in a barrel

Te Ika-a-Maui
Literally meaning “the fish of Maui”, official Maori name of New Zealand’s North Island
Te Waipounamu
Literally meaning “the waters of greenstone”, official Maori name of New Zealand’s South Island

Tennessee
US state with the most neighbors, borders eight other states

The Bottom
Capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

Considered to be the first true modern atlas written by Abraham Ortelius

Thor Peak
Mountain in Canada that features the Earth’s greatest purely vertical drop at 1,250m with an
average angle of 105 degrees

Tierra del Fuego

Only Argentine province without land on the South American continent

Tonlé Sap
Largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia

Torre Pendente
Italian name for the Leaning Tower of Pisa

Torshavn
Capital of the Faroe Islands

Tribeca
Sometimes written as TriBeCa and an acronym from “Triangle Below Canal Street”, neighborhood
in Lower Manhattan, New York City

Trieste
City in Italy listed in 2012 by Lonely Planet as the world's most underrated travel destination

Tristan da Cunha
Located in the South Atlantic Ocean, the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world

Trondheim
Third largest city in Norway and the capital of Norway until 1217

Tundra
Biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons

Turkey
First country to celebrate Children’s Day as a national holiday

United Arab Emirates sheikdoms

• Abu Dhabi
• Ajman
• Dubai
• Fujairah
• Ras al-Khaimah
• Sharjah
• Umm al-Qaiwain

Valdes Peninsula
Lowest point in Argentina

Valley of the Kings

Valley in Egypt where tombs were constructed for pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New
Kingdom

Vatican City
Had its first drug bust in 2007

“Venice of the North”

Nickname given to Amsterdam, capital of The Netherlands

Victoria
Capital of the Canadian province of British Columbia

Volcán de Fuego
Active stratovolcano in Guatemala

Volga
Longest river in Europe

Vosges Mountains
Range of low mountains in eastern France, near its border with Germany

Waldseemüller, Martin
First cartographer to put “America” on the map

Wallenda, Nik
First person to successfully tightrope walk over Niagara Falls
First person to high-wire walk across a Grand Canyon area gorge

Walvis Bay
City in Namibia that is the country’s only deepwater harbor

Warehouse City
Nickname given to the English city of Manchester

Whitley, Hobart J.
Real estate developer who helped create the Hollywood subdivision in Los Angeles, Southern
California

Willis, Betty
American graphics designer known for having been the designer of the Welcome to Fabulous Las
Vegas sign

Wood Buffalo National Park

Largest national park in North America and the second largest in the world
Only known nesting site of whooping cranes

Wuhan
Capital of China’s Hubei Province

Yamuna
Largest tributary river of the Ganges in India, highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as
goddess Yamuna, throughout its course, bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of
death

Yangtze
Longest river in Asia

Yellow Sea
Name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, located between mainland China and the
Korean Peninsula

Yellowstone National Park

First national park in the world

Zagros Mountains
Largest mountain range of Iran and Iraq

Zanzibar
Also known as Spice Islands, located off the coast of Africa

Zhengzhou
Capital of China’s Henan province

Zugspitze
Highest mountain in Germany

Zurbriggen, Matthias
First to reach the summit of Aconcagua
Lifestyle

4/20
Code-term used primarily in North America that refers to the consumption of cannabis and, by
extension, a way to identify oneself with cannabis subculture

8
Number of vegetables in a V8 juice

15
Number corresponding to The Devil in tarot cards

28
Number of cookies in each box of Thin Mints

A la Florentine
Culinary term that means served with spinach, sometimes napped with cheese sauce, usually used
of fish or eggs

Abbey Dawn
Clothing line designed by musician Avril Lavigne

Advocaat
Traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar and brandy

Agal
Black cord, worn doubled, used to keep the keffiyeh in place on the wearer’s head

Aglet
Term for the sheath at the tip of a shoelace

Agnelli, Giovanni
Founder of automobile company Fiat, established in 1899

Aioli
Garlic pounded with egg yolk and salt then made into a mayonnaise in standard fashion

Alcohol by volume
Standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in an alcoholic beverage, defined as the
number of milliliters of pure ethanol present in 100 milliliters of solution at 20 degrees Celsius

Alderton, Charles
Creator of Dr. Pepper

Alligator pear
Another name for avocado

Allspice
Also called Jamaica pepper, pepper, myrtle pepper, pimenta, pimento, English pepper or newspice,
spice that is the dried unripe fruit (“berries”) of Pimenta dioica, a mid-canopy tree native to the
Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the
world
Aloha shirt
Style of dress shirt originating in Hawaii

Amarula
Cream liqueur from South Africa made with sugar, cream and the fruit of the African marula tree

Ambrosia
Italian dessert is made from layers of thinly sliced oranges, sliced bananas,fresh pineapple,
desiccated coconut and caster sugar

Amedei Porcelana
World’s most expensive chocolate

Angel’s share
Term for the portion of a wine or volume in a distilled spirit that is lost to evaporation during aging
in oak barrels

Angelica wine
Historic sweet fortified wine usually from California made typically from the Mission grape

Angels on horseback
Hot appetizer made of oysters wrapped with bacon

Apéritif
Alcoholic drinks that are normally served before a meal

Apotropaic magic
Type of magic intended to “turn away”harm or evil influences, as in deflecting misfortune or
averting the evil eye

Arrack
Distilled alcoholic drink typically produced in South Asia and Southeast Asia made from either the
fermented sap of coconut flowers, sugarcane, grain or fruit

Arend, Rene
McDonald’s executive chef who created the Chicken McNugget in 1979

Aspartame
Artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages

Astral projection
Interpretation of out of body experience that assumes the existence of an astral body separate from
the physical body and capable of traveling outside it

Baba ghanoush
Lebanese dish of aubergine mashed and mixed with virgin olive oil and various preparations
include the eggplant to be baked or boiled over an open flame before peeling

Bacardi
Largest privately held, family-owned spirits company in the world, originally known for its
eponymous Bacardi white rum
Baguette
Long thin loaf of French bread distinguishable by its length and crisp crust

Bain-marie
French term for a piece of equipment used in science, industry, and cooking to heat materials gently
and gradually to fixed temperatures, or to keep materials warm over a period of time

Baklava
Rich, sweet pastry made of layers of phyllo pastry filled with chopped nuts and sweetened with
syrup or honey

Balaclava
Form of cloth headgear that covers the whole head, exposing only part of the face

Bananas Foster
Dessert made from bananas and vanilla ice cream, with the sauce made from butter, brown sugar,
cinnamon, dark rum, and banana liqueur

Banchan
Name given to the shared side dishes in Korean cuisine served as part of a main meal (e.g. kimchi,
namul, bokkeum)

Barmbrack
Yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins

Basting
Cooking technique that involves cooking meat with either its own juices or some type of
preparation such as a sauce or marinade

Bateaux mouches
Open excursion boats that provide visitors to Paris with a view of the city from along the river
Seine

Baur, Fredric
American chemist and food storage technician notable for designing and patenting the Pringles
packaging

Bbopgi
Korean sweet made from melted sugar and baking soda

Beaujolais nouveau
Red wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France
Most popular vin de primeur, fermented for just a few weeks before being released for sale on the
third Thursday of November

Beef bourguignon
Traditional French dish, a stew prepared with beef braised in red wine, traditionally red Burgundy,
and beef broth, generally flavored with garlic, onions and a bouquet garni, with pearl onions and
mushrooms added towards the end of cooking

Beef Stroganoff
Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with smetana or sour cream

Beeswing
Froth found on top of aged wine

Beiersdorf, Paul Carl

German pharmacist from Neuruppin, Brandenburg who founded Beiersdorf AG, makers of body
care brand Nivea, in Hamburg

Belgian bun
Sweet bun containing sultanas and usually topped with fondant icing and half a glace cherry

Bell, Glen
Founder of the fast food chain Taco Bell

Bell-bottoms
Style of pants that become wider from the knees downward, forming a bell-like shape of the pant
leg

Bergamot
Flavoring distinct in Earl Grey Tea

BIC Boy
Name of the little BIC pen logo guy

Biltong
Kind of cured meat that originated in South Africa

Biretta
Square cap worn by Roman Catholic clergymen

Black bun
Type of fruit cake that typically contains raisins, currants, almonds, citrus peel, allspice, ginger,
cinnamon and black pepper, originally eaten on Twelfth Night but now enjoyed at Hogmanay

Black Velvet
Drink consisting of a mixture of stout and champagne

Blonde and Sweet

GI slang for coffee with cream and sugar

Bloody Mary
Popular cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and usually other spices or flavorings such as
Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, piri piri sauce, beef consommé or bouillon, horseradish,
celery, olive, salt, black pepper, cayenne pepper, lemon juice, and celery salt

Blue cheese
General classification of cow's milk, sheep's milk or goat's milk cheeses that have had cultures of
the mold Penicillium added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-
gray or blue-green mold and carries a distinct smell, either from that or various specially cultivated
bacteria
Blue Flag
Award made by the European Union to seaside resorts with clean beaches

Blue Ribbon Sports

Original name of sporting fashion company Nike

Boater
Kind of men's formal summer hat normally made of stiff sennit straw and has a stiff crown and
brim, typically with a solid or striped grosgrain ribbon around the crown

Body
Term for the consistency, thickness and substance of a wine

Bougatsa
Greek breakfast pastry consisting of semolina custard, cheese, or minced meat filling between
layers of phyllo

Bouquet garni
Bundle of herbs usually tied together with string and mainly used to prepare soup, stock and various
stews

Boysenberry
Cross between a European raspberry, a common blackberry, an American dewberry and a
loganberry

Brad’s Drink
Original name of Pepsi-Cola

Bradham, Caleb
Inventor of the soft drink Pepsi-Cola

Braising
Combination cooking method using both moist and dry heat

Brandy
Spirit produced by distilling wine

Brannock device
Measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock for measuring a person's shoe size

Brassard
Armband or piece of cloth or other material worn around the upper arm, used as an item of military
uniform to which rank badges may be attached instead of being stitched into the actual clothing

Brigandine
Form of body armor from the Middle Ages that is a cloth garment, generally canvas or leather, lined
with small oblong steel plates riveted to the fabric

Brogue
Style of low-heeled shoe or boot traditionally characterized by multiple-piece, sturdy leather uppers
with decorative perforations and serration along the pieces’ visible edges
Bruschetta
Antipasto from Italy whose origin dates to at least the 15th century that consists of grilled bread
rubbed with garlic and topped with olive oil, salt and pepper

Buckskin
Soft sueded leather from the hide of deer or elk

Bukkake
Group sex act in which several men take turns ejaculating on a man or a woman

Bulgogi
Korean dish that usually consists of grilled marinated beef

Bündchen, Gisele
Placed first on the Forbes top-earning models list in 2012, estimated to have earned $45 million in
one year
Highest paid model in the world

Burberry, Thomas
Founder of Burberry and inventor of Gabardine

Cacciatore
Meal prepared “hunter-style” with tomatoes, onions, herbs, often bell pepper, and sometimes wine,
popularly made with braised chicken or rabbit

Cade, Robert
Widely remembered as the leader of the research team that formulated the sports drink Gatorade

Callister, Cyril Percy

Australian chemist and food technologist who developed the Vegemite yeast spread

Calumet
Ceremonial smoking pipe used by some indigenous American nations, traditionally being smoked
to seal a covenant or treaty or to offer prayers in a religious ceremony

Camel toe
Slang term that refers to the outline of a human female’s labia majora

Canada
First nation to require gruesome photos of diseased body parts oncigarette packs

Candy
Most shoplifted food in the US

Carambola
Another name for starfruit

Carbonara
Italian pasta dish based on eggs, cheese, bacon, and black pepper

Cardin, Pierre
Italian-born French designer known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs
Carhop
Waiter or waitress who brings fast food to people in their cars at drive-in restaurants

Carney, Dan and Carney, Frank

Founders of Pizza Hut

Carpaccio
Dish of raw meat or fish thinly sliced or pounded thin and served mainly as an appetizer

Carrageenan
Family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds widely used in the
food industry, for their gelling, thickening and stabilizing properties

Cartomancy
Fortune-telling by interpreting a random selection of playing cards

Cassoulet
Rich, slow-cooked casserole originating in the south of France, containing meat (typically pork
sausages, goose, duck and sometimes mutton), pork skin (couennes) and white haricot beans

Catgut
Type of cord that is prepared from the natural fiber found in the walls of animal intestines

Catherine wheel
Type of firework consisting of a powder-filled spiral tube or an angled rocket mounted with a pin
through its center

Champagne bottles

• Baby (1/8)
• Nip (1/4)
• Bottle
• Magnum (2)
• Jeroboam (4)
• Rehoboam (6)
• Methuselah (8)
• Salamanzar (12)
• Balthazar (16)
• Nebuchadnezzar (20)

Chaps
Sturdy coverings for the legs consisting of leggings and a belt

Chardonnay
Green-skinned grape variety used to make white wine

Chaser
Mild drink consumed immediately after a drink of hard liquor

Château Frontenac
Most photographed hotel in the world
Cheek, Joel
Developer of instant coffee

Cheese
Most shoplifted food in Europe

Cheesecloth
Loose-woven gauze-like cotton cloth used primarily in cheese making and cooking

Cherries jubilee
Dessert dish made with cherries and liqueur which is subsequently flambéed and commonly served
as a sauce over vanilla ice cream

Chhaang
Tibetan barley beer

Chicago Red Hot

All-beef frankfurter on a poppy seed bun originating from Chicago, topped with yellow mustard,
chopped white onions, bright green sweet pickle relish, a dill pickle spear, tomato wedges, pickled
sport peppers and a dash of celery salt

Chicken à la King
Dish consisting of diced chicken in a cream sauce, and often with sherry, mushrooms, and
vegetables, served over rice, pasta or bread

Chignon
Hairstyle with the hair in a “bun”

Child, Julia
Recognized for bringing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook,
Mastering the Art of French Cooking

Choux pastry
Light pastry dough used to make profiteroles, croquembouches, éclairs, French crullers, beignets,
St. Honoré cake, Indonesian kue sus, and gougères

Chow mein
Stir-fried dish consisting of noodles, meat, onions and celery often served as a specific dish at
westernized Chinese restaurants

Chung Ju-yung
Founder of Hyundai

Churros
Sometimes referred to as a Spanish doughnut, fried-dough pastry, predominantly choux, based
snack

Ciabatta
Italian white bread made from wheat flour and yeast

Claret
Name primarily used in British English for red Bordeaux wine

Clementine
Variety of mandarin orange

Cobb salad
Main-dish American garden salad made from chopped salad greens, tomato, crisp bacon, boiled or
roasted chicken breast, hard-boiled egg, avocado, chives, Roquefort cheese and red wine vinaigrette

Cocoa butter
Also called theobroma oil, pale-yellow, edible vegetable fat extracted from the cocoa bean used to
make chocolate, as well as some ointments, toiletries, and pharmaceuticals

Coir
Natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut

Colgate, William
English manufacture who founded what became the Colgate toothpaste company in 1806

Consommé
Clear soup made from boiling meat or bones

Control Video Corporation

First name of American company AOL

Coopers Hill
Place in Gloucestershire, England famous for the Cheese Rolling Festival

Copra
Dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut

Courrèges, André
French fashion designerknown for his ultra-modern designs

Couscous
Traditional Berber dish of semolina (tiny granules of durum wheat) which is cooked by steaming
and traditionally served with a meat or vegetable stew spooned over it

Craven Walker, Edward

Inventor of the psychedelic Astro Lamp, known as the Lava Lamp in 1963

Crawford, Cindy
American model known for her trademark mole just above her lip

Crème de cassis
• Sweet, dark red liqueur made from blackcurrants
• Favorite drink of fictional detective Hercule Poirot

Crème fraîche
Soured cream containing 30-45% butterfat and having a pH of around 4.5

Crépinette
Small, flattened sausage, sometimes referred to as a sausage parcel

Cronut
Croissant-doughnut pastry attributed to Chef Dominique Ansel for Dominique Ansel Bakery in
New York City

Croquembouche
French dessert consisting of choux pastry balls piled into a cone and bound with threads of toffee

Crouton
Piece of sautéed or rebaked bread, often cubed and seasoned, that is used to add texture and flavor
to salads, as an accompaniment to soups or eaten as a snack food

Cuba Libre
Highball made of cola, lime, and white rum

Cullinan Diamond
Largest gem-quality diamond ever found

Cup Noodles
Brand of instant ramen noodle snack manufactured by Nissin, packaged in a foam food container,
hard plastic or paper cup

Daiquiri
Family of cocktails whose main ingredients are rum, citrus (typically lime juice) and sugar or other
sweetener

Dashiki
Loose, brightly colored shirt or tunic that covers the top half of thebody worn by men in West
Africa

Dassler, Adi
Founder of shoe company Adidas

Dassler, Rudi
Founder of shoe company Puma

Davidson, Carolyn
Designer of the Nike Swoosh logo

Day, Robin
British chartered industrial and furniture designer best known for the injection moulded
polypropylene stacking chair

De Wallen
Largest and best known red-light district in Amsterdam

Deerstalker
Type of hat that is typically worn in rural areas, often for hunting, especially deer stalking,
popularly associated with Sherlock Holmes

Delligatti, Jim
Creator of the Big Mac

Devi, Shakuntala
Popularly known as “Human Computer”,Indian prodigy mental calculator

Deviled egg
Hard-boiled eggs, shelled, cut in half and filled with the hard-boiled egg's yolk mixed with other
ingredients such as mayonnaise and mustard usually served cold and are served as a side dish,
appetizer or a main course, and are a common holiday or party food

Devils on horseback
Variation of angels on horseback, made by replacing oysters with dried fruit

Deyo, Yaacov
Inventor of speed dating in 1999

Dhansak
Popular Indian dish, especially popular among the Parsi Zoroastrian community, consists of lentils,
vegetables, spices, cumin seeds, ginger, and garlic together with meat and either gourd or pumpkin

Diat, Louis
Head chef of Ritz-Carlton Hotel in New York credited with inventing vichyssoise

Digestif
Alcoholic drinks that are normally served after a meal

Dippin' Dots
Ice cream snack invented by Curt Jones created by flash freezing ice cream mix in liquid nitrogen

Do Won Chang
Korean-born American businessman best known for founding the clothing retail store Forever 21

Dollywood
Theme park owned by Dolly Parton located in Tennessee

Domino's Pizza
First fast-food chain to ban transfats from its products (2007)

Doner kebab
Turkish dish made of meat cooked on a vertically spit, normally lamb, but also a mixture of veal or
beef with these, or sometimes chicken

Doppelganger
Term for paranormal double of a living person

Dr. Martens
British footwear brand distinguished by its air-cushioned sole, upper shape, welted construction and
yellow stitching

Dreamcatcher
In some Native American cultures, handmade object based on a willow hoop, on which is woven a
loose net or web and then decorated with sacred items such as feathers and beads
Dukan diet
Popular French diet that advocates for high-protein consumption

Dundee cake
Famous traditional Scottish fruit cake with a rich flavor

Dydd Santes Dwynwen

Considered to be the equivalent to Valentine’s Day in Wales

Eau de Cologne
Generic term for scented formulations in typical concentration of 2%–5% essential oils or a blend
of extracts, alcohol, and water

Eau de toilette
Lightly scented perfume used as a skin freshener

Eclair
Oblong pastry made with choux dough filled with a cream and topped with icing

Edam cheese
Semi-hard cheese that originated in the Netherlands, named after the town of Edam in the province
of North Holland and is traditionally sold in spheres with a pale yellow interior and a coat of red
paraffin wax

Eggnog
Sweetened dairy-based beverage traditionally made with milk and/or cream, sugar, and whipped
eggs

Eggs Benedict
American dish that consists of two halves of an English muffin, topped with ham or bacon, poached
eggs, and Hollandaise sauce

Eichberg, Robert
Founder of National Coming Out Day

En brochette
Culinary term for food cooked and sometimes served on skewers

En papillote
Method of cooking in which food is put into a folded pouch or parcel made from folded parchment
paper and then baked

En primeur
Method of purchasing wines early while a vintage is still in a barrel, offering the customer the
opportunity to invest in a particular wine before it is bottled

Epaulette
Type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other
organizations

Epperson, Frank
Inventor of the popsicle

Escargot
Dish of cooked land snails usually served as an appetizer in France

Escoffier, Auguste
French chef who popularized and updated traditional French cooking methods and published Le
Guide Culinaire

Espadrille
Normally casual flat, but sometimes high heeled shoes originating from the Pyrenees, which usually
have a canvas or cotton fabric upper and a flexible sole made of rope or rubber material moulded to
look like rope

Evangelista, Linda
Canadian model mostly known for being the longtime muse of photographer Steven Meisel, as well
as coining the phrase “We don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day”

Falafel
Deep-fried ball or patty made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both

Fanta
Global brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drinks created by The Coca-Cola Company

Fashion 21
Original name of clothing retail store Forever 21

Fauxhawk
Copies the style of a mohawk, but without shaving the sides of the head

Feijoada
Stew of beans with beef and pork, which is a typical dish in Portugal, usually served with rice and
assorted sausages
National dish of Brazil

Ferragamo, Salvatore
Italian fashion designer whose scientific and creative approach to shoes spawned many innovations
such as the wedge heel and cage heel

Ferrero, Michele
Owner of the eponymous chocolate maker Ferrero SpA (maker of Nutella, Kinder Chocolate and
Ferrero Rocher)

Festivus
Secular holiday celebrated on December 23 which serves as an alternative to participating in the
pressures and commercialism of the Christmas holiday season, which begins with the “Airing of
Grievances” and ends with “Feats of Strength”

Fettucine Alfredo
Pasta dish made from fettucine pasta tossed with Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese and butter

Fines herbes
Combination of herbs that forms a mainstay of Mediterranean cuisine, composed of fresh parsley,
chives, tarragon and chervil

First-foot
In Scottish and Northern English folklore, first person to enter the household of a home on New
Year’s Day and a bringer of good fortune for the coming year

Five mother sauces of French cuisine

Sauce Béchamel – milk-based sauce, thickened with a white roux

Sauce Espagnole – fortified brown veal stock sauce
Sauce Velouté – white stock-based sauce, thickened with a roux or a liaison, a mixture of egg yolks
and cream
Sauce Hollandaise – an emulsion of egg yolk, butter and lemon or vinegar
Sauce Tomate – tomato-based

Flambé
Cooking procedure in which alcohol is added to a hot pan to create a burst of flames

Flapper
Term for a “new breed” of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their
hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior

Flash mob
Group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, perform an unusual and seemingly
pointless act for a brief time, then quickly disperse, often for the purposes of entertainment, satire,
and artistic expression

Fleer, Frank Henry

American confectioner whose Fleer corporation developed the first bubble gum from his earlier
attempts

Focaccia
Flat oven-baked Italian bread which may be topped with herbs or other ingredients

Fondue
Swiss, French, and Italian dish of melted cheese served in a communal pot (caquelon) over a
portable stove (réchaud), and eaten by dipping long-stemmed forks with bread into the cheese

Food combining
Also known as trophology, term for a nutritional approach that advocates specific combinations of
foods as central to good health and weight loss

Foster, Joseph William

Founder of Reebok

Foster, Maria das Graças Silva

First woman in the world to head a major oil-and-gas company (Petrobras)

Free love
Social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social and financial bondage
French parsley
Another name for chervil

Fricassee
Method of cooking meat in which the meat is cut up, sautéed, and braised, and served with its
sauce, traditionally a white sauce

Friend zone
In popular culture, term referring to a platonic relationship wherein one person wishes to enter into
a romantic or sexual relationship, while the other does not

Frittata
Egg-based Italian dish similar to an omelette or crustless quiche, enriched with additional
ingredients such as meats, cheeses, vegetables or pasta

Frowick, Roy Halston

Known as Halston, American fashion designer who achieved great fame after designing the pillbox
hat Jacqueline Kennedy wore to her husband’s 1961 presidential inauguration

Fruit Smack
Predecessor of Kool-Aid

Furisode
Most formal style of kimono worn by unmarried women in Japan

Futanari
Japanese word for hermaphroditism

Futon
Traditional Japanese bedding consisting of padded mattresses and quilts pliable enough to be folded
and stored away during the day, allowing the room to serve for purposes other than as a bedroom

Gache
Big wig worn by Korean women

Gaiters
Garments worn over the shoe and lower pants leg, and used primarily as personal protective
equipment

Gamay
Purple-colored grape variety used to make red wines, most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the
Loire Valley around Tours

Garnish
Item or substance used as a decoration or embellishment accompanying a prepared food dish or
drink

Gastropub
Bar and restaurant that serves high-end beer and food

Gat
Type of Korean traditional hat worn by men along with hanbok during the Joseon Dynasty
Gaultier, Jean Paul
Designer of the infamous cone bra for Madonna’s 1990 Blond Ambition Tour
Designer of the costumes for the 1997 film The Fifth Element

Gazpacho
Tomato-based, vegetable soup, traditionally served cold, originating in the southern Spanish region
of Andalucía

Gehrig, Lou
First athlete to appear on a Wheaties box in 1934

Gentleman’s Relish
Type of anchovy paste that has a strong, very salty and slightly fishy taste and contains anchovies,
butter, herbs and spices

German chocolate cake

Layered chocolate cake filled and topped with a coconut-pecan frosting, named after American
chocolate maker Sam German

Gernreich, Rudi
American fashion designer who introduced the single-piece topless monokini

Glogg
Term used for mulled wine in the Nordic countries

Gluten
Protein composite found in foods processed from wheat and related grain species, including barley
and rye

Golofski, Hannah
Real name of fashion designer Anne Klein

Gorget
Band of linen wrapped around a woman’s neck and head in the medieval period, or the lower part
of a simple chaperon hood

Gougère
Baked savory choux pastry made of choux dough mixed with cheese

Goulash
Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables, especially potato, seasoned with paprika and other
spices originated within the historical Hungarian ethnic area

Granny Smith
Tip bearing apple cultivar originated in Australia in 1868 named after Maria Ann Smith who
propagated the cultivar from a chance seedling

Gravlax
Nordic dish consisting of raw salmon, cured in salt, sugar, and dill

Gravy
Sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking

Green papaya salad

Spicy salad made from shredded unripe papaya known as som tam in Thailand

Grigg, Charles Leiper

Inventor of the Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime soda, better known by its later name 7-Up

GUESS
Clothing line that got its name from a McDonald's billboard

Gyro
Greek dish of meat roasted on a vertical spit

Haagen-Dasz
Brand of ice cream established by Reuben and Rose Mattus in 1961

Haas, Eduard
Austrian businessman who developed the Pez confectionery in 1927

Hachimaki
Stylized headband or bandana in Japanese culture, usually made of red or white cloth, worn as a
symbol of perseverance, effort, and/or courage by the wearer

Hagiwara, Makoto
Japanese American immigrant and landscape designer often credited with the invention of the
fortune cookie in California

Hakama
Type of traditional Japanese clothing worn over a kimono

Hall, Joyce
Founder of Hallmark Cards

Halloumi
Cypriot semi-hard, unripened brined cheese made from a mixture of goat and sheep milk

Hamsa
Palm-shaped amulet popular throughout the Middle East and North Africa, and commonly used in
jewelry and wall hangings

Hampton, David
Creator of Furby

Hanbok
Traditional Korean dress often characterized by vibrant colors and simple lines without pockets

Handler, Ruth
Creator of the Barbie doll

Hard Rock Café

Founded by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton
Hartnell, Norman
British fashion designer who designed the wedding dress of Queen Elizabeth II

Harvey Wallbanger
Cocktail made with vodka, Galliano and orange juice

Hatcher, Claude A.
Inventor of the Royal Crown Cola

Hawaii
Only U.S. state that grows coffee, cacao, and vanilla beans

Hayakawa, Tokuji
Founder of the present-day Sharp Corporation

Head, Edith
Known as the “First Lady of Hollywood Fashion”

Heliciculture
Process of farming or raising land snails specifically for human consumption and to obtain snail
slim for cosmetics use

High Tech Computer

Meaning of Taiwanese manufacturer HTC

Highball
Family of mixed drinks that are composed of an alcoholic base spirit and a larger proportion of a
non-alcoholic mixer

Hikikomori
Japanese term to refer to the phenomenon of reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw
from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement

Hogmanay
Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the New Year in
the Scottish manner

Hollandaise sauce
Emulsion of egg yolk and liquid butter, usually seasoned with lemon juice, salt, and a little white
pepper or cayenne pepper

Homburg
Formal felt hat characterized by a single dent running down the center of the crown (called a “gutter
crown”), a stiff brim shaped in a “kettle curl” and a bound edge trim

Hongi
Traditional Māori greeting in New Zealand that is done by pressing one’s nose and forehead (at the
same time) to another person at an encounter

Hornbook
Primer for children consisting of a sheet containing the letters of the alphabet, mounted on wood,
bone, leather or stone and protected by a thin sheet of transparent horn or mica

Hors d'oeuvre
Food items served before the main courses of a meal

Horse radish
First of H. J. Heinz's 57 varieties

Hot Brown Sandwich

American hot sandwich originally created at the Brown Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky by Fred K.
Schmidt in 1926

Hot cross bun

Spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins and marked with a cross on top, traditionally eaten
on Good Friday in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada

Huarache
Type of Mexican sandal that gained popularity in the United States in 1950s

Humidor
Any kind of box or room with constant humidity that is used to store cigar, cigarettes, or pipe
tobacco

Hushpuppy
Savory, starch-based food made from cornmeal batter that is deep fried or baked in small ball or
sphere shapes, or occasionally oblong shapes

Idestam, Fredrik
Finnish mining engineer and businessman best known as a founder of Nokia

Ikebana
Japanese art of flower arrangement

India Pale Ale

Beer style within the broader category of pale ale

Indigo children
According to a pseudoscientific New Age theory, children who are believed to possess special,
unusual and sometimes supernatural traits or abilities, idea based on concepts developed in the
1970s by Nancy Ann Tappe

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

Largest bank in the world by profit and market capitalization

Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd

Meaning of IKEA

Insta-Burger King
Original name of the fast food chain Burger King

Iwasaki, Yataro
Japanese financier and shipping industrialist who founded Mitsubishi

Jacobs, Mary Phelps

Inventor of the modern bra

Jajangmyeon
Noodle dish topped with a thick sauce made of chunjang (a salty black soybean paste), diced pork
and vegetables, and sometimes also seafood

Jammie Dodgers
Popular British biscuit made from shortbread with a raspberry flavored jam filling

Jāni
Latvian festival held in the night from 23 June to 24 June to celebrate the summer solstice
(Midsummer), the shortest night and longest day of the year

Jatguksu
Korean noodle dish consisting of wheat flour or buckwheat noodles in a bowl of cold broth made
from ground pine nuts

J.CO Donuts & Coffee

Lifestyle cafe retailer in Indonesia specializing in donuts, coffee and frozen yogurt founded by
Johnny Andrean

Jheri curl
Permed hairstyle that was common and popular in the African-American, Black Canadian and
Black British communities during the 1970s and 1980s invented by the hairdresser Jheri Redding

Jingishkan
Japanese grilled mutton dish prepared on a convex metal skillet or other grill

Jinro
World’s largest producer of soju

Jokduri
Type of Korean traditional coronet worn by women for special occasions such as weddings

Jorgensen, Christine
Born George Jorgensen, first person to become widely known in the United States for having sex
reassignment surgery—in this case, male to female

Joulupöytä
Name of the traditional assortment of foods served at Christmas in Finland, similar to the Swedish
smorgasbord

Juk
Predominantly Korean porridge made of grains such as cooked rice, beans, sesame and azuki beans

JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Hotel

World’s tallest hotel

Kahlúa
Mexican coffee-flavored rum-based liqueur

Kakigori
Japanese shaved ice dessert flavored with syrup and condensed milk

Karoshi
Japanese term for occupational sudden death, translated literally as “death from overwork”

Kawaii
Term referring to the quality of cuteness in the context of Japanese culture

Keffiyeh
Traditional Arab headdress fashioned from a square usually cotton scarf

Kentucky Fried Chicken

First American fast food chain in China

Kepi
Cap with a flat circular top and a visor most commonly associated with French military and police
uniforms

Kerchief
Also known as a bandana, triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head or around the
neck for protective or decorative purposes

Kippah
Also known as yarmulke, hemispherical or platter-shaped cap, usually made of cloth, often worn by
Orthodox Jewish men to fulfill the customary requirement held by some orthodox halachic
authorities that their head be covered at all times

Kir
Popular French cocktail made with a measure of crème de cassis (blackcurrant liqueur) topped up
with white wine

Kirsch
Clear, colorless fruit brandy traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries

Kitel
White robe which serves as a burial shroud for male Jews

Klum, Heidi
First German model to become a Victoria’s Secret Angel

Knight, Phil
Co-founder of shoe company Nike

Knit cap
Headgear originally made of wool designed to provide warmth in cold weather

Kokeshi
Japanese dolls, originally from northern Japan, handmade from wood, have a simple trunk and an
enlarged head with a few thin, painted lines to define the face
Kool-Aid
Official soft drink of Nebraska

Kors, Michael
Born Karl Anderson, Jr., fashion designer based in New York City best known for designing classic
American sportswear for women

Kouros
Brand of aftershave made by Yves Saint Laurent

Kresge, Sebastian Spering

Founder of Kmart

Kroc, Ray
Founder of McDonald's Corporation

Kung Pao chicken

Spicy stir-fry dish made with chicken, peanuts, vegetables, and chili peppers

Kvass
Fermented beverage made from black or regular rye bread

La Tomatina
Festival that is held on the last Wednesday of August in the Valencian town of Buñol, a town
located 30 km from the Mediterranean, in which participants throw tomatoes and get involved in
this tomato fight purely for fun

LaMotta, Richard
Inventor and principal promoter of the Chipwich ice cream sandwich

Lawson, Lesley (née Hornby)

Real name of English model Twiggy

Lay, Herman
American businessman who was involved in potato chip manufacturing with his eponymous brand
of Lay’s potato chips

“Leave luck to heaven”

Meaning of Nintendo

Leblouh
Practice of force-feeding teenage girls and including girls as young as five in Mauritania, where
obesity was traditionally regarded as desirable

Lederhosen
Breeches made of leather that may be either short or knee-length

Leisure suit
Casual suit consisting of a shirt-like jacket and matching trousers often associated with American-
influenced fashion and fads of the 1970s
Leotard
Unisex skin-tight one-piece garment that covers the torso but leaves the legs free that was made
famous by the French acrobatic performer Jules Léotard

Libra
Last and the only sign to be introduced by the Romans

“Little water”
Literal meaning of vodka, derived from the Slavic term voda

Liz Claiborne
First company founded by a woman to be listed in the Fortune 500

London
City where the first Hard Rock Café was opened

Lonely Planet
Largest travel guide book publisher in the world

Luau
Traditional Hawaiian party or feast that is usually accompanied by entertainment which may feature
food such as poi, kalua pig, poke, lomi salmon, opihi, haupia, and beer and entertainment such as
traditional Hawaiian music and hula

Lughnasadh
Gaelic festival marking the beginning of the harvest season

Luopan
Compass-like device used by feng shui experts to detect or determine the exact direction of a
structure or item to ensure good fortune

Lycanthropy
Power of turning a human being into a wolf by magic or witchcraft

Mahout
Person who works and rides with elephants

Mai Tai
Alcoholic cocktail based on rum, Curaçao liqueur and lime juice, popular in “Polynesian-style”
settings

Maneki-neko
Common Japanese figurine that depicts a cat beckoning an upright paw, usually made of ceramic in
modern times, which is often believed to bring good luck to the owner

Mankini
Type of sling swimsuit worn by men and popularized by Sacha Baron Cohen

Maple syrup
Syrup usually made from the xylem sap of maple tress, often eaten with pancakes, waffles, French
toast, or oatmeal and porridge
Mardi Gras
French for Fat Tuesday, referring to the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before
the ritual fasting of the Lenten season, which begins on Ash Wednesday

Margarita
Mexican cocktail consisting of tequila mixed with Cointreau or similar orange-flavored liqueur and
lime or lemon juice, often served with salt on the glass rim

Marzipan
Confection consisting primarily of sugar or honey and almond meal, sometimes augmented with
almond oil or extract

Mate
Traditional South American caffeine-induced drink, prepared from steeping dried leaves of yerba
mate in hot water

Matryoshka doll
Set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside the other

Mattus, Reuben and Rose

American entrepreneurs of Polish-Jewish origins who founded the Häagen-Dazs ice cream business

Matzo
Unleavened bread traditionally eaten by Jews during the week-long Passover holiday

Maxim's
Restaurant in Paris, France known for its Art Nouveau interior décor

McConnell, David H.
Founder and president of the California Perfume Company, which later became Avon Products

McDonald, Ronald
Chief Happiness Officer of McDonald’s

McDonald’s
World’s largest toy distributor

McQuade, Marian
Founder of National Grandparents Day

Meal, Ready-to-Eat
Self-contained, individual field ration in lightweight packaging bought by the United States military
for its service members for use in combat or other field conditions where organized food facilities
are not available

Melba, Dame Nellie

Australian opera singer associated with four foods, all of which were created in her honor by the
French chef Auguste Escoffier (Peach Melba, a dessert; Melba sauce, a sweet purée of raspberries
and red currant; Melba toast, a crisp dry toast; Melba Garniture, chicken, truffles and mushrooms
stuffed into tomatoes with velouté sauce)

Melba toast
Dry, crisp and thinly sliced toast, often served with soup and salad or topped with either melted
cheese or pâté

Meunière
Meaning “miller’s wife”, term referring to both a sauce and a method of preparation

Meze
Selection of small dishes served in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Balkans as breakfast, lunch
or even dinner, with or without drinks

Michelin Guide
Series of annual guide books published by the French company Michelin for more than a dozen
countries
Term normally refers to the Michelin Red Guide, the oldest and best-known European hotel and
restaurant reference guide, which awards Michelin stars for excellence to a select few
establishments

Mickey Finn
Drink laced with a drug given to someone without their knowledge in order to incapacitate them

Mikimoto, Kokichi
Japanese entrepreneur who is credited with creating the first cultured pearl and subsequently
starting the pearl industry with the establishment of his luxury pearl company Mikimoto

Mile High Club

Slang term applied collectively to individuals who have sexual intercourse while on board an
aircraft

Milton
Name of the talking toaster that used to advertise Kellogg’s Pop-Tarts

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing

Meaning of 3M

Mint julep
Mixed alcoholic drink or cocktail associated with the cuisine of southern United States, traditionally
made with mint leaf, bourbon, sugar and water

Mirepoix
Traditional French culinary combination of onions, carrots and celery aromatics

Miso
Traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans with salt and
the fungus kojikin

Miyake, Issey
Japanese fashion designer known for his technology-driven clothing designs, exhibitions and
fragrances

Mizu shōbai
Traditional euphemism for the night-time entertainment business in Japan, provided by hostess or
snack bars, bars, and cabarets
Moccasin
Shoe made of deerskin or other soft leather, consisting of a sole and sides made of one piece of
leather, stitched together at the top, and sometimes with a vamp

Mohair
Silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat

Mojito
Cuban cocktail, popular in the late 1980s, made of meddled spearmint,sugar, rum, lime and
carbonated water

Mondelēz International
American multinational confectionery, food and beverage conglomerate that comprises the global
snacking and food brands of the former Kraft Foods

Montagu, John, 4th Earl of Sandwich

British statesman best known for the claim that he was the eponymous inventor of the sandwich

Moose knuckle
Male version of the camel toe

Morel
Type of edible mushrooms closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi

Mornay sauce
Bechamel sauce with shredded or grated cheese added

Mousse
Prepared food that incorporates air bubbles to give it a light and airy texture

Movember
Annual event involving the growing of mustaches during the month of November to raise
awareness of men’s health issues and associated charities

Mozzarella
Fresh cheese, originally from southern Italy, traditionally made from Italian buffalo and later cow’s
milk by the pasta filata method

Mozzetta
Short elbow-length sartorial vestment cape that covers the shoulders and is buttoned over the breast

Mullet
Hairstyle that is short at the front and sides, and long in the back

Muscat
Variety of grapes of the species Vitis vinifera that is widely grown for wine, raisins and table grapes

Muumuu
Loose dress of Hawaiian origin that hangs from the shoulder

Nachos
Popular food based on nixtamalized corn of Mexican origin that can be either made quickly to serve
as a snack prepared with more ingredients to make a full meal

Nasi goreng
literally meaning “fried rice” in Indonesian, can refer simply to fried pre-cooked rice, a meal
including stir fried rice in small amount of cooking oil or margarine, typically spiced with kecap
manis (sweet soy sauce), shallot, garlic, tamarind and chili and accompanied with other ingredients,
particularly egg, chicken and prawns

Neapolitan ice cream

Ice cream made up of blocks of chocolate, vanilla and strawberry ice cream side by side in the same
container

NECCO Wafers
America’s oldest candy brand, sold since 1847

Neroli oil
Plant oil produced from the blossom of the bitter orange tree

Nescafé
Brand of instant coffee made by Nestlé, created by Vernon Chapman and Max Morgenthaler

New Thought
Sometimes known as Higher Thought, promotes the ideas that Infinite Intelligence, or God, is
everywhere, spirit is the totality of real things, true human selfhood is divine, divine thought is a
force for good, sickness originates in the mind, and “right thinking”has a healing effect

Nigglywiggly
Small strip of paper that comes inside Hershey’s Kisses

Nooyi, Indra
Indian-American business executive and the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of
PepsiCo, the second largest food and beverage business in the world by net revenue

Note
In perfumery, descriptors of scents that can be sensed upon the application of a perfume

Nouveau
French wine which may be sold in the same year it was harvested

Nutmeg
Spice that appear in the flag of Grenada

Obi
Sash for traditional Japanese dress, keikogi worn for Japanese martial arts, and part of kimono
outfits

Oenophile
Term for wine connoisseurs

Okróshka
Cold soup of Russian origin that is also found in Ukraine
Olavsoka
Biggest midsummer festival in the Faroe Islands

Omelette
Dish made from beaten eggs quickly cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan, sometimes folded
around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat or some combination of the above

Orujo
Pomace brandy from northern Spain

Oscar Mayer Company

American meat and cold cut production company, owned by Kraft Foods Group, known for its hit
dogs, bologna, bacon, ham and Lunchables products

O-shibori
Wet hand towel offered to customers in places such as restaurants or bars in Japan and in Japanese
restaurants worldwide

Ouzo
Anise-flavored aperitif that is widely consumed in Greece and Cyprus

Oysters Rockefeller
Dish consisting of oysters on the half-shell that have been topped with various other ingredients and
are then baked or broiled

Özbek, Rifat
Turkish-born fashion designer, known for his exotic, ethnically-inspired outfits and He was named
British Designer of the Year in 1988 and 1992

Paladar
Term used in Cuba to refer to restaurants run by self-employers

Pancetta
Dry cured meat similar to bacon

Pannetone
Tall yeast-raised cake from Milan containing nuts, spices, sultanas and candied peel often
associated with Christmas and New Year’s Eve

Pantsuit
Woman’s suit of clothing consisting of trousers and a matching or coordinating coat or jacket

Parasite single
In Japan, term referring to a single person who lives with their parents beyond their late twenties in
order to enjoy a carefree and comfortable life

Pastel de nata
Portuguese egg tart

Pate
Mixture of cooked ground meat and fat minced into a spreadable paste
Peach
First fruit eaten on the moon

Peach Melba
Dessert of peaches and raspberry sauce with vanilla ice cream invented by French chef Auguste
Escoffier to honor the Australian soprano Nellie Melba

Pegging
Sexual practice in which a woman penetrates a man’s anus with a strap-on dildo

Pemberton, John Stith

Best known for being the inventor of Coca-Cola

Penny Black
World’s first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system, issued in Britain in 1840

Perkins, Edwin
American inventor of the Kool-Aid powder drink mix

Perrier
Brand of water that claims to contain 50 million bubbles per bottle

Pesto
Sauce originating in Genoa in the Liguria region of northern Italy and traditionally consists of
crushed garlic, basil, and European pine nuts blended with olive oil, Parmigiano Reggiano
(Parmesan cheese), and Fiore Sardo (cheese made from sheep’s milk)

Peter Cat
Name of the coffee house and jazz bar opened by author Haruki Murakami and his wife in Tokyo

Petiot, Fernand
Bartender who claimed to have created the cocktail Bloody Mary

Pho
Vietnamese noodle soup consisting of broth, linguine-shaped rice noodles, a few herbs and meat

Phubbing
Habit of snubbing someone in favor of a mobile phone/tablet PC in a social setting, which many see
as rude habit gone unchecked

Pilsner
Glass used for many types of light beers, including pale lager or pilsner

Playing cards
First main product line of Nintendo

Piña colada
Sweet, rum-based cocktail made with rum, cream of coconut and pineapple juice, usually served
either blended or shaken with ice

Pisco
Colorless or yellowish-to-amber colored grape brandy produced in winemaking regions of Peru and
Chile

Pixie Cut
Short hairstyle worn by women, generally short on the back and sides of the head and slightly
longer on the top

Pizza
Oven-baked, flat, round bread typically topped with a tomato sauce, cheese and various toppings

Pizza saver
Also called box tent, pizza table or package saver, a device used to prevent the top of a food
container, such as a pizza box or cake box, from collapsing in at the center and touching the food
inside

Poaching
Process of gently simmering food in liquid, generally milk, stock or wine

Poland
• First country to make vodka its national drink
• First country to export vodka

Polenta
Coarsely or finely ground yellow or white cornmeal boiled with water or stock into a porridge and
eaten directly or baked, fried or grilled

Poplin
Strong fabric in a plain weave of any fiber or blend, with crosswise ribs that typically gives a
corded surface

Poppin’ Fresh
Real name of the Pillsbury Doughboy

Powhiri
Māori welcoming ceremony involving speeches, dancing, singing and finally the hongi

Prada, Mario
Founder and original designer of fashion label Prada, a company specializing in many high fashion
goods for both men and women

Presidente
Brand of Pilsner owned and produced by Cervecería Nacional Dominicana at several breweries in
the Dominican Republic

Prêt-a-porter
Another term for ready-to-wear clothing

Profiterole
French dessert choux pastry ball filled with whipped cream, pastry cream or ice cream

Punt
Indented bottom of a wine bottle
Pyruvate scale
Measures pungency in onions and garlic

Quiche
Savory, open-faced pastry crust with a filling of savory custard with cheese, meat, seafood or
vegetables

Quimby, Phineas
American spiritual teacher whose work is widely recognized as leading to the New Thought
movement

Rack rate
Travel industry term for the published full price of a hotel room, which the customer would pay if
he or she walked into the hotel off the street and asked for a room

Rakia
Popular alcoholic beverage in the Balkans produced by distillation of fermented fruit

Ratatouille
Traditional French Provençal stewed vegetable dish, originating in Nice

Raymond, Roy
American businessman who founded the Victoria’s Secret lingerie retail store

Relish
Cooked, pickled or chopped vegetable or fruit food item typically used as a condiment in particular
to enhance a staple

Retsina
Greek resonated wine

Riesling
White grape variety originated in the Rhine region of Germany that is used to make dry, semi-
sweet, sweet and sparkling white wines

Roddick, Anita
Best known as the founder of cosmetic shop The Body Shop

Roquefort
Cheese made from the milk of an ewe

Rotisserie
Style of roasting where meat is skewered on a spit

Ruyi
Curved decorative object that is a ceremonial scepter in Chinese Buddhism or a talisman
symbolizing power and good fortune in Chinese folklore

Saffron
Most expensive spice in the world
Saint-Laurent, Yves
First major French fashion designer to produce a ready-to-wear line

Sake
Alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin that is made from fermented rice

Salisbury steak
Dish invented by American physician J. H. Salisbury made from a blend of minced beef and other
ingredients which is shaped to resemble a steak and is usually served with gravy or brown sauce

Salsa
Spanish term for sauce

Samosa
Fried or baked pastry with a savory filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, lentils, ground
lamb, ground beef or ground chicken

Sanders, Harland David

American businessman and restaurateur who founded the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) restaurant
chain

Sangria
Wine punch typical of Spain, Portugal and Argentina normally consists of wine, chopped fruit, a
sweetener, and a small amount of added brandy

Sari
Strip of unstitched cloth, worn by women, ranging from four to nine yards in length that is draped
over the body in various styles which is native to the Indian Subcontinent

Sassoon, Vidal
British hairdresser credited with creating a simple geometric, “Bauhaus-inspired” hair style, also
called the wedge bob

Saucier
Position in the classical brigade style kitchen, which is still used in large commercial kitchens such
as some restaurants that preparing sauces, stews, hot hors d’œuvres, and sautés food to order

Saunders, Clarence
American grocer who first developed the modern retail sales model of self-service

Sauvignon blanc
Green-skinned grape variety that originated from Bordeaux, France

Saville Row
London street famous for its tailor shops

Schiaparelli, Elsa
Italian fashion designer who famously dressed Mae West for Every Day’s a Holiday using a
mannequin based on West’s measurements, which inspired the torso bottle for Shocking perfume

Schnitzel
Boneless meat, thinned with a hammer, coated with flour, beaten eggs and bread crumbs, and then
fried

Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte
German name of the Black Forest gateau

Scoville, Wilbur
American pharmacist best known for his creation of the Scoville Organoleptic Test to measure
piquancy of various chili peppers

Scoville scale
The measurement of the pungency (spicy heat) of chili peppers

1,500,000–2,000,000 – Most law enforcement grade pepper spray, Trinidad Moruga Scorpion
855,000–1,463,700 – Naga Viper pepper, Infinity Chilli, Bhut Jolokia chili pepper, Trinidad
Scorpion Butch T pepper, Bedfordshire Super Naga
350,000–580,000 – Red Savina habanero
100,000–350,000 – Habanero chili, Scotch bonnet pepper, Datil pepper, Rocoto, Madame Jeanette,
Peruvian White Habanero, Jamaican hot pepper, Guyana Wiri Wiri
50,000–100,000 – Byadgi chilli, Bird’s eye chili (aka. Thai Chili Pepper), Malagueta pepper,
Chiltepin pepper, Piri piri (African bird’s eye), Pequin pepper
30,000–50,000 – Guntur chilli, Cayenne pepper, Ají pepper, Tabasco pepper, Cumari pepper
(Capsicum Chinese), Katara (spicy)
10,000–23,000 – Serrano pepper, Peter pepper, Aleppo pepper
3,500–8,000 – Espelette pepper, Jalapeño pepper, Chipotle, Guajillo pepper, New Mexican varieties
of Anaheim pepper, Hungarian wax pepper, Tabasco sauce
1,000–2,500 – Anaheim pepper, Poblano pepper, Rocotillo pepper, Peppadew
100–900 – Pimento, Peperoncini, Banana pepper
No significant heat – Bell pepper, Cubanelle, Aji dulc

Scroop
Term for the rustling sound from friction between silk fibers

Scrubs
Shirts and trousers or gowns worn by nurses, surgeons and midwives

Schnapps
Meaning “swallow”, term referring to any kind of strong alcoholic beverage

Searing
Cooking technique in which the surface of the food is cooked at high temperature so a caramelized
crust forms

Selfridge, Harry Gordon

American-born British retail magnate who coined the phrase “The customer is always right”

Senninbari
Also known as Thousand stitch belt, strip of cloth, approximately one meter in length, decorated
with 1000 stitches each made by a different woman, given as an amulet by women to soldiers on
their way to war as a part of the Shinto culture of Imperial Japan

Sex on the Beach

Cocktail made from vodka, peach schnapps, orange juice and cranberry juice

Shako
Tall, cylindrical military cap, usually with a visor, and sometimes tapered at the top

Shark fin soup

Popular soup item of Chinese cuisine usually served at special occasions such as weddings and
banquets, or as a luxury item in Chinese culture

Shawarma
Arab meat preparation, where lamb, chicken, turkey, beef, veal or mixed meats are placed on a spit
and may be grilled for as long as a day

Shchi
Russian soup with cabbage as the primary ingredient

Sherry types

• Fin
• Manzanilla
• Manzanilla Pasada
• Amontillado
• Oloroso
• Palo Cortado
• Jerez Dulce
• Cream

Shooter
Neologism for an alcoholic mixed drink that contains one ounce of two or more spirits

Shtreimel
Fur hat worn by many married haredi Jewish men

Sigil
Symbol used in magic, usually referred to a type of pictorial signature of a demon or other entity

Singles Awareness Day

Humorous holiday celebrated on February 14 that serves as an alternative to Valentine’s Day for
people who are single, that is, not involved in a romantic relationship

Smetana
Dairy product produced by souring heavy cream similar to crème fraîche

Smith, Frederick W.
Founder of Federal Express (FedEx), the world’s first overnight express delivery company

Smörgåsbord
Type of Scandinavian meal served buffet-style with multiple cold dishes of various foods on a
table, originating in Sweden

Snifter
Short-stemmed grass whose vessel has a wide bottom and a relatively narrow top
Snood
Type of hair net used to protect and shape mustaches

Soba
Thin noodle made from buckwheat flour

Soirée
French word for an evening party

Soju
Distilled beverage native to Korea

Songkran
Festival celebrated in Thailand as the traditional New Year’s Day from 13 to 16 April

Sourdough
Bread product made by a long fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and
yeasts

Soybean
Most common bean in the Old World before Christopher Columbus returned from the Americas

Speedee
First McDonald’s mascot

Sporran
Pouch that performs the same function as pockets on the pocketless kilt

Squatcho
Button at the top of a baseball cap

Staycation
A period in which an individual or family stays home and participates in leisure activities within
driving distance, sleeping in their own beds at night

Stein
English neologism for either traditional beer mugs made out of stoneware or specifically
ornamental beer mugs that are usually sold as souvenirs or collectibles

Stiletto heel
Long, thin, high heel found on some boots and shoes, usually for women named after the stiletto
dagger

Stillman, Alan
Founder of the restaurant chain T.G.I. Friday’s

Strauss, Levi
American businessman of German Jewish descent who founded the first company to manufacture
blue jeans

Sufganiyah
Deep-fried round doughnut filled with jelly or custard and topped with powdered sugar, eaten in
Israel on the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah

Sui, Anna
American fashion designer known for her timeless designs and ability to transcend eras with
historical and culturally inspired collections

Swanepoel, Candice
South African model best known for her work with Victoria’s Secret
In 2012, she came in 10th on the Forbes top-earning models list

Swatch
World’s largest watch company, owns the brands Breguet, Blancpain, Jaquet Droz, Glashütte
Original, Léon Hatot, Omega, Tiffany Watch Co., Rado, Longines, Union Glashütte, Tissot, ck
watch & jewelry, Certina, Mido, Pierre Balmain, Hamilton, Flik Flak and Endura

Sweet N Low
One millionth trademark issued by the US Patent Office

Sweetbread
Culinary term for the thymus or pancreas of calf or lamb

Swinging London
Catch-all term applied to the fashion and cultural scene that flourished in London in the 1960s

Swizzle stick
Small stick used to hold fruit garnishes or stir drinks

Sylvius, Franciscus
Credited with the invention of gin

Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung

Meaning of SAP

Tabun
Clay oven, shaped like a truncated cone, with an opening at the bottom from which to stoke the fire

Taco Bell
US fast-food chain developed based on McDonald’s assembly line system

Tam o’ Shanter
19th century nickname for the traditional Scottish bonnet worn by men

Tandoor
Cylindrical clay oven used in cooking and baking

Taramasalata
Greek and Turkish meze traditionally made from taramas, the salted and cured roe of the cod or the
carp, though blends based on other forms of fish roe have become more common

Tarte Tatin
Upside-down tart in which the fruit (usually apples) are caramelized in butter and sugar before the
tart is baked

Taverna
Small restaurant serving Greek cuisine

Tayberry
Cross between a blackberry and a red raspberry

Tempura
Japanese dish of seafood or vegetables that have been battered and deep fried

Teppanyaki
Style of Japanese cuisine that uses an iron griddle to cook food

Teriyaki
Cooking technique used in Japanese cuisine in which foods are broiled or grilled with a glaze of soy
sauce, mirin and sugar

Tet Nguyen Dan

Also known as Vietnamese New Year, most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam

Tetrazzini
American dish often made with diced fowl or seafood, mushrooms, and almonds in a butter/cream
and parmesan sauce flavored with wine or sherry and stock vegetables such as onions, celery and
carrots often served hot over spaghetti or some similarly thin pasta, named after Italian opera star
Luisa Tetrazzini

Thanksgivukkah
Holiday name portmanteau neologism given to the convergence of the American holiday of
Thanksgiving and the first day of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah on November 28, 2013

The Famous Grouse

Highest selling whisky in Scotland since 1980

The Ritz London

5-star hotel where former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher died in 2013

Tiffany, Charles Lewis

Founder of Tiffany & Co., created the first retail catalog in the United States and introduced the
English standard of sterling silver

Tilaka
In Hinduism, mark worn on the forehead and other parts of the body

Tiramisu
Literally meaning “lift me up”, Italian dessert made of ladyfingers dipped in coffee, layered with a
whipped mixture of egg yolks and mascarpone cheese, and flavored with Marsala wine and cocoa

Tiropita
Greek layered pastry food in the burek family, made with layers of buttered phyllo and filled with a
cheese-egg mixture
Toque
Type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all, primarily known as the traditional headgear for
professional cooks

Torchère
Portable stand for a candle or lamp, normally made like a tall table with a very small top

Toupee
Hairpiece or partial wig of natural or synthetic hair worn to cover partial baldness or for theatrical
purposes

Traf-O-Data
First company of Bill Gates

Trenta
31 oz. Starbucks beverage size which was introduced in 2011

Trepanging
Act of collection or harvesting of sea cucumbers

Trinidad Scorpion Moruga

World’s hottest chili pepper cultivated

Triticale
Hybrid of wheat and rye first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century

Tupper, Earl Silas

Inventor of Tupperware, an airtight plastic container for storing food

Tutu
Skirt worn as a costume in a ballet performance

Typhoon Lagoon
Water park located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States
that is home to the world’s largest outdoor wave pool

Tzatziki
Greek sauce served with grilled meats

Ultra-high temperature processing

Sterilization of food by heating it for an extremely short period, around 1–2 seconds, at a
temperature exceeding 135°C (275°F), which is the temperature required to kill spores in milk

Ushanka
Russian fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to
protect the ears, jaw and lower chin from the cold

Valdes, Zelda Wynn

African-American fashion designer famous for designing the original costumes for the Playboy
Bunnies and the Dance Theater of Harlem
Vamp
Upper part of a shoe

Vanilla
Most popular ice cream flavor

Veritably
First name of Mr. Clean

Verjuice
Highly acidic juice made by pressing unripe grapes, crab-apples or other sour fruit

Vinaigrette
Emulsion of vinegar and a form of oil, such as soybean oil, canola oil, olive oil, corn oil, sunflower
oil, safflower oil, peanut oil or grape seed oil, and sometimes flavored with herbs, spices and other
ingredients

Viticulture
Science, production and study of grapes

von Fürstenberg, Diane

Belgian-born American fashion designer best known for her iconic wrap dress

Welsh rarebit
Dish made with a savory sauce of melted cheese and various other ingredients and served hot

Wendy’s
First burger joint to offer a value menu or $1

Westwood, Dame Vivienne

English fashion designer and businesswoman, largely responsible for bringing modern punk and
new wave fashions into the mainstream

Wheeler, Tony
English – Australian publishing entrepreneur, businessman, and co-founder of the Lonely Planet
guidebook company with his wife Maureen Wheeler

Whiskey
Type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash

Wilsdorf, Hans
German watchmaker and the founder of Rolex and Tudor

Wimple
Garment worn around the neck and chin and which usually covers the head, which was worn by
women in early medieval Europe

Witch ball
Hollow sphere of plain or stained glass hung in cottage windows in 18th century England to ward
off evil spirits, witch’s spells or ill fortune

Worcestershire sauce
Fermented liquid condiment, primarily used to flavor meat or fish dishes made by John Wheeley
Lea and William Henry Perrins

Wrigley, William Jr.

US chewing gum industrialist who founded the Wrigley Company, which originally selling
products such as soap and baking powder

Yakiniku
Japanese term that refers to grilled meat dishes

Yamauchi, Hiroshi
Japanese businessman credited with transforming Nintendo from a small hanafuda card-making
company in Japan to a multi-billion dollar video game company

Yamaha
Japanese multinational corporation established in 1887 as a piano and reed organ manufacturer by
Torakusu Yamaha as Nippon Gakki Company Limited

Yashmak
Turkish type of veil or niqab worn by some Muslim women to cover their faces in public

Yoshida Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha

Full name of YKK, world’s largest manufacturer of zippers

Yukata
Japanese garment, casual summer kimono usually made of cotton

Yum! Brands
US company that operates or licenses Taco Bell, KFC, Pizza Hut and WingStreet restaurants
worldwide

Yurt
Circular collapsible tent of felt or skins used by Mongolian nomads

Zabaglione
Warm dessert made from Marsala, egg yolks and sugar

Zarf
Holder, usually of ornamental metal, for a coffee cup without a handle

Zoot suit
Men’s suit with high-waisted, wide-legged, tight-cuffed, pegged trousers and a long coat with wide
lapels and wide padded shoulders

Zuchetto
Small, hemispherical, form-fitting ecclesiastical skullcap worn by clerics of the Roman Catholic
Church
Sport and Games

1
• Lowest number permitted for use by players of the National Hockey League
• In basketball, point awarded for a successful free throw
• In basketball, number used to designate the point guard position

3
• Number of bases in softball
• Number of strikes before the batter is out and the number of outs per side per inning in baseball
• Number of periods in a ice hockey game
• In Gaelic football, hurling and camogie, a “goal”,with a scoring value of 3, is awarded when the
attacking team legally sends the ball into the opponent’s goal
• Number of points received for a successful field goal in both American football and Canadian
football

4
• Number of quarters in an NBA or NFL game
• Number assigned to the second baseman

5
• Number of dice used in playing Yahtzee
• In chess, minimum number of moves a pawn must make to become a queen

6
Number of players per team in ice hockey, including the goaltender, that are on the ice at any one
time, excluding penalty situations

9
• Number of innings in a regulation, non-tied game of baseball
• In rugby league, the jersey number assigned to the hooker
• Number of strokes that make up a quadruple bogey on a part five golf hole

12
• Number of players on a team in Canadian football
• In ten-pin bowling, number of strikes needed for a perfect game

15
• In all four of the major Gaelic games—hurling, Gaelic football for men and women, and
camogie—each team has 15 players on the field at any given time
• Number of players in a team on the field at any given time in rugby union
• Represents the first point gained in a game of tennis
• Number of checkers each side at the start of a backgammon game
• Number of balls in the eight ball variant of billiards

16
Number of pawns at the start of a chess game, 8 black, 8 white

18
• Slang term for the penalty area in football
• Number of holes on a regulation golf course
• Number of players on a team on the field during play in Australian rules football
23
In darts, the lowest score that cannot be gained with the throw of a single dart

24 Hours of Le Mans Winners

Year Drivers Team

1923 André Lagache, René Léonard No Team Name
1924 John Duff, Frank Clement Duff & Aldington
Gérard de Courcelles, André
1925 No Team Name
Rossignol
1926 Robert Bloch, André Rossignol No Team Name
1927 Dudley Benjafield, Sammy Davis Bentley Motors Ltd.
1928 Woolf Barnato, Bernard Rubin Bentley Motors Ltd.
1929 Woolf Barnato, Henry Birkin Bentley Motors Ltd.
1930 Woolf Barnato, Glen Kidston Bentley Motors Ltd.
1931 Earl Howe, Henry Birkin Earl Howe
1932 Raymond Sommer, Luigi Chinetti Raymond Sommer
1933 Raymond Sommer, Tazio Nuvolari Soc. Anon. Alfa Romeo
1934 Luigi Chinetti, Philippe Étancelin Luigi Chinetti / Philippe Étancelin
1935 Johnny Hindmarsh, Luis Fontés Arthur W. Fox / Charles Nichol
1936 — —
1937 Jean-Pierre Wimille, Robert Benoist Roger Labric
1938 Eugène Chaboud, Jean Trémoulet Eugène Chaboud / Jean Trémoulet
1939 Jean-Pierre Wimille, Pierre Veyron Jean-Pierre Wimille
1940 — —
1941 — —
1942 — —
1943 — —
1944 — —
1945 — —
1946 — —
1947 — —
1948 — —
1949 Luigi Chinetti, Peter Mitchell- Lord Selsdon
Year Drivers Team
Thomson
1950 Louis Rosier, Jean-Louis Rosier Louis Rosier
1951 Peter Walker, Peter Whitehead Peter Walker
1952 Hermann Lang, Fritz Riess Daimler-Benz A.G.
1953 Tony Rolt, Duncan Hamilton Jaguar Cars Ltd.
José Froilán González, Maurice
1954 Scuderia Ferrari
Trintignant
1955 Mike Hawthorn, Ivor Bueb Jaguar Cars Ltd.
1956 Ron Flockhart, Ninian Sanderson Ecurie Ecosse
1957 Ron Flockhart, Ivor Bueb Ecurie Ecosse
1958 Olivier Gendebien, Phil Hill Scuderia Ferrari
1959 Carroll Shelby, Roy Salvadori David Brown Racing Dept.
1960 Olivier Gendebien, Paul Frère Scuderia Ferrari
1961 Olivier Gendebien, Phil Hill Scuderia Ferrari
1962 Olivier Gendebien, Phil Hill SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo
1963 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Bandini
1964 Jean Guichet, Nino Vaccarella SpA Ferrari SEFAC
1965 Jochen Rindt, Masten Gregory North American Racing Team
1966 Bruce McLaren, Chris Amon Shelby-American Inc.
1967 Dan Gurney, A. J. Foyt Shelby-American Inc.
1968 Pedro Rodriguez, Lucien Bianchi J.W. Automotive Engineering
1969 Jacky Ickx, Jackie Oliver J.W. Automotive Engineering
1970 Hans Herrmann, Richard Attwood Porsche KG Salzburg
1971 Helmut Marko, Gijs van Lennep Martini Racing Team
1972 Henri Pescarolo, Graham Hill Equipe Matra-Simca Shell
1973 Henri Pescarolo, Gérard Larrousse Equipe Matra-Simca Shell
1974 Henri Pescarolo, Gérard Larrousse Equipe Gitanes
1975 Jacky Ickx, Derek Bell Gulf Research Racing Co.
1976 Jacky Ickx, Gijs van Lennep Martini Racing Porsche System
Jacky Ickx, Hurley Haywood,
1977 Martini Racing Porsche System
Jürgen Barth
Year Drivers Team
1978 Jean-Pierre Jaussaud, Didier Pironi Alpine Renault
Klaus Ludwig, Bill Whittington,
1979 Porsche Kremer Racing
Don Whittington
1980 Jean Rondeau, Jean-Pierre Jaussaud Jean Rondeau
1981 Jacky Ickx, Derek Bell Porsche System
1982 Jacky Ickx, Derek Bell Rothmans Porsche System
Vern Schuppan, Al Holbert, Hurley
1983 Rothmans Porsche
Haywood
1984 Klaus Ludwig, Henri Pescarolo Joest Racing
Klaus Ludwig, Paolo Barilla, “John
1985 Joest Racing
Winter”
Derek Bell, Hans-Joachim Stuck, Al
1986 Rothmans Porsche AG
Holbert
Derek Bell, Hans-Joachim Stuck, Al
1987 Rothmans Porsche AG
Holbert
Jan Lammers, Johnny Dumfries,
1988 Silk Cut Jaguar
Andy Wallace
Jochen Mass, Manuel Reuter,
1989 Team Sauber Mercedes
Stanley Dickens
John Nielsen, Price Cobb, Martin
1990 Silk Cut Jaguar
Brundle
Volker Weidler, Johnny Herbert,
1991 Mazdaspeed Co. Ltd.
Bertrand Gachot
Derek Warwick, Yannick Dalmas,
1992 Peugeot Talbot Sport
Mark Blundell
Geoff Brabham, Christophe
1993 Peugeot Talbot Sport
Bouchut, Eric Hélary
Yannick Dalmas, Hurley Haywood,
1994 Le Mans Porsche Team
Mauro Baldi
Yannick Dalmas, J. J. Lehto,
1995 Kokusai Kaihatsu Racing
Masanori Sekiya
Manuel Reuter, Davy Jones,
1996 Joest Racing
Alexander Wurz
Michele Alboreto, Stefan Johansson,
1997 Joest Racing
Tom Kristensen
Laurent Aïello, Allan McNish,
1998 Porsche AG
Stéphane Ortelli
 Year Drivers Team
Pierluigi Martini, Yannick Dalmas,
1999 Team BMW Motorsport
Joachim Winkelhock
Frank Biela, Tom Kristensen,
2000 Audi Sport Team Joest
Emanuele Pirro
Frank Biela, Tom Kristensen,
2001 Audi Sport Team Joest
Emanuele Pirro
Frank Biela, Tom Kristensen,
2002 Audi Sport Team Joest
Emanuele Pirro
Tom Kristensen, Rinaldo Capello,
2003 Team Bentley
Guy Smith
Seiji Ara, Tom Kristensen, Rinaldo
2004 Audi Sport Japan Team Goh
Capello
JJ Lehto, Marco Werner, Tom
2005 ADT Champion Racing
Kristensen
Frank Biela, Emanuele Pirro, Marco
2006 Audi Sport Team Joest
Werner
Frank Biela, Emanuele Pirro, Marco
2007 Audi Sport North America
Werner
Tom Kristensen, Allan McNish,
2008 Audi Sport North America
Rinaldo Capello
David Brabham, Marc Gené,
2009 Peugeot Sport Total
Alexander Wurz
Mike Rockenfeller, Timo Bernhard,
2010 Audi Sport North America
Romain Dumas
Marcel Fässler, André Lotterer,
2011 Audi Sport Team Joest
Benoît Tréluyer
Marcel Fässler, André Lotterer,
2012 Audi Sport Team Joest
Benoît Tréluyer
Tom Kristensen, Allan McNish,
2013 Audi Sport Team Joest
Loïc Duval

32
• In chess, total number of black squares on the board, the total number of white squares, and the
total number of pieces (black and white) at the beginning of the game
• Number of teams in the National Football League

33
Number of innings played in the longest baseball game in history

36
• Most number of runs one can hit of a non-penalized over in cricket
• Number of vehicles that run in each race of NASCAR’s Camping World Truck Series

72
Number of spaces in a game of Parcheesi, from start space to “home”

180
Maximum possible score in one turn at darts

300
In bowling, a perfect score, achieved by rolling strikes in all ten frames (a total of twelve strikes)

1900 Summer Olympics

Only Olympic Games in history to use live animals (pigeons) as targets during the shooting event
Only time in the history of the Games where automobile and motorcycle racing, ballooning, cricket,
croquet, Basque pelota, and 200m swimming obstacle race and underwater swimming were
contested

1904 Summer Olympics

First Olympics that were held outside Europe

1956 Winter Olympics

First Winter Olympics televised to a multi-national audience

1964 Summer Olympics

First Olympics held in Asia
First time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports
First to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas
Last Summer Olympics where performance enhancing drugs were legal

1968 Olympics Black Power salute

Act of protest by the African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal
ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City

1992 United States men’s Olympic basketball team roster

#4 Christian Laettner
#5 David Robinson
#6 Patrick Ewing
#7 Larry Bird
#8 Scottie Pippen
#9 Michael Jordan
#10 Clyde Dexter
#11 Karl Malone
#12 John Stockton
#13 Chris Mullin
 #14 Charles Barkley
#15 Magic Johnson

2006 Asian Games

First time that all 45 member nations of the Olympic Council of Asia took part in this event and the
first time that the European continent could watch this Asian sporting through Eurosport

3,000 hit club

In Major League Baseball (MLB), group of batters who have collected 3,000 or more regular-
season hits in their careers

• Pete Rose (4,256)

• Ty Cobb (4,191)
• Ichiro Suzuki (4,020)
• Hank Aaron (3,771)
• Stan Musial (3,630)
• Tris Speaker (3,515)
• Honus Wagner (3,430)
• Carl Yastrzemski (3,419)
• Paul Molitor (3,319)
• Derek Jeter (3,316)
• Eddie Collins (3,314)
• Willie Mays (3,283)
• Eddie Murray (3,255)
• Nap Lajoie (3,242)
• Cal Ripken, Jr. (3,184)
• George Brett (3,154)
• Paul Waner (3,152)
• Robin Yount (3,142)
• Tony Gwynn (3,141)
• Dave Winfield (3,110)
• Cap Anson (3,081)
• Craig Biggio (3,060)
• Rickey Henderson (3,055)
• Rod Carew (3,053)
• Lou Brock (3,023)
• Rafael Palmeiro (3,020)
• Wade Boggsdagger (3,010)
• Al Kaline (3,007)
• Roberto Clemente (3,000)

Aaron, Hank
Nicknamed “Hammerin’ Hank” American baseball player who holds the MLB records for the most
career runs batted in (RBI) (2,297), the most career extra base hits (1,477), and the most career total
bases (6,856)

Abbott, Margaret
First American woman to take first place in an Olympic event (women’s golf at the 1900 Paris
games)
Abbott, Senda Berenson
Pioneer of women’s basketball, authoring the first basketball guide for women

Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem
Born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr., NBA’s all-time leader in points scored, games played, minutes
played, field goals made, field goal attempts, blocked shots, defensive rebounds, and personal fouls
Known for his hook shot nicknamed “skyhook”
Played co-pilot Roger Murdock in Airplane!

Abertondo, Antonio
First person to complete a two way swim of the English Channel

Abrahamian, Ara
Swedish wrestler who rejected his bronze medal in 84kg Greco-Roman wrestling at the 2008
Summer Olympics in protest over the judging of a semifinal match

Ace of Spades
Also known as the “Death Card”

Acey-deucey
Variant of backgammon
Favorite game of the US Navy

Acuff, Amy
Track and field athlete from the United States who competed in the 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and
2012 Olympic Games as a member of USA Track and Field

Adams, Nicola
First woman and first openly LGBT person to win an Olympic boxing Gold medal, at the 2012
Summer Olympics

AFC Asian Cup Winners

1956 South Korea

1960 South Korea
1964 Israel
1968 Iran
1972 Iran
1976 Iran
1980 Kuwait
1984 Saudi Arabia
1988 Saudi Arabia
1992 Japan
1996 Saudi Arabia
2000 Japan
 2004 Japan
2007 Iraq
2011 Japan

Africa Cup of Nations Winners

1957 Egypt
1959 United Arab Republic
1962 Ethiopia
1963 Ghana
1965 Ghana
1968 Democratic Republic of Congo
1970 Sudan
1972 Congo
1974 Zaire
1976 Morocco
1978 Ghana
1980 Nigeria
1982 Ghana
1984 Cameroon
1986 Egypt
1988 Cameroon
1990 Algeria
1992 Cote d’Ivoire
1994 Nigeria
1996 South Africa
1998 Egypt
2000 Cameroon
2002 Cameroon
2004 Tunisia
2006 Egypt
2008 Egypt
2010 Egypt
 2012 Zambia
2013 Nigeria

Agostini, Giacomo
Nicknamed “Ago”, Italian multi-title world champion Grand Prix motorcycle road race with 122
Grand Prix wins and 15 World Championship titles

Aintree Racecourse
Best known for annually holding the world famous Grand National steeplechase

Akebono, Tarō
First non-Japanese born sumo wrestler ever to reach yokozuna

Alekseyev, Vassily
Soviet weightlifter who won gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer
Olympics

Allen, Forrest “Phog”

Known as the “Father of Basketball Coaching”

Allen, Kate
Australian-Austrian triathlete who won the gold medal in the women’s triathlon at the 2004
Summer Olympics in Athens

Allhusen, Derek
English equestrian who was a 54-year-old grandfather when he rode Lochinvar to team gold and
individual silver medals at the 1968 Summer Olympics

Ali, Muhammad
Born Cassius Clay Jr., winner of the Olympic gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the
1960 Summer Olympics
Special referee at the inaugural WrestleMania event
Allegedly threw his Olympic medal into the Ohio River

Alley-oop
In basketball, an offensive play in which one player throws the ball near the basket to a teammate
who jumps, catches the ball in mid air and immediately scores a basket, usually with a slam dunk

Altered Beast
1988 beat ‘em up arcade game developed and manufactured by Sega set in Ancient Greece, and
follows a centurion who is resurrected by Zeus to rescue his daughter Athena, and to do so becomes
able to turn into beasts such as the werewolf with the use of power-ups

“The Ambling Alp”

Nickname of heavyweight boxing champion Primo Carnera

Anand, Viswanathan
Indian chess Grandmaster and World Chess Champion (2006-2013)

Anchor
Competitor of the last leg in a relay race

Anderson, Gary Allan

First NFL kicker to have a “perfect regular season”, successfully making every field goal and every
PAT during regular season play in 1998

Andretti, Mario
Only driver ever to win the Indianapolis 500, Daytona 500 and the Formula One World
Championship

Armstrong, Henry
Nicknamed “Homicide Hank”, only boxer to hold three world championships at the same time

Armstrong, Lance
American former professional road racing cyclist who won the Tour de France a record seven
consecutive times between 1999 and 2005 before being disqualified from those races and banned
from competitive cycling for life for doping offenses by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in
2012

Artest, Ronald William Jr.

Real name of American professional basketball player Metta World Peace

Associated Press Athlete of the Year

Year Male Female

Major League
1931 Pepper Martin Helene Madison Swimming
Baseball
1932 Gene Sarazen PGA golf Babe Didrikson Track and field
Major League
1933 Carl Hubbell Helen Jacobs Tennis
Baseball
Major League
1934 Dizzy Dean Virginia Van Wie Golf
Baseball
1935 Joe Louis Boxing Helen Wills Moody Tennis
1936 Jesse Owens Track and field Helen Stephens Track and field
1937 Don Budge Tennis Katherine Rawls Swimming
1938 Don Budge Tennis Patty Berg Golf
1939 Nile Kinnick College football Alice Marble Tennis
1940 Tom Harmon College football Alice Marble Tennis
Major League
1941 Joe DiMaggio Betty Hicks Newell Golf
Baseball
1942 Frank Sinkwich College football Gloria Callen Swimming
1943 Gunder Hägg Track and field Patty Berg Golf
1944 Byron Nelson PGA golf Ann Curtis Swimming
Year Male Female
Babe Didrikson
1945 Byron Nelson PGA golf Golf
Zaharias
Babe Didrikson
1946 Glenn Davis College football Golf
Zaharias
Babe Didrikson
1947 Johnny Lujack College football Golf
Zaharias
Major League
1948 Lou Boudreau Fanny Blankers-Koen Track and field
Baseball
1949 Leon Hart College football Marlene Bauer Golf
Major League Babe Didrikson
1950 Jim Konstanty LPGA golf
Baseball Zaharias
1951 Dick Kazmaier College football Maureen Connolly Tennis
1952 Bob Mathias Track and field Maureen Connolly Tennis
1953 Ben Hogan PGA golf Maureen Connolly Tennis
Major League Babe Didrikson
1954 Willie Mays LPGA golf
Baseball Zaharias
Howard “Hopalong”
1955 College football Patty Berg LPGA golf
Cassady
Major League
1956 Mickey Mantle Pat McCormick Diving
Baseball
Major League
1957 Ted Williams Althea Gibson Tennis
Baseball
1958 Herb Elliott Track and field Althea Gibson Tennis
1959 Ingemar Johansson Boxing Maria Bueno Tennis
1960 Rafer Johnson Track and field Wilma Rudolph Track and field
Major League
1961 Roger Maris Wilma Rudolph Track and field
Baseball
Major League
1962 Maury Wills Dawn Fraser Swimming
Baseball
Major League
1963 Sandy Koufax Mickey Wright LPGA golf
Baseball
1964 Don Schollander Swimming Mickey Wright LPGA golf
Major League
1965 Sandy Koufax Kathy Whitworth LPGA golf
Baseball
Major League
1966 Frank Robinson Kathy Whitworth LPGA golf
Baseball
Year Male Female
Major League
1967 Carl Yastrzemski Billie Jean King Tennis
Baseball
Major League
1968 Denny McLain Peggy Fleming Figure skating
Baseball
Major League
1969 Tom Seaver Debbie Meyer Swimming
Baseball
National Football
1970 George Blanda Chi Cheng Track and field
League
1971 Lee Trevino PGA golf Evonne Goolagong Tennis
1972 Mark Spitz Swimming Olga Korbut Gymnastics
National Football
1973 O.J. Simpson Billie Jean King Tennis
League
1974 Muhammad Ali Boxing Chris Evert Tennis
Major League
1975 Fred Lynn Chris Evert Tennis
Baseball
1976 Bruce Jenner Track and field Nadia Comăneci Gymnastics
1977 Steve Cauthen Horse racing Chris Evert Tennis
Major League
1978 Ron Guidry Nancy Lopez LPGA golf
Baseball
Major League
1979 Willie Stargell Tracy Austin Tennis
Baseball
U.S. Olympic hockey
1980 Ice hockey Chris Evert Tennis
team
1981 John McEnroe Tennis Tracy Austin Tennis
1982 Wayne Gretzky NHL ice hockey Mary Decker Track and field
1983 Carl Lewis Track and field Martina Navratilova Tennis
1984 Carl Lewis Track and field Mary Lou Retton Gymnastics
Major League
1985 Dwight Gooden Nancy Lopez LPGA golf
Baseball
1986 Larry Bird NBA Martina Navratilova Tennis
1987 Ben Johnson Track and field Jackie Joyner-Kersee Track and field
Major League Florence Griffith
1988 Orel Hershiser Track and field
Baseball Joyner
National Football
1989 Joe Montana Steffi Graf Tennis
League
1990 Joe Montana National Football Beth Daniel LPGA golf
 Year Male Female
League
1991 Michael Jordan NBA basketball Monica Seles Tennis
1992 Michael Jordan NBA basketball Monica Seles Tennis
College
1993 Michael Jordan NBA basketball Sheryl Swoopes
basketball
1994 George Foreman Boxing Bonnie Blair Speed skating
Major League College
1995 Cal Ripken, Jr. Rebecca Lobo
Baseball basketball
1996 Michael Johnson Track and field Amy Van Dyken Swimming
1997 Tiger Woods PGA golf Martina Hingis Tennis
Major League
1998 Mark McGwire Se Ri Pak LPGA golf
Baseball
U.S. women’s soccer
1999 Tiger Woods PGA golf soccer
team
2000 Tiger Woods PGA golf Marion Jones Track and field
Major League
2001 Barry Bonds Jennifer Capriati Tennis
Baseball
2002 Lance Armstrong Cycling Serena Williams Tennis
2003 Lance Armstrong Cycling Annika Sörenstam LPGA golf
2004 Lance Armstrong Cycling Annika Sörenstam LPGA golf
2005 Lance Armstrong Cycling Annika Sörenstam LPGA golf
2006 Tiger Woods PGA golf Lorena Ochoa LPGA golf
National Football
2007 Tom Brady Lorena Ochoa LPGA golf
League
2008 Michael Phelps Swimming Candace Parker WNBA
2009 Jimmie Johnson NASCAR Serena Williams Tennis
National Football
2010 Drew Brees Lindsey Vonn Skiing
League
National Football
2011 Aaron Rodgers Abby Wambach Soccer
League
2012 Michael Phelps Swimming Gabrielle Douglas Gymnastics
2013 LeBron James NBA basketball Serena Williams Tennis

Ashe, Arthur
Only black man ever to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open
Athens, Greece
Site of the first modern-day Olympics

Avantouinti
Ice swimming popular in Finland

Azeroth
Fictional universe that is the setting of the video game Warcraft

Backstroke
One of the four swimming styles regulated by FINA, and the only regulated style swum on the back
Oldest swimming stroke

Baize
Coarse woolen cloth most often used on snooker and billiards tables to cover the slate and cushions,
and is often used on other kinds of gaming tables such as those for blackjack, baccarat, craps and
other casino games

Bale, Gareth
Welsh footballer who plays for Real Madrid and the Wales national team as a winger

Ball hog
In basketball, term for a player who does not pass the ball

Ballesteros, Severiano “Seve”

Spanish golfer widely known for his dashing and imaginative style of play, with a sublime short
game and erratic driving of the golf ball

“The Baltimore Bullet”

Nickname given to American swimmer Michael Phelps

Baltimore Ravens
Only NFL team named after a poem

Bannister, Sir Roger

English athlete best known for running the first mile in less than 4 minutes

Barnes, Ross
First player to hit a home run in the major leagues in 1876

Barrow, Joseph Louis

Better known as Joe Louis, American professional boxer who became the world heavyweight
champion fro 1937 to 1949

Baseball World Series winners

Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
1903 Boston Jimmy AL 5–3 Pittsburgh Fred Clarke NL
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
Americans Collins Pirates
1904 No World Series was played in 1904.
New York John Philadelphia Connie
1905 NL 4–1 AL
Giants McGraw Athletics Mack
Chicago White Fielder Chicago Frank
1906 AL 4–2 NL
Sox Jones Cubs Chance
Frank 4–0– Detroit Hugh
1907 Chicago Cubs NL AL
Chance (1) Tigers Jennings
Frank Detroit Hugh
1908 Chicago Cubs NL 4–1 AL
Chance Tigers Jennings
Pittsburgh Detroit Hugh
1909 Fred Clarke NL 4–3 AL
Pirates Tigers Jennings
Philadelphia Connie Chicago Frank
1910 AL 4–1 NL
Athletics Mack Cubs Chance
Philadelphia Connie New York John
1911 AL 4–2 NL
Athletics Mack Giants McGraw
Boston Red 4–3– New York John
1912 Jake Stahl AL NL
Sox (1) Giants McGraw
Philadelphia Connie New York John
1913 AL 4–1 NL
Athletics Mack Giants McGraw
George Philadelphia Connie
1914 Boston Braves NL 4–0 AL
Stallings Athletics Mack
Boston Red Philadelphia
1915 Bill Carrigan AL 4–1 Pat Moran NL
Sox Phillies
Boston Red Brooklyn Wilbert
1916 Bill Carrigan AL 4–1 NL
Sox Robins Robinson
Chicago White Pants New York John
1917 AL 4–2 NL
Sox Rowland Giants McGraw
Boston Red Chicago Fred
1918 Ed Barrow AL 4–2 NL
Sox Cubs Mitchell
Cincinnati Chicago
1919 Pat Moran NL 5–3 Kid Gleason AL
Reds White Sox
Cleveland Brooklyn Wilbert
1920 Tris Speaker AL 5–2 NL
Indians Robins Robinson
New York John New York Miller
1921 NL 5–3 AL
Giants McGraw Yankees Huggins
1922 New York John NL 4–0– New York Miller AL
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
Giants McGraw (1) Yankees Huggins
New York Miller New York John
1923 AL 4–2 NL
Yankees Huggins Giants McGraw
Washington Bucky New York John
1924 AL 4–3 NL
Senators Harris Giants McGraw
Pittsburgh Bill Washington Bucky
1925 NL 4–3 AL
Pirates McKechnie Senators Harris
St. Louis Rogers New York Miller
1926 NL 4–3 AL
Cardinals Hornsby Yankees Huggins
New York Miller Pittsburgh
1927 AL 4–0 Donie Bush NL
Yankees Huggins Pirates
New York Miller St. Louis Bill
1928 AL 4–0 NL
Yankees Huggins Cardinals McKechnie
Philadelphia Connie Chicago Joe
1929 AL 4–1 NL
Athletics Mack Cubs McCarthy
Philadelphia Connie St. Louis
1930 AL 4–2 Gabby Street NL
Athletics Mack Cardinals
St. Louis Philadelphia Connie
1931 Gabby Street NL 4–3 AL
Cardinals Athletics Mack
New York Joe Chicago Charlie
1932 AL 4–0 NL
Yankees McCarthy Cubs Grimm
New York Washington
1933 Bill Terry NL 4–1 Joe Cronin AL
Giants Senators
St. Louis Detroit Mickey
1934 Frank Frisch NL 4–3 AL
Cardinals Tigers Cochrane
Mickey Chicago Charlie
1935 Detroit Tigers AL 4–2 NL
Cochrane Cubs Grimm
New York Joe New York
1936 AL 4–2 Bill Terry NL
Yankees McCarthy Giants
New York Joe New York
1937 AL 4–1 Bill Terry NL
Yankees McCarthy Giants
New York Joe Chicago Gabby
1938 AL 4–0 NL
Yankees McCarthy Cubs Hartnett
New York Joe Cincinnati Bill
1939 AL 4–0 NL
Yankees McCarthy Reds McKechnie
Cincinnati Bill Detroit
1940 NL 4–3 Del Baker AL
Reds McKechnie Tigers
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
New York Joe Brooklyn Leo
1941 AL 4–1 NL
Yankees McCarthy Dodgers Durocher
St. Louis Billy New York Joe
1942 NL 4–1 AL
Cardinals Southworth Yankees McCarthy
New York Joe St. Louis Billy
1943 AL 4–1 NL
Yankees McCarthy Cardinals Southworth
St. Louis Billy St. Louis
1944 NL 4–2 Luke Sewell AL
Cardinals Southworth Browns
Steve Chicago Charlie
1945 Detroit Tigers AL 4–3 NL
O’Neill Cubs Grimm
St. Louis Boston Red
1946 Eddie Dyer NL 4–3 Joe Cronin AL
Cardinals Sox
New York Bucky Brooklyn
1947 AL 4–3 Burt Shotton NL
Yankees Harris Dodgers
Cleveland Lou Boston Billy
1948 AL 4–2 NL
Indians Boudreau Braves Southworth
New York Casey Brooklyn
1949 AL 4–1 Burt Shotton NL
Yankees Stengel Dodgers
New York Casey Philadelphia Eddie
1950 AL 4–0 NL
Yankees Stengel Phillies Sawyer
New York Casey New York Leo
1951 AL 4–2 NL
Yankees Stengel Giants Durocher
New York Casey Brooklyn Charlie
1952 AL 4–3 NL
Yankees Stengel Dodgers Dressen
New York Casey Brooklyn Charlie
1953 AL 4–2 NL
Yankees Stengel Dodgers Dressen
New York Leo Cleveland
1954 NL 4–0 Al Lopez AL
Giants Durocher Indians
Brooklyn Walter New York Casey
1955 NL 4–3 AL
Dodgers Alston Yankees Stengel
New York Casey Brooklyn Walter
1956 AL 4–3 NL
Yankees Stengel Dodgers Alston
Milwaukee New York Casey
1957 Fred Haney NL 4–3 AL
Braves Yankees Stengel
New York Casey Milwaukee
1958 AL 4–3 Fred Haney NL
Yankees Stengel Braves
1959 Los Angeles Walter NL 4–2 Chicago Al Lopez AL
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
Dodgers Alston White Sox
Pittsburgh Danny New York Casey
1960 NL 4–3 AL
Pirates Murtaugh Yankees Stengel
New York Cincinnati Fred
1961 Ralph Houk AL 4–1 NL
Yankees Reds Hutchinson
San
New York
1962 Ralph Houk AL 4–3 Francisco Alvin Dark NL
Yankees
Giants
Los Angeles Walter New York
1963 NL 4–0 Ralph Houk AL
Dodgers Alston Yankees
St. Louis Johnny New York
1964 NL 4–3 Yogi Berra AL
Cardinals Keane Yankees
Los Angeles Walter Minnesota
1965 NL 4–3 Sam Mele AL
Dodgers Alston Twins
Baltimore Los Angeles Walter
1966 Hank Bauer AL 4–0 NL
Orioles Dodgers Alston
Red
St. Louis Boston Red Dick
1967 Schoendiens NL 4–3 AL
Cardinals Sox Williams
t
St. Louis Red
1968 Detroit Tigers Mayo Smith AL 4–3 NL
Cardinals Schoendienst
New York Baltimore
1969 Gil Hodges NL 4–1 Earl Weaver AL
Mets Orioles
Baltimore Cincinnati Sparky
1970 Earl Weaver AL 4–1 NL
Orioles Reds Anderson
Pittsburgh Danny Baltimore
1971 NL 4–3 Earl Weaver AL
Pirates Murtaugh Orioles
Oakland Dick Cincinnati Sparky
1972 AL 4–3 NL
Athletics Williams Reds Anderson
Oakland Dick New York
1973 AL 4–3 Yogi Berra NL
Athletics Williams Mets
Oakland Los Angeles Walter
1974 Alvin Dark AL 4–1 NL
Athletics Dodgers Alston
Cincinnati Sparky Boston Red Darrell
1975 NL 4–3 AL
Reds Anderson Sox Johnson
Cincinnati Sparky New York
1976 NL 4–0 Billy Martin AL
Reds Anderson Yankees
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
New York Los Angeles Tom
1977 Billy Martin AL 4–2 NL
Yankees Dodgers Lasorda
New York Los Angeles Tom
1978 Bob Lemon AL 4–2 NL
Yankees Dodgers Lasorda
Pittsburgh Chuck Baltimore
1979 NL 4–3 Earl Weaver AL
Pirates Tanner Orioles
Philadelphia Kansas City
1980 Dallas Green NL 4–2 Jim Frey AL
Phillies Royals
Los Angeles Tom New York
1981 NL 4–2 Bob Lemon AL
Dodgers Lasorda Yankees
St. Louis Whitey Milwaukee Harvey
1982 NL 4–3 AL
Cardinals Herzog Brewers Kuenn
Baltimore Philadelphia
1983 Joe Altobelli AL 4–1 Paul Owens NL
Orioles Phillies
Sparky San Diego Dick
1984 Detroit Tigers AL 4–1 NL
Anderson Padres Williams
Kansas City Dick St. Louis Whitey
1985 AL 4–3 NL
Royals Howser Cardinals Herzog
New York Davey Boston Red John
1986 NL 4–3 AL
Mets Johnson Sox McNamara
Minnesota St. Louis Whitey
1987 Tom Kelly AL 4–3 NL
Twins Cardinals Herzog
Los Angeles Tom Oakland Tony La
1988 NL 4–1 AL
Dodgers Lasorda Athletics Russa
San
Oakland Tony La
1989 AL 4–0 Francisco Roger Craig NL
Athletics Russa
Giants
Cincinnati Oakland Tony La
1990 Lou Piniella NL 4–0 AL
Reds Athletics Russa
Minnesota Atlanta
1991 Tom Kelly AL 4–3 Bobby Cox NL
Twins Braves
Toronto Blue Atlanta
1992 Cito Gaston AL 4–2 Bobby Cox NL
Jays Braves
Toronto Blue Philadelphia
1993 Cito Gaston AL 4–2 Jim Fregosi NL
Jays Phillies
1994 No World Series was played in 1994 due to the 1994–95 strike.
1995 Atlanta Braves Bobby Cox NL 4–2 Cleveland Mike AL
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
Indians Hargrove
New York Atlanta
1996 Joe Torre AL 4–2 Bobby Cox NL
Yankees Braves
Cleveland Mike
1997 Florida Marlins Jim Leyland NL 4–3 AL
Indians Hargrove
New York San Diego
1998 Joe Torre AL 4–0 Bruce Bochy NL
Yankees Padres
New York Atlanta
1999 Joe Torre AL 4–0 Bobby Cox NL
Yankees Braves
New York New York Bobby
2000 Joe Torre AL 4–1 NL
Yankees Mets Valentine
Arizona New York
2001 Bob Brenly NL 4–3 Joe Torre AL
Diamondbacks Yankees
San
Anaheim Mike
2002 AL 4–3 Francisco Dusty Baker NL
Angels Scioscia
Giants
Jack New York
2003 Florida Marlins NL 4–2 Joe Torre AL
McKeon Yankees
Boston Red Terry St. Louis Tony La
2004 AL 4–0 NL
Sox Francona Cardinals Russa
Chicago White Ozzie Houston
2005 AL 4–0 Phil Garner NL
Sox Guillén Astros
St. Louis Tony La Detroit
2006 NL 4–1 Jim Leyland AL
Cardinals Russa Tigers
Boston Red Terry Colorado
2007 AL 4–0 Clint Hurdle NL
Sox Francona Rockies
Philadelphia Charlie Tampa Bay
2008 NL 4–1 Joe Maddon AL
Phillies Manuel Rays
New York Philadelphia Charlie
2009 Joe Girardi AL 4–2 NL
Yankees Phillies Manuel
San Francisco Texas Ron
2010 Bruce Bochy NL 4–1 AL
Giants Rangers Washington
St. Louis Tony La Texas Ron
2011 NL 4–3 AL
Cardinals Russa Rangers Washington
San Francisco Detroit
2012 Bruce Bochy NL 4–0 Jim Leyland AL
Giants Tigers
2013 Boston Red John Farrell AL 4–2 St. Louis Mike NL
 Winnin Losin
Winning Losing Losing
Year Winning team g Games g
manager team manager
league league
Sox Cardinals Matheny

Battleship
Guessing game for two players known worldwide as a pencil and paper game which dates from
World War I published by various companies as a pad-and-pencil game in the 1930s, and was
released as a plastic board game by Milton Bradley in 1967

Baumgartner, Felix
First person to break the sound barrier without vehicular power on his descent

Bayne, Trevor
Youngest driver to win the Daytona 500 (2011)

Baze, Robert
Holds the record for the most race wins in North American horse racing history

BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year

Year Nationality Winner Sport

1960 Australia Herb Elliott Athletics
1961 Soviet Union Valeriy Brumel Athletics
1962 Canada Donald Jackson Figure skating
1963 France Jacques Anquetil Cycling
1964 Ethiopia Abebe Bikila Athletics
1965 Australia Ron Clarke Athletics
1965 South Africa Gary Player Golf
1966 Portugal Eusébio Football
1966 Barbados Garfield Sobers Cricket
1967 Australia George Moore Horse racing
1968 Soviet Union Oleg Protopopov Figure skating
1968 Soviet Union Ludmila Belousova Figure skating
1969 Australia Rod Laver Tennis
1970 Brazil Pelé Football
1971 United States Lee Trevino Golf
1972 Soviet Union Olga Korbut Gymnastics
1973 United States Muhammad Ali (1/3) Boxing
Year Nationality Winner Sport
1974 United States Muhammad Ali (2/3) Boxing
1975 United States Arthur Ashe Tennis
1976 Romania Nadia Comăneci Gymnastics
1977 Austria Niki Lauda Formula One
1978 United States Muhammad Ali (3/3) Boxing
1979 Sweden Björn Borg Tennis
1980 United States Jack Nicklaus Golf
1981 United States Chris Evert Tennis
1982 United States Jimmy Connors Tennis
1983 United States Carl Lewis Athletics
1984 Spain Seve Ballesteros Golf
1985 West Germany Boris Becker Tennis
1986 Australia Greg Norman (1/2) Golf
1987 United States Martina Navratilova Tennis
1988 West Germany Steffi Graf Tennis
1989 United States Mike Tyson Boxing
1990 Australia Mal Meninga Rugby league
1991 United States Mike Powell Athletics
1992 United States Andre Agassi Tennis
1993 Australia Greg Norman (2/2) Golf
1994 Trinidad and Tobago Brian Lara Cricket
1995 New Zealand Jonah Lomu Rugby union
1996 United States Evander Holyfield Boxing
1996 United States Michael Johnson Athletics
1997 Switzerland Martina Hingis Tennis
1998 United States Mark O’Meara Golf
1999 United States Maurice Greene Athletics
2000 United States Tiger Woods Golf
2001 Croatia Goran Ivanišević Tennis
2002 Brazil Ronaldo Football
2003 United States Lance Armstrong Cycling
 Year Nationality Winner Sport
2004 Switzerland Roger Federer (1/3) Tennis
2005 Australia Shane Warne Cricket
2006 Switzerland Roger Federer (2/3) Tennis
2007 Switzerland Roger Federer (3/3) Tennis
2008 Jamaica Usain Bolt (1/3) Athletics
2009 Jamaica Usain Bolt (2/3) Athletics
2010 Spain Rafael Nadal Tennis
2011 Serbia Novak Djokovic Tennis
2012 Jamaica Usain Bolt (3/3) Athletics
2013 Germany Sebastian Vettel Formula One

BBC Sports Personality of the Year

Year Winner Sport Second Sport Third Sport
Christopher Roger Show
1954 Athletics Athletics Pat Smythe
Chataway Bannister jumping
1955 Gordon Pirie Athletics No record N/A No record N/A
1956 Jim Laker Cricket No record N/A No record N/A
1957 Dai Rees Golf No record N/A No record N/A
Bobby
1958 Ian Black Swimming Football Nat Lofthouse Football
Charlton
Motorcycle Bobby
1959 John Surtees Football Ian Black Swimming
racing Charlton
Show Don Anita
1960 David Broome Athletics Swimming
jumping Thompson Lonsbrough
Formula Angela
1961 Stirling Moss Billy Walker Boxing Tennis
One Mortimer
Anita Dorothy Linda
1962 Swimming Athletics Swimming
Lonsbrough Hyman Ludgrove
Dorothy Bobby Formula
1963 Athletics Swimming Jim Clark
Hyman McGregor One
1964 Mary Rand Athletics Barry Briggs Speedway Ann Packer Athletics
Formula Marion Show
1965 Tom Simpson Cycling Jim Clark
One Coakes jumping
1966 Bobby Moore Football Barry Briggs Speedway Geoff Hurst Football
Year Winner Sport Second Sport Third Sport
Show
1967 Henry Cooper Boxing Beryl Burton Cycling Harvey Smith
jumping
Formula Marion Show
1968 David Hemery Athletics Graham Hill
One Coakes jumping
1969 Ann Jones Tennis Tony Jacklin Golf George Best Football
1970 Henry Cooper Boxing Tony Jacklin Golf Bobby Moore Football
The Princess Rugby
1971 Eventing George Best Football Barry John
Anne union
Gordon Richard
1972 Mary Peters Athletics Football Eventing
Banks Meade
Formula Paddy Show
1973 Jackie Stewart Roger Taylor Tennis
One McMahon jumping
Brendan Willie John Rugby
1974 Athletics John Conteh Boxing
Foster McBride union
1975 David Steele Cricket Alan Pascoe Athletics David Wilkie Swimming
Figure Formula
1976 John Curry James Hunt David Wilkie Swimming
skating One
Geoffrey Motorcycle
1977 Virginia Wade Tennis Cricket Barry Sheene
Boycott racing
Daley
1978 Steve Ovett Athletics Athletics Ian Botham Cricket
Thompson
1979 Sebastian Coe Athletics Ian Botham Cricket Kevin Keegan Football
Figure Sebastian Daley
1980 Robin Cousins Athletics Athletics
skating Coe Thompson
1981 Ian Botham Cricket Steve Davis Snooker Sebastian Coe Athletics
Daley
1982 Athletics Alex Higgins Snooker Steve Cram Athletics
Thompson
Torvill and Figure Daley
1983 Steve Cram Athletics Athletics
Dean skating Thompson
Torvill and Figure Sebastian
1984 Athletics Steve Davis Snooker
Dean skating Coe
Barry
1985 Boxing Ian Botham Cricket Steve Cram Athletics
McGuigan
Formula Fatima Kenny
1986 Nigel Mansell Athletics Football
One Whitbread Dalglish
Fatima
1987 Athletics Steve Davis Snooker Ian Woosnam Golf
Whitbread
Year Winner Sport Second Sport Third Sport
Adrian
1988 Steve Davis Snooker Swimming Sandy Lyle Golf
Moorhouse
1989 Nick Faldo Golf Frank Bruno Boxing Steve Davis Snooker
Paul Stephen Graham
1990 Football Snooker Cricket
Gascoigne Hendry Gooch
Rugby
1991 Liz McColgan Athletics Will Carling Gary Lineker Football
union
Formula Linford
1992 Nigel Mansell Athletics Sally Gunnell Athletics
One Christie
Linford Sally
1993 Athletics Athletics Nigel Mansell CART
Christie Gunnell
Formula Sally
1994 Damon Hill Athletics Colin Jackson Athletics
One Gunnell
Jonathan
1995 Athletics Frank Bruno Boxing Colin McRae Rallying
Edwards
Formula Steve Frankie Horse
1996 Damon Hill Rowing
One Redgrave Dettori racing
Steve
1997 Greg Rusedski Tennis Tim Henman Tennis Rowing
Redgrave
1998 Michael Owen Football Denise Lewis Athletics Iwan Thomas Athletics
David
1999 Lennox Lewis Boxing Football Colin Jackson Athletics
Beckham
Steve Tanni Grey-
2000 Rowing Denise Lewis Athletics Athletics
Redgrave Thompson
David Ellen Michael
2001 Football Sailing Football
Beckham MacArthur Owen
David Horse
2002 Paula Radcliffe Athletics Football Tony McCoy
Beckham racing
Jonny Rugby Martin Rugby Paula
2003 Athletics
Wilkinson union Johnson union Radcliffe
Matthew Andrew
2004 Kelly Holmes Athletics Rowing Cricket
Pinsent Flintoff
Andrew Ellen Steven
2005 Cricket Sailing Football
Flintoff MacArthur Gerrard
Darren
2006 Zara Phillips Eventing Golf Beth Tweddle Gymnastics
Clarke
Lewis Formula
2007 Joe Calzaghe Boxing Ricky Hatton Boxing
Hamilton One
 Year Winner Sport Second Sport Third Sport
Lewis Formula Rebecca
2008 Chris Hoy Cycling Swimming
Hamilton One Adlington
Jenson Formula
2009 Ryan Giggs Football Jessica Ennis Athletics
Button One
Horse
2010 Tony McCoy Phil Taylor Darts Jessica Ennis Athletics
racing
Mark Darren
2011 Cycling Golf Mo Farah Athletics
Cavendish Clarke
Bradley
2012 Cycling Jessica Ennis Athletics Andy Murray Tennis
Wiggins
Leigh Rugby Horse
2013 Andy Murray Tennis Tony McCoy
Halfpenny union racing

Beamon, Robert “Bob”

American former track and field athlete best known for his world record in the long jump at the
1968 Mexico Olympics, which remained the world record for 22 years

Beard, Amanda
American swimmer and a seven-time Olympic medalist who is a former world record holder in the
200-meter breaststroke

Becker, Boris
Youngest ever winner of the men’s singles title at Wimbledon at the age of 17

Belmont Stakes Winners

1926 Crusader
1927 Chance Shot
1928 Vito
1929 Blue Larkspur
1930 Gallant Fox
1931 Twenty Grand
1932 Faireno
1933 Hurryoff
1934 Peace Chance
1935 Omaha
1936 Granville
1937 War Admiral
1938 Pasteurized
1939 Johnstown
1940 Bimelech
1941 Whirlaway
1942 Shut Out
1943 Count Fleet
1944 Bounding Home
1945 Pavot
1946 Assault
1947 Phalanx
1948 Citation
1949 Capot
1950 Middleground
1951 Counterpoint
1952 One Count
1953 Native Dancer
1954 High Gun
1955 Nashua
1956 Needles
1957 Gallant Man
1958 Cavan
1959 Sword Dancer
1960 Celtic Ash
1961 Sherluck
1962 Jaipur
1963 Chateaugay
1964 Quadrangle
1965 Hail To All
1966 Amberoid
1967 Damascus
1968 Stage Door Johnny
1969 Arts and Letters
1970 High Echelon
1971 Pass Catcher
1972 Riva Ridge
1973 Secretariat
1974 Little Current
1975 Avatar
1976 Bold Forbes
1977 Seattle Slew
1978 Affirmed
1979 Coastal
1980 Temperence Hill
1981 Summing
1982 Conquistador Cielo
1983 Caveat
1984 Swale
1985 Creme Fraiche
1986 Danzig Connection
1987 Bet Twice
1988 Risen Star
1989 Easy Goer
1990 Go And Go
1991 Hansel
1992 A. P. Indy
1993 Colonial Affair
1994 Tabasco Cat
1995 Thunder Gulch
1996 Editor’s Note
1997 Touch Gold
1998 Victory Gallop
1999 Lemon Drop Kid
2000 Commendable
2001 Point Given
2002 Sarava
2003 Empire Maker
 2004 Birdstone
2005 Afleet Alex
2006 Jazil
2007 Rags to Riches
2008 Da’Tara
2009 Summer Bird
2010 Drosselmeyer
2011 Ruler on Ice
2012 Union Rags
2013 Palace Malice

Berra, Yogi
First baseball player to have an agent

Berwanger, Jay
First player to be drafted by the National Football League in its inaugural draft
First winner of the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy (also known as Heisman Trophy) in 1935

Best, George
Northern Irish footballer who played as a winger for Manchester United and the Northern Ireland
football team

Biasone, Daniel
Sports manager mostly known for advocating the use of the shot clock in basketball

Biathlon
Started as a training system for the Norwegian army, composed of cross-country skiing and
shooting

“The Big Easy”

Nickname of South African professional golfer Ernie Els

Bikila, Abebe
Double Olympic marathon champion from Ethiopia, most famous for winning a marathon gold
medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics while running barefoot

Bin Nasser, Ali

Former Tunisian football referee who refereed the match between Argentina and England in the
1986 FIFA World Cup, where the “Hand of God” and the “Goal of the Century” both Diego
Maradona occurred

Biondi, Matt
Nicknamed “The California Condor”, American swimmer who won five gold medals at the 1988
Summer Olympic Games, setting world records in the 50-meter freestyle and three relay events
Black Caps
Nickname of the New Zealand national cricket team

Black dog
Term in darts for hitting the bull’s eye twice

“Black Mamba”
Nickname given to basketball player Kobe Bryant, youngest player in NBA history to reach 30,000
career points

Blackburn Olympic Football Club

English football club based in Blackburn, Lancashire in the late 19th century that became the first
club from the north of the United Kingdom and the first from a working-class background to win
the country’s leading competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup)

Blankers-Koen, Fanny
Dutch athlete best known for winning four gold medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London

Blind man’s bluff

Children’s game related to tag

Blomqvist, Stig
Swedish rally driver who won the World Rally Championship drivers’ title in 1984

Boarding
Penalty called in ice hockey when an offending player violently pushes or checks an opposing
player into the boards of the hockey rink

Bogues, Muggsy
Shortest player ever to play in the NBA

Boin, Victor
Belgian swimmer and fencer who took the first Olympic Oath at the 1920 Olympic Games

Bokken
Japanese wooden sword used for training

Bolt, Usain
Jamaican sprinter widely regarded as the fastest person ever
First man to hold both the 100 meters and 200 meters world records since fully automatic time
measurements became mandatory in 1977
First man to win six Olympic gold medals in sprinting

Booby prize
Joke prize usually given in recognition of a terrible performance

Borg, Björn
Only player to win three majors without dropping a set
First male player to win more than 10 majors during the open era
First “rock star” of professional tennis
First player to earn more than one million dollars in prize money in a single season (1979)
Borg-Warner Trophy
Trophy awarded to the Indianapolis 500 Champion

Bossaball
Sport invented in Spain by Filip Eyckmans in 2004 that is similar to volleyball but also includes
elements of football, gymnastics and capoeira

“Boston Strong Boy”

Nickname of boxer John L. Sullivan

Botham, Ian
Former England Test cricketer who holds the record for the highest number of wickets taken by an
England bowler

Boundary
In cricket, edge of the playing field, or a scoring shot where the ball is hit to or beyond that point

Brabham, Sir Jack

First man to win the Formula One world championship driving one of his own cars

Braddock, James J.
Nicknamed “Cinderella Man”, American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from
1935 to 1937

Bradman, Sir Donald

Australian cricketer widely acknowledged as the greatest Test batsman of all time

Brasher, Chris
British athlete who won the gold medal in 3000 meter steeplechase at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Co-founder of the London Marathon

Brazil
Only nation to qualify for all 16 FIFA World Cups in the 20th century

Brett, George
Only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades

“The Brockton Blockbuster”

Nickname given to American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion Rocky
Marciano, born Rocco Francis Marchegiano
Only champion to hold the heavyweight title and go untied and undefeated throughout his career

Bruno, Frank
British former boxer whose career highlight was winning the WBC heavyweight championship in
1995

Budge, Don
First player, male or female, and only American male to win in a single year the four tournaments
that comprise the Grand Slam of tennis and second male player to win all four Grand Slams in his
career after Fred Perry

Buffer, Michael
American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches known for his trademarked
catchphrase, “Let’s get ready to rumble!” and for pioneering a distinct announcing style in which he
rolls certain letters and adds other inflections to a fighter’s name

Bunker
Depression near the green or fairway that is usually filled with sand

Burke, Thomas
First Olympic champion in 100- and 400-meter dash races
First Olympian in history to win a gold medal

Bushnell, Nolan
Founder of the video game company Atari

Butterfly
Swimming stroke swum on the breast, with both arms moving simultaneously, accompanied by the
butterfly kick, also known as the “dolphin kick”

Butts, Alfred Mosher

American architect, famous for inventing the board game Scrabble in 1938

Butyrskaya, Maria
Russian figure skater who became the oldest skater and the first Russian to win the World ladies’
title and the oldest skater to win the European ladies’ title

Caber toss
Traditional Scottish athletic event practiced at the Scottish Highland Games involving the tossing of
a large wooden pole (caber)

California
Only US state that has hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games

Camacho, Héctor
First boxer to be recognized as a septuple champion

Candlestick Park
Only NFL stadium that began as a baseball-only facility and underwent extensive reconstruction to
accommodate football
Venue of the final full concert of The Beatles

Candy Crush Saga

Video game for smartphones and Facebook that was released on November 14, 2012 developed by
King.com
Surpassed FarmVille 2 as the most popular game on Facebook, with 45.6 million average monthly
users

Cannavaro, Fabio
Most capped football player in Italian history

Canseco, Jose
Cuban-American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder, and designated hitter who
admitted using performance enhancing drugs during his playing career, and in 2005 wrote a tell-all
book, Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant ’Roids, Smash Hits & How Baseball Got Big, in which he
claimed that the vast majority of MLB players use steroids

Cantona, Éric Daniel Pierre

French actor and former international footballer for the French national team who is often regarded
as having played a key role in the revival of Manchester United as a footballing force in the 1990s

Cap
In sport, metaphorical term for a player’s appearance on a select team, such as a national team

Capablanca, José Raúl

Nicknamed the “Human Chess Machine”, widely regarded as the most naturally talented chess
player in history

Cape Verde
Disqualified from qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup after fielding a suspended player
(Fernando Varela) against Tunisia

Carom billiards
Overarching title of a family of billiards games generally played on cloth-covered, 5 by 10 feet
pocketless tables, which often feature heated slate beds

Cartwright, Alexander
Thought to be the first person to draw a diagram of a diamond shaped baseball field, and the rules
of the modern game are based on the Knickerbocker Rules developed by Cartwright and a
committee from his club, the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club

Casillas, Iker
Most capped goalkeeper of all time in the UEFA champions League and the most capped player of
all time for the Spanish national team

Caslavska, Vera
Most decorated Czech gymnast in history

Castling
Special move in the game of chess involving the king and either of the original rooks of the same
color, consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook on the player’s first rank, then
moving the rook onto the square over which the king crossed
Only move in chess in which a player moves two pieces at the same time

Cawley, Evonne Goolagong

Only mother to have won the Wimbledon title since before World War I

Chapman, Raymond Johnson

Only Major League Baseball player to have died from being hit by a pitch

“Charlie Hustle”
Nickname for former Major League Baseball player Pete Rose

Chess boxing
Hybrid sport that combines chess with boxing in alternating rounds, invented by James and Stewart
Robinson
Chicane
Artificial feature creating extra turns in a road, used in motor racing and on streets to slow traffic
for safety

Choi Hong-hi
South Korean army general regarded by many as the “Founder of Taekwondo”, most often by
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) organizations

Christie, Linford
Only British man to have won gold medals in the 100m at the Olympic Games, the World
Championships, the European Championships and the Commonwealth Games
First European to break the 10-second barrier in the 100m
Oldest man to win gold in 100m

Chun Kuk Do
Korean-based, American hybrid martial art style founded in 1990 by Chuck Norris

Churchill Downs
Race course that is the venue of the annual Kentucky Derby

Chusovitina, Oksana
Only female gymnast ever to compete in six Olympic Games, and is one of only two female
gymnasts to compete at the Olympics under three different national teams

Cincinnati Red Stockings

aseball’s first openly all-professional team, with ten salaried players

Citius, Altius, Fortius

Motto of the Olympic Games, translated as “Faster, Higher, Stronger”

Claret Jug
Trophy awarded to the winner of The Open Championship

Clark, Jim
Formula One World Champion in 1963 and 1965

Clue
Originally named “Murder”,board game designed by English law clerk Anthony Pratt to pass time
during World War II air raids

Coleman, David
English sports commentator who became the first broadcaster to receive the Olympic Order award
in 2000

Collectors

Aerophilatelist – Airmail Stamps

Arctophile – Bear Figures
Audiophile – Music
Bestiarist – Medieval books on animals
Bibliophile – Books
Brandophilist – Cigar Bands
Cameist – Cameos
Conchologist – Shells
Copoclephilist – Keyrings
Deltiologist – Postcards
Discophile – Records/CDs
Errinophilist – Revenue or Tax Stamps
Ex-librist – Book Plates
Fromologist – Cheese Label
Fusilatelist – telephone calling cards
Helixophile – Corkscrews
Heortologist – Religious Calendars
Iconophile – Prints and Engravings
Lepidopterist – Butterflies
Notaphilist – Banknotes
Numismatist – Money and Medals
Oologist – Bird’s eggs
Philatelist – Postage Stamps
Phillumenist – Matchbook covers
Philographist – Autographs
Phonophile – phonograph records
Plangonologist – Dolls
Receptarist – recipes
Succrologist – sugar packets
Tegestologist – beer mats
Telegery – telephone calling cards
Vecturist – transport tokens
Vexillologist – flags
Xylographer – woodcuts/engraving

Collins, Jason
American professional basketball center (Washington Wizards) who became the first active male
professional athlete in a major North American team sport to come out publicly as gay in April
2013

Color commentator
Sports commentator who assists the play-by-play announcer, often by filling in any time when play
is not in progress

Comaneci, Nadia
First female gymnast to be awarded a perfect score of 10 in an Olympic gymnastic event
Only athlete to be awarded the Olympic Order twice (1984, 2004), as well as being its youngest
ever recipient

Commander Jameson
Name of the player’s character in the video game Elite

“The Commerce Comet”

Nickname given to American baseball player Mickey Mantle

Commissioner’s Trophy
Trophy awarded to Major League Baseball’s World Series Champion
Computer Space
First commercially available coin-operated game

Connolly, Maureen
First woman to win all four tennis Grand Slam tournaments during the same calendar year

Conn Smythe Trophy recipients

1965 Jean Beliveau

1966 Roger Crozier
1967 Dave Keon
1968 Glenn Hall
1969 Serge Savard
1970 Bobby Orr
1971 Ken Dryden
1972 Bobby Orr
1973 Yvan Cournoyer
1974 Bernie Parent
1975 Bernie Parent
1976 Reggie Leach
1977 Guy Lafleur
1978 Larry Robinson
1979 Bob Gainey
1980 Bryan Trottier
1981 Butch Goring
1982 Mike Bossy
1983 Billy Smith
1984 Mark Messier
1985 Wayne Gretzky
1986 Patrick Roy
1987 Ron Hextall
1988 Wayne Gretzky
1989 Al MacInnis
1990 Bill Ranford
1991 Mario Lemieux
 1992 Mario Lemieux
1993 Patrick Roy
1994 Brian Leetch
1995 Claude Lemieux
1996 Joe Sakic
1997 Mike Vernon
1998 Steve Yzerman
1999 Joe Nieuwendyk
2000 Scott Stevens
2001 Patrick Roy
2002 Nicklas Lidstrom
2003 Jean-Sebastien Giguere
2004 Brad Richards
2005 —
2006 Cam Ward
2007 Scott Niedermayer
2008 Henrik Zetterberg
2009 Evgeni Malkin
2010 Jonathan Toews
2011 Tim Thomas
2012 Jonathan Quick
2013 Patrick Kane

Connors, Jimmy
Second male in the open era to win three or more Grand Slam singles titles in a calendar year
Only person to win US Open singles championships on grass, clay, and hard courts
First male player to rank no. 1 for more than 200 weeks in total and the first male player to be no. 1
for more than five years in total.
Only male player in the open era to win more than 100 singles titles during his career and also holds
the record for most major quarterfinals (41) reached

Cook
Occupation of the winner of the 192m running race in the first recorded Olympics in 776 BCE

Cooper-Dyke, Cynthia
First player in WNBA history to score 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 2,500 career points

Copa America winners

1916 Uruguay
1917 Uruguay
1919 Brazil
1920 Uruguay
1921 Argentina
1922 Brazil
1923 Uruguay
1924 Uruguay
1925 Argentina
1926 Uruguay
1927 Argentina
1929 Argentina
1935 Uruguay
1937 Argentina
1939 Peru
1941 Argentina
1942 Uruguay
1945 Argentina
1946 Argentina
1947 Argentina
1949 Brazil
1953 Paraguay
1955 Argentina
1956 Uruguay
1957 Argentina
1959 Argentina / Uruguay
1963 Bolivia
1967 Uruguay
1975 Peru
1979 Paraguay
1983 Uruguay
1987 Uruguay
 1989 Brazil
1991 Argentina
1993 Argentina
1995 Uruguay
1997 Brazil
1999 Brazil
2001 Colombia
2004 Brazil
2007 Brazil
2011 Uruguay

Copa Libertadores winners

Year Team Country

1960 Peñarol Uruguay
1961 Peñarol Uruguay
1962 Santos Brazil
1963 Santos Brazil
1964 Independiente Argentina
1965 Independiente Argentina
1966 Peñarol Uruguay
1967 Racing Argentina
1968 Estudiantes Argentina
1969 Estudiantes Argentina
1970 Estudiantes Argentina
1971 Nacional Uruguay
1972 Independiente Argentina
1973 Independiente Argentina
1974 Independiente Argentina
1975 Independiente Argentina
1976 Cruzeiro Brazil
1977 Boca Juniors Argentina
1978 Boca Juniors Argentina
Year Team Country
1979 Olimpia Paraguay
1980 Nacional Uruguay
1981 Flamengo Brazil
1982 Peñarol Uruguay
1983 Gremio Brazil
1984 Independiente Argentina
1985 Argentinos Juniors Argentina
1986 River Plate Argentina
1987 Peñarol Uruguay
1988 Nacional Uruguay
1989 Atletico Nacional Colombia
1990 Olimpia Paraguay
1991 Colo-Colo Chile
1992 Sao Paulo Brazil
1993 Sao Paulo Brazil
1994 Velez Sarsfield Argentina
1995 Gremio Brazil
1996 River Plate Argentina
1997 Cruzeiro Brazil
1998 Vasco da Gama Brazil
1999 Palmeiras Brazil
2000 Boca Juniors Argentina
2001 Boca Juniors Argentina
2002 Olimpia Paraguay
2003 Boca Juniors Argentina
2004 Once Caldas Colombia
2005 Sao Paulo Brazil
2006 Internacional Brazil
2007 Boca Juniors Argentina
2008 LDU Quito Ecuador
2009 Estudiantes Argentina
2010 Internacional Brazil
 Year Team Country
2011 Santos Brazil
2012 Corinthians Brazil
2013 Atletico Mineiro Brazil

Cosic, Kresimir
Only non-American player in the NBA hall of fame

Coughlin, Natalie
First US female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympiad (2008)
First woman ever to win a 100-meter backstroke gold medal in two consecutive Olympics (2004,
2008)

Couture, Randy
First fighter to hold two UFC championship titles in two different divisions (heavyweight and light
heavyweight)
Only person over the age of 40 to have won a UFC championship fight, having done so four times
Only athlete in UFC history to win a championship after becoming a Hall of Fame member and is
the oldest title holder ever (in the UFC and MMA)

Curveball
Type of pitch in baseball thrown with a characteristic grip and hand movement that imparts forward
spin to the ball causing it to dive in a downward path as it approaches the plate

Dæhlie, Bjørn
Norwegian cross-country skier who is the most successful winter Olympic champion of all time

Dakar Rally winners

Year Route Cars Motorcycles Trucks Quads

2014
Stéphane
Lima–
Peterhansel Eduard Marcos
2013 Tucumán– Cyril Despres
Jean-Paul Nikolaev Patronelli
Santiago
Cottret
Stéphane
Mar del Plata–
Peterhansel Gérard de Alejandro
2012 Arica– Cyril Despres
Jean-Paul Rooy Patronelli
Lima
Cottret
Nasser Al-
Buenos Aires–
Attiyah Vladimir Alejandro
2011 Arica– Marc Coma
Timo Chagin Patronelli
Buenos Aires
Gottschalk
Buenos Aires– Carlos Sainz Vladimir Marcos
2010 Cyril Despres
Antofagasta– Lucas Cruz Chagin Patronelli
Year Route Cars Motorcycles Trucks Quads
Buenos Aires
Giniel de
Buenos Aires–
Villiers Firdaus Josef
2009 Valparaiso– Marc Coma
Dirk von Kabirov Macháček
Buenos Aires
Zitzewitz
2008 Not Held
Stéphane
Peterhansel
2007 Lisbon–Dakar Cyril Despres Hans Stacey
Jean-Paul
Cottret
Luc Alphand Vladimir
2006 Lisbon–Dakar Marc Coma
Gilles Picard Chagin
Stéphane
Barcelona– Peterhansel Firdaus
2005 Cyril Despres
Dakar Jean-Paul Kabirov
Cottret
Stéphane
Clermont-
Peterhansel Vladimir
2004 Ferrand– Nani Roma
Jean-Paul Chagin
Dakar
Cottret
Hiroshi
Marseille–
Masuoka Vladimir
2003 Sharm el Richard Sainct
Andreas Chagin
Sheikh
Schulz
Hiroshi
Arras–
Masuoka Fabrizio Vladimir
2002 Madrid–
Pascal Meoni Chagin
Dakar
Maimon
Jutta
Kleinschmidt Fabrizio
2001 Paris–Dakar Karel Loprais
Andreas Meoni
Schulz
Jean-Louis
Paris–Dakar– Vladimir
2000 Schlesser Richard Sainct
Cairo Chagin
Henri Magne
Jean-Louis
Granada– Schlesser
1999 Richard Sainct Karel Loprais
Dakar Philippe
Monnet
Paris– Jean-Pierre
Stéphane
1998 Granada– Fontenay Karel Loprais
Peterhansel
Dakar Gilles Picard
Year Route Cars Motorcycles Trucks Quads
Dakar– Kenjiro
Stéphane
1997 Agades– Shinozuka Peter Reif
Peterhansel
Dakar Henri Magne
Granada– Pierre Lartigue Viktor
1996 Edi Orioli
Dakar Michel Perin Moskovskikh
Granada– Pierre Lartigue Stéphane
1995 Karel Loprais
Dakar Michel Perin Peterhansel
Paris–Dakar– Pierre Lartigue
1994 Edi Orioli Karel Loprais
Paris Michel Perin
Bruno Saby
Stéphane Francesco
1993 Paris–Dakar Dominique
Peterhansel Perlini
Seriyes
Hubert Auriol
Paris–Sirte– Stéphane Francesco
1992 Philippe
Cape Town Peterhansel Perlini
Monnet
Ari Vatanen
Paris–Tripoli– Stéphane Jacques
1991 Bruno
Dakar Peterhansel Houssat
Berglund
Ari Vatanen
Paris–Tripoli–
1990 Bruno Edi Orioli Giorgio Villa
Dakar
Berglund
Ari Vatanen
Paris–Tunis–
1989 Bruno Gilles Lalay —
Dakar
Berglund
Juha
Paris–Alger–
1988 Kankkunen Edi Orioli Karel Loprais
Dakar
Juha Piironen
Ari Vatanen
Paris–Alger–
1987 Bernard Cyril Neveu Jan de Rooy
Dakar
Giroux
René Metge
Paris–Alger– Giacomo
1986 Dominique Cyril Neveu
Dakar Vismara
Lemoyne
Patrick
Paris–Alger– Karl-Friedrich
1985 Zaniroli Gaston Rahier
Dakar Capito
Jean Da Silva
René Metge
Paris–Alger–
1984 Dominique Gaston Rahier Pierre Lalleu
Dakar
Lemoyne
Jacky Ickx
Paris–Alger– Georges
1983 Claude Hubert Auriol
Dakar Groine
Brasseur
 Year Route Cars Motorcycles Trucks Quads
Claude
Paris–Alger– Marreau Georges
1982 Cyril Neveu
Dakar Bernard Groine
Marreau
René Metge
Adrien
1981 Paris–Dakar Bernard Hubert Auriol
Villette
Giroux
Freddy
Kottulinsky
1980 Paris–Dakar Cyril Neveu Ataouat
Gerd
Löffelmann
Alain
Génestier
1979 Paris–Dakar Cyril Neveu —
Joseph
Terbiaut

Dakyu
Japanese equestrian sport with some similarities to polo

Daley, Tom
English diver who won the bronze medal in 10 meter platform at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Dancer’s Image
American thoroughbred racehorse who is the only winner in the history of the Kentucky Derby to
have been disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in the mandatory post-race
urinalysis

Dangerous, Guy
Name of the default explorer in Temple Run 2

Darcis, Steve
First player ever to defeat Rafael Nadal in the first round of any tennis Major

Darrow, Charles
American best known as the purported inventor of the Monopoly board game

Davis, Shani
First black athlete to win a gold medal in an individual sport at the Olympic Winter Games (2006,
speedskating 1000 meters)
First man to successfully defend the 1000 meter gold medal

Davis Cup winners

1900 United States

1901 —
1902 United States
1903 British Isles
1904 British Isles
1905 British Isles
1906 British Isles
1907 Australasia
1908 Australasia
1909 Australasia
1910 Australasia
1911 Australasia
1912 British Isles
1913 United States
1914 Australasia
1915 —
1916 —
1917 —
1918 —
1919 Australasia
1920 United States
1921 United States
1922 United States
1923 United States
1924 United States
1925 United States
1926 United States
1927 France
1928 France
1929 France
1930 France
1931 France
1932 France
1933 Great Britain
1934 Great Britain
1935 Great Britain
1936 Great Britain
1937 United States
1938 United States
1939 Australia
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 —
1944 —
1945 —
1946 United States
1947 United States
1948 United States
1949 United States
1950 Australia
1951 Australia
1952 Australia
1953 Australia
1954 United States
1955 Australia
1956 Australia
1957 Australia
1958 United States
1959 Australia
1960 Australia
1961 Australia
1962 Australia
1963 United States
1964 Australia
1965 Australia
1966 Australia
1967 Australia
1968 United States
1969 United States
1970 United States
1971 United States
1972 United States
1973 Australia
1974 South Africa
1975 Sweden
1976 Italy
1977 Australia
1978 United States
1979 United States
1980 Czechoslovakia
1981 United States
1982 United States
1983 Australia
1984 Sweden
1985 Sweden
1986 Australia
1987 Sweden
1988 West Germany
1989 West Germany
1990 United States
1991 France
1992 United States
1993 Germany
1994 Sweden
1995 United States
1996 France
1997 Sweden
 1998 Sweden
1999 Australia
2000 Spain
2001 France
2002 Russia
2003 Australia
2004 Spain
2005 Croatia
2006 Russia
2007 United States
2008 Spain
2009 Spain
2010 Serbia
2011 Spain
2012 Czech Republic
2013 Czech Republic

Daytona 500 winners

1959 Lee Petty

1960 Junior Johnson
1961 Marvin Panch
1962 Fireball Roberts
1963 Tiny Lund
1964 Richard Petty
1965 Fred Lorenzen
1966 Richard Petty
1967 Mario Andretti
1968 Cale Yarborough
1969 LeeRoy Yarbrough
1970 Pete Hamilton
1971 Richard Petty
1972 A. J. Foyt
1973 Richard Petty
1974 Richard Petty
1975 Benny Parsons
1976 David Pearson
1977 Cale Yarborough
1978 Bobby Allison
1979 Richard Petty
1980 Buddy Baker
1981 Richard Petty
1982 Bobby Allison
1983 Cale Yarborough
1984 Cale Yarborough
1985 Geoffrey Bodine
1986 Bobby Allison
1987 Bill Elliott
1988 Bobby Allison
1989 Darrell Waltrip
1990 Derrike Cope
1991 Ernie Ivan
1992 Davey Allison
1993 Dale Jarrett
1994 Sterling Marlin
1995 Sterling Marlin
1996 Dale Jarrett
1997 Jeff Gordon
1998 Dale Earnhardt
1999 Jeff Gordon
2000 Dale Jarrett
2001 Michael Waltrip
2002 Ward Burton
2003 Michael Waltrip
2004 Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
2005 Jeff Gordon
 2006 Jimmie Johnson
2007 Kevin Harvick
2008 Ryan Newman
2009 Matt Kenseth
2010 Jamie McMurray
2011 Trevor Bayne
2012 Matt Kenseth
2013 Jimmie Johnson

de Frédy, Pierre, Baron de Coubertin

French educator and historian, and founder of the International Olympic Committee
Considered the father of the modern Olympic Games

Dead Man’s Hand

Poker hand that includes the black aces and eights

Decathlon events

Men

• 100 metres
• Long jump
• Shot put
• High jump
• 400 metres
• 110 metres hurdles
• Discus throw
• Pole vault
• Javelin throw
• 1500 metres

Women

• 100 metres
• Discus throw
• Pole vault
• Javelin throw
• 400 metres
• 100 metres hurdles
• Long jump
• Shot put
• High jump
• 1500 metres

del Potro, Juan Martin

Only man to defeat both Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal in the same Grand Slam tournament
Designated hitter
In Major League Baseball, a hitter who does not play a position, but instead fills in the batting order
for the pitcher

Di Stéfano, Alfredo
Nicknamed “Saeta rubia”, Argentine football player most associated with Real Madrid and was
instrumental in their domination of the European Champions’ Cup during the 1950s, a period in
which the club won the trophy in five consecutive seasons from 1956

DiMaggio, Joe
American Major League Baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career for the New
York Yankees and best known for his 56-game hitting streak

Dimple
One of the indentations on a golf ball

Dod, Charlotte
Youngest Wimbledon ladies’ singles champion

Dohyo
Ring in which sumo wrestling bouts are held

Dolly Parton
Term for card combination of a 9 and 5 in poker

Dong Dong
Chinese male trampoline gymnast who won the bronze medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics at
Beijing, and the gold medal four years later in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London

Double fault
Term in tennis for missing on first and second service

Douglas, James “Buster”

Former undisputed world heavyweight boxing champion who scored a stunning upset when he
knocked out previously undefeated champion Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan

Douglas, John Sholto, 9th Marquess of Queensberry

Scottish nobleman remembered for lending his name and patronage to the rules that formed the
basis of modern boxing and for his role in the downfall of author and playwright Oscar Wilde

“Dr. J”
Nickname of basketball player Julius Erving

Drogba, Didier
First African player to score 100 Premier League goals
First African footballer to win the prestigious Golden Foot while playing for Galatasaray
Only player in history to score in four separate FA Cup finals

Duathlon
Athletic event consisting of a running leg, followed by a cycling leg and then another running leg in
a format bearing some resemblance to triathlons
Duran, Roberto
Nicknamed “Manos de Piedra”, retired Panamanian professional boxer widely regarded as one of
the greatest boxers of all time
Second boxer to have fought a span of five decades

Eagle
Score of two under par on any given hole in the sport of golf

Earnhardt, Dale Sr.

Nicknamed “The Intimidator”, American race car driver who was killed during the 2001 Daytona
500

“The Easton Assassin”

Nickname of former professional boxer Larry Holmes, the only person who knocked out
Muhammad Ali

Eaton, Ashton James

American decathlete who holds the world record in both the decathlon and heptathlon events, and is
only the second decathlete (after Roman Šebrle) to break the 9,000-point barrier, with 9,039 points

Eclipse
Outstanding, undefeated 18th century British Thoroughbred racehorse who won 18 races including
11 King’s Plates

Ederle, Gertrude
First woman to swim the English Channel in 1929

Eliscu, Frank
Sculptor who designed and created the Heisman Memorial Football Trophy in 1935

Elo, Arpad
Creator of the Elo rating system for two-player games such as chess

Els, Ernie
Leading career money winner on the European Tour until overtaken by Lee Westwood in 2011, and
was the first member of the tour to earn over 25 million Euros from European Tour events

Épée
Modern derivative of the dueling sword, the smallsword, used in sport fencing

Eto’o, Samuel
Cameroonian footballer who is believed to be the highest earning footballer in the world
Most decorated African player of all time having won the African Player of the Year award a record
four times

Evert, Chris
American professional tennis player who wrote the World Book encyclopedia article on tennis

Fangio, Juan Manuel

Racing car driver from Argentina, who dominated the first decade of Formula One racing

Farah, Mohamed “Mo”

Somali-born British track and field athlete and the current 10,000 meters Olympic champion and
5000 meters Olympic, World and European champion

Farina, Giuseppe
First ever Formula One World Champion

Favre, Brett
Only quarterback in NFL history to throw for over 70,000 yards, over 500 touchdowns, over 300
interceptions, over 6,000 completions, and over 10,000 pass attempts

Federer, Roger
Swiss tennis player who won the most prize money of any other player in history, with over
$75,000,000

Ferguson, Sir Alex

Scottish football manager and former player who has managed Manchester United from 1986 to
2013 that made him won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League and two UEFA Champions
League titles

Fey, Charles
San Francisco mechanic best known for inventing the slot machine

FIBA Basketball World Cup winners

1950 Argentina
1954 United States
1959 Brazil
1963 Brazil
1967 Soviet Union
1970 Yugoslavia
1974 Soviet Union
1978 Yugoslavia
1982 Soviet Union
1986 United States
1990 Yugoslavia
1994 United States
1998 Yugoslavia
2002 Yugoslavia
2006 Spain
2010 United States
2014
FIFA Ballon d’Or (FIFA World Player of the Year)

1991 Lothar Matthäus

1992 Marco van Basten
1993 Roberto Baggio
1994 Romário
1995 George Weah
1996 Ronaldo
1997 Ronaldo
1998 Zinedine Zidane
1999 Rivaldo
2000 Zinedine Zidane
2001 Luís Figo
2002 Ronaldo
2003 Zinedine Zidane
2004 Ronaldinho
2005 Ronaldinho
2006 Fabio Cannavaro
2007 Kaká
2008 Cristiano Ronaldo
2009 Lionel Messi
2010 Lionel Messi
2011 Lionel Messi
2012 Lionel Messi
2013 Cristiano Ronaldo

FIFA Confederations Cup winners

1992 Argentina
1995 Denmark
1997 Brazil
1999 Mexico
2001 France
 2003 France
2005 Brazil
2009 Brazil
2013 Brazil

FIFA Puskás Award

2009 Cristiano Ronaldo

2010 Hamit Altintop
2011 Neymar
2012 Miroslav Stoch
2013 Zlatan Ibrahimovic

FIFA World Cup

Year Host City Mascot Winner

1930 Uruguay — Uruguay
1934 Italy — Italy
1938 France — Italy
1942 — — —
1946 — — —
1950 Brazil — Uruguay
1954 Switzerland — West Germany
1958 Sweden — Brazil
1962 Chile — Brazil
1966 England World Cup Willie England
1970 Mexico Juanito Brazil
1974 West Germany Tip and Tap West Germany
1978 Argentina Gauchito Argentina
1982 Spain Naranjito Italy
1986 Mexico Pique Argentina
1990 Italy Ciao West Germany
Striker, the World Cup
1994 United States Brazil
Pup
 Year Host City Mascot Winner
1998 France Footix France
2002 South Korea / Japan Ato, Kaz, Nik Brazil
2006 Germany Goleo VI, Pille Italy
2010 South Africa Zakumi Spain
2014 Brazil Fuleco —
2018 Russia — —
2022 Qatar — —

Fingers, Rollie
Second reliever to be elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, known for his neatly groomed
handlebar mustache

Fischer, Birgit
German kayaker, who has won eight gold medals over six different Olympic Games, a record she
shares with Aladár Gerevich, spanning seven Olympiads

Five-hole
Nickname for the space between a goaltender’s legs in ice hockey

Fleck, Jack
American professional golfer best known for winning the 1955 U.S. Open
Oldest living U.S. Open champion

Fleming, Peter
Best known for his successful doubles partnership with John McEnroe

Flemington Racecourse
Notable for hosting the Melbourne Cup

Flowers, Vonetta
First black US athlete to win gold in a Winter Olympic Games (bobsledding)

Flush
Poker hand with five cards of the same suit

Flutie, Doug
Last USFL player in the National Football League, known for his “Hail Mary” touchdown pass

Fly fishing
Angling method in which an artificial “fly” is used to catch fish

Fool’s mate
Also known as the “Two-Move Checkmate”, the quickest possible checkmate in chess

Football
First discipline or event of the 2008 Beijing Olympics
Ford, Christopher Joseph
Credited with scoring the NBA’s first three-point shot for the Boston Celtics on October 12, 1979 in
a game against the Houston Rockets at Boston Garden

Foreman, George
American professional boxer, former two-time World Heavyweight Champion, Olympic gold
medalist (1968), ordained Baptist minister, author, and entrepreneur

Formula One Driver Champions

1950 Giuseppe Farina

1951 Juan Manuel Fangio
1952 Alberto Ascari
1953 Alberto Ascari
1954 Juan Manuel Fangio
1955 Juan Manuel Fangio
1956 Juan Manuel Fangio
1957 Juan Manuel Fangio
1958 Mike Hawthorn
1959 Jack Brabham
1960 Jack Brabham
1961 Phil Hill
1962 Graham Hill
1963 Jim Clark
1964 John Surtees
1965 Jim Clark
1966 Jack Brabham
1967 Denny Hulme
1968 Graham Hill
1969 Jackie Stewart
1970 Jochen Rindt
1971 Jackie Stewart
1972 Emerson Fittipaldi
1973 Jackie Stewart
1974 Emerson Fittipaldi
1975 Niki Lauda
1976 James Hunt
1977 Niki Lauda
1978 Mario Andretti
1979 Jody Scheckter
1980 Alan Jones
1981 Nelson Piquet
1982 Keke Rosberg
1983 Nelson Piquet
1984 Niki Lauda
1985 Alain Prost
1986 Alain Prost
1987 Nelson Piquet
1988 Ayrton Senna
1989 Alain Prost
1990 Ayrton Senna
1991 Ayrton Senna
1992 Nigel Mansell
1993 Ayrton Senna
1994 Michael Schumacher
1995 Michael Schumacher
1996 Damon Hill
1997 Jacques Villeneuve
1998 Mika Häkkinen
1999 Mika Häkkinen
2000 Michael Schumacher
2001 Michael Schumacher
2002 Michael Schumacher
2003 Michael Schumacher
2004 Michael Schumacher
2005 Fernando Alonso
2006 Fernando Alonso
2007 Kimi Räikkönen
2008 Lewis Hamilton
 2009 Jenson Button
2010 Sebastian Vettel
2011 Sebastian Vettel
2012 Sebastian Vettel
2013 Sebastian Vettel
2014

Fosbury, Dick
US athlete who won the Olympic gold medal for high jump at the 1968 Summer Olympics

Fosbury flop
Style used in high jump popularized and perfected by US athlete Dick Fosbury

Fossett, Steve
First person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon

Foster, Tim
First British rower to win gold medals at two consecutive Junior Worlds

“The Franchise”
Nickname of Major League Baseball pitcher Tom Seaver

Frazier, Joe
American professional boxer who won the gold medal at men’s boxing at the 1964 Summer
Olympics and the Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion in 1970
Made a cameo appearance in Rocky

Fredericks, Frankie
Namibia’s only Olympic medalist (four silver medals in 100- and 200-m men’s athletics)

Freeman, Cathy
Former Australian sprinter who won the gold medal for women’s 400 meters at the 2000 Summer
Olympics, at which she lit the Olympic flame

French Open
Only one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments not to use the Hawk-Eye instant replay system

Fronton
Two-walled or single-walled court used as playing area for Basque pelota

Gagarin Cup
Trophy presented to the winner of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) playoffs

Ganna, Luigi
First winner of Giro d’Italia in 1909

Gardner, Rulon
American Olympian who competed in the 2000 Olympic games, winning the gold medal in Greco-
Roman wrestling upon defeating Russian Aleksandr Karelin, who was previously undefeated in 13
years of international competition

Garin, Maurice
Road bicycle driver best known for winning the inaugural Tour de France

Gaul, Charly
Professional cyclist who earned the nickname of “The Angel of the Mountains” in the 1958 Tour de
France, which he won with four stage victories

Gavaskar, Sunil
Former cricketer who played during the 1970s and 1980s for Bombay and India, widely regarded as
one of the greatest opening batsmen in cricket history and set world records during his career for the
most Test runs and most Test centuries scored by any batsman

Gehrig, Lou
First player in Major League Baseball history to have his number retired

“Gentleman Jim”
Nickname given to James J. Corbett, American boxer who defeated John L. Sullivan

Geocaching
Outdoor recreational activity, in which the participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS)
receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, called
“geocaches” or “caches”, anywhere in the world

Geoffrey the Giraffe

Mascot of Toys “R” Us

“The Georgia Peach”

Nickname of American Major League Baseball outfielder Tyrus Raymond “Ty” Cobb, holder of the
record for the highest career batting average (.367) and most career batting titles with 11

Gerevich, Aladar
Fencer from Hungary regarded as “the greatest Olympic swordsman ever”

Giambi, Jason
Oldest MLB player to hit a walk-off home run

Gibson, Althea
American tennis player and professional golfer, and the first black athlete of either gender to cross
the color line of international tennis
First person of color to win a Grand Slam title (1956 French Open)
First black player to compete on the women’s professional golf tour

Giro d’Italia winners

1909 Luigi Ganna

1910 Carlo Galetti
1911 Carlo Galetti
1912 —
1913 Carlo Oriani
1914 Alfonso Calzolari
1915 —
1916 —
1917 —
1918 —
1919 Costante Girardengo
1920 Gaetano Belloni
1921 Giovanni Brunero
1922 Giovanni Brunero
1923 Costante Girardengo
1924 Giuseppe Enrici
1925 Alfredo Binda
1926 Giovanni Brunero
1927 Alfredo Binda
1928 Alfredo Binda
1929 Alfredo Binda
1930 Luigi Marchiso
1931 Francesco Camusso
1932 Antonio Pesenti
1933 Alfredo Binda
1934 Learco Guerra
1935 Vasco Bergamaschi
1936 Gino Bartali
1937 Gino Bartali
1938 Giovanni Valetti
1939 Giovanni Valetti
1940 Fausto Coppi
1941 —
1942 —
1943 —
1944 —
1945 —
1946 Gino Bartali
1947 Fausto Coppi
1948 Fiorenzo Magni
1949 Fausto Coppi
1950 Hugo Koblet
1951 Fiorenzo Magni
1952 Fausto Coppi
1953 Fausto Coppi
1954 Carlo Clerici
1955 Fiorenzo Magni
1956 Charly Gaul
1957 Gastone Nencini
1958 Ercole Baldini
1959 Charly Gaul
1960 Jacques Anquetil
1961 Arnaldo Pambianco
1962 Franco Balmamion
1963 Franco Balmamion
1964 Jacques Anquetil
1965 Vittorio Adorni
1966 Gianni Motta
1967 Felice Gimondi
1968 Eddy Merckx
1969 Felice Gimondi
1970 Eddy Merckx
1971 Gösta Petterson
1972 Eddy Merckx
1973 Eddy Merckx
1974 Eddy Merckx
1975 Fausto Bertoglio
1976 Felice Gimondi
1977 Michel Pollentier
1978 Johan De Muynck
1979 Giuseppe Saronni
1980 Bernard Hinault
1981 Giovanni Battaglin
1982 Bernard Hinault
1983 Giuseppe Saronni
1984 Francesco Moser
1985 Bernard Hinault
1986 Roberto Visentini
1987 Stephen Roche
1988 Andy Hampsten
1989 Laurent Fignon
1990 Gianni Bugno
1991 Franco Chioccioli
1992 Miguel Indurain
1993 Miguel Indurain
1994 Evgeni Berzin
1995 Tony Rominger
1996 Pavel Tonkov
1997 Ivan Gotti
1998 Marco Pantani
1999 Ivan Gotti
2000 Stefani Garzelli
2001 Gilberto Simoni
2002 Paolo Savoldelli
2003 Gilberto Simoni
2004 Damiano Cunego
2005 Paolo Savoldelli
2006 Ivan Basso
2007 Danilo Di Luca
2008 Alberto Contador
2009 Denis Menchov
 2010 Ivan Basso
2011 Michele Scarponi
2012 Ryder Hesjedal
2013 Vincenzo Nibali
2014

Glaciarium
World’s first mechanically frozen ice rink

Gleneagles Agreement
Agreement unanimously approved by the Commonwealth of Nations at a meeting at Gleneagles,
Scotland in 1977, as part of their support for the international campaign against apartheid, to
discourage contact and competition between their sportsmen and sporting organizations, teams or
individuals from South Africa

Golf hole scores

Bogey One over par

Par Even
Birdie One under par
Eagle Two under par
Albatross Three under par
Condor Four under par

Gooden, Dwight
Youngest-ever recipient of the Cy Young Award and Pitcher of the Year Award

Gordon, Jeff
First NASCAR driver to reach US$100 million in career winnings

Graf, Steffi
German tennis player who became the first and only to achieve the Calendar Year Golden Slam by
winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year

“The Great White Shark”

Nickname given to professional golfer Greg Norman

“The Greatest Game Ever Played”

Term given to the 1958 NFL Championship Game between Baltimore Colts and New York Giants,
the first NFL playoff game to go into sudden death overtime

Green, Richard
Referee for the WBA Lightweight Title fight between Ray Mancini and Duk Koo Kim on
November 13, 1982
Griffin, Archie
College football’s only two-time Heisman Trophy winner

Griffith-Joyner, Florence
Considered the fastest woman of all time

Grim Fandango
Dark comedy neo-noir Windows adventure game released by LucasArts in 1998, primarily written
by Tim Schafer
First adventure game by LucasArts to use 3D computer graphics overlaid on pre-rendered, static
backgrounds

Guthrie, Janet
First woman to qualify and compete in both the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500

Gyoji
Referee in professional sumo wrestling in Japan

Hagen, Walter
First native-born American to win the British Open, which he went on to win four times in total

Hagler, Marvelous Marvin

American professional boxer who was Undisputed World Middleweight Champion from 1980 to
1987, made twelve undisputed title defenses and holds the highest KO% of all middleweight
champions at 78%

Hail-keeper
Term for the goalkeeper in shinty

Häkkinen, Mika
Formula One World Champion (1998 – 1999)

Half volley
In tennis, shot that is hit immediately after the ball bounces before it reaches the apex of its flight

Hall, Halsey
Sports reporter and announcer who originated the phrase “Holy cow!”

Hamill, Dorothy
American figure skater who is the 1976 Olympic champion in ladies’ singles and the 1976 World
champion

Hanafuda
Playing cards of Japanese origin that are used to play a number of games

Hann, Quinten
Australian professional snooker player who was given an eight-year ban from snooker in February
2006 after agreeing to lose his opening match against Ken Doherty at the China Open in return for
large amounts of money

Hargreaves, Alison
First woman to conquer Everest without oxygen or the help of sherpas

“The Harlem Hammer”

Nickname given to American boxer James Butler

Harley J. Earl Trophy

Trophy awarded to the Daytona 500 Champion

Harness racing
Form of horse racing in which the horses race at a specific gait

Hash marks
Short lines, running perpendicular to sidelines or sideboards, used to mark locations, primarily in
sports

Hat-trick
In sports, achievement of a positive feat three times or more during a game or other achievement
based on threes

Haugen, Anders
First American to win an Olympic medal for ski jumping (1924)

Hawk-Eye
Computer system used to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a record of its most
statistically likely path as a moving image

Hazard
Area of a golf course which provides a difficult obstacle

Healy, David
Holds the record for the highest scoring tally during a UEFA European Championship qualifying
campaign with 13

Hearns, Thomas
Nicknamed the “Motor City Cobra” and more famously “The Hitman”, first fighter in history to
win five world titles in five different divisions

Heisman, John
American football player whose trophy is named after him, awarded annually to the season’s most
outstanding college football player

Heisman Trophy Winners

1935 Jay Berwanger

1936 Larry Kelley
1937 Clint Frank
1938 Davey O'Brien
1939 Nile Kinnick
1940 Tom Harmon
1941 Bruce Smith
1942 Frank Sinkwich
1943 Angelo Bertelli
1944 Les Horvath
1945 Doc Blanchard
1946 Glenn Davis
1947 Johnny Lujack
1948 Doak Walker
1949 Leon Hart
1950 Vic Janowicz
1951 Dick Kazmaier
1952 Billy Vessels
1953 Johnny Lattner
1954 Alan Ameche
1955 Howard Cassady
1956 Paul Hornung
1957 John David Crow
1958 Pete Dawkins
1959 Billy Cannon
1960 Joe Bellino
1961 Ernie Davis
1962 Terry Baker
1963 Roger Staubach
1964 John Huarte
1965 Mike Garrett
1966 Steve Spurrier
1967 Gary Beban
1968 O. J. Simpson
1969 Steve Owens
1970 Jim Plunkett
1971 Pat Sullivan
1972 Johnny Rodgers
1973 John Cappelletti
1974 Archie Griffin
1975 Archie Griffin
1976 Tony Dorsett
1977 Earl Campbell
1978 Billy Sims
1979 Charles White
1980 George Rogers
1981 Marcus Allen
1982 Herschel Walker
1983 Mike Rozier
1984 Doug Flutie
1985 Bo Jackson
1986 Vinny Testaverde
1987 Tim Brown
1988 Barry Sanders
1989 Andre Ware
1990 Ty Detmer
1991 Desmond Howard
1992 Gino Torretta
1993 Charlie Ward
1994 Rashaan Salaam
1995 Eddie George
1996 Danny Wuerffel
1997 Charles Woodson
1998 Ricky Williams
1999 Ron Dayne
2000 Chris Weinke
2001 Eric Crouch
2002 Carson Palmer
2003 Jason White
2004 Matt Leinart
2005 Reggie Bush
2006 Troy Smith
 2007 Tim Tebow
2008 Sam Bradford
2009 Mark Ingram, Jr.
2010 Cam Newton
2011 Robert Griffin III
2012 Johnny Manziel
2013 Jameis Winston
2014

Henderson, Rickey
Nicknamed “The Man of Steal”, American baseball player who holds records for career stolen
bases, runs scored, unintentional walks and leadoff home runs

Hendry, Stephen
Nicknamed “The King of Crucible”, youngest-ever snooker World Champion, at the age of 21

Henie, Sonja
Credited with being the first figure skater to adopt the short skirt costume in figure skating, wear
white boots and make use of dance choreography

Henman, Tim
First player ever to be disqualified from the Wimbledon tournament in 1995 after he thrashed a ball
in a fit of pique during a doubles match, striking ball girl Caroline Hall on the head

Henry, Thierry
French footballer who plays as a striker for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer

Hershiser, Orel
American Major League Baseball starting pitcher who holds the Major League record for most
consecutive scoreless innings pitched, pitching 59 consecutive innings without giving up a run from
August 30, 1988 to September 28, 1988

Hextall, Ron
First NHL goaltender to score a goal by shooting the puck into the opponent’s empty net

Heynckes, Jupp
Third highest goalscorer in the history of the Bundesliga, with 220 goals

Heyns, Penelope
South African swimmer best known for being the only woman in the history of the Olympic Games
to have won both the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke events – at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games –
making her South Africa’s first post-apartheid Olympic gold medallist following South Africa’s re-
admission to the Games in 1992

Higinbotham, William
Creator of Tennis for Two, the first interactive analog computer game and one of the first electronic
games to use a graphical display
Hill, Calvin
First Dallas Cowboys runningback to have a 1,000-yard rushing season

Hines, Jim
Former American track and field athlete who was the first sprinter to officially break the 10-second
barrier in the 100 meters, running an electronically timed 9.95 to win the 1968 Olympics at altitude
in Mexico City

Hogan, Ben
Nicknamed “The Hawk”, American golfer notable for his profound influence on the golf swing
theory and his legendary ball-striking ability, for which he remains renowned among players and
fans

Hoketsu, Hiroshi
Japanese equestrian who became the oldest Olympian to ever compete for Japan, and is the third
oldest Olympian to compete ever

Holmunkollen medal
Norwegian skiing’s highest award for competitors

Hong Un-jong
First Olympic medalist for a North Korean woman in Olympic gymnastics

Hook shot
In basketball, play in which the offensive player usually turned perpendicular to the basket, gently
throws the ball with a sweeping motion of his arm in an upward arc with a follow-through which
ends over his head

Hopkins, Bernard
Oldest boxer to win a major title

Hopscotch
Popular playground game in which players toss a small object into numbered spaces of a pattern of
rectangles outlined on the ground and then hop or jump through the spaces to retrieve the object

Hornung, Paul
First in pro football history to have won the Heisman Trophy, been selected as first overall selection
in the NFL Draft, won the NFL most valuable player award, and been inducted into both the
professional and college football halls of fame

“The House That Ruth Built”

Nickname for the Yankee Stadium

Hubbard, DeHart
Track and field athlete who was the first African American to win an Olympic gold medal in an
individual event

Hunt, Lamar
First used the term “Super Bowl”

Hurling
Thought to be the world’s fastest field team game in terms of game play

Hussain Abdul-Razak, Dana

Only athlete on Iraq’s 2008 Olympic team to train within the war-torn country

ICC Cricket World Cup winners

1975 West Indies

1979 West Indies
1983 India
1987 Australia
1992 Pakistan
1996 Sri Lanka
1999 Australia
2003 Australia
2007 Australia
2011 India

Ice Hockey World Championships

1920 Canada
1924 Canada
1928 Canada
1930 Canada
1931 Canada
1932 Canada
1933 United States
1934 Canada
1935 Canada
1936 Great Britain
1937 Canada
1938 Canada
1939 Canada
1947 Czechoslovakia
1948 Canada
1949 Czechoslovakia
1950 Canada
1951 Canada
1952 Canada
1953 Sweden
1954 Soviet Union
1955 Canada
1956 Soviet Union
1957 Sweden
1958 Canada
1959 Canada
1960 United States
1961 Canada
1962 Sweden
1963 Soviet Union
1964 Soviet Union
1965 Soviet Union
1966 Soviet Union
1967 Soviet Union
1968 Soviet Union
1969 Soviet Union
1970 Soviet Union
1971 Soviet Union
1972 Czechoslovakia
1973 Soviet Union
1974 Soviet Union
1975 Soviet Union
1976 Czechoslovakia
1977 Czechoslovakia
1978 Soviet Union
1979 Soviet Union
1981 Soviet Union
1982 Soviet Union
1983 Soviet Union
 1985 Czechoslovakia
1986 Soviet Union
1987 Sweden
1989 Soviet Union
1990 Soviet Union
1991 Sweden
1992 Sweden
1993 Russia
1994 Canada
1995 Finland
1996 Czech Republic
1997 Canada
1998 Sweden
1999 Czech Republic
2000 Czech Republic
2001 Czech Republic
2002 Slovakia
2003 Canada
2004 Canada
2005 Czech Republic
2006 Sweden
2007 Canada
2008 Russia
2009 Russia
2010 Czech Republic
2011 Finland
2012 Russia
2013 Sweden

IHF World Men's Handball champions

1938 Germany
1954 Sweden
 1958 Sweden
1961 Romania
1964 Romania
1967 Czechoslovakia
1970 Romania
1974 Romania
1978 West Germany
1982 Soviet Union
1986 Yugoslavia
1990 Sweden
1993 Russia
1995 France
1997 Russia
1999 Sweden
2001 France
2003 Croatia
2005 Spain
2007 Germany
2009 France
2011 France
2013 Spain

IHF World Women's Handball champions

1949 Hungary
1956 Romania
1957 Czechoslovakia
1960 Romania
1962 Romania
1965 Hungary
1971 East Germany
1973 Yugoslavia
1975 East Germany
 1978 East Germany
1982 Soviet Union
1986 Soviet Union
1990 Soviet Union
1993 Germany
1995 South Korea
1997 Denmark
1999 Norway
2001 Russia
2003 France
2005 Russia
2007 Russia
2009 Russia
2011 Norway
2013 Brazil

Impey, Daryl
First South African leader of Tour de France

Indianapolis 500 winners

1911—Ray Harroun
1912—Joe Dawson
1913—Jules Goux
1914—Rene Thomas
1915—Ralph DePalma
1916—Dario Resta
1917—No award given
1918—No award given
1919—Howdy Wilcox
1920—Gaston Chevrolet
1921—Tommy Milton
1922—Jimmy Murphy
1923—Tommy Milton
1924—Lora L. Corum/ Joe Boyer
1925—Peter DePaolo
1926—Frank Lockhart
1927—George Souders
1928—Louis Meyer
1929—Ray Keech
1930—Billy Arnold
1931—Louis Schneider
1932—Fred Frame
1933—Louis Meyer
1934—Bill Cummings
1935—Kelly Petillo
1936—Louis Meyer
1937—Wilbur Shaw
1938—Floyd Roberts
1939—Wilbur Shaw
1940—Wilbur Shaw
1941—Floyd Davis/ Mauri Rose
1942—No award given
1943—No award given
1944—No award given
1945—No award given
1946—George Robson
1947—Mauri Rose
1948—Mauri Rose
1949—Bill Holland
1950—Johnnie Parsons
1951—Lee Wallard
1952—Troy Ruttman
1953—Bill Vukovich
1954—Bill Vukovich
1955—Bob Sweikert
1956—Pat Flaherty
1957—Sam Hanks
1958—Jimmy Bryan
1959—Rodger Ward
1960—Jim Rathmann
1961—A. J. Foyt
1962—Rodger Ward
1963—Parnelli Jones
1964—A. J. Foyt
1965—Jim Clark
1966—Graham Hill
1967—A. J. Foyt
1968—Bobby Unser
1969—Mario Andretti
1970—Al Unser
1971—Al Unser
1972—Mark Donohue
1973—Gordon Johncock
1974—Johnny Rutherford
1975—Bobby Unser
1976—Johnny Rutherford
1977—A. J. Foyt
1978—Al Unser
1979—Rick Mears
1980—Johnny Rutherford
1981—Bobby Unser
1982—Gordon Johncock
1983—Tom Sneva
1984—Rick Mears
1985—Danny Sullivan
1986—Bobby Rahal
1987—Al Unser
1988—Rick Mears
1989—Emerson Fittipaldi
1990—Arie Luyendyk
1991—Rick Mears
1992—Al Unser Jr.
1993—Emerson Fittipaldi
1994—Al Unser Jr.
1995—Jacques Villeneuve
1996—Buddy Lazier
1997—Arie Luyendyk
1998—Eddie Cheever Jr.
1999—Kenny Brack
2000—Juan Pablo Montoya
2001—Helio Castroneves
2002—Helio Castroneves
2003—Gil de Ferran
2004—Buddy Rice
2005—Dan Wheldon
2006—Sam Hornish Jr.
2007—Dario Franchitti
2008—Scott Dixon
2009—Helio Castroneves
2010—Dario Franchitti
2011—Dan Wheldon
2012—Dario Franchitti
2013—Tony Kanaan

Iness, Sam
Winner of the Olympic gold medal in discus throw at the 1952 Summer Olympics

Iniesta, Andres
Scored the winning goal for Spain in the final against The Netherlands in 2010 FIFA World Cup

John Isner - Nicolas Mahut match

Longest match in tennis history, measured both by time and number of games (11 hours, 5 minutes
of play over three days), played at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships

ITF World Champions

Year Men's Singles Women's Singles

1978 Björn Borg Chris Evert
1979 Björn Borg Martina Navratilova
1980 Björn Borg Chris Evert
1981 John McEnroe Chris Evert
1982 Jimmy Connors Martina Navratilova
Year Men's Singles Women's Singles
1983 John McEnroe Martina Navratilova
1984 John McEnroe Martina Navratilova
1985 Ivan Lendl Martina Navratilova
1986 Ivan Lendl Martina Navratilova
1987 Ivan Lendl Steffi Graf
1988 Mats Wilander Steffi Graf
1989 Boris Becker Steffi Graf
1990 Ivan Lendl Steffi Graf
1991 Stefan Edberg Monica Seles
1992 Jim Courier Monica Seles
1993 Pete Sampras Steffi Graf
1994 Pete Sampras Aranxta Sánchez Vicario
1995 Pete Sampras Steffi Graf
1996 Pete Sampras Steffi Graf
1997 Pete Sampras Martina Hingis
1998 Pete Sampras Lindsay Davenport
1999 Andre Agassi Martina Hingis
2000 Gustavo Kuerten Martina Hingis
2001 Lleyton Hewitt Jennifer Capriati
2002 Lleyton Hewitt Serena Williams
2003 Andy Roddick Justine Henin
2004 Roger Federer Anastasia Myskina
2005 Roger Federer Kim Clijsters
2006 Roger Federer Justine Henin
2007 Roger Federer Justine Henin
2008 Rafael Nadal Jelena Janković
2009 Roger Federer Serena Williams
2010 Rafael Nadal Caroline Wozniacki
2011 Novak Djokovic Petra Kvitova
2012 Novak Djokovic Serena Williams
2013 Novak Djokovic Serena Williams
Jackson, Joseph Jefferson
Nicknamed “Shoeless Joe”, American baseball player remembered for his performance on the field
and for his association with the Black Sox Scandal, in which members of the 1919 Chicago White
Sox participated in a conspiracy to fix the World Series

Jamboree
Large gathering of Scouts who rally at a national or international level

James, Richard Thompson

Naval engineer who invented Slinky together with his wife

Jeet Kune Do
Eclectic/hybrid system and philosophy of life founded by martial artist Bruce Lee with direct, non-
classical, and straightforward movements

Jeter, Derek
American baseball player (shortstop) who has played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball for the
New York Yankees
Yankees’ all-time career leader in hits (3,316), games played (2,602), stolen bases (348), and at bats
(10,614)
28th player to reach 3,000 hits

“Jinx”
Nickname of retired American boxer Michael Spinks

Johansson, Ingemar
Swedish boxer who was the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the United States
Defeated Floyd Patterson by TKO in the third round in 1959

Johnson, Ben
Canadian former sprinter, who enjoyed a high-profile career during most of the 1980s, winning two
Olympic bronze medals and an Olympic gold, which was subsequently rescinded for doping

Johnson, Jack
First African-American world heavyweight boxing champion
First boxer to have fought a span of five decades

Jones, Bobby
American amateur golfer famous for his unique “Grand Slam”, consisting of his victory in all four
major golf tournaments of his era in a single calendar year (1930)

Jones, Marion
First woman to win five track and field medals at a single Olympics in 2000 (later forfeited)

Jones, Roy Jr.

First former middleweight boxing champion to win the heavyweight title in 106 years

Jordan, Michael
Named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN

Jousting
Martial game between two horsemen and using lances, often as part of a tournament

Jumpman
Original name used for Mario in the 1981 arcade game Donkey Kong

Jungle gym
Another name for monkey bars

Kabbadi
National sport of Bangladesh

Kalas, Harry
American sportscaster known for being the lead play by play announcer for Philadelphia Phillies

Kano, Jigoro
Founder of Judo

Karelin, Aleksandr
Dominant Greco-Roman wrestler for the Soviet Union and Russia and universally considered the
greatest Greco-Roman wrestler of all time

Karnicar, Davo
First man that skied down from the summit of Mount Everest on October 7, 2000

Karpov, Anatoly Yevgenyevich

Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion (1975–1985)

Kasparov, Garry
Born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, Russian chess grandmaster who became the youngest ever
undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly
Karpov
First world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to
Deep Blue in 1997

Keleti, Agnes
Hungarian gymnast who became the most successful athlete at the 1956 Summer Olympic Games

Kendo
Meaning “The Way of the Sword”, modern Japanese sport/martial art, which descended from
swordsmanship (kenjutsu) and uses bamboo swords (shinai) and protective armor (bōgu)

Kentucky Derby Winners

1875 Aristides
1876 Vagrant
1877 Baden-Baden
1878 Day Star
1879 Lord Murphy
1880 Fonso
1881 Hindoo
1882 Apollo
1883 Leonatus
1884 Buchanan
1885 Joe Cotton
1886 Ben Ali
1887 Montrose
1888 Macbeth II
1889 Spokane
1890 Riley
1891 Kingman
1892 Azra
1893 Lookout
1894 Chant
1895 Halma
1896 Ben Brush
1897 Typhoon II
1898 Plaudit
1899 Manuel
1900 Lieut. Gibson
1901 His Eminence
1902 Alan-a-Dale
1903 Judge Himes
1904 Elwood
1905 Agile
1906 Sir Huon
1907 Pink Star
1908 Stone Street
1909 Wintergreen
1910 Donau
1911 Meridian
1912 Worth
1913 Donerail
1914 Old Rosebud
1915 Regret
1916 George Smith
1917 Omar Khayyam
1918 Exterminator
1919 Sir Barton
1920 Paul Jones
1921 Behave Yourself
1922 Morvich
1923 Zev
1924 Black Gold
1925 Flying Ebony
1926 Bubbling Over
1927 Whiskery
1928 Reigh Count
1929 Clyde Van Dusen
1930 Gallant Fox
1931 Twenty Grand
1932 Burgoo King
1933 Brokers Tip
1934 Cavalcade
1935 Omaha
1936 Bold Venture
1937 War Admiral
1938 Lawrin
1939 Johnstown
1940 Gallahadion
1941 Whirlaway
1942 Shut Out
1943 Count Fleet
1944 Pensive
1945 Hoop Jr.
1946 Assault
1947 Jet Pilot
1948 Citation
1949 Ponder
1950 Middleground
1951 Count Turf
1952 Hill Gail
1953 Dark Star
1954 Determine
1955 Swaps
1956 Needles
1957 Iron Liege
1958 Tim Tam
1959 Tomy Lee
1960 Venetian Way
1961 Carry Back
1962 Decidedly
1963 Chateaugay
1964 Northern Dancer
1965 Lucky Debonair
1966 Kauai King
1967 Proud Clarion
1968 Forward Pass
1969 Majestic Prince
1970 Dust Commander
1971 Canonero II
1972 Riva Ridge
1973 Secretariat
1974 Cannonade
1975 Foolish Pleasure
1976 Bold Forbes
1977 Seattle Slew
1978 Affirmed
1979 Spectacular Bid
1980 Genuine Risk
1981 Pleasant Colony
1982 Gato Del Sol
1983 Sunny's Halo
1984 Swale
1985 Spend A Buck
1986 Ferdinand
1987 Alysheba
1988 Winning Colors
1989 Sunday Silence
1990 Unbridled
1991 Strike the Gold
1992 Lil E. Tee
1993 Sea Hero
1994 Go for Gin
1995 Thunder Gulch
1996 Grindstone
1997 Silver Charm
1998 Real Quiet
1999 Charismatic
2000 Fusaichi Pegasus
2001 Monarchos
2002 War Emblem
2003 Funny Cide
2004 Smarty Jones
2005 Giacomo
2006 Barbaro
2007 Street Sense
2008 Big Brown
2009 Mine That Bird
2010 Super Saver
2011 Animal Kingdom
2012 I'll Have Another
 2013 Orb

Kerrigan, Nancy
American figure skater who was infamously clubbed in the knee in 1994

Khan, Amir Iqbal

Youngest British Olympic boxing medalist, winning silver at the 2004 Athens Olympics at the age
of 17

Kid Blackie
Pseudonym used by boxer Jack Dempsey

Kim Duk-koo
South Korean boxer who died following a boxing match against Ray Mancini, sparking a number of
reforms in the sport aimed to better protect the health of fighters

Kim, Nellie
First woman in Olympic history to earn a perfect 10 score on the vault

Kim Yuna
South Korean figure skater who won the gold medal at ladies' singles figure skating at the 2010
Winter Olympics
Current record holder for ladies in the short program, the free skating, and the combined total under
the ISU Judging System

Kinect
Motion sensing input device by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 video game console and Windows PCs

“The King”
Nickname given to American golfer Arnold Palmer, one of golf’s most popular stars, because he
was the first superstar of the sport’s television age, which began in the 1950s

King, Don
American boxing promoter of “The Rumble in the Jungle” and the “Thrilla in Manila”

King Fahd Cup

Original name of FIFA Confederations Cup

King of Hearts
Only king without a mustache in a standard deck of cards

Kingda Ka
World’s tallest roller coaster

Kiprotich, Wilson Kipsang

Kenyan athlete who became the current world record holder in marathon with a time of 2:03:23,
which he set at the 2013 Berlin Marathon

Kirk, Oliver
Only boxer in Olympic history to ever win two gold medals in two separate weight divisions at the
same Olympics
Kiss, Laszlo
Hungarian football player who became the first substitute player to score three goals in a World
Cup match

Kjus, Lasse
Only man to medal in all 5 alpine disciplines at the same World Ski Championships in 1999

Klammer, Franz
Former champion alpine ski racer who overwhelmingly dominated the downhill event for four
consecutive World Cup seasons (1975-78)
Gold medalist at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, winning the downhill at Patscherkofel in
dramatic fashion

Klinsmann, Jurgen
German football manager and former player who is currently the head coach of the United States
national team

Klitschko, Vitali
Nicknamed “Dr. Ironfist”, first professional boxing world champion to hold a PhD degree

Klusener, Lance
Nicknamed “Zulu”, former South African cricketer known for his aggressive batting and his fast-
medium swing bowling

“Knick Killer”
Nickname given to basketball player Reggie Miller

Knievel, Evel
American daredevil whose over 433 broken bones he suffered during his career earned him an entry
in the Guinness Book of World Records as the survivor of “most bones broken in a lifetime”

Knox-Johnston, Robin
First man to perform a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the globe

Knuckleball
Baseball pitch thrown so as to minimize the spin of the ball in flight, causing an erratic,
unpredictable motion

Kojima, Hideo
Creator, director and writer of a number of successful video games, including the Metal Gear series
of stealth games and the adventure games Snatcher and Policenauts

Kraenzlein, Alvin
First sportsman to win four Olympic titles in a single Olympic Games

Krajicek, Richard
Only Dutch player to win the Men’s Singles title at Wimbledon

Krav Maga
Non-competitive tactical self-defense system developed in Israel that consists of a wide
combination of techniques sourced from boxing, Muay Thai, Wing Chun, Judo, jiu-jitsu, wrestling,
and grappling, along with realistic fight training

Kuerten, Gustavo
Also known as “Guga”, only player to defeat Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi in the same major
tournament

La Conquete du Monde
Literally meaning “The Conquest of the World”, original name of the strategic board game Risk

La Coupe des Mosquetaires

Trophy awarded to the winner of the Men’s Singles competition at the French Open

La Rascasse
Corner in Circuit de Monaco remembered for a long time as the location of one of the most
suspicious maneuvers in recent Formula One history after the 2006 season when Michael
Schumacher appeared to deliberately stop his car in qualifying so as to prevent Fernando Alonso
and Mark Webber from out-qualifying him

Lambot, Firmin
Belgian bicycle racer who became the first to win the Tour de France without winning the stage
Oldest Tour de France winner to date

Lammens, Hank
Sailor who was disqualified for failing to bring a life jacket aboard in a 1992 Olympic regatta

Lamorisse, Albert
Inventor of the board game Risk

LaMotta, Jake
American boxer who became the first to defeat Sugar Ray Robinson

Landis, Kenesaw Mountain

First Commissioner of Baseball from 1920 until his death and is remembered for his handling of the
Black Sox scandal, in which he expelled eight members of the Chicago White Sox from organized
baseball for conspiring to lose the 1919 World Series and repeatedly refused their reinstatement
requests

Larsen, Don
American Major League Baseball pitcher whose most notable accomplishment was pitching the
only perfect game in the history of the World Series

Larry O’Brien Championship Trophy

Trophy awarded to the National Basketball Association’s champion

Latynina, Larisa
Soviet gymnast who holds the record for most career Olympic medals by a woman

Laureus Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year

Year Sportsman Sportswoman

 Name Sport Name Sport
2014
2013 Usain Bolt Athletics Jessica Ennis Athletics
2012 Novak Djokovic Tennis Vivian Cheruiyot Athletics
2011 Rafael Nadal Tennis Serena Williams Tennis
2010 Usain Bolt Athletics Serena Williams Tennis
2009 Usain Bolt Athletics Yelena Isinbayeva Athletics
2008 Roger Federer Tennis Justine Henin Tennis
2007 Roger Federer Tennis Yelena Isinbayeva Athletics
2006 Roger Federer Tennis Janica Kostelić Alpine Skiing
2005 Roger Federer Tennis Kelly Holmes Athletics
2004 Michael Schumacher Formula One Annika Sörenstam Golf
2003 Lance Armstrong Cycling Serena Williams Tennis
2002 Michael Schumacher Formula One Jennifer Capriati Tennis
2001 Tiger Woods Golf Cathy Freeman Athletics
2000 Tiger Woods Golf Marion Jones Athletics

Laver, Rodney George “Rod”

Australian former professional tennis player who holds the record for most singles titles won in the
history of tennis, with 200 career titles
Only tennis player to have won the Grand Slam twice and the only male player to have done this
during the open era

Lawrence Peter
Real first and middle names of baseball player Yogi Berra

Leather, Diane
First woman to run a mile in less than 5 minutes

Lecomte, Benoit
First man to swim across the Atlantic Ocean without a kick board in 1998

Lee Lai-shan
Only athlete to win an Olympic medal representing Hong Kong, not as part of China (gold for
board [mistral] at the 1996 Summer Olympics)

“Lefty”
Nickname given to the professional golfer Phil Mickelson

Legend of the Octopus

Sports tradition during Detroit Red Wings home playoff games where octopuses are thrown onto
the ice surface

Lemieux, Mario
Only person to have his name on the Stanley Cup as both a player and an owner
Only NHL player to score goals in five different ways (even strength, shorthanded, power play,
penalty shot and emptyhand)

LeMond, Greg
First American to win the Tour de France (1996)

Lenglen, Suzanne
French tennis player who won 31 Championship titles between 1914 and 1926

Leonard, Sugar Ray

American professional boxer who became the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses

Leslie, Lisa
First player to dunk in a WNBA game

Levi’s Stadium
Football stadium under construction set to become the new home of the San Francisco 49ers and
will host the Super Bowl L

Lewis, Carl
American former track and field athlete and United Nations Goodwill Ambassador, who won 10
Olympic medals including 9 gold, and 10 World Championships medals, including 8 gold

Li Ning
Chinese gymnast most famous for winning 6 medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics, which was the
first Olympics in which the People’s Republic of China participated
First Chinese inductee of the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame (2000)

“Lightning Bolt”
Nickname of Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, first man to hold both the 100 meters and 200 meters
world records since fully automatic time measurements became mandatory in 1977 and first man to
win six Olympic gold medals in sprinting

Limca Book of Records

India’s version of Guinness Book of World Records

Lineker, Gary
English former footballer who holds England’s record for goals scored in FIFA World Cup finals,
with ten

Lipinski, Tara
American figure skater who won the ladies’ singles Olympic gold medal in figure skating at the
1998 Winter Olympics
Youngest individual gold medalist in the history of the Olympic Winter Games

Liston, Sonny
Nicknamed “The Big Bear”, American boxer who became World Heavyweight Champion in 1962
by knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round

“Livermore Larupper”
Nickname given to American boxer Max Baer

Lloris, Hugo
French footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Tottenham Hotspur and is the captain of the French
national team

Lockyer, Darren
Australian rugby league player who set all-time records for most National Rugby League matches,
most State of Origin matches, most games as captain and most tries for the Australian national
team, and highest ever point-scorer for the Broncos

Lombardi, Vince
American football player, coach and executive best known as the head coach of the Green Bay
Packers during the 1960s, where he led the team to three straight and five total league
championships in seven years, including winning the first two Super Bowls following the 1966 and
1967 NFL seasons
Coined the term “game plan”

Lomu, Jonah
Former New Zealand rugby union player generally regarded as the first true global superstar of
rugby union

Los Pumas
Nickname given to the Argentinian national rugby union team

Louis Vuitton Cup

Yachting competition connected with the America’s Cup used as the selection series to select a
team to sail as the challenger in the America’s Cup

Lowe, John
First player to win the BDO World Darts Championship in three separate decades (1979, 1987,
1993)
First player to hit a televised nine dart finish

Luque, Adolfo
First Latin baseball player to appear in a World Series

MacRobertson International Croquet Shield

Premier croquet teams event in the world, currently competed for by Australia, England, New
Zealand and the United States

Madhouse
Nickname given to Double One in darts

Magnavox Odyssey
World’s first commercial home video game console

Makuuchi
Top division of professional sumo

Maldonado, Pastor
First Venezuelan to win a Formula One Grand Prix (Spanish GP in 2012)

Maleeva, Magdalena
Opponent of Monica Seles at a tournament in Germany when the latter was stabbed by Günter
Parche

Malivoire, Bernard
Youngest medalist and gold medalist at the 1952 Games with 14 years and 95 days

Mallory, Edgar
Real name of the policeman in Monopoly

Malone, Moses
First player in NBA history to lead the league in rebounding for five consecutive seasons

“The Manassa Mauler”

Nickname of American professional boxer Jack Dempsey

Manchester United
First sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion

Mandrillon, Camille
French biathlete who became the first to take the Olympic Oath for the Winter Olympic Games

Mangiarotti, Edoardo
Italian fencer who won more Olympic titles (6 gold medals, 5 silver medals and 2 bronze medals)
and World Championships (13 gold medals, 8 silver medals and 5 bronze medals) than any other
fencer in the history of the sport

Mano-a-mano
Term used originally for bullfights where two matadors alternate competing for the admiration of
the audience

Maradona, Diego
Argentine footballer who scored two goals in the quarter-final match against England of 1986 FIFA
World Cup, including the “Hand of God” and “The Goal of the Century”

Marathon des Sables

Toughest foot race on earth

Maris, Roger
Major League Baseball right fielder who hit a Major League record 61 home runs during the 1961
season for the New York Yankees, breaking Babe Ruth’s single-season record of 60 home runs in
1927

Masterton, Bill
Only player in NHL history to die as a direct result of injuries suffered during a game, the result of
massive head injuries suffered following a hit during a January 13, 1968, contest against the
Oakland Seals
Matthews, Stanley
First British footballer to be knighted

Matthias, Bob
American decathlete who won the Olympic gold medal at the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics

Matos, Angel Valodia

Cuban taekwondo athlete who was banned for life following an incident at the 2008 Summer
Olympics where he kicked the Swedish referee Chakir Chelbat in the face, after being disqualified
in the bronze medal match

Matthäus, Lothar
Captained the West Germany team to victory in the 1990 FIFA World Cup
First ever FIFA World Player of the Year

Mawashi
In sumo, the belt that the rikishi or sumo wrestler wears during training or in competition

Mayol, Jacques
First free diver to descend to 100 meters

Mays, Carl William

Right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball primarily remembered for throwing the beanball
that killed Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians on August 16, 1920

Maze, Tina
Slovenian World Cup alpine ski racer who is one of just six women who have won in all five World
Cup events

McCardel, Chloe
Australian endurance swimmer who is attempting to become the first person to swim from Havana
to Florida without a cage to protect her from shark attacks

McCrum, William
Wealthy Irish linen manufacturer and sportsman, most famous for being the inventor in 1890 of the
penalty kick in football

McEnroe, John
American professional tennis player who won seven Grand Slam singles titles

McFadden, Tatyana
Russian-born United States Paralympian athlete who won 10 Paralympic medals on multiple
Summer Paralympic Games

McGee, Max
Scored the first touchdown in Super Bowl history

McIlroy, Rory
Youngest golf player ever to reach €10 million in career earnings on the European Tour in 2012
Youngest player to reach $10 million in career earnings on the PGA Tour in 2012
McVicker, Joseph
Inventor of the Play-Doh

Mediate, Rocco
American professional golfer who has won six times on the PGA Tour, notable for finishing runner-
up after losing in an 18-hole playoff to Tiger Woods in the 2008 US Open

Medicine ball
Weighted ball roughly the diameter of the shoulders often used for rehabilitation and strength
training

Mega Drive
Name of Sega Genesis when it was released in Japan in 1988

Meilutyte, Ruta
Youngest Lithuanian athlete to win an Olympic gold medal (women’s 100m breaststroke, 2012)
Holds the world record for women’s 100m (long course)

Melbourne Cup winners

1861 Archer
1862 Archer
1863 Banker
1864 Lantern
1865 Toryboy
1866 The Barb
1867 Tim Whiffler
1868 Glencoe
1869 Warrior
1870 Nimblefoot
1871 The Pearl
1872 The Quack
1873 Don Juan
1874 Haricot
1875 Wollomai
1876 Briseis
1877 Chester
1878 Calamia
1879 Darriwell
1880 Grand Flaneur
1881 Zulu
1882 The Assyrian
1883 Martini-Henry
1884 Malua
1885 Sheet Anchor
1886 Arsenal
1887 Dunlop
1888 Mentor
1889 Bravo
1890 Carbine
1891 Malvolio
1892 Glenloth
1893 Tarcoola
1894 Patron
1895 Auraria
1896 Newhaven
1897 Gaulus
1898 The Grafter
1899 Merriwee
1900 Clean Sweep
1901 Revenue
1902 The Victory
1903 Lord Cardigan
1904 Acrasia
1905 Blue Spec
1906 Poseidon
1907 Apologue
1908 Lord Nolan
1909 Prince Foote
1910 Comedy King
1911 The Parisian
1912 Piastre
1913 Posinatus
1914 Kingsburgh
1915 Patrobas
1916 Sasanof
1917 Westcourt
1918 Night Watch
1919 Artilleryman
1920 Poitrel
1921 Sister Olive
1922 King Ingoda
1923 Bitalli
1924 Backwood
1925 Windbag
1926 Spearfelt
1927 Trivalve
1928 Statesman
1929 Nightmarch
1930 Phar Lap
1931 White Nose
1932 Peter Pan
1933 Hall Mark
1934 Peter Pan
1935 Marabou
1936 Wotan
1937 The Trump
1938 Catalogue
1939 Rivette
1940 Old Rowley
1941 Skipton
1942 Colonus
1943 Dark Felt
1944 Sirius
1945 Rain Bird
1946 Russia
1947 Hiraji
1948 Rimfire
1949 Foxzami
1950 Comic Court
1951 Delta
1952 Dalray
1953 Wodalla
1954 Rising Fast
1955 Toparoa
1956 Evening Peal
1957 Straight Draw
1958 Baystone
1959 Macdougal
1960 Hi Jinx
1961 Lord Fury
1962 Even Stevens
1963 Gatum Gatum
1964 Polo Prince
1965 Light Fingers
1966 Galilee
1967 Red Handed
1968 Rain Lover
1969 Rain Lover
1970 Baghdad Note
1971 Silver Knight
1972 Piping Lane
1973 Gala Supreme
1974 Think Big
1975 Think Big
1976 Van der Hum
1977 Gold and Black
1978 Arwon
1979 Hyperno
1980 Beldale Ball
1981 Just A Dash
1982 Gurner’s Lane
1983 Kiwi
1984 Black Night
1985 What A Nuisance
1986 At Talaq
1987 Kensei
1988 Empire Rose
1989 Tawriffic
1990 Kingston Rule
1991 Let’s Elope
1992 Subzero
1993 Vintage Corp
1994 Jeune
1995 Doriemus
1996 Saintly
1997 Might and Power
1998 Jezabeel
1999 Rogan Josh
2000 Brew
2001 Ethereal
2002 Media Puzzle
2003 Makybe Diva
2004 Makybe Diva
2005 Makybe Diva
2006 Delta Blues
2007 Efficient
2008 Viewed
2009 Shocking
2010 Americain
2011 Dunaden
 2012 Green Moon
2013 Fiorente

Men’s major golf championships

Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA

Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
1860 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Park, Sr. (1/4) Not yet founded
Old Tom
1861 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
Morris(1/4)
Old Tom
1862 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
Morris(2/4)
1863 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Park, Sr. (2/4) Not yet founded
Old Tom Morris
1864 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(3/4)
1865 Not yet founded Not yet founded Andrew Strath Not yet founded
1866 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Park, Sr. (3/4) Not yet founded
Old Tom Morris
1867 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(4/4)
Young Tom Morris
1868 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(1/4)
Young Tom Morris
1869 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(2/4)
Young Tom Morris
1870 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(3/4)
1871 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not played Not yet founded
Young Tom Morris
1872 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(4/4)
1873 Not yet founded Not yet founded Tom Kidd Not yet founded
1874 Not yet founded Not yet founded Mungo Park Not yet founded
1875 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Park, Sr. (4/4) Not yet founded
1876 Not yet founded Not yet founded Bob Martin (1/2) Not yet founded
Jamie Anderson
1877 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(1/3)
Jamie Anderson
1878 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(2/3)
1879 Not yet founded Not yet founded Jamie Anderson Not yet founded
 Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA
Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
(3/3)
1880 Not yet founded Not yet founded Bob Ferguson (1/3) Not yet founded
1881 Not yet founded Not yet founded Bob Ferguson (2/3) Not yet founded
1882 Not yet founded Not yet founded Bob Ferguson (3/3) Not yet founded
1883 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Fernie Not yet founded
1884 Not yet founded Not yet founded Jack Simpson Not yet founded
1885 Not yet founded Not yet founded Bob Martin (2/2) Not yet founded
1886 Not yet founded Not yet founded David Brown Not yet founded
1887 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Park, Jr. (1/2) Not yet founded
1888 Not yet founded Not yet founded Jack Burns Not yet founded
1889 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Park, Jr. (2/2) Not yet founded
1890 Not yet founded Not yet founded John Ball, Jnr Not yet founded
1891 Not yet founded Not yet founded Hugh Kirkaldy Not yet founded
1892 Not yet founded Not yet founded Harold Hilton (1/2) Not yet founded
1893 Not yet founded Not yet founded Willie Auchterlonie Not yet founded
John Henry Taylor
1894 Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
(1/5)
John Henry Taylor
1895 Not yet founded Horace Rawlins Not yet founded
(2/5)
1896 Not yet founded James Foulis Harry Vardon (1/7) Not yet founded
1897 Not yet founded Joe Lloyd Harold Hilton (2/2) Not yet founded
1898 Not yet founded Fred Herd Harry Vardon (2/7) Not yet founded
1899 Not yet founded Willie Smith Harry Vardon (3/7) Not yet founded
John Henry Taylor
1900 Not yet founded Harry Vardon (4/7) Not yet founded
(3/5)
Willie Anderson
1901 Not yet founded James Braid (1/5) Not yet founded
(1/4)
1902 Not yet founded Laurie Auchterlonie Sandy Herd Not yet founded
Willie Anderson
1903 Not yet founded Harry Vardon (5/7) Not yet founded
(2/4)
Willie Anderson
1904 Not yet founded Jack White Not yet founded
(3/4)
1905 Not yet founded Willie Anderson James Braid (2/5) Not yet founded
 Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA
Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
(4/4)
1906 Not yet founded Alex Smith (1/2) James Braid (3/5) Not yet founded
1907 Not yet founded Alec Ross Arnaud Massy Not yet founded
1908 Not yet founded Fred McLeod James Braid (4/5) Not yet founded
John Henry Taylor
1909 Not yet founded George Sargent Not yet founded
(4/5)
1910 Not yet founded Alex Smith (2/2) James Braid (5/5) Not yet founded
John McDermott
1911 Not yet founded Harry Vardon (6/7) Not yet founded
(1/2)
John McDermott
1912 Not yet founded Ted Ray (1/2) Not yet founded
(2/2)
John Henry Taylor
1913 Not yet founded Francis Ouimet Not yet founded
(5/5)
1914 Not yet founded Walter Hagen (1/11) Harry Vardon (7/7) Not yet founded
Not held due to
1915 Not yet founded Jerome Travers Not yet founded
World War I
Not held due to
1916 Not yet founded Chick Evans Jim Barnes (1/4)
World War I
Not held due to Not held due to Not held due to
1917 Not yet founded
World War I World War I World War I
Not held due to Not held due to Not held due to
1918 Not yet founded
World War I World War I World War I
Not held due to
1919 Not yet founded Walter Hagen (2/11) Jim Barnes (2/4)
World War I
1920 Not yet founded Ted Ray (2/2) George Duncan Jock Hutchison (1/2)
1921 Not yet founded Jim Barnes (3/4) Jock Hutchison (2/2) Walter Hagen (3/11)
1922 Not yet founded Gene Sarazen (1/7) Walter Hagen (4/11) Gene Sarazen (2/7)
1923 Not yet founded Bobby Jones (1/7) Arthur Havers Gene Sarazen (3/7)
1924 Not yet founded Cyril Walker Walter Hagen (5/11) Walter Hagen (6/11)
1925 Not yet founded Willie MacFarlane Jim Barnes (4/4) Walter Hagen (7/11)
1926 Not yet founded Bobby Jones (2/7) Bobby Jones (3/7) Walter Hagen (8/11)
Tommy Armour
1927 Not yet founded Bobby Jones (4/7) Walter Hagen (9/11)
(1/3)
Walter Hagen
1928 Not yet founded Johnny Farrell Leo Diegel (1/2)
(10/11)
 Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA
Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
Walter Hagen
1929 Not yet founded Bobby Jones (5/7) Leo Diegel (2/2)
(11/11)
Tommy Armour
1930 Not yet founded Bobby Jones (6/7) Bobby Jones (7/7)
(2/3)
Tommy Armour
1931 Not yet founded Billy Burke Tom Creavy
(3/3)
1932 Not yet founded Gene Sarazen (4/7) Gene Sarazen (5/7) Olin Dutra (1/2)
1933 Not yet founded Johnny Goodman Denny Shute (1/3) Gene Sarazen (6/7)
1934 Horton Smith (1/2) Olin Dutra (2/2) Henry Cotton (1/3) Paul Runyan (1/2)
1935 Gene Sarazen (7/7) Sam Parks, Jr. Alf Perry Johnny Revolta
1936 Horton Smith (2/2) Tony Manero Alf Padgham Denny Shute (2/3)
1937 Byron Nelson (1/5) Ralph Guldahl (1/3) Henry Cotton (2/3) Denny Shute (3/3)
1938 Henry Picard (1/2) Ralph Guldahl (2/3) Reg Whitcombe Paul Runyan (2/2)
1939 Ralph Guldahl (3/3) Byron Nelson (2/5) Dick Burton Henry Picard (2/2)
Jimmy Demaret Not held due to
1940 Lawson Little Byron Nelson (3/5)
(1/3) World War II
Not held due to
1941 Craig Wood (1/2) Craig Wood (2/2) Vic Ghezzi
World War II
Not held due to Not held due to
1942 Byron Nelson (4/5) Sam Snead (1/7)
World War II World War II
Not held due to Not held due to Not held due to Not held due to
1943
World War II World War II World War II World War II
Not held due to Not held due to Not held due to
1944 Bob Hamilton
World War II World War II World War II
Not held due to Not held due to Not held due to
1945 Byron Nelson (5/5)
World War II World War II World War II
1946 Herman Keiser Lloyd Mangrum Sam Snead (2/7) Ben Hogan (1/9)
Jimmy Demaret
1947 Lew Worsham Fred Daly Jim Ferrier
(2/3)
1948 Claude Harmon Ben Hogan (2/9) Henry Cotton (3/3) Ben Hogan (3/9)
Cary Middlecoff
1949 Sam Snead (3/7) Bobby Locke (1/4) Sam Snead (4/7)
(1/3)
Jimmy Demaret
1950 Ben Hogan (4/9) Bobby Locke (2/4) Chandler Harper
(3/3)
1951 Ben Hogan (5/9) Ben Hogan (6/9) Max Faulkner Sam Snead (5/7)
 Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA
Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
1952 Sam Snead (6/7) Julius Boros (1/3) Bobby Locke (3/4) Jim Turnesa
1953 Ben Hogan (7/9) Ben Hogan (8/9) Ben Hogan (9/9) Walter Burkemo
1954 Sam Snead (7/7) Ed Furgol Peter Thomson (1/5) Chick Harbert
Cary Middlecoff
1955 Jack Fleck Peter Thomson (2/5) Doug Ford (1/2)
(2/3)
Cary Middlecoff
1956 Jack Burke, Jr. (1/2) Peter Thomson (3/5) Jack Burke, Jr. (2/2)
(3/3)
1957 Doug Ford (2/2) Dick Mayer Bobby Locke (4/4) Lionel Hebert
1958 Arnold Palmer (1/7) Tommy Bolt Peter Thomson (4/5) Dow Finsterwald
1959 Art Wall, Jr. Billy Casper (1/3) Gary Player (1/9) Bob Rosburg
1960 Arnold Palmer (2/7) Arnold Palmer (3/7) Kel Nagle Jay Hebert
1961 Gary Player (2/9) Gene Littler Arnold Palmer (4/7) Jerry Barber
1962 Arnold Palmer (5/7) Jack Nicklaus (1/18) Arnold Palmer (6/7) Gary Player (3/9)
1963 Jack Nicklaus (2/18) Julius Boros (2/3) Bob Charles Jack Nicklaus (3/18)
1964 Arnold Palmer (7/7) Ken Venturi Tony Lema Bobby Nichols
1965 Jack Nicklaus (4/18) Gary Player (4/9) Peter Thomson (5/5) Dave Marr
1966 Jack Nicklaus (5/18) Billy Casper (2/3) Jack Nicklaus (6/18) Al Geiberger
1967 Gay Brewer Jack Nicklaus (7/18) Roberto DeVicenzo Don January
1968 Bob Goalby Lee Trevino (1/6) Gary Player (5/9) Julius Boros (3/3)
Raymond Floyd
1969 George Archer Orville Moody Tony Jacklin (1/2)
(1/4)
1970 Billy Casper (3/3) Tony Jacklin (2/2) Jack Nicklaus (8/18) Dave Stockton (1/2)
1971 Charles Coody Lee Trevino (2/6) Lee Trevino (3/6) Jack Nicklaus (9/18)
Jack Nicklaus Jack Nicklaus
1972 Lee Trevino (4/6) Gary Player (6/9)
(10/18) (11/18)
Jack Nicklaus
1973 Tommy Aaron Johnny Miller (1/2) Tom Weiskopf
(12/18)
1974 Gary Player (7/9) Hale Irwin (1/3) Gary Player (8/9) Lee Trevino (5/6)
Jack Nicklaus Jack Nicklaus
1975 Lou Graham Tom Watson (1/8)
(13/18) (14/18)
Raymond Floyd
1976 Jerry Pate Johnny Miller (2/2) Dave Stockton (2/2)
(2/4)
1977 Tom Watson (2/8) Hubert Green (1/2) Tom Watson (3/8) Lanny Wadkins
 Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA
Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
Jack Nicklaus
1978 Gary Player (9/9) Andy North (1/2) John Mahaffey
(15/18)
Seve Ballesteros
1979 Fuzzy Zoeller (1/2) Hale Irwin (2/3) David Graham (1/2)
(1/5)
Seve Ballesteros Jack Nicklaus Jack Nicklaus
1980 Tom Watson (4/8)
(2/5) (16/18) (17/18)
1981 Tom Watson (5/8) David Graham (2/2) Bill Rogers Larry Nelson (1/3)
Raymond Floyd
1982 Craig Stadler Tom Watson (6/8) Tom Watson (7/8)
(3/4)
Seve Ballesteros
1983 Larry Nelson (2/3) Tom Watson (8/8) Hal Sutton
(3/5)
Seve Ballesteros
1984 Ben Crenshaw (1/2) Fuzzy Zoeller (2/2) Lee Trevino (6/6)
(4/5)
Bernhard Langer
1985 Andy North (2/2) Sandy Lyle (1/2) Hubert Green (2/2)
(1/2)
Jack Nicklaus Raymond Floyd
1986 Greg Norman (1/2) Bob Tway
(18/18) (4/4)
1987 Larry Mize Scott Simpson Nick Faldo (1/6) Larry Nelson (3/3)
Seve Ballesteros
1988 Sandy Lyle (2/2) Curtis Strange (1/2) Jeff Sluman
(5/5)
1989 Nick Faldo (2/6) Curtis Strange (2/2) Mark Calcavecchia Payne Stewart (1/3)
1990 Nick Faldo (3/6) Hale Irwin (3/3) Nick Faldo (4/6) Wayne Grady
1991 Ian Woosnam Payne Stewart (2/3) Ian Baker-Finch John Daly (1/2)
1992 Fred Couples Tom Kite Nick Faldo (5/6) Nick Price (1/3)
Bernhard Langer
1993 Lee Janzen (1/2) Greg Norman (2/2) Paul Azinger
(2/2)
José María Olazábal
1994 Ernie Els (1/4) Nick Price (2/3) Nick Price (3/3)
(1/2)
1995 Ben Crenshaw (2/2) Corey Pavin John Daly (2/2) Steve Elkington
1996 Nick Faldo (6/6) Steve Jones Tom Lehman Mark Brooks
1997 Tiger Woods (1/14) Ernie Els (2/4) Justin Leonard Davis Love III
1998 Mark O’Meara (1/2) Lee Janzen (2/2) Mark O’Meara (2/2) Vijay Singh (1/3)
José María Olazábal
1999 Payne Stewart (3/3) Paul Lawrie Tiger Woods (2/14)
(2/2)
2000 Vijay Singh (2/3) Tiger Woods (3/14) Tiger Woods (4/14) Tiger Woods (5/14)
 Masters U.S. Open The Open PGA
Year
Tournament Championship Championship Championship
2001 Tiger Woods (6/14) Retief Goosen (1/2) David Duval David Toms
2002 Tiger Woods (7/14) Tiger Woods (8/14) Ernie Els (3/4) Rich Beem
2003 Mike Weir Jim Furyk Ben Curtis Shaun Micheel
2004 Phil Mickelson (1/5) Retief Goosen (2/2) Todd Hamilton Vijay Singh (3/3)
2005 Tiger Woods (9/14) Michael Campbell Tiger Woods (10/14) Phil Mickelson (2/5)
2006 Phil Mickelson (3/5) Geoff Ogilvy Tiger Woods (11/14) Tiger Woods (12/14)
Pádraig Harrington
2007 Zach Johnson Ángel Cabrera (1/2) Tiger Woods (13/14)
(1/3)
Pádraig Harrington Pádraig Harrington
2008 Trevor Immelman Tiger Woods (14/14)
(2/3) (3/3)
2009 Ángel Cabrera (2/2) Lucas Glover Stewart Cink Yang Yong-eun
2010 Phil Mickelson (4/5) Graeme McDowell Louis Oosthuizen Martin Kaymer
2011 Charl Schwartzel Rory McIlroy (1/2) Darren Clarke Keegan Bradley
2012 Bubba Watson Webb Simpson Ernie Els (4/4) Rory McIlroy (2/2)
2013 Adam Scott Justin Rose Phil Mickelson (5/5) Jason Dufner

Merckx, Eddie
Belgian rider who won the Tour de France five times despite the doctor’s advice against competing
as he eventually had abnormalities in his heart rhythm

Messner, Reinhold
Italian mountaineer renowned for making the first solo ascent of Mount Everest without
supplemental oxygen and for being the first climber to ascend all fourteen “eight-thousanders”

Meyer, Debbie
Only woman Olympian to win three individual freestyle swimming gold medals in one Olympics,
namely the 200-, 400- and 800-meter freestyle events

Michtom, Morris
Russian Jewish immigrant, who with his wife Rose invented the Teddy Bear

Milburn
Real first name of Monopoly Mascot Uncle Pennybags

Milner, James
Youngest player to score in the Premier League

Miura, Yuichiro
Oldest man to climb Mount Everest

Miyamoto, Shigeru
Japanese video game designer and producerbest known as the creator of some of the best-selling,
most critically acclaimed, most enduring, and most influential games and franchises of all time such
as Mario, Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda, Star Fox, F-Zero, Pikmin, and the Wii series

MLB Stadiums

Angel Stadium of Anaheim – Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

AT&T Park – San Francisco Giants
Busch Stadium – St. Louis Cardinals
Chase Field – Arizona Diamondbacks
Citi Field – New York Mets
Citizens Bank Park – Philadelphia Phillies
Comerica Park – Detroit Tigers
Coors Field – Colorado Rockies
Dodger Stadium – Los Angeles Dodgers
Fenway Park – Boston Red Sox
Great American Ball Park – Cincinnati Reds
Kauffman Stadium – Kansas City Royals
Marlins Park – Miami Marlins
Miller Park – Milwaukee Brewers
Minute Maid Park – Houston Astros
Nationals Park – Washington Nationals
Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum – Oakland Athletics
Oriole Park at Camden Yards – Baltimore Orioles
PETCO Park – San Diego Padres
PNC Park – Pittsburgh Pirates
Progressive Field – Cleveland Indians
Rangers Ballpark in Arlington – Texas Rangers
Rogers Centre – Toronto Blue Jays
Safeco Field – Seattle Mariners
Target Field – Minnesota Twins
Tropicana Field – Tampa Bay Rays
Turner Field – Atlanta Braves
U.S. Cellular Field – Chicago White Sox
Wrigley Field – Chicago Cubs
Yankee Stadium – New York Yankees

Montera
Hat traditionally worn by bullfighters, introduced to the ritual event in 1835 by Francisco “Paquiro”
Montes as accompaniment to the traje de luces, or “suit of lights”

Moon, Warren
American professional gridiron football quarterback who held the record for most passing yardage
in professional football (CFL + NFL career) until surpassed by Damon Allen on September 4, 2006,
Held the record for most passing touchdowns in professional football until surpassed by Brett Favre
on November 22, 2007,
Held the record for most pass completions in professional football until surpassed by Brett Favre on
December 23, 2007
Held the record for most pass attempts in professional football history until surpassed by Brett
Favre on December 14, 2008

Morrison, Walter Frederick

American inventor and entrepreneur best known as the inventor of the Frisbee

Morrow, Patrick
First person in the world to have climbed the highest peaks of all seven continents

MotoGP Motorcycle World Champions

1949 Leslie Graham

1950 Umberto Masetti
1951 Geoff Duke
1952 Umberto Masetti
1953 Geoff Duke
1954 Geoff Duke
1955 Geoff Duke
1956 John Surtees
1957 Libero Liberati
1958 John Surtees
1959 John Surtees
1960 John Surtees
1961 Gary Hocking
1962 Mike Hailwood
1963 Mike Hailwood
1964 Mike Hailwood
1965 Mike Hailwood
1966 Giacomo Agostini
1967 Giacomo Agostini
1968 Giacomo Agostini
1969 Giacomo Agostini
1970 Giacomo Agostini
1971 Giacomo Agostini
1972 Phil Read
1973 Phil Read
1974 Phil Read
1975 Giacomo Agostini
1976 Barry Sheene
1977 Barry Sheene
1978 Kenny Roberts
1979 Kenny Roberts
1980 Kenny Roberts
1981 Marco Lucchinelli
1982 Franco Uncini
1983 Freddie Spencer
1984 Eddie Lawson
1985 Freddie Spencer
1986 Eddie Lawson
1987 Wayne Gardner
1988 Eddie Lawson
1989 Eddie Lawson
1990 Wayne Rainey
1991 Wayne Rainey
1992 Wayne Rainey
1993 Kevin Schwantz
1994 Michael Doohan
1995 Michael Doohan
1996 Michael Doohan
1997 Michael Doohan
1998 Michael Doohan
1999 Àlex Crivillé
2000 Kenny Roberts, Jr.
2001 Valentino Rossi
2002 Valentino Rossi
2003 Valentino Rossi
2004 Valentino Rossi
2005 Valentino Rossi
2006 Nicky Hayden
2007 Casey Stoner
2008 Valentino Rossi
2009 Valentino Rossi
 2010 Jorge Lorenzo
2011 Casey Stoner
2012 Jorge Lorenzo
2013 Marc Marquez

Mourning, Alonzo
First Miami Heat player to have his number retired

Moyes, David
Scottish football manager and former player who succeeded Sir Alex Ferguson as the manager of
Manchester United since July 2013

“Mr. Pocket Billiards”

Nickname given to pool player Willie Mosconi

Mr. Toffee
Tall man with orange hair in Candy Crush Saga

Muldowney, Shirley
Also known professionally as “Cha Cha” and the “First Lady of Drag Racing”, first woman to
receive a license from the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) to drive a Top Fuel dragster

Müller, Gerd
German footballer who was elected European Footballer of the Year in 1970 after a successful
season with Bayern Munich and scoring ten goals at the 1970 FIFA World Cup

Mulligan
In a game, practice that happens when a player gets a second chance to perform a certain move or
action

Murderer’s Row
Nickname given to the New York Yankees baseball team of the late 1920s, in particular the first six
hitters in the 1927 team lineup: Earle Combs, Mark Koenig, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Bob Meusel
and Tony Lazzeri

Murray, Andy
Only British male to become a Grand Slam champion during the Open Era
First British player since 1977 and the first British man since 1936 to win a Grand Slam singles
tournament
Only man to win the Olympic gold and the US Open back-to-back

Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar
Judoka who became the first Mongolian ever to win a gold medal at the Olympics

Naismith, James
Invented the sport of basketball in 1891 and often credited with introducing the first football helmet

Namath, Joe
Nicknamed “Broadway Joe”, former American football quarterback known for once boldly
guaranteeing a New York Jets victory over Don Shula’s Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III and then
making good on his prediction with a 16-7 win

Nash, Steve
First Canadian to be named Most Valuable Player of NBA

Nastase, Ilie
Romanian tennis player who became the first to be ranked No. 1 by a computer after ATP began
issuing computer-generated rankings in 1973

Nathanson, Abraham
American graphic designer who created Bananagrams

Nati
Nickname for the Swiss national football team

Navratilova, Martina
Recorded the longest winning streak in the open era (74 consecutive matches) and three of the six
longest winning streaks in the women’s open era

NBA arenas

Air Canada Centre – Toronto Raptors

American Airlines Arena – Miami Heat
American Airlines Center – Dallas Mavericks
Amway Center – Orlando Magic
AT&T Center – San Antonio Spurs
Bankers Life Fieldhouse – Indiana Pacers
Barclays Center – Brooklyn Nets
BMO Harris Bradley Center – Milwaukee Bucks
Chesapeake Energy Arena – Oklahoma City Thunder
EnergySolutions Arena – Utah Jazz
FedExForum – Memphis Grizzlies
Madison Square Garden – New York Knicks
New Orleans Arena – New Orleans Pelicans
Oracle Arena – Golden State Warriors
Pepsi Center – Denver Nuggets
Philips Arena – Atlanta Hawks
Quicken Loans Arena – Cleveland Cavaliers
Rose Garden – Portland Trail Blazers
Sleep Train Arena – Sacramento Kings
Staples Center – Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers
Target Center – Minnesota Timberwolves
TD Garden – Boston Celtics
The Palace of Auburn Hills – Detroit Pistons
Time Warner Cable Arena – Charlotte Bobcats
Toyota Center – Houston Rockets
United Center – Chicago Bulls
US Airways Center – Phoenix Suns
Verizon Center – Washington Wizards
Wells Fargo Center – Philadelphia 76ers
NBA Champions

BAA champions

Year Western Champion Result Eastern Champion

1947 Chicago Stags 1–4 Philadelphia Warriors
1948 Baltimore Bullets 4–2 Philadelphia Warriors
1949 Minneapolis Lakers 4–2 Washington Capitols

NBA champions

Year Western Champion Result Eastern Champion

1950 Minneapolis Lakers 4–2 Syracuse Nationals
1951 Rochester Royals 4–3 New York Knicks
1952 Minneapolis Lakers 4–3 New York Knicks
1953 Minneapolis Lakers 4–1 New York Knicks
1954 Minneapolis Lakers 4–3 Syracuse Nationals
1955 Fort Wayne Pistons 3–4 Syracuse Nationals
1956 Fort Wayne Pistons 1–4 Philadelphia Warriors
1957 St. Louis Hawks 3–4 Boston Celtics
1958 St. Louis Hawks 4–2 Boston Celtics
1959 Minneapolis Lakers 0–4 Boston Celtics
1960 St. Louis Hawks 3–4 Boston Celtics
1961 St. Louis Hawks 1–4 Boston Celtics
1962 Los Angeles Lakers 3–4 Boston Celtics
1963 Los Angeles Lakers 2–4 Boston Celtics
1964 San Francisco Warriors 1–4 Boston Celtics
1965 Los Angeles Lakers 1–4 Boston Celtics
1966 Los Angeles Lakers 3–4 Boston Celtics
1967 San Francisco Warriors 2–4 Philadelphia 76ers
1968 Los Angeles Lakers 2–4 Boston Celtics
1969 Los Angeles Lakers 3–4 Boston Celtics
1970 Los Angeles Lakers 3–4 New York Knicks
1971 Milwaukee Bucks 4–0 Baltimore Bullets
Year Western Champion Result Eastern Champion
1972 Los Angeles Lakers 4–1 New York Knicks
1973 Los Angeles Lakers 1–4 New York Knicks
1974 Milwaukee Bucks 3–4 Boston Celtics
1975 Golden State Warriors 4–0 Washington Bullets
1976 Phoenix Suns 2–4 Boston Celtics
1977 Portland Trail Blazers 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers
1978 Seattle SuperSonics 3–4 Washington Bullets
1979 Seattle SuperSonics 4–1 Washington Bullets
1980 Los Angeles Lakers 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers
1981 Houston Rockets 2–4 Boston Celtics
1982 Los Angeles Lakers 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers
1983 Los Angeles Lakers 0–4 Philadelphia 76ers
1984 Los Angeles Lakers 3–4 Boston Celtics
1985 Los Angeles Lakers 4–2 Boston Celtics
1986 Houston Rockets 2–4 Boston Celtics
1987 Los Angeles Lakers 4–2 Boston Celtics
1988 Los Angeles Lakers 4–3 Detroit Pistons
1989 Los Angeles Lakers 0–4 Detroit Pistons
1990 Portland Trail Blazers 1–4 Detroit Pistons
1991 Los Angeles Lakers 1–4 Chicago Bulls
1992 Portland Trail Blazers 2–4 Chicago Bulls
1993 Phoenix Suns 2–4 Chicago Bulls
1994 Houston Rockets 4–3 New York Knicks
1995 Houston Rockets 4–0 Orlando Magic
1996 Seattle SuperSonics 2–4 Chicago Bulls
1997 Utah Jazz 2–4 Chicago Bulls
1998 Utah Jazz 2–4 Chicago Bulls
1999 San Antonio Spurs 4–1 New York Knicks
2000 Los Angeles Lakers 4–2 Indiana Pacers
2001 Los Angeles Lakers 4–1 Philadelphia 76ers
2002 Los Angeles Lakers 4–0 New Jersey Nets
 Year Western Champion Result Eastern Champion
2003 San Antonio Spurs 4–2 New Jersey Nets
2004 Los Angeles Lakers 1–4 Detroit Pistons
2005 San Antonio Spurs 4–3 Detroit Pistons
2006 Dallas Mavericks 2–4 Miami Heat
2007 San Antonio Spurs 4–0 Cleveland Cavaliers
2008 Los Angeles Lakers 2–4 Boston Celtics
2009 Los Angeles Lakers 4–1 Orlando Magic
2010 Los Angeles Lakers 4–3 Boston Celtics
2011 Dallas Mavericks 4–2 Miami Heat
2012 Oklahoma City Thunder 1–4 Miami Heat
2013 San Antonio Spurs 3–4 Miami Heat

NBA Most Valuable Player Award

Season Player Position Team

1955–56 Bob Pettit Forward St. Louis Hawks
1956–57 Bob Cousy Guard Boston Celtics
1957–58 Bill Russell Center Boston Celtics (2)
1958–59 Bob Pettit (2) Forward St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959–60 Wilt Chamberlain Center Philadelphia Warriors
1960–61 Bill Russell (2) Center Boston Celtics (3)
1961–62 Bill Russell (3) Center Boston Celtics (4)
1962–63 Bill Russell (4) Center Boston Celtics (5)
1963–64 Oscar Robertson Guard Cincinnati Royals
1964–65 Bill Russell (5) Center Boston Celtics (6)
1965–66 Wilt Chamberlain (2) Center Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67 Wilt Chamberlain (3) Center Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1967–68 Wilt Chamberlain (4) Center Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1968–69 Wes Unseld Center/Forward Baltimore Bullets
1969–70 Willis Reed Center/Forward New York Knicks
1970–71 Lew Alcindor Center Milwaukee Bucks
1971–72 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (2) Center Milwaukee Bucks (2)
Season Player Position Team
1972–73 Dave Cowens Center Boston Celtics (7)
1973–74 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (3) Center Milwaukee Bucks (3)
1974–75 Bob McAdoo Forward/Center Buffalo Braves
1975–76 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (4) Center Los Angeles Lakers
1976–77 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (5) Center Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1977–78 Bill Walton Center Portland Trail Blazers
1978–79 Moses Malone Center/Forward Houston Rockets
1979–80 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (6) Center Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1980–81 Julius Erving Forward Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1981–82 Moses Malone (2) Center/Forward Houston Rockets (2)
1982–83 Moses Malone (3) Center/Forward Philadelphia 76ers (5)
1983–84 Larry Bird Forward Boston Celtics (8)
1984–85 Larry Bird (2) Forward Boston Celtics (9)
1985–86 Larry Bird (3) Forward Boston Celtics (10)
1986–87 Magic Johnson Guard Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1987–88 Michael Jordan Guard Chicago Bulls
1988–89 Magic Johnson (2) Guard Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1989–90 Magic Johnson (3) Guard Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1990–91 Michael Jordan (2) Guard Chicago Bulls (2)
1991–92 Michael Jordan (3) Guard Chicago Bulls (3)
1992–93 Charles Barkley Forward Phoenix Suns
1993–94 Hakeem Olajuwon Center Houston Rockets (3)
1994–95 David Robinson Center San Antonio Spurs
1995–96 Michael Jordan (4) Guard Chicago Bulls (4)
1996–97 Karl Malone Forward Utah Jazz
1997–98 Michael Jordan (5) Guard Chicago Bulls (5)
1998–99 Karl Malone (2) Forward Utah Jazz (2)
1999–00 Shaquille O’Neal Center Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2000–01 Allen Iverson Guard Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2001–02 Tim Duncan Forward/Center San Antonio Spurs (2)
2002–03 Tim Duncan (2) Forward/Center San Antonio Spurs (3)
 Season Player Position Team
2003–04 Kevin Garnett Forward Minnesota Timberwolves
2004–05 Steve Nash Guard Phoenix Suns (2)
2005–06 Steve Nash (2) Guard Phoenix Suns (3)
2006–07 Dirk Nowitzki Forward Dallas Mavericks
2007–08 Kobe Bryant Guard Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2008–09 LeBron James Forward Cleveland Cavaliers
2009–10 LeBron James (2) Forward Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2010–11 Derrick Rose Guard Chicago Bulls (6)
2011–12 LeBron James (3) Forward Miami Heat
2012–13 LeBron James (4) Forward Miami Heat

Nelson, Byron
American PGA Tour golfer mostly remembered today for having won 11 consecutive tournaments
and 18 total tournaments in 1945
Second recipient of the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997

Netzer, Günter
Footballer of the Year in Germany (1972, 1973)

NFL Stadiums

Arrowhead Stadium – Kansas City Chiefs

Bank of America Stadium – Carolina Panthers
Candlestick Park – San Francisco 49ers
CenturyLink Field – Seattle Seahawks
Cowboys Stadium – Dallas Cowboys
Edward Jones Dome – St. Louis Rams
EverBank Field – Jacksonville Jaguars
FedEx Field – Landover, Maryland
FirstEnergy Stadium – Kentucky Bluegrass
Ford Field – Detroit Lions
Georgia Dome – Atlanta Falcons
Gillette Stadium – New England Patriots
Heinz Field – Pittsburgh Steelers
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome – Minnesota Vikings
Lambeau Field – Green Bay Packers
Lincoln Financial Field – Philadelphia Eagles
LP Field – Tennessee Titans
Lucas Oil Stadium – Indianapolis Colts
M&T Bank Stadium – Baltimore Ravens
Mercedes-Benz Superdome – New Orleans Saints
MetLife Stadium – New York Giants / New York Jets
O.co Coliseum – Oakland Raiders
Paul Brown Stadium – Cincinnati Bengals
Qualcomm Stadium – San Diego Chargers
Ralph Wilson Stadium – Buffalo Bills
Raymond James Stadium – Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Reliant Stadium – Houston Texans
Soldier Field – Chicago Bears
Sports Authority Field at Mile High – Denver Broncos
Sun Life Stadium – Miami Dolphins
University of Phoenix Stadium – Arizona Cardinals

NHL arenas

Air Canada Centre – Toronto Maple Leafs

American Airlines Center – Dallas Stars
BB&T Center – Florida Panthers
Bell Centre – Montreal Canadiens
Bridgestone Arena – Nashville Predators
Consol Energy Center – Pittsburgh Penguins
First Niagara Center – Buffalo Sabres
Honda Center – Anaheim Ducks
HP Pavilion at San Jose – San Jose Sharks
Jobing.com Arena – Phoenix Coyotes
Joe Louis Arena – Detroit Red Wings
Madison Square Garden (IV) – New York Rangers
MTS Centre – Winnipeg Jets
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum – New York Islanders
Nationwide Arena – Columbus Blue Jackets
Pepsi Center – Colorado Avalanche
PNC Arena – Carolina Hurricanes
Prudential Center – New Jersey Devils
Rexall Place – Edmonton Oilers
Rogers Arena – Vancouver Canucks
Scotiabank Place – Ottawa Senators
Scotiabank Saddledome – Calgary Flames
Scottrade Center – St. Louis Blues
Staples Center – Los Angeles Kings
Tampa Bay Times Forum – Tampa Bay Lightning
TD Garden – Boston Bruins
United Center – Chicago Blackhawks
Verizon Center – Washington Capitals
Wells Fargo Center – Philadelphia Flyers
Xcel Energy Center – Saint Paul, Minnesota

Nicklaus, Jack
Nicknamed “The Golden Bear”, American professional golfer widely regarded as the most
accomplished professional golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships
Also called “Ohio Fats”and “Blobbo”

Nine-dart finish
Perfect leg in a game of darts

Nissen, George
American gymnast and inventor who developed the modern trampoline and made trampolining a
worldwide sport

Noah, Yannick
French professional tennis player best known for winning the French Open in 1983

Noble, Richard
Scottish entrepreneur who was holder of the land speed record between 1983 and 1997

Norton, Ken
American heavyweight boxer and WBC world Heavyweight Champion best known for his 12-
round victory over Muhammad Ali, when he famously broke Ali’s jaw, on March 31, 1973,
becoming only the second man to defeat a peak Ali as a professional

Nurmi, Paavo
Finnish runner nicknamed “Flying Finn”, became the first, and so far only, runner to hold the mile,
the 5,000 m and the 10,000 m world records at the same time in 1923

Nyad, Diana
First person to swim from Havana, Cuba, to Key West, Florida, without the assistance of a shark
cage or swim fins in 2013

Ochoa, Lorena
First Mexican golfer of either gender to be ranked number one in the world

Official FIFA World Cup Ball

1970 Adidas Telstar

1974 Adidas Telstar
1978 Adidas Tango
1982 Adidas Tango España
1986 Adidas Azteca
1990 Adidas Etrusco Unico
1994 Adidas Questra
1998 Adidas Tricolore
2002 Adidas Fevernova
2006 Adidas Teamgeist
2010 Adidas Jabulani
2014 Adidas Brazuca

Oh, Sadaharu
Retired Japanese–Taiwanese baseball player and managerwho holds the world lifetime home run
record, having hit over 100 more than the American record holder Barry Bonds
Ohno, Apolo Anton
American short track speed skating competitor who is the most decorated American Winter
Olympic athlete of all time

Olympic Order
Highest award of the Olympic Movement and is awarded for particularly distinguished
contributions to the Olympic Movement

Onishchenko, Boris
Member of the Soviet Union’s modern pentathlon team in the 1976 Summer Olympics, infamous
for being disqualified for cheating

Optic yellow
Color of a regulation tennis ball

Orr, Bobby
Only defenceman to have won the league scoring title with two Art Ross Trophies and holds the
record for most points and assists in a single season by a defenceman

O’Sullivan, Ronnie
Nicknamed “The Rocket”, English professional snooker player who holds the record for the fastest
maximum break at 5 minutes 20 seconds, which he compiled at the 1997 World Championship

Ottey, Merlene
Female athlete who holds the record for competing at the most consecutive Olympic Games, seven
in all, between 1980 and 2008

Owens, Jesse
American track and field athlete who participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin,
Germany, where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals: one each in the 100
meters, the 200 meters, the long jump, and as part of the 4 x 100 meter relay team

Pacquiao, Manny
Only boxer to win world titles in eight weight divisions

Paderina, Natalia
Russian sport shooter who shared a kiss with Nino Salukvadze of Georgia at the podium during the
Women’s 10m air pistol event at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Pajeau, Charles H.
Creator of the Tinkertoy

Pajitnov, Alexey
Russian computer engineer who developed the popular game Tetris

Palinkas, Patricia
Credited as the first and, until Katie Hnida signed with the Fort Wayne Firehawks in 2010, only
woman to play American football professionally in a league made predominately of men

Pak Doo-ik
North Korean footballer who scored the winning goal in their 1-0 win over Italy at the 1966 FIFA
World Cup in England
Panhellenic Games

• Olympic Games
• Pythian Games
• Nemean Games
• Isthmian Games

Panning
In photography, term referring to the rotation in a horizontal plane of a still camera or video camera

Pantani, Marco
Nicknamed “Pirate”, cyclist who won the 1998 Tour de France

Park, Inbee
Youngest player to win the U.S. Women’s Open
Fourth LPGA Tour player to win three majors in a calendar year

Parkour
Holistic training discipline using movement that developed out of military obstacle course training

Parche, Günter
Deranged fan of Steffi Graf who stabbed tennis player Monica Seles

Patrick, Danica Sue

Only woman to win a race in the IndyCar Series and holds the highest finish (third place) by a
woman at the Indianapolis 500

Patterson, Floyd
First heavyweight boxer to regain the world heavyweight title
Youngest undisputed heavyweight champion

Paul the Octopus

Common octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany, who was used as
an animal oracle to predict the results of football matches, usually international matches in which
Germany was playing and came to worldwide attention with his accurate predictions in the 2010
World Cup

Peloton
Main cluster of riders in a bicycle race

Pentathlon events (ancient)

• Long jump
• Javelin throw
• Greek style discus throw
• Stadion
• Wrestling

Pentathlon events (modern)

• Shooting
• Swimming
• Fencing
• Equestrian
• Cross-country running

Perfect game
Defined by Major League Baseball as a game in which a pitcher or combination of pitchers pitches
a victory that lasts a minimum of nine innings and in which no opposing player reaches base

Perry, Fred
Last British player to win the men’s Wimbledon championship, in 1936
Last British player to win a Men’s singles Grand Slam title until Andy Murray won the US Open in
2012

Perry, Gaylord
First pitcher to win the Cy Young Award in each league

Pheidippides
Hero of Ancient Greece, the central figure in a story that was the inspiration for the modern
sporting event marathon

Phelps, Michael
American swimmer and the most decorated Olympian of all time, with a total of 22 medals
First person to win eight gold medals in one Olympic Games

“The Phenomenon”
Nickname of footballer Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima, one of only three men to have won the
FIFA Player of the Year award three times, along with Zinedine Zidane and Lionel Messi

Phinney, Davis
First American cyclist to win a road stage of the Tour de France

Photobombing
The act of inserting oneself into the field of view of a photograph, often in order to play a practical
joke on the photographer or the subjects

Pienaar, Francois
Best known for leading South Africa to victory in the 1995 Rugby World Cup

Piñata
Container often made of papier-mâché, pottery, or cloth, decorated, and filled with small toys or
candy, or both, and then broken as part of a ceremony or celebration

Pips
Term for the spots in dice and dominoes

Piste
• Marked ski run or path down a mountain for snow skiing, snowboarding or other mountain sports
• In fencing, term given to the playing area

Pistorius, Oscar
First amputee to win an able-bodied world track medal, first double leg amputee to participate in the
Olympics when he entered the men’s 400 meters and 4 × 400 meters relay races

Pitching machine
Machine that automatically pitches a baseball to a batter at different speeds and styles

Planking
2011 fad described as the practice of lying down flat with arms to the side to mimic a wooden plank

Platini, Michel
Former French footballer who holds the record for most goals (9) scored in European
Championship final tournaments

Player, Gary
Nicknamed The Black Knight, Mr. Fitness, International Ambassador of Golf, South African golfer
who became the only non-American to win all four majors, known as the career Grand Slam

Plexicushion
Acrylic-based hard court tennis surface

Poaching
Act of illegally snowboarding at a resort where snowboards are explicitly prohibited

Poffo, Randy Mario

Real name of American professional wrestler “Macho Man” Randy Savage

Pollard, Fritz
First African American head coach in the National Football League

Ponomariov, Ruslan
Ukrainian chess player who became the first player to be disqualified at a major event for allowing
his mobile telephone to ring during a game

de Pourtalès, Hélène
First female Olympic champion (1900, open sailing)

Powell, Mike
Former American track and field athlete and the holder of the long jump world record

Power play
Term in ice hockey referring to a team when at least one opposing player is serving a penalty, and
the team has a numerical advantage on the ice

Powers, Michael Riley “Doc”

First Major Leaguer to suffer an on-field injury that eventually led to his death

Preakness Stakes winners

1873 Survivor
1874 Culpepper
1875 Tom Ochiltree
1876 Shirley
1877 Cloverbrook
1878 Duke of Magenta
1879 Harold
1880 Grenada
1881 Saunterer
1882 Vanguard
1883 Jacobus
1884 Knight of Ellerslie
1885 Tecumseh
1886 The Bard
1887 Dunboyne
1888 Refund
1889 Buddhis
1890 Montague
1891 —
1892 —
1893 —
1894 Assignee
1895 Belmar
1896 Margrave
1897 Paul Kauvar
1898 Sly Fox
1899 Half Time
1900 Hindus
1901 The Parader
1902 Old England
1903 Flocarline
1904 Bryn Mawr
1905 Cairngorm
1906 Whimsical
1907 Don Enrique
1908 Royal Tourist
1909 Effendi
1910 Lay Minister
1911 Watervale
1912 Colonel Holloway
1913 Buskin
1914 Holiday
1915 Rhine Maiden
1916 Damrosch
1917 Kalitan
1918 Jack Hare, Jr. / War Cloud
1919 Sir Barton
1920 Man ’O War
1921 Broomspun
1922 Pillory
1923 Vigil
1924 Nellie Morse
1925 Coventry
1926 Display
1927 Bostonian
1928 Victorian
1929 Dr. Freeland
1930 Gallant Fox
1931 Mate
1932 Burgoo King
1933 Head Play
1934 High Quest
1935 Omaha
1936 Bold Venture
1937 War Admiral
1938 Dauber
1939 Challedon
1940 Bimelech
1941 Whirlaway
1942 Alsab
1943 Count Fleet
1944 Pensive
1945 Polynesian
1946 Assault
1947 Faultless
1948 Citation
1949 Capot
1950 Hill Prince
1951 Bold
1952 Blue Man
1953 Native Dancer
1954 Hasty Road
1955 Nashua
1956 Fabius
1957 Bold Ruler
1958 Tim Tam
1959 Royal Orbit
1960 Bally Ache
1961 Carry Back
1962 Greek Money
1963 Candy Spots
1964 Northern Dancer
1965 Tom Rolfe
1966 Kauai King
1967 Damascus
1968 Forward Pass
1969 Majestic Prince
1970 Personality
1971 Canonero II
1972 Bee Bee Bee
1973 Secretariat
1974 Little Current
1975 Master Derby
1976 Elocutionist
1977 Seattle Slew
1978 Affirmed
1979 Spectacular Bid
1980 Codex
1981 Pleasant Colony
1982 Aloma’s Ruler
1983 Deputed Testamony
1984 Gate Dancer
1985 Tanks’s Prospect
1986 Snow Prospect
1987 Alysheba
1988 Risen Star
1989 Sunday Silence
1990 Summer Squall
1991 Hansel
1992 Pine Bluff
1993 Prairie Bayou
1994 Tabasco Cat
1995 Timber Country
1996 Louis Quatorze
1997 Silver Charm
1998 Real Quiet
1999 Charismatic
2000 Red Bullet
2001 Point Given
2002 War Emblem
2003 Funny Cide
2004 Smarty Jones
2005 Afleet Alex
2006 Bernardini
 2007 Curlin
2008 Big Brown
2009 Rachel Alexandra
2010 Lookin at Lucky
2011 Shackleford
2012 I’ll Have Another
2013 Oxbow

Presidents of the International Olympic Committee

1894–1896 Demetrius Vikelas

1896–1925 Pierre de Coubertin
1925–1942 Godefroy de Blonay
1942–1952 Sigfrid Edström
1952–1972 Avery Brundage
1972–1980 Lord Killanin
1980–2001 Juan Antonio Samaranch
2001–2013 Jacques Rogge
2013– Thomas Bach

Prieste, Hal Haig

Armenian-American athlete known for taking the original five interlocking ring Olympic flag as a
prank at the 1920 Summer Olympics hosted by the city of Antwerp, Belgium

“The Prince of Port of Spain”

Nickname given to international cricket player Brian Lara

“The Professor”
Nickname of French racing driver Alain Prost, four-time winner of the Formula One World
Driver’s Championship (1985, 1986, 1989, 1993)

Puck
Hard disk of vulcanized rubber in ice hockey

Puck-Man
Original name of Pac-Man before being released in the United States

Pujols, Albert
American professional baseball player who is the only player in history to bat at least .300 with 30
or more home runs and 100 or more runs batted in in his first 10 seasons
First player to accumulate at least 500 doubles in his first 12 seasons
“Punter”
Nickname of Australian cricketer Ricky Ponting

Push in the back

Free kick awarded in Australian rules football against a player who illegally tackles or interferes
with a player from behind

Puskás, Ferenc
Hungarian footballer and manager, widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time

Queen Alexandra Stakes

Flat horse race in Great Britain open to thoroughbreds aged four years or older

Quiver
Container for arrows, bolts, or darts

ăd can, Andreea
First gymnast to be stripped of a medal after testing positive for pseudoephedrine, at the time a
prohibited substance

Rags to Riches
First filly to win the Belmont Stakes in over a century

Rapture
Fictional underwater world that is the setting of the video game series Bioshock

“The Real Deal”

Nickname given to professional boxing champion Evander Holyfield

Red ball
In snooker, any of the 15 balls worth 1 point each that can be potted in any order

Red flag
Used in auto racing when conditions are too unsafe to continue the session on which cars are
directed to proceed to pit road, or to stop at a specific spot

Reich, Frank
Former American football quarterback in the National Football League who had the distinction of
having led his team to the biggest comeback victory ever in both the collegiate and professional
ranks

Reimer, Eli
First teenager with Down syndrome to climb to Everest Base Camp

Rejection
In basketball, slang term for a block

Red jersey
Cycling jersey given to the leader of the general classification in the Vuelta a España

Reshevsky, Samuel
Famous chess prodigy who was an eight-time winner of the US Chess Championship

Ribéry, Franck
French international footballer who plays for German club Bayern Munich in the Bundesliga and
for the France national team

Richard, Maurice
First ice hockey player to achieve the feat of 50 goals in 50 games
First to score 50 goals in one season

Richardson, Albert
Traveling salesman for Parker Brothers that became the model for Monopoly’s Rich Uncle
Pennybags

Rickey, Wesley Branch

Known for breaking Major League Baseball’s color barrier by signing African American player
Jackie Robinson, for drafting the first Afro-Hispanic superstar, Roberto Clemente, for creating the
framework for the modern minor league farm system, for encouraging the Major Leagues to add
new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League, and for introducing the
batting helmet

Richmond, Lee
Pitched the first perfect game in baseball history

Riddles, Libby
First woman to win the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog race (1985)

Riley, Pat
First and so far only NBA figure to win an NBA championship as a player, coach and executive

Ripken, Cal
American former baseball shortstop and third baseman best known for breaking Lou Gehrig’s
record for consecutive games played, a record that had stood for 56 years and many deemed
unbreakable

Riposte
In fencing, an offensive action with the intent of hitting one’s opponent made by the fencer who has
just parried an attack

Roberts, Barbara Millicent

Real name of Barbie

Roberts, Xavier
Inventor and manufacturer of Cabbage Patch Kids

Robinson, Betty
Winner of the first Olympic 100-meter dash for women

Robinson, Frank
Only baseball player to win league MVP honors in both the National and American Leagues

Robinson, Jackie
First African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era

Robinson, Sugar Ray

Born Walker Smith Jr., first boxer in history to win a divisional world championship five times
Credited with being the originator of the modern sports “entourage”
Frequently cited as the greatest boxer of all time, his performances in the welterweight and
middleweight divisions prompted sportswriters to create “pound for pound” rankings, where they
compared fighters regardless of weight

Robotnik, Dr. Ivo

Also known as Dr. Eggman, main antagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series

Rose, Justin
First English player to win a major since Nick Faldo in 1996 and the first to win the U.S. Open
since Tony Jacklin in 1970

Rose Bowl
Annual American college football bowl game, usually played on January 1 at the Rose Bowl in
Pasadena, California

Roshambo
Another term for rock-paper-scissors

Rossi, Valentino
Nicknamed “The Doctor”, Italian professional motorcycle racer and multiple MotoGP World
Champion

Rothstein, Arnold
Jewish-American racketeer widely reputed to have organized corruption in professional athletics,
conspiring in the fixing of the 1919 World Series

Rovio Entertainment
Finnish video game developer and entertainment company best known for its video game franchise
Angry Birds and Bad Piggies

Rowley, Arthur
English football player and cricketer who hold the record for the most goals in the history of
English league football, scoring 434 from 619 league games

Royal flush
Poker hand that is ranked highest

Rozelle, Pete
Commissioner of the National Football League from January 1960 to November 1989 who is
credited with making the NFL into one of the most successful sports leagues in the world

Rubik, Erno
Hungarian inventor best known for the invention of mechanical puzzles including Rubik’s Cube
(1974), Rubik’s Magic, Rubik’s Magic: Master Edition, Rubik’s Snake and Rubik’s 360

Rufus the Hawk

Harris Hawk used by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club to keep pigeons away from
their venue

Rungnado May Day Stadium

Largest stadium in the world

Ruth, Babe
First baseball player to hit 500 home runs in his career with a home run

Ruy Lopez
Also called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game, is a chess opening characterized by the moves:
1. e4 e5, 2. Nf3 Nc6 and 3. Bb5

Ryan, Nolan
Nicknamed “The Ryan Express”, American baseball player who holds the record for the all-time
leader in no-hitters with seven, three more than any other pitcher

Sabermetrics
Specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that
measure in-game activity

Sailer, Toni
Austrian alpine ski racer who won three gold medals in alpine skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics,
becoming the only triple gold medalist from that Games and thus the most successful athlete in
1956

Salchow
Term for a jump in which the skater takes off from the back inside edge of one skate, spins in the
air, then lands on the back outside edge of the other skate first performed by the Swedish figure
skater Ulrich Salchow

Sampras, Pete
Last American male to win Wimbledon (2000) and the ATP World Tour Finals (1999)

Sanders, Deion
Only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series

Santos-Dumont, Alberto
Winner of the Deutsche de la Meurthe prize in 1901 on a flight that rounded the Eiffel Tower

Sarazen, Gene
Invented the modern sand wedge

Savate
Traditional French martial art which uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of
western boxing with graceful kicking techniques

“The Say Hey Kid”

Nickname of American professional baseball player Willie Mays

Schmeling, Max
Nicknamed “Black Uhlan of the Rhine”, German boxer who became the first to win the
heavyweight championship by disqualification in 1930, after opponent Jack Sharkey knocked him
down with a low blow in the fourth round
Hailed by Adolf Hitler as a paragon of Teutonic manhood

Schumacher, Michael
German racing driver who holds many of Formula One’s driver records, including most
championships, race victories, fastest laps, pole positions, points scored and most races won in a
single season – 13 in 2004 (broken by Sebastian Vettel in 2013)

Scott, Leslie
Inventor of Jenga

“The Scud”
Nickname given to Australian tennis player Mark Philippoussis

Šebrle, Roman
First decathlete ever to achieve over 9,000 points, setting the record at 9,026 points

Seles, Monica
Youngest-ever French Open champion

Senna, Ayrton
Brazilian racing driver who won three Formula One world championships and was killed in an
accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix

SG 1000
Sega’s first home video console

Shaker, Samir
Iraqi footballer who received a ban for a year by FIFA after spitting at the referee

Sherpa, Lhakpa Tenzing

Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer who holds the record for reaching the summit of Mount Everest more
times than any other person

Shinai
Weapon used for practice and competition in kendo representing a Japanese sword

Shodan
Lowest black belt rank in Japanese martial arts

Shriver, Eunice Kennedy

Founder of the Special Olympics

Silk
Term referring to the racing colors worn by jockeys

Silva, Anderson
Brazilian mixed martial artist who holds the longest title defense streak in UFC history (2006-2013)
which ended in 2013 with 16 consecutive wins and 10 title defenses
Silver Arrows
Name given by the press to Germany’s dominant Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union Grand Prix
motor racing cars between 1934 and 1939, and also later applied to the Mercedes-Benz Formula
One and sports cars in 1954 and 1955

Simonsen, Allan
Danish racing driver who died after an accident during the third lap of the 2013 24 Hours of Le
Mans

Sir Barton
First winner of the US Triple Crown

Skittles
Old European lawn game from which ten-pin bowling, duckpin bowling, candlepin bowling and
five-pin bowling are descended

Skoblikova, Lidiya Pavlovna

Russian speed skater who became the first athlete to earn six gold medals in the Olympic Winter
Games, and the first to earn four gold medals at a single Olympic Winter Games

Skurfing
Original name for wakeboarding

Slacklining
Practice in balance that typically uses nylon or polyester webbing tensioned between two anchor
points

Slammin’ Sammy
Nickname given to golfer Sam Snead, admired by many for having the so-called “perfect swing”

Slender: The Eight Pages

Free download indie-developed first-person survival horror video game released in June 2012 as a
beta for Microsoft Windows and OS X, utilizing the Unity engine

Sloan, Bonnie
First deaf football player in National Football League history

Smetanina, Raisa
First woman in history to win ten Winter Olympic medals

Smith, Ed
American football quarterback who posed for the Heisman Trophy study with the now-iconic
straight or “stiff arm”

Smith, Emmitt
One of only two non-kickers in NFL history to score more than 1,000 career points (the other being
Jerry Rice)
Only running back to ever win a Super Bowl championship, the NFL Most Valuable Player award,
the NFL rushing crown, and the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player award all in the same season

Smith, Graeme
Captain of the South African cricket team
Smokin’Joe
Nickname of American boxer Joe Frazier

Soap Box Derby

Youth soapbox car racing program which has been run in the United States since 1934, held each
July in Akron, Ohio

Solitaire
Any tabletop game which one can play by himself

Solskjær, Ole Gunnar

Norwegian former footballer who was appointed manager of Cardiff City in January 2014

Sörenstam, Annika
Only female golfer to have shot a 59 in competition

Southgate, Gareth
English former footballer and manager of Middlesbrough from June 2006 to October 2009

Spelunking
The recreational pastime of exploring wild cave systems

Spinks, Leon
Nicknamed “Neon Leon”,American former boxer who won the undisputed world heavyweight
championship when he beat Muhammad Ali on February 15, 1978, in what was considered one of
the biggest upsets in boxing history

“Spirit in Motion”
Motto of the Paralympic Games

Spirograph
Geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known
as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids
Invented by Bruno Abakanowicz

Spitz, Mark
American swimmer, the most successful athlete at the 1972 Summer Olympics

Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year

Year Winner Sport Achievement

1954 Roger Bannister Track and field First sub-four-minute mile
1955 Johnny Podres Baseball World Series MVP
1956 Bobby Morrow Track and field Triple Olympic gold medalist
1957 Stan Musial Baseball National League batting champion
1958 Rafer Johnson Track and field Decathlon world record
1959 Ingemar Johansson Boxing World heavyweight champion
Year Winner Sport Achievement
1960 Arnold Palmer Golf PGA Player of the Year
1961 Jerry Lucas College basketball Final Four MVP
1962 Terry Baker College football Heisman Trophy winner
1963 Pete Rozelle Professional football NFL expansion
1964 Ken Venturi Golf U.S. Open Champion
1965 Sandy Koufax Baseball Cy Young Award, Strikeout record
1966 Jim Ryun Track and field Mile world record
1967 Carl Yastrzemski Baseball Triple Crown winner
Professional
1968 Bill Russell NBA champion player-coach
basketball
1969 Tom Seaver Baseball Cy Young Award
1970 Bobby Orr Hockey NHL MVP, Art Ross, Conn Smythe, Norris
1971 Lee Trevino Golf PGA Player of the Year
Billie Jean King Tennis Three major titles
1972
John Wooden College basketball NCAA champion coach
1973 Jackie Stewart Auto racing Formula One World Champion
1974 Muhammad Ali Boxing World heavyweight champion
1975 Pete Rose Baseball World Series MVP
1976 Chris Evert Tennis Two major titles
1977 Steve Cauthen Horse racing Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey
1978 Jack Nicklaus Golf British Open champion
Terry Bradshaw Professional football Super Bowl MVP
1979
Willie Stargell Baseball World Series MVP
U.S. Olympic
1980 Hockey Olympic gold medalists
Hockey Team
1981 Sugar Ray Leonard Boxing World welterweight champion
1982 Wayne Gretzky Hockey NHL MVP, Art Ross
1983 Mary Decker Track and field Double world champion
Edwin Moses Track and field Olympic gold medalist
1984
Mary Lou Retton Gymnastics Olympic gold medalist
Kareem Abdul- Professional
1985 Playoff MVP
Jabbar basketball
1986 Joe Paterno College football NCAA champion coach
Year Winner Sport Achievement
“Athletes Who Care”
Bob Bourne Hockey Helped handicapped children’s school
Judi Brown King Track and field Helped abused children
Kip Keino Track and field Cared for orphaned children
Dale Murphy Baseball Charity spokesman
1987
Chip Rives College football Helped needy children
Patty Sheehan Golf Helped abused girls
Professional
Rory Sparrow Helped school children
basketball
Reggie Williams Professional football Helped high school students
1988 Orel Hershiser Baseball Cy Young Award, World Series MVP
1989 Greg LeMond Cycling Tour de France winner
1990 Joe Montana Professional football Three-time Super Bowl MVP
Professional NBA MVP, NBA Finals MVP, NBA
1991 Michael Jordan
basketball Champion
1992 Arthur Ashe Tennis Supported humanitarian causes
1993 Don Shula Professional football Winningest NFL coach
Bonnie Blair Speed skating Double Olympic gold medalist
1994
Johann Olav Koss Speed skating Triple Olympic gold medalist
1995 Cal Ripken, Jr. Baseball Consecutive games record
1996 Tiger Woods Golf U.S. Amateur, NCAA champion
Winningest college coach at the time of
1997 Dean Smith College basketball
publication
Single-season home run record holder at
Mark McGwire Baseball
1998 the time of publication
Sammy Sosa Baseball National League MVP
U.S. Women’s
1999 Soccer World Cup champions
Soccer Team
2000 Tiger Woods Golf Three major championships
Curt Schilling Baseball World Series Co-MVP
2001
Randy Johnson Baseball World Series Co-MVP, Cy Young Award
2002 Lance Armstrong Cycling Four-time Tour de France winner
Professional
2003 David Robinson Two-time NBA champion
basketball
 Year Winner Sport Achievement
Professional
Tim Duncan NBA MVP, Playoff MVP
basketball
Professional baseball
2004 Boston Red Sox 2004 World Series champions
team
Two-time Super Bowl MVP, Three-time
2005 Tom Brady Professional football
Super Bowl champion
Professional
2006 Dwyane Wade NBA Champion, NBA Finals MVP
basketball
2007 Brett Favre Professional football “for his perseverance and his passion”
Eight Gold Medals in 2008 Summer
2008 Michael Phelps Swimming
Olympics
2009 Derek Jeter Baseball Five-time World Series Champion
Super Bowl MVP and charitable work
2010 Drew Brees Professional football
toward the reconstruction of New Orleans
College basketball
Mike Krzyzewski Most wins in NCAA Division I history
coach
2011
College basketball All-time winningest coach in NCAA
Pat Summitt
coach basketball
Professional NBA MVP, NBA Finals MVP, NBA
2012 LeBron James
basketball Champion, Olympic Gold Medalist
Single season touchdown pass record
2013 Peyton Manning Professional football
holder

“The Squire”
Nickname given to professional golfer Gene Sarazen

St. John, Mia

Mexican-American professional boxer and former WBC champion in the super welterweight
division

Stableford
Scoring system used in the sport of golf

Stanley Cup Winners

1892-1893 Montreal AAA

1893-1894 Montreal AAA
1894-1895 Montreal Victorias
1895-1896 Winnipeg Victorias / Montreal Victorias
1896-1897 Montreal Victorias
1897-1898 Montreal Victorias
1898-1899 Montreal Shamrocks
1899-1900 Montreal Shamrocks
1900-1901 Winnipeg Victoria
1901-1902 Montreal AAA / Winnipeg Victoria
1902-1903 Ottawa Senators / Montreal AAA
1903-1904 Ottawa Senators
1904-1905 Ottawa Senators
1905-1906 Montreal Wanderers / Ottawa Senators
1906-1907 Montreal Wanderers / Kenora Thistles
1907-1908 Montreal Wanderers
1908-1908 Ottawa Senators
1909-1910 Montreal Wanderers
1910-1911 Ottawa Senators
1911-1912 Quebec Bulldogs
1912-1913 Quebec Bulldogs
1913-1914 Toronto Blueshirts
1914-1915 Vancouver Millionaires
1915-1916 Montreal Canadiens
1916-1917 Seattle Metropolitians
1917-1918 Toronto Arenas
1918-1919 —
1919-1920 Ottawa Senators
1920-1921 Ottawa Senators
1921-1922 Toronto St. Pats
1922-1923 Ottawa Senators
1923-1924 Montreal Canadiens
1924-1925 Victoria Cougars
1925-1926 Montreal Maroons
1926-1927 Ottawa Senators
1927-1928 New York Rangers
1928-1929 Boston Bruins
1929-1930 Montreal Canadiens
1930-1931 Montreal Canadiens
1931-1932 Toronto Maple Leafs
1932-1933 New York Rangers
1933-1934 Chicago Blackhawks
1934-1935 Montreal Maroons
1935-1936 Detroit Red Wings
1936-1937 Detroit Red Wings
1937-1938 Chicago Blackhawks
1938-1939 Boston Bruins
1939-1940 New York Rangers
1940-1941 Boston Bruins
1941-1942 Toronto Maple Leafs
1942-1943 Detroit Red Wings
1943-1944 Montreal Canadiens
1944-1945 Toronto Maple Leafs
1945-1946 Montreal Canadiens
1946-1947 Toronto Maple Leafs
1947-1948 Toronto Maple Leafs
1948-1949 Toronto Maple Leafs
1949-1950 Detroit Red Wings
1950-1951 Toronto Maple Leafs
1951-1952 Detroit Red Wings
1952-1953 Montreal Canadiens
1953-1954 Detroit Red Wings
1954-1955 Detroit Red Wings
1955-1956 Montreal Canadiens
1956-1957 Montreal Canadiens
1957-1958 Montreal Canadiens
1958-1959 Montreal Canadiens
1959-1960 Montreal Canadiens
1960-1961 Chicago Blackhawks
1961-1962 Toronto Maple Leafs
1962-1963 Toronto Maple Leafs
1963-1964 Toronto Maple Leafs
1964-1965 Montreal Canadiens
1965-1966 Montreal Canadiens
1966-1967 Toronto Maple Leafs
1967-1968 Montreal Canadiens
1968-1969 Montreal Canadiens
1969-1970 Boston Bruins
1970-1971 Montreal Canadiens
1971-1972 Boston Bruins
1972-1973 Montreal Canadiens
1973-1974 Philadelphia Flyers
1974-1975 Philadelphia Flyers
1975-1976 Montreal Canadiens
1976-1977 Montreal Canadiens
1977-1978 Montreal Canadiens
1978-1979 Montreal Canadiens
1979-1980 New York Islanders
1980-1981 New York Islanders
1981-1982 New York Islanders
1982-1983 New York Islanders
1983-1984 Edmonton Oilers
1984-1985 Edmonton Oilers
1985-1986 Montreal Canadiens
1986-1987 Edmonton Oilers
1987-1988 Edmonton Oilers
1988-1989 Calgary Flames
1989-1990 Edmonton Oilers
1990-1991 Pittsburgh Penguins
1991-1992 Pittsburgh Penguins
1992-1993 Montreal Canadiens
1993-1994 New York Rangers
1994-1995 New York Devils
1995-1996 Colorado Avalanche
 1996-1997 Detroit Red Wings
1997-1998 Detroit Red Wings
1998-1999 Dallas Stars
1999-2000 New Jersey Devils
2000-2001 Colorado Avalanche
2001-2002 Detroit Red Wings
2002-2003 New Jersey Devils
2003-2004 Tampa Bay Lightning
2004-2005 —
2005-2006 Carolina Hurricanes
2006-2007 Anaheim Ducks
2007-2008 Detroit Red Wings
2008-2009 Pittsburgh Penguins
2009-2010 Chicago Blackhawks
2010-2011 Boston Bruins
2011-2012 Los Angeles Kings
2012-2013 Chicago Blackhawks

Starch, Tony
Name of the Iron Man edition of Mr. Potato Head

Stevenson, Teófilo
Cuban amateur boxer who is one of only three boxers to win three Olympic gold medals, alongside
Hungarian László Papp and fellow Cuban Félix Savón

Stotz, Carl
Founder of the Little League Baseball

Strawberry, Darryl
American Major League Baseball outfielder named National League's Rookie of the Year in 1983

Strike
Term used in bowling to indicate that all of the pins have been knocked down with the first ball of a
frame

Sucker punch
Punch made without warning, allowing no time for preparation or defense on the part of the
recipient

Sudden death
In sports, overtime period added to a tied game with the winner being the first to score
“Sugar”
Nickname of mixed martial artist Rashad Evans

Summer Olympic Host Cities

1896: Athens, Greece

1900: Paris, France
1904: St. Louis, United States
1908: London, United Kingdom
1912: Stockholm, Sweden
1916: Scheduled for Berlin, Germany
1920: Antwerp, Belgium
1924: Paris, France
1928: Amsterdam, Netherlands
1932: Los Angeles, United States
1936: Berlin, Germany
1940: Scheduled for Tokyo, Japan
1944: Scheduled for London, United Kingdom
1948: London, United Kingdom
1952: Helsinki, Finland
1956: Melbourne, Australia
1960: Rome, Italy
1964: Tokyo, Japan
1968: Mexico City, Mexico
1972: Munich, West Germany (now Germany)
1976: Montreal, Canada
1980: Moscow, U.S.S.R. (now Russia)
1984: Los Angeles, United States
1988: Seoul, South Korea
1992: Barcelona, Spain
1996: Atlanta, United States
2000: Sydney, Australia
2004: Athens, Greece
2008: Beijing, China
2012: London, United Kingdom
2016: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2020:Tokyo, Japan

Summer Olympic Mascots

1968: El Jaguar Rojo de Chichen-Itza and Paloma de la Paz

1972: Waldi
1976: Amik
1980: Misha
1984: Sam
1988: Hodori and Hosuni
1992: Cobi
1996: Izzy
2000: Olly, Syd, Millie, Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat
2004: Athena and Phevos
2008: Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, Nini
2012: Wenlock

Summer Paralympic Mascots

1988: Komduri
1992: Petra
1996: Blaze
2000: Lizzie
2004: Proteas
2008: Fu Niu LeLe
2012: Mandeville

Super Bowl XXV

Only Super Bowl decided by one point

Super Bowl winners

Winning
Game Date Score Losing team Venue City
team
Los Angeles
January 15, Green Bay Kansas City Los Angeles,
I 35–10 Memorial
1967 Packers Chiefs California
Coliseum
January 14, Green Bay Oakland Miami,
II 33–14 Orange Bowl
1968 Packers (2) Raiders Florida
January 12, New York Baltimore Orange Bowl Miami,
III 16–7
1969 Jets Colts (2) Florida (2)
January 11, Kansas City Minnesota Tulane New Orleans,
IV 23–7
1970 Chiefs (2) Vikings Stadium Louisiana
January 17, Baltimore Dallas Orange Bowl Miami,
V 16–13
1971 Colts (2) Cowboys (3) Florida (3)
January 16, Dallas Miami Tulane New Orleans,
VI 24–3
1972 Cowboys (2) Dolphins Stadium (2) Louisiana (2)
Los Angeles
January 14, Miami Washington Los Angeles,
VII 14–7 Memorial
1973 Dolphins (2) Redskins California (2)
Coliseum (2)
January 13, Miami Minnesota Houston,
VIII 24–7 Rice Stadium
1974 Dolphins (3) Vikings (2) Texas
January 12, Pittsburgh Minnesota Tulane New Orleans,
IX 16–6
1975 Steelers Vikings (3) Stadium (3) Louisiana (3)
January 18, Pittsburgh Dallas Orange Bowl Miami,
X 21–17
1976 Steelers (2) Cowboys (3) (4) Florida (4)
January 9, Oakland Minnesota Pasadena,
XI 32–14 Rose Bowl
1977 Raiders (2) Vikings (4) California (3)
XII January 15, Dallas 27–10 Denver Louisiana New Orleans,
 Winning
Game Date Score Losing team Venue City
team
1978 Cowboys (4) Broncos Superdome Louisiana (4)
January 21, Pittsburgh Dallas Orange Bowl Miami,
XIII 35–31
1979 Steelers (3) Cowboys (5) (5) Florida (5)
January 20, Pittsburgh Los Angeles Pasadena,
XIV 31–19 Rose Bowl (2)
1980 Steelers (4) Rams California (4)
Louisiana
January 25, Oakland Philadelphia New Orleans,
XV 27–10 Superdome
1981 Raiders (3) Eagles Louisiana (5)
(2)
January 24, San Francisco Cincinnati Pontiac Pontiac,
XVI 26–21
1982 49ers Bengals Silverdome Michigan
January 30, Washington Miami Pasadena,
XVII 27–17 Rose Bowl (3)
1983 Redskins (2) Dolphins (4) California (5)
January 22, Los Angeles Washington Tampa Tampa,
XVIII 38–9
1984 Raiders (4) Redskins (3) Stadium Florida
January 20, San Francisco Miami Stanford Stanford,
XIX 38–16
1985 49ers (2) Dolphins (5) Stadium California
Louisiana
January 26, New England New Orleans,
XX Chicago Bears 46–10 Superdome
1986 Patriots Louisiana (6)
(3)
January 25, New York Denver Pasadena,
XXI 39–20 Rose Bowl (4)
1987 Giants Broncos (2) California (6)
January 31, Washington Denver Jack Murphy San Diego,
XXII 42–10
1988 Redskins (4) Broncos (3) Stadium California
January 22, San Francisco Cincinnati Joe Robbie Miami,
XXIII 20–16
1989 49ers (3) Bengals (2) Stadium Florida (6)
Louisiana
January 28, San Francisco Denver New Orleans,
XXIV 55–10 Superdome
1990 49ers (4) Broncos (4) Louisiana (7)
(4)
January 27, New York Tampa Tampa,
XXV 20–19 Buffalo Bills
1991 Giants (2) Stadium (2) Florida (2)
January 26, Washington Buffalo Bills Minneapolis,
XXVI 37–24 Metrodome
1992 Redskins (5) (2) Minnesota
January 31, Dallas Buffalo Bills Pasadena,
XXVII 52–17 Rose Bowl (5)
1993 Cowboys (6) (3) California (7)
January 30, Dallas Buffalo Bills Atlanta,
XXVIII 30–13 Georgia Dome
1994 Cowboys (7) (4) Georgia
January 29, San Francisco San Diego Joe Robbie Miami,
XXIX 49–26
1995 49ers (5) Chargers Stadium (2) Florida (7)
 Winning
Game Date Score Losing team Venue City
team
January 28, Dallas Pittsburgh Sun Devil Tempe,
XXX 27–17
1996 Cowboys (8) Steelers (5) Stadium Arizona
Louisiana
January 26, Green Bay New England New Orleans,
XXXI 35–21 Superdome
1997 Packers (3) Patriots (2) Louisiana (8)
(5)
January 25, Denver Green Bay Qualcomm San Diego,
XXXII 31–24
1998 Broncos (5) Packers (4) Stadium (2) California (2)
January 31, Denver Atlanta Pro Player Miami,
XXXIII 34–19
1999 Broncos (6) Falcons Stadium (3) Florida (8)
January 30, St. Louis Tennessee Georgia Dome Atlanta,
XXXIV 23–16
2000 Rams (2) Titans (2) Georgia (2)
Raymond
January 28, Baltimore New York Tampa,
XXXV 34–7 James
2001 Ravens Giants (3) Florida (3)
Stadium
Louisiana
February 3, New England St. Louis New Orleans,
XXXVI 20–17 Superdome
2002 Patriots (3) Rams (3) Louisiana (9)
(6)
January 26, Tampa Bay Oakland Qualcomm San Diego,
XXXVII 48–21
2003 Buccaneers Raiders (5) Stadium (3) California (3)
February 1, New England Carolina Reliant Houston,
XXXVIII 32–29
2004 Patriots(4) Panthers Stadium Texas (2)
February 6, New England Philadelphia ALLTEL Jacksonville,
XXXIX 24–21
2005 Patriots (5) Eagles (2) Stadium Florida
February 5, Pittsburgh Seattle Detroit,
XL 21–10 Ford Field
2006 Steelers (6) Seahawks Michigan (2)
February 4, Indianapolis Chicago Bears Dolphin Miami,
XLI 29–17
2007 Colts (3) (2) Stadium (4) Florida (9)
University of
February 3, New York New England Glendale,
XLII 17–14 Phoenix
2008 Giants (4) Patriots (6) Arizona
Stadium
Raymond
February 1, Pittsburgh Arizona Tampa,
XLIII 27–23 James
2009 Steelers (7) Cardinals Florida (4)
Stadium (2)
February 7, New Orleans Indianapolis Sun Life Miami,
XLIV 31–17
2010 Saints Colts (4) Stadium (5) Florida (10)
February 6, Green Bay Pittsburgh Cowboys Arlington,
XLV 31–25
2011 Packers (5) Steelers (8) Stadium Texas
February 5, New York New England Lucas Oil Indianapolis,
XLVI 21–17
2012 Giants (5) Patriots(7) Stadium Indiana
 Winning
Game Date Score Losing team Venue City
team
Mercedes-
February 3, Baltimore San Francisco Benz New Orleans,
XLVII 34–31
2013 Ravens (2) 49ers (6) Superdome Louisiana (10)
(7)

Super Bowl Most Valuable Player

1967Bart Starr
1968Bart Starr
1969 Joe Namath
1970 Len Dawson
1971 Chuck Howley
1972 Roger Staubach
1973 Jake Scott
1974 Larry Csonka
1975 Franco Harris
1976 Lynn Swann
1977 Fred Biletnikoff
1978Harvey Martin
1979Terry Bradshaw
1980 Terry Bradshaw
1981 Jim Plunkett
1982 Joe Montana
1983 John Riggins
1984 Marcus Allen
1985 Joe Montana
1986 Richard Dent
1987 Phil Simms
1988 Doug Williams
1989Jerry Rice
1990 Joe Montana
1991 Ottis Anderson
1992 Mark Rypien
1993Troy Aikman
1994 Emmitt Smith
1995Steve Young
1996 Larry Brown
1997Desmond Howard
1998 Terrell Davis
1999 John Elway
2000 Kurt Warner
2001Ray Lewis
2002 Tom Brady
2003Dexter Jackson
2004Tom Brady
2005Deion Branch
2006 Hines Ward
2007 Peyton Manning
2008 Eli Manning
2009 Santonio Holmes
2010 Drew Brees
2011 Aaron Rodgers
2012 Eli Manning
2013 Joe Flacco

Surtees, John
Only person to have won World Championships on both two and four wheels

Sutter, Bruce
First pitcher to make effective use of the splitter

Swahn, Oscar
Swedish shooter who became oldest athlete ever to compete in the Olympics

“Sweet Georgia Brown”

Theme song of Harlem Globetrotters

Synodinos, Dimetrios Georgios

Real name of Jimmy “The Greek” Snyder

Tabb, Michaela
First woman to officiate at a World Snooker Championship final in May 2009

Tabei, Junko
First woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest

Tanner, Roscoe
Former American professional tennis player known for winning the men’s singles title at the first of
two Australian Open tournaments held in 1977

Taylor, John
American track and field athlete notable as the first African American to win an Olympic gold
medal

Taylor, Meldrick
Former Olympic gold medalist and world boxing champion in two weight classes

Tendulkar, Sachin
First Indian to aggregate 50,000 runs in all recognized cricket
Only player to have scored one hundred international centuries
First player to score a double century in a One Day International
Only player to complete 30,000 runs in international cricket
First sportsperson ever and youngest recipient of the Bharat Ratna to date

Tennis Grand Slam Men's Doubles

Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open

Clarence Clark
1881 started in 1905 started in 1925 started in 1884
Fred Taylor
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
tournament not tournament not tournament not Richard Sears (1/6)
1882
created created created James Dwight (1/6)
tournament not tournament not tournament not Richard Sears (2/6)
1883
created created created James Dwight (2/6)
Ernest Renshaw
tournament not tournament not (1/5) Richard Sears (3/6)
1884
created created William Renshaw James Dwight (3/6)
(1/5)
Ernest Renshaw
tournament not tournament not (2/5) Richard Sears (4/6)
1885
created created William Renshaw James Dwight (4/6)
(2/5)
Ernest Renshaw
tournament not tournament not (3/5) Richard Sears (5/6)
1886
created created William Renshaw James Dwight (5/6)
(3/5)
tournament not tournament not Herbert Wilberforce Richard Sears (6/6)
1887
created created P. Bowes-Lyon James Dwight (6/6)
Ernest Renshaw
Oliver Campbell
tournament not tournament not (4/5)
1888 (1/3)
created created William Renshaw
Valentine Hall (1/2)
(4/5)
Ernest Renshaw
tournament not tournament not (5/5) Henry Slocum Jr.
1889
created created William Renshaw Howard Taylor
(5/5)
Valentine Hall (2/2)
tournament not tournament not Joshua Pim (1/2)
1890 Clarence Hobart
created created F. O. Stoker
(1/3)
Herbert Baddeley Oliver Campbell
tournament not tournament not (1/4) (2/3)
1891
created created Wilfred Baddeley Robert Huntington
(1/4) (1/2)
Oliver Campbell
tournament not tournament not Ernest Lewis (3/3)
1892
created created Harry S. Barlow Robert Huntington
(2/2)
Clarence Hobart
tournament not tournament not Joshua Pim (2/2)
1893 (2/3)
created created F.O. Stoker
Fred Hovey (1/2)
Herbert Baddeley Clarence Hobart
tournament not tournament not
1894 (2/4) (3/3)
created created
Wilfred Baddeley Fred Hovey (2/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(2/4)
Herbert Baddeley
tournament not tournament not (3/4) Malcolm Chace
1895
created created Wilfred Baddeley Robert Wrenn
(3/4)
Herbert Baddeley
tournament not tournament not (4/4) Carr Neel
1896
created created Wilfred Baddeley Samuel Neel
(4/4)
Lawrence Doherty
Leo Ware (1/2)
tournament not tournament not (1/10)
1897 George Sheldon Jr.
created created Reginald Doherty
(1/2)
(1/10)
Lawrence Doherty
Leo Ware (2/2)
tournament not tournament not (2/10)
1898 George Sheldon Jr.
created created Reginald Doherty
(2/2)
(2/10)
Lawrence Doherty
Holcombe Ward
tournament not tournament not (3/10)
1899 (1/6)
created created Reginald Doherty
Dwight Davis (1/3)
(3/10)
Lawrence Doherty
Holcombe Ward
tournament not tournament not (4/10)
1900 (2/6)
created created Reginald Doherty
Dwight Davis (2/3)
(4/10)
Lawrence Doherty
Holcombe Ward
tournament not tournament not (5/10)
1901 (3/6)
created created Reginald Doherty
Dwight Davis (3/3)
(5/10)
Lawrence Doherty
tournament not tournament not Sydney Smith (1/2) (6/10)
1902
created created Frank Riseley (1/2) Reginald Doherty
(6/10)
Lawrence Doherty Lawrence Doherty
tournament not tournament not (7/10) (8/10)
1903
created created Reginald Doherty Reginald Doherty
(7/10) (8/10)
Lawrence Doherty
Holcombe Ward
tournament not tournament not (9/10)
1904 (4/6)
created created Reginald Doherty
Beals Wright (1/3)
(9/10)
Randolph Lycett Lawrence Doherty Holcombe Ward
tournament not
1905 (1/5) (10/10) (5/6)
created
Tom Tachell Reginald Doherty Beals Wright (2/3)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(10/10)
Rodney Heath (1/2) Holcombe Ward
tournament not Sydney Smith (2/2)
1906 Anthony Wilding (6/6)
created Frank Riseley (2/2)
(1/5) Beals Wright (3/3)
Norman Brookes
Bill Gregg tournament not (1/4) Fred Alexander (1/6)
1907
Harry Parker created Anthony Wilding Harold Hackett (1/4)
(2/5)
Anthony Wilding
Fred Alexander (2/6) tournament not Fred Alexander (3/6)
1908 (3/5)
Alfred Dunlop created Harold Hackett (2/4)
M.J.G. Ritchie
Herbert Roper
J.P. Keane tournament not Fred Alexander (4/6)
1909 Barrett (1/3)
Ernie Parker (1/2) created Harold Hackett (3/4)
Arthur Gore
Ashley Campbell Josiah Ritchie
tournament not Fred Alexander (5/6)
1910 (1/2) Anthony Wilding
created Harold Hackett (4/4)
Horace Rice (1/2) (4/5)
Rodney Heath (2/2)
tournament not Max Décugis Raymond Little
1911 Randolph Lycett
created André Gobert Gustave Touchard
(2/5)
Herbert Roper Maurice McLoughlin
James Cecil Parke tournament not
1912 Barrett (2/3) (1/3)
Charles Dixon (1/3) created
Charles Dixon (2/3) Thomas Bundy (1/3)
Herbert Roper Maurice McLoughlin
A. Hedeman tournament not
1913 Barrett (3/3) (2/3)
Ernie Parker (2/2) created
Charles Dixon (3/3) Thomas Bundy (2/3)
Ashley Campbell Norman Brookes
Maurice McLoughlin
(2/2) tournament not (2/4)
1914 (1/3)
Gerald Patterson created Anthony Wilding
Thomas Bundy (3/3)
(1/6) (5/5)
William Johnston
Horace Rice (2/2) tournament not (1/3)
1915 no competition
C.V. Todd created Clarence Griffin
(1/3)
William Johnston
tournament not (2/3)
1916 no competition no competition
created Clarence Griffin
(2/3)
Fred Alexander (6/6)
tournament not
1917 no competition no competition Harold
created
Throckmorton
1918 no competition tournament not no competition Bill Tilden (1/6)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
created Vincent Richards
(1/7)
Norman Brookes
Pat O’Hara Wood Ron Thomas (2/3)
tournament not (3/4)
1919 (1/5) Pat O’Hara Wood
created Gerald Patterson
Ron Thomas (1/3) (2/5)
(2/6)
William Johnston
Pat O’Hara Wood Richard Williams
tournament not (3/3)
1920 (3/5) (1/3)
created Clarence Griffin
Ron Thomas (3/3) Chuck Garland
(3/3)
Randolph Lycett Bill Tilden (2/6)
S.H. Eaton tournament not
1921 (3/5) Vincent Richards
Rhys Gemmell created
Max Woosnam (2/7)
James Anderson
John Hawkes(1/3) Bill Tilden (3/6)
tournament not (1/2)
1922 Gerald Patterson Vincent Richards
created Randolph Lycett
(3/6) (3/7)
(4/5)
Pat O’Hara Wood Leslie Godfree
tournament not Bill Tilden (4/6)
1923 (4/5) Randolph Lycett
created Brian Norton
Bert St. John (5/5)
James Anderson
Frank Hunter (1/3)
(2/2) tournament not Howard Kinsey (1/2)
1924 Vincent Richards
Norman Brookes created Robert Kinsey
(4/7)
(4/4)
Pat O’Hara Wood Richard Williams
(5/5) Jean Borotra (1/9) Jean Borotra (2/9) (2/3)
1925
Gerald Patterson René Lacoste (1/3) René Lacoste (2/5) Vincent Richards
(4/6) (5/7)
Vincent Richards Richard Williams
John Hawkes (2/3) Jacques Brugnon
(6/7) (3/3)
1926 Gerald Patterson (1/10)
Howard Kinsey Vincent Richards
(5/6) Henri Cochet (1/5)
(2/2) (7/7)
John Hawkes(3/3) Henri Cochet (2/5)
Frank Hunter (2/3) Bill Tilden (6/6)
1927 Gerald Patterson Jacques Brugnon
Bill Tilden (5/6) Frank Hunter (3/3)
(6/6) (2/10)
Jean Borotra (3/9) Jean Borotra (4/9) Jacques Brugnon
George Lott (1/8)
1928 Jacques Brugnon Jacques Brugnon (5/10)
John Hennessey
(3/10) (4/10) Henri Cochet (3/5)
Jack Crawford (1/6) René Lacoste (3/3) Wilmer Allison (1/4) George Lott (2/8)
1929
Harry Hopman (1/2) Jean Borotra (5/9) John Van Ryn (1/6) John Doeg (1/2)
Henri Cochet (4/5)
Jack Crawford (2/6) Wilmer Allison (2/4) George Lott (3/8)
1930 Jacques Brugnon
Harry Hopman (2/2) John Van Ryn (2/6) John Doeg (2/2)
(6/10)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Charles Donohoe George Lott (4/8) George Lott (5/8) Wilmer Allison (3/4)
1931
Ray Dunlop John Van Ryn (3/6) John Van Ryn (4/6) John Van Ryn (5/6)
Henri Cochet (5/5) Jean Borotra (6/9)
Jack Crawford (3/6) Ellsworth Vines (2/2)
1932 Jacques Brugnon Jacques Brugnon
Edgar Moon Keith Gledhill (1/2)
(7/10) (8/10)
Jean Borotra (7/9)
Keith Gledhill (2/2) Pat Hughes George Lott (6/8)
1933 Jacques Brugnon
Ellsworth Vines (2/2) Fred Perry (1/2) Lester Stoefen (1/3)
(9/10)
Jean Borotra (8/9)
Fred Perry (2/2) George Lott (7/8) George Lott (8/8)
1934 Jacques Brugnon
George Hughes (1/2) Lester Stoefen (2/3) Lester Stoefen (3/3)
(10/10)
Jack Crawford (4/6) Jack Crawford (5/6) Jack Crawford (6/6) Wilmer Allison (4/4)
1935
Vivian McGrath Adrian Quist (1/14) Adrian Quist (2/14) John Van Ryn (6/6)
Jean Borotra (9/9)
Adrian Quist (2/14) George Hughes (2/2) Don Budge (1/4)
1936 Marcel Bernard
D.P.Turnbull (1/2) Raymond Tuckey Gene Mako (1/4)
(1/2)
Gottfried von Gottfried von Cramm
Adrian Quist (3/14) Don Budge (2/4)
1937 Cramm(1/2) (2/2)
D.P.Turnbull (2/2) Gene Mako (2/4)
Henner Henkel (1/2) Henner Henkel (2/2)
John Bromwich
Bernard Destremau Don Budge (3/4) Don Budge (4/4)
1938 (1/13)
Yvon Petra (1/2) Gene Mako (3/4) Gene Mako (4/4)
Adrian Quist (5/14)
John Bromwich Adrian Quist (7/14)
Don McNeill (1/2) Elwood Cooke
1939 (2/13) John Bromwich
Charles Harris Bobby Riggs
Adrian Quist (6/14) (3/13)
John Bromwich
Jack Kramer (1/6)
1940 (4/13) no competition no competition
Fred Schroeder (1/3)
Adrian Quist (8/14)
Jack Kramer (2/6)
1941 no competition no competition no competition
Fred Schroeder (2/3)
Gardnar Mulloy (1/5)
1942 no competition no competition no competition
William Talbert (1/5)
Jack Kramer (3/6)
1943 no competition no competition no competition
Frank Parker (1/3)
Don Mcneill (2/2)
1944 no competition no competition no competition
Bob Falkenburg (1/2)
Gardnar Mulloy (2/5)
1945 no competition no competition no competition
William Talbert (2/5)
John Bromwich
Marcel Bernard(1/2) Tom Brown Gardnar Mulloy (3/5)
1946 (5/13)
Yvon Petra (2/2) Jack Kramer (4/6) William Talbert (3/5)
Adrian Quist (9/14)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
John Bromwich Bob Falkenburg
Eustace Fannin Jack Kramer (6/6)
1947 (6/13) (2/2)
Eric Sturgess Fred Schroeder (3/3)
Adrian Quist (10/14) Jack Kramer (5/6)
John Bromwich John Bromwich
Lennart Bergelin Gardnar Mulloy (4/5)
1948 (7/13) (8/13)
Jaroslav Drobny William Talbert (4/5)
Adrian Quist (11/14) Frank Sedgman (1/9)
John Bromwich Richard Gonzales Richard Gonzales John Bromwich
1949 (9/13) (1/2) (2/2) (10/13)
Adrian Quist (12/14) Frank Parker (2/3) Frank Parker (3/3) Billy Sidwell
John Bromwich William Talbert John Bromwich John Bromwich
1950 (11/13) (5/5) (12/13) (13/13)
Adrian Quist (13/14) Tony Trabert (1/5) Adrian Quist (14/14) Frank Sedgman (2/9)
Ken McGregor (2/7)
Ken McGregor (1/7) Ken McGregor (3/7) Ken McGregor (4/7)
1951 Frank Sedgman
Frank Sedgman (3/9) Frank Sedgman (5/9) Frank Sedgman (6/9)
(4/9)
Ken McGregor (6/7)
Ken McGregor (5/7) Ken McGregor (7/7) Mervyn Rose(1/4)
1952 Frank Sedgman
Frank Sedgman (7/9) Frank Sedgman (9/9) Vic Seixas (1/5)
(8/9)
Lew Hoad (1/8) Lew Hoad (2/8) Lew Hoad (3/8) Rex Hartwig (1/4)
1953
Ken Rosewall (1/9) Ken Rosewall (2/9) Ken Rosewall (3/9) Mervyn Rose (2/4)
Rex Hartwig (2/4) Vic Seixas (2/5) Rex Hartwig (3/4) Vic Seixas (3/5)
1954
Mervyn Rose (3/4) Tony Trabert (2/5) Mervyn Rose (4/4) Tony Trabert (3/5)
Vic Seixas (4/5) Vic Seixas (5/5) Rex Hartwig (4/4) Kosei Kamo
1955
Tony Trabert (4/5) Tony Trabert (5/5) Lew Hoad (4/8) Atsushi Miyagi
Lew Hoad (5/8) Don Candy Lew Hoad (6/8) Lew Hoad (7/8)
1956
Ken Rosewall (4/9) Robert Perry Ken Rosewall (5/9) Ken Rosewall (6/9)
Malcolm Anderson Budge Patty
Neale Fraser (1/11) Neale Fraser (2/11)
1957 (1/2) Gardnar Mulloy
Lew Hoad (8/8) Ashley Cooper (2/4)
Ashley Cooper (1/4) (5/5)
Ashley Cooper (3/4) Ashley Cooper (4/4) Sven Davidson Alex Olmedo
1958
Neale Fraser (3/11) Neale Fraser (4/11) Ulf Schmidt Hamilton Richardson
Rod Laver (1/6) Orlando Sirola Roy Emerson (1/16) Neale Fraser (6/11)
1959
Robert Mark (1/3) Nicola Pietrangeli Neale Fraser (5/11) Roy Emerson (2/16)
Rod Laver (2/6) Roy Emerson (3/16) Rafael Osuna (1/3) Neale Fraser (8/11)
1960
Robert Mark (2/3) Neale Fraser (7/11) Dennis Ralston (1/5) Roy Emerson (4/16)
Chuck McKinley
Rod Laver (3/6) Roy Emerson (5/16) Roy Emerson (6/16)
1961 (1/3)
Robert Mark (3/3) Rod Laver (4/6) Neale Fraser (9/11)
Dennis Ralston (2/5)
Rafael Osuna (2/3)
Roy Emerson (7/16) Roy Emerson (8/16) Bob Hewitt (1/9)
1962 Antonio Palafox
Neale Fraser (10/11) Neale Fraser (11/11) Fred Stolle (1/10)
(1/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Rafael Osuna (3/3) Chuck McKinley
Bob Hewitt (2/9) Roy Emerson (9/16)
1963 Antonio Palafox (2/3)
Fred Stolle (2/10) Manuel Santana
(2/2) Dennis Ralston (3/5)
Roy Emerson Chuck McKinley
Bob Hewitt (3/9) Bob Hewitt (4/9)
1964 (10/16) (3/3)
Fred Stolle (3/10) Fred Stolle (4/10)
Ken Fletcher (1/2) Dennis Ralston (4/5)
John Newcombe Roy Emerson John Newcombe
Roy Emerson (12/16)
1965 (1/17) (11/16) (2/17)
Fred Stolle (6/10)
Tony Roche (1/13) Fred Stolle (5/10) Tony Roche (2/13)
Clark Graebner Ken Fletcher (2/2)
Roy Emerson (13/16) Roy Emerson (14/16)
1966 Dennis Ralston John Newcombe
Fred Stolle (7/10) Fred Stolle (8/10)
(5/5) (3/17)
John Newcombe John Newcombe John Newcombe
Bob Hewitt (5/9)
1967 (4/17) (5/17) (6/17)
Frew McMillan (1/5)
Tony Roche (3/13) Tony Roche (4/13) Tony Roche (5/13)
Ken Rosewall (7/9)
John Newcombe
Dick Crealy (1/2) Fred Stolle (9/10) Robert Lutz (1/5)
1968 (7/17)
Allan Stone (1/2) ***open tennis Stan Smith (1/5)
Tony Roche (6/13)
begins***
John Newcombe John Newcombe
Roy Emerson (15/16) Ken Rosewall (8/9)
1969 (8/17) (9/17)
Rod Laver (5/6) Fred Stolle (10/10)
Tony Roche (7/13) Tony Roche (8/13)
John Newcombe
Robert Lutz (2/5) Ilie Nastase (1/3) Pierre Barthes
1970 (10/17)
Stan Smith (2/5) Ion Tiriac Nikola Pilic
Tony Roche (9/13)
John Newcombe Roy Emerson John Newcombe
Arthur Ashe (1/2)
1971 (11/17) (16/16) (12/17)
Marty Riessen (1/2)
Tony Roche (10/13) Rod Laver (6/6) Roger Taylor (1/2)
Bob Hewitt (6/9)
Owen Davidson (1/2) Bob Hewitt (7/9) Cliff Drysdale
1972 Frew McMillan
Ken Rosewall (9/9) Frew McMillan (2/5) Roger Taylor (2/2)
(3/5)
Malcolm Anderson
John Newcombe Owen Davidson (2/2)
(2/2) Jimmy Connors (1/2)
1973 (14/17) John Newcombe
John Newcombe Ilie Nastase (2/3)
Tom Okker (1/2) (15/17)
(13/17)
John Newcombe
Ross Case (1/2) Dick Crealy (2/2) Robert Lutz (3/5)
1974 (16/17)
Geoff Masters (1/2) Onny Parun Stan Smith (3/5)
Tony Roche (11/13)
Brian Gottfried
John Alexander Vitas Gerulaitis Jimmy Connors (2/2)
1975 (1/3)
Phil Dent Sandy Mayer (1/2) Ilie Nastase (3/3)
Raúl Ramírez (1/3)
1976 John Newcombe Fred McNair Brian Gottfried (2/3) Marty Riessen (2/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(17/17) Sherwood Stewart Raúl Ramírez (2/3) Tom Okker (2/2)
Tony Roche (12/13) (1/3)
Ray Ruffels
Allan Stone (2/2) (Jan) Brian Gottfried
Ross Case (2/2) Bob Hewitt (8/9)
1977 Arthur Ashe (2/2) (3/3)
Geoff Masters (2/2) Frew McMillan (4/5)
Tony Roche (13/13) Raúl Ramírez (3/3)
(Dec)

Wojtek Fibak
Gene Mayer (1/2) Bob Hewitt (9/9) Robert Lutz (4/5)
1978 Kim Warwick (1/4)
(Dec) Hank Pfister (1/2) Frew McMillan (5/5) Stan Smith (4/5)

Peter McNamara
(1/3) Gene Mayer (2/2) Peter Fleming (1/7) Peter Fleming (2/7)
1979
Paul McNamee (1/4) Sandy Mayer (2/2) John McEnroe (1/9) John McEnroe (2/9)
(Dec)

Mark Edmondson
Peter McNamara
(1/5) Victor Amaya Robert Lutz (5/5)
1980 (2/3)
Kim Warwick (2/4) Hank Pfister (2/2) Stan Smith (5/5)
(Dec) Paul McNamee (2/4)

Mark Edmondson Heinz Günthardt

(2/5) (1/2) Peter Fleming (3/7) Peter Fleming (4/7)
1981
Kim Warwick (3/4) Balázs Taróczy John McEnroe (3/9) John McEnroe (4/9)
(Dec)
(1/2)
John Alexander Sherwood Stewart Peter McNamara
Kevin Curren
1982 John Fitzgerald (1/7) (2/3) (3/3)
(Dec) Steve Denton
Ferdi Taygan Paul McNamee (3/4)
Mark Edmondson
(3/5) Anders Järryd (1/8) Peter Fleming (5/7) Peter Fleming (6/7)
1983
Paul McNamee (4/4) Hans Simonsson John McEnroe (5/9) John McEnroe (6/9)
(Dec)

Mark Edmondson
(4/5) Henri Leconte Peter Fleming (7/7) John Fitzgerald (2/7)
1984
Sherwood Stewart Yannick Noah John McEnroe (7/9) Tomáš Šmíd (1/2)
(3/3) (Dec)
Paul Annacone Mark Edmondson Heinz Günthardt
Ken Flach (1/4)
1985 Christo van (5/5) (2/2)
Robert Seguso (1/4)
Rensburg (Dec) Kim Warwick (4/4) Balázs Taróczy (2/2)
John Fitzgerald
Joakim Nyström Andrés Gómez (1/2)
1986 no competition (3/7)
Mats Wilander Slobodan Živojinović
Tomáš Šmíd (2/2)
Stefan Edberg (1/3) Anders Järryd (3/8) Ken Flach (2/4) Stefan Edberg (2/3)
1987
Anders Järryd (2/8) Robert Seguso (2/4) Robert Seguso (3/4) Anders Järryd (4/8)
Rick Leach (1/5) Andrés Gómez (2/2) Ken Flach (3/4) Sergio Casal (1/2)
1988
Jim Pugh (1/3) Emilio Sánchez Robert Seguso (4/4) Emilio Sánchez (2/3)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(1/3)
John McEnroe (8/9)
Rick Leach (2/5) Jim Grabb (1/2) John Fitzgerald (4/7)
1989 Mark Woodforde
Jim Pugh (2/3) Patrick McEnroe Anders Järryd (5/8)
(1/12)
Sergio Casal (2/2)
Pieter Aldrich (1/2) Rick Leach (3/5) Pieter Aldrich (2/2)
1990 Emilio Sánchez
Danie Visser (1/3) Jim Pugh (3/3) Danie Visser (2/3)
(3/3)
John Fitzgerald
Scott Davis John Fitzgerald (6/7) John Fitzgerald (7/7)
1991 (5/7)
David Pate Anders Järryd (7/8) Anders Järryd (8/8)
Anders Järryd (6/8)
Todd Woodbridge
Jim Grabb (2/2)
(1/16) Jakob Hlasek John McEnroe (9/9)
1992 Richey Reneberg
Mark Woodforde Marc Rosset Michael Stich
(1/2)
(2/12)
Todd Woodbridge
Danie Visser (3/3) Luke Jensen (2/16) Ken Flach (4/4)
1993
Laurie Warder Murphy Jensen Mark Woodforde Rick Leach (4/5)
(3/12)
Todd Woodbridge
Jacco Eltingh (1/6) Byron Black (3/16) Jacco Eltingh (2/6)
1994
Paul Haarhuis (1/6) Jonathan Stark Mark Woodforde Paul Haarhuis (2/6)
(4/12)
Todd Woodbridge Todd Woodbridge
Jared Palmer (1/2)
Jacco Eltingh (3/6) (4/16) (5/16)
1995 Richey Reneberg
Paul Haarhuis (3/6) Mark Woodforde Mark Woodforde
(2/2)
(5/12) (6/12)
Todd Woodbridge Todd Woodbridge
Yevgeny
Stefan Edberg (3/3) (6/16) (7/16)
1996 Kafelnikov (1/4)
Petr Korda Mark Woodforde Mark Woodforde
Daniel Vacek (1/3)
(7/12) (8/12)
Todd Woodbridge Todd Woodbridge
Yevgeny Yevgeny Kafelnikov
(8/16) (9/16)
1997 Kafelnikov (2/4) (3/4)
Mark Woodforde Mark Woodforde
Daniel Vacek (2/3) Daniel Vacek (3/3)
(9/12) (10/12)
Jonas Björkman (1/9) Jacco Eltingh (5/6) Jacco Eltingh (6/6) Cyril Suk
1998
Jacco Eltingh (4/6) Paul Haarhuis (4/6) Paul Haarhuis (5/6) Sandon Stolle
Mahesh Bhupathi Mahesh Bhupathi
Jonas Björkman (2/9) Sébastien Lareau
1999 (1/4) (2/4)
Patrick Rafter Alex O’ rien
Leander Paes (1/8) Leander Paes (2/8)
Todd Woodbridge Todd Woodbridge
Ellis Ferreira (10/16) (11/16) Lleyton Hewitt
2000
Rick Leach (5/5) Mark Woodforde Mark Woodforde Max Mirnyi (1/6)
(11/12) (12/12)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Jonas Björkman (3/9) Mahesh Bhupathi
Donald Johnson Wayne Black (1/2)
2001 Todd Woodbridge (3/4)
Jared Palmer (2/2) Kevin Ullyett (1/2)
(12/16) Leander Paes (3/8)
Jonas Björkman
Paul Haarhuis (6/6) Mahesh Bhupathi
Mark Knowles (1/3) (4/9)
2002 Yevgeny (4/4)
Daniel Nestor (1/8) Todd Woodbridge
Kafelnikov (4/4) Max Mirnyi (2/6)
(13/16)
Jonas Björkman
Jonas Björkman (6/9)
Michaël Llodra (1/3) Bob Bryan (1/15) (5/9)
2003 Todd Woodbridge
Fabrice Santoro (1/2) Mike Bryan (1/15) Todd Woodbridge
(15/16)
(14/16)
Jonas Björkman
Michaël Llodra (2/3) Xavier Malisse (7/9) Mark Knowles (2/3)
2004
Fabrice Santoro (2/2) Olivier Rochus Todd Woodbridge Daniel Nestor (2/8)
(16/16)
Jonas Björkman
Wayne Black (2/2) Stephen Huss Bob Bryan (2/15)
2005 (8/9)
Kevin Ullyett (2/2) Wesley Moodie Mike Bryan (2/15)
Max Mirnyi (3/6)
Jonas Björkman
Bob Bryan (3/15) Bob Bryan (4/15) Martin Damm
2006 (9/9)
Mike Bryan (3/15) Mike Bryan (4/15) Leander Paes (4/8)
Max Mirnyi (4/6)
Bob Bryan (5/15) Mark Knowles (3/3) Arnaud Clément Simon Aspelin
2007
Mike Bryan (5/15) Daniel Nestor (3/8) Michaël Llodra (3/3) Julian Knowle
Daniel Nestor (4/8)
Jonathan Erlich Pablo Cuevas Bob Bryan (6/15)
2008 Nenad Zimonjic
Andy Ram Luis Horna Mike Bryan (6/15)
(1/3)
Daniel Nestor (5/8)
Bob Bryan (7/15) Lukás Dlouhy (1/2) Lukás Dlouhy (2/2)
2009 Nenad Zimonjic
Mike Bryan (7/15) Leander Paes (5/8) Leander Paes (6/8)
(2/3)
Daniel Nestor (6/8) Jürgen Melzer (1/2)
Bob Bryan (8/15) Bob Bryan (9/15)
2010 Nenad Zimonjic Philipp Petzschner
Mike Bryan (8/15) Mike Bryan (9/15)
(3/3) (1/2)
Jürgen Melzer (2/2)
Bob Bryan (10/15) Max Mirnyi (5/6) Bob Bryan (11/15)
2011 Philipp Petzschner
Mike Bryan (10/15) Daniel Nestor (7/8) Mike Bryan (11/15)
(2/2)
Leander Paes (7/8) Max Mirnyi (6/6) Jonathan Marray Bob Bryan (12/15)
2012
Radek Stepanek (1/2) Daniel Nestor (8/8) Frederik Nielsen Mike Bryan (12/15)
Bob Bryan (13/15) Bob Bryan (14/15) Bob Bryan (15/15) Leander Paes (8/8)
2013
Mike Bryan (13/15) Mike Bryan (14/15) Mike Bryan (15/15) Radek Štěpánek (2/2)
Łukasz Kubot
2014
Robert Lindstedt
Tennis Grand Slam Men's Singles

Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open

1877 started in 1905 started in 1891 Spencer Gore started in 1881
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1878 Frank Hadow
created created created
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1879 John Hartley (1/2)
created created created
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1880 John Hartle (2/2)
created created created
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1881 Richard Sears (1/7)
created created (1/7)
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1882 Richard Sears (2/7)
created created (2/7)
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1883 Richard Sears (3/7)
created created (3/7)
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1884 Richard Sears (4/7)
created created (4/7)
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1885 Richard Sears (5/7)
created created (5/7)
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1886 Richard Sears (6/7)
created created (6/7)
tournament not tournament not
1887 Herbert Lawford Richard Sears (7/7)
created created
tournament not tournament not
1888 Ernest Renshaw Henry Slocum (1/2)
created created
tournament not tournament not William Renshaw
1889 Henry Slocum (2/2)
created created (7/7)
tournament not tournament not Willoughby Oliver Campbell
1890
created created Hamilton (1/3)
tournament not Wilfred Baddeley Oliver Campbell
1891 H. Briggs
created (1/3) (2/3)
tournament not Wilfred Baddeley Oliver Campbell
1892 Jean Schopfer
created (2/3) (3/3)
tournament not
1893 Laurent Riboulet Joshua Pim (1/2) Robert Wrenn (1/4)
created
tournament not
1894 André Vacherot Joshua Pim (2/2) Robert Wrenn (2/4)
created
1895 tournament not André Vacherot Wilfred Baddeley Fred Hovey
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
created (3/3)
tournament not
1896 André Vacherot Harold Mahoney Robert Wrenn (3/4)
created
tournament not Reginald Doherty
1897 Paul Aymé Robert Wrenn (4/4)
created (1/4)
tournament not Reginald Doherty Malcolm Whitman
1898 Paul Aymé
created (2/4) (1/3)
tournament not Reginald Doherty Malcolm Whitman
1899 Paul Aymé
created (3/4) (2/3)
tournament not Reginald Doherty Malcolm Whitman
1900 Paul Aymé
created (4/4) (3/3)
tournament not William Larned
1901 André Vacherot Arthur Gore (1/3)
created (1/7)
tournament not Lawrence Doherty William Larned
1902 Michel Vacherot
created (1/6) (2/7)
tournament not Lawrence Doherty Lawrence Doherty
1903 Max Decugis
created (2/6) (3/6)
tournament not Lawrence Doherty
1904 Max Decugis Holcombe Ward
created (4/6)
Lawrence Doherty
1905 Rodney Heath (1/2) Maurice Germot Beals Wright
(5/6)
Anthony Wilding Lawrence Doherty
1906 Maurice Germot William Clothier
(1/6) (6/6)
Norman Brookes William Larned
1907 Horace Rice Max Decugis
(1/3) (3/7)
William Larned
1908 Fred Alexander Max Decugis Arthur Gore (2/3)
(4/7)
Anthony Wilding William Larned
1909 Max Decugis Arthur Gore (3/3)
(2/6) (5/7)
Anthony Wilding William Larned
1910 Rodney Heath (2/2) Maurice Germot
(3/6) (6/7)
Norman Brookes Anthony Wilding William Larned
1911 André Gobert
(2/3) (4/6) (7/7)
Anthony Wilding Maurice
1912 James Cecil Parke Max Decugis
(5/6) McLoughlin (1/2)
Anthony Wilding Maurice
1913 Ernie Parker Max Decugis
(6/6) McLoughlin (2/2)
Arthur O’Hara Norman Brookes Richard Williams
1914 Max Decugis
Wood (3/3) (1/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
William Johnston
1915 Francis Lowe no competition no competition
(1/3)
Richard Williams
1916 no competition no competition no competition
(2/2)
Robert Lindley
1917 no competition no competition no competition
Murray (1/2)
Robert Lindley
1918 no competition no competition no competition
Murray (2/2)
Gerald Patterson William Johnston
1919 Algernon Kingscote no competition
(1/3) (2/3)
Pat O’Hara Wood
1920 André Gobert Bill Tilden (1/10) Bill Tilden (2/10)
(1/2)
1921 Rhys Gemmell Jean Samazeuilh Bill Tilden (3/10) Bill Tilden (4/10)
James Anderson Gerald Patterson
1922 Henri Cochet Bill Tilden (5/10)
(1/3) (2/3)
Pat O’Hara Wood William Johnston
1923 François Blanchy Bill Tilden (6/10)
(2/2) (3/3)
James Anderson
1924 Jean Borotra Jean Borotra (1/4) Bill Tilden (7/10)
(2/3)
James Anderson
1925 René Lacoste (1/7) René Lacoste (2/7) Bill Tilden (8/10)
(3/3)
1926 John Hawkes Henri Cochet (1/7) Jean Borotra (2/4) René Lacoste (3/7)
Gerald Patterson
1927 René Lacoste (4/7) Henri Cochet (2/7) René Lacoste (5/7)
(3/3)
1928 Jean Borotra (3/4) Henri Cochet (3/7) René Lacoste (6/7) Henri Cochet (4/7)
1929 John Gregory René Lacoste (7/7) Henri Cochet (5/7) Bill Tilden (9/10)
1930 Edgar Moon Henri Cochet (6/7) Bill Tilden (10/10) John Doeg
Ellsworth Vines
1931 Jack Crawford (1/6) Jean Borotra (4/4) Sidney Wood
(1/3)
Ellsworth Vines Ellsworth Vines
1932 Jack Crawford (2/6) Henri Cochet (7/7)
(2/3) (3/3)
1933 Jack Crawford (3/6) Jack Crawford (4/6) Jack Crawford (5/6) Fred Perry (1/8)
Gottfried von
1934 Fred Perry (2/8) Fred Perry (3/8) Fred Perry (4/8)
Cramm (1/2)
1935 Jack Crawford (6/6) Fred Perry (5/8) Fred Perry (6/8) Wilmer Allison
Gottfried von
1936 Adrian Quist (1/3) Fred Perry (7/8) Fred Perry (8/8)
Cramm (2/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
1937 Vivian McGrath Henner Henkel Don Budge (1/6) Don Budge (2/6)
1938 Don Budge (3/6) Don Budge (4/6) Don Budge (5/6) Don Budge (6/6)
John Bromwich
1939 Don McNeill (1/2) Bobby Riggs (1/3) Bobby Riggs (2/3)
(1/2)
1940 Adrian Quist (2/3) no competition no competition Don McNeill (2/2)
held under German
1941 no competition no competition Bobby Riggs (3/3)
occupation
held under German
1942 no competition no competition Ted Schroeder (1/2)
occupation
held under German
1943 no competition no competition Joseph Hunt
occupation
held under German
1944 no competition no competition Frank Parker (1/4)
occupation
Yvon Petra—
1945 no competition no competition Frank Parker (2/4)
unrecognized winner
John Bromwich
1946 Marcel Bernard Yvon Petra Jack Kramer (1/3)
(2/2)
1947 Dinny Pails József Asbóth Jack Kramer (2/3) Jack Kramer (3/3)
Pancho Gonzales
1948 Adrian Quist (3/3) Frank Parker (3/4) Bob Falkenburg
(1/2)
Pancho Gonzales
1949 Frank Sedgman (1/5) Frank Parker (4/4) Ted Schroeder (2/2)
(2/2)
1950 Frank Sedgman (2/5) Budge Patty (1/2) Budge Patty (2/2) Arthur Larsen
Jaroslav Drobny
1951 Richard Savitt (1/2) Richard Savitt (2/2) Frank Sedgman (3/5)
(1/3)
Jaroslav Drobny
1952 Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman (4/5) Frank Sedgman (5/5)
(2/3)
1953 Ken Rosewall (1/8) Ken Rosewall (2/8) Vic Seixas (1/2) Tony Trabert (1/5)
Jaroslav Drobny
1954 Mervyn Rose (1/2) Tony Trabert (2/5) Vic Seixas (2/2)
(3/3)
1955 Ken Rosewall (3/8) Tony Trabert (3/5) Tony Trabert (4/5) Tony Trabert (5/5)
1956 Lew Hoad (1/4) Lew Hoad (2/4) Lew Hoad (3/4) Ken Rosewall (4/8)
1957 Ashley Cooper (1/4) Sven Davidson Lew Hoad (4/4) Malcolm Anderson
1958 Ashley Cooper (2/4) Mervyn Rose (2/2) Ashley Cooper (3/4) Ashley Cooper (4/4)
Nicola Pietrangeli
1959 Alex Olmedo (1/2) Alex Olmedo (2/2) Neale Fraser (1/3)
(1/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Nicola Pietrangeli
1960 Rod Laver (1/11) Neale Fraser (2/3) Neale Fraser (3/3)
(2/2)
Manuel Santana
1961 Roy Emerson (1/12) Rod Laver (2/11) Roy Emerson (2/12)
(1/4)
1962 Rod Laver (3/11) Rod Laver (4/11) Rod Laver (5/11) Rod Laver (6/11)
1963 Roy Emerson (3/12) Roy Emerson (4/12) Chuck McKinley Rafael Osuna
Manuel Santana
1964 Roy Emerson (5/12) Roy Emerson (6/12) Roy Emerson (7/12)
(2/4)
Manuel Santana
1965 Roy Emerson (8/12) Fred Stolle (1/2) Roy Emerson (9/12)
(3/4)
Roy Emerson Manuel Santana
1966 Tony Roche Fred Stolle (2/2)
(10/12) (4/4)
Roy Emerson Roy Emerson John Newcombe John Newcombe
1967
(11/12) (12/12) (1/7) (2/7)
Last Amateur era Open era tennis
tennis match begins
1968 William Bowrey Ken Rosewall (5/8) Rod Laver (7/11) Arthur Ashe (1/3)
Amateur era tennis First Open era tennis
ends match
1969 Rod Laver (8/11) Rod Laver (9/11) Rod Laver (10/11) Rod Laver (11/11)
John Newcombe
1970 Arthur Ashe (2/3) Jan Kodes (1/3) Ken Rosewall (6/8)
(3/7)
John Newcombe
1971 Ken Rosewall (7/8) Jan Kodes (2/3) Stan Smith (1/2)
(4/7)
1972 Ken Rosewall (8/8) Andrés Gimeno Stan Smith (2/2) Ilie Nastase (1/2)
John Newcombe John Newcombe
1973 Ilie Nastase (2/2) Jan Kodes (3/3)
(5/7) (6/7)
Jimmy Connors Jimmy Connors Jimmy Connors
1974 Björn Borg (1/11)
(1/8) (2/8) (3/8)
John Newcombe
1975 Björn Borg (2/11) Arthur Ashe (3/3) Manuel Orantes
(7/7)
Jimmy Connors
1976 Mark Edmondson Adriano Panatta Björn Borg (3/11)
(4/8)
Roscoe Tanner (Jan) Guillermo Vilas Guillermo Vilas
1977 Björn Borg (4/11)
Vitas Gerulaitis (Dec) (1/4) (2/4)
Guillermo Vilas Jimmy Connors
1978 Björn Borg (5/11) Björn Borg (6/11)
(3/4) (5/8)
Guillermo Vilas
1979 Björn Borg (7/11) Björn Borg (8/11) John McEnroe (1/7)
(4/4)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
1980 Brian Teacher Björn Borg (9/11) Björn Borg (10/11) John McEnroe (2/7)
1981 Johan Kriek (1/2) Björn Borg (11/11) John McEnroe (3/7) John McEnroe (4/7)
Jimmy Connors Jimmy Connors
1982 Johan Kriek (2/2) Mats Wilander (1/7)
(6/8) (7/8)
Jimmy Connors
1983 Mats Wilander (2/7) Yannick Noah John McEnroe (5/7)
(8/8)
1984 Mats Wilander (3/7) Ivan Lendl (1/8) John McEnroe (6/7) John McEnroe (7/7)
1985 Stefan Edberg (1/6) Mats Wilander (4/7) Boris Becker (1/6) Ivan Lendl (2/8)
1986 no competition Ivan Lendl (3/8) Boris Becker (2/6) Ivan Lendl (4/8)
1987 Stefan Edberg (2/6) Ivan Lendl (5/8) Pat Cash Ivan Lendl (6/8)
1988 Mats Wilander (5/7) Mats Wilander (6/7) Stefan Edberg (3/6) Mats Wilander (7/7)
1989 Ivan Lendl (7/8) Michael Chang Boris Becker (3/6) Boris Becker (4/6)
1990 Ivan Lendl (8/8) Andrés Gómez Stefan Edberg (4/6) Pete Sampras (1/14)
1991 Boris Becker (5/6) Jim Courier (1/4) Michael Stich Stefan Edberg (5/6)
1992 Jim Courier (2/4) Jim Courier (3/4) Andre Agassi (1/8) Stefan Edberg (6/6)
1993 Jim Courier (4/4) Sergi Bruguera (1/2) Pete Sampras (2/14) Pete Sampras (3/14)
1994 Pete Sampras (4/14) Sergi Bruguera (2/2) Pete Sampras (5/14) Andre Agassi (2/8)
1995 Andre Agassi (3/8) Thomas Muster Pete Sampras (6/14) Pete Sampras (7/14)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov
1996 Boris Becker (6/6) Richard Krajicek Pete Sampras (8/14)
(1/2)
Gustavo Kuerten Pete Sampras
1997 Pete Sampras (9/14) Patrick Rafter (1/2)
(1/3) (10/14)
Pete Sampras
1998 Petr Korda Carlos Moyá Patrick Rafter (2/2)
(11/14)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov Pete Sampras
1999 Andre Agassi (4/8) Andre Agassi (5/8)
(2/2) (12/14)
Gustavo Kuerten Pete Sampras
2000 Andre Agassi (6/8) Marat Safin (1/2)
(2/3) (13/14)
Gustavo Kuerten
2001 Andre Agassi (7/8) Goran Ivanišević Lleyton Hewitt (1/2)
(3/3)
Pete Sampras
2002 Thomas Johansson Albert Costa Lleyton Hewitt (2/2)
(14/14)
2003 Andre Agassi (8/8) Juan Carlos Ferrero Roger Federer (1/17) Andy Roddick
2004 Roger Federer (2/17) Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer (3/17) Roger Federer (4/17)
2005 Marat Safin (2/2) Rafael Nadal (1/13) Roger Federer (5/17) Roger Federer (6/17)
 Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
2006 Roger Federer (7/17) Rafael Nadal (2/13) Roger Federer (8/17) Roger Federer (9/17)
Roger Federer Roger Federer Roger Federer
2007 Rafael Nadal (3/13)
(10/17) (11/17) (12/17)
Novak Djokovic Roger Federer
2008 Rafael Nadal (4/13) Rafael Nadal (5/13)
(1/6) (13/17)
Roger Federer Roger Federer Juan Martín del
2009 Rafael Nadal (6/13)
(14/17) (15/17) Potro
Roger Federer
2010 Rafael Nadal (7/13) Rafael Nadal (8/13) Rafael Nadal (9/13)
(16/17)
Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic
2011 Rafael Nadal (10/13)
(2/6) (3/6) (4/6)
Novak Djokovic Roger Federer
2012 Rafael Nadal (11/13) Andy Murray (1/2)
(5/6) (17/17)
Novak Djokovic
2013 Rafael Nadal (12/13) Andy Murray (2/2) Rafael Nadal (13/13)
(6/6)
2014 Stanislas Wawrinka

Tennis Grand Slam Mixed Singles

Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open

V. Stokes (1/2)
1887 — — —
J.S. Clark (1/3)
V. Stokes (2/2)
1888 — — —
J.S. Clark (2/3)
Marian Wright
1889 — — —
J.S. Clark (3/3)
Mabel Cahill (1/3)
1890 — — —
Rodmond Beach
Mabel Cahill (2/3)
1891 — — —
M.R. Wright
Mabel Cahill (3/3)
1892 — — — Clarence Hobart
(1/3)
Ellen Roosevelt
1893 — — — Clarence Hobart
(2/3)
Juliette Atkinson
1894 — — — (1/3)
Edwin Fischer (1/4)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Juliette Atkinson
1895 — — — (2/3)
Edwin Fischer (2/4)
Juliette Atkinson
1896 — — — (3/3)
Edwin Fischer (3/4)
Laura Henson
1897 — — —
D.L. Magruder
Carrie Neely
1898 — — —
Edwin Fischer (4/4)
Elizabeth Rastall
1899 — — —
Albert Hoskins
Margaret Hunnewell
1900 — — —
Alfred Codman
Marion Jones
1901 — — —
Raymond Little
Elisabeth Moore
1902 — — — (1/2)
Wylie C. Grant (1/2)
Helen Chapman
1903 — — —
Harry Allen
Elisabeth Moore
1904 — — — (2/2)
Wylie Grant (1/2)
Augusta Schultz
1905 — — — Clarence Hobart
(3/3)
Sarah Coffin
1906 — — —
Edward Dewhurst
May Sayres
1907 — — — Wallace Johnson
(1/3)
Edith Rotch
1908 — — —
Nathaniel Niles
Hazel Hotchkiss
Wightman (1/6)
1909 — — —
Wallace Johnson
(2/3)
Hazel Hotchkiss
1910 — — — Wightman (2/6)
Joe Carpenter
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Hazel Hotchkiss
Wightman (3/6)
1911 — — —
Wallace Johnson
(3/3)
Mary Browne (1/4)
1912 — — —
Richard Williams
Agnes Tuckey Mary Browne (2/4)
1913 — —
Hope Crisp William Tilden (1/5)
Ethel Thomson
Mary Browne (3/4)
1914 — — Larcombe
William Tilden (2/5)
James Parke
Hazel Hotchkiss
1915 — — no competition Wightman (4/6)
Harry Johnson
Eleonora R. Sears
1916 — — no competition (1/2)
Willis E. Davis (1/2)
Eleonora R. Sears
1917 — — no competition (2/2)
Willis E. Davis (2/2)
Hazel Hotchkiss
1918 — — no competition Wightman (5/6)
Irving Wright
Elizabeth Ryan (1/9) Marion Zinderstein
1919 — — Randolph Lycett Vincent Richards
(1/3) (1/2)
Suzanne Lenglen Hazel Hotchkiss
1920 — — (1/5) Wightman (6/6)
Gerald Patterson Wallace Johnson
Elizabeth Ryan (2/9)
Mary Browne (4/4)
1921 — — Randolph Lycett
Bill Johnston
(2/3)
Esna Boyd Suzanne Lenglen Molla Bjurstedt
1922 Robertson (1/3) — (2/5) Mallory (1/2)
John Hawkes (1/5) Pat O’Hara Wood William Tilden (3/5)
Sylvia Lance Elizabeth Ryan (3/9) Molla Bjurstedt
1923 Harper — Randolph Lycett Mallory (2/2)
Horace Rice (3/3) William Tilden (4/5)
Helen Wills Moody
Daphne Akhurst Kathleen McKane
(1/3)
1924 Cozens (1/4) — Godfree (1/3)
Vincent Richards
Jim Willard (1/2) John Gilbert
(2/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Suzanne Lenglen
Daphne Akhurst Suzanne Lenglen Kathleen McKane
(3/5)
1925 Cozens (2/4) (4/5) Godfree (2/3)
Jacques Brugnon
Jim Willard (2/2) Jean Borotra (1/5) John Hawkes (2/5)
(1/2)
Suzanne Lenglen
Esna Boyd Kathleen McKane
(5/5) Elizabeth Ryan (4/9)
1926 Robertson (2/3) Godfree (3/3)
Jacques Brugnon Jean Borotra (2/5)
John Hawkes (3/5) Leslie Godfree
(2/2)
Esna Boyd Eileen Bennett
M. Bordes Elizabeth Ryan (5/9)
1927 Robertson (3/3) Whittingstall (1/3)
Jean Borotra (3/5) Frank Hunter (1/2)
John Hawkes (4/5) Henri Cochet (1/3)
Daphne Akhurst Eileen Bennett Helen Wills Moody
Elizabeth Ryan (6/9)
1928 Cozens (3/4) Whittingstall (2/3) (2/3)
Patrick Spence (1/2)
Jean Borotra (4/5) Henri Cochet (2/3) John Hawkes (5/5)
Daphne Akhurst Eileen Bennett Helen Wills Moody Betty Nuthall
1929 Cozens (4/4) Whittingstall (3/3) (3/3) Shoemaker (1/4)
Edgar Moon (1/2) Henri Cochet (3/3) Frank Hunter (2/2) George Lott (1/4)
Nell Hall Hopman
(1/4) Cilly Aussem Elizabeth Ryan (7/9) Edith Cross
1930
Harry Hopman William Tilden (5/5) Jack Crawford (1/5) Wilmer Allison
(1/5)
Marjorie Cox Betty Nuthall Anna McCune Betty Nuthall
1931 Crawford (1/3) Shoemaker (2/4) Harper Shoemaker (3/4)
Jack Crawford (2/5) Patrick Spence (2/2) George Lott (2/4) George Lott (3/4)
Marjorie Cox Betty Nuthall
Elizabeth Ryan (8/9) Sarah Palfrey
1932 Crawford (2/3) Shoemaker (4/4)
Enrique Maier (1/2) Fred Perry (2/4)
Jack Crawford (3/5) Fred Perry (1/4)
Marjorie Cox Margaret Scriven Hilde Krahwinkel
Elizabeth Ryan (9/9)
1933 Crawford (3/3) Vivian Sperling
Ellsworth Vines
Jack Crawford (4/5) Jack Crawford (5/5) Gottfried von Cramm
Joan Hartigan Dorothy Round Little
Colette Rosambert Helen Jacobs
1934 Bathurst (1/3)
Jean Borotra (5/5) George Lott (4/4)
Edgar Moon (2/2) Ryuki Miki
Dorothy Round Little
Louise Bickerton Lolette Payot Sarah Palfrey Cooke
1935 (2/3)
Christian Boussus Marcel Bernard (1/2) Enrique Maier (2/2)
Fred Perry (3/4)
Nell Hall Hopman
Dorothy Round Little
(2/4) Adeline Yorke Alice Marble (1/7)
1936 (3/3)
Harry Hopman Marcel Bernard (2/2) Gene Mako
Fred Perry (4/4)
(2/5)
Nell Hall Hopman Simone Mathieu Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Alice Marble (2/7)
1937 (3/4) (1/2) (1/4)
Don Budge (1/4)
Harry Hopman Yvon Petra Don Budge (2/4)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(3/5)
Muff Wilson Simone Mathieu
Alice Marble (3/7) Alice Marble (4/7)
1938 John Bromwich (2/2)
Don Budge (3/4) Don Budge (4/4)
(1/4) Dragutin Mitic
Nell Hall Hopman
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
(4/4) Alice Marble (5/7) Alice Marble (6/7)
1939 (2/4)
Harry Hopman Bobby Riggs (1/2) Harry Hopman (5/5)
E.T. Cooke (3/4)
(4/5)
Nancye Wynne
Alice Marble (7/7)
1940 Bolton (1/4) no competition no competition
Bobby Riggs (2/2)
Colin Long (1/4)
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
1941 no competition no competition no competition (4/4)
Jack Kramer
Louise Brough
1942 no competition no competition no competition Clapp(1/8)
Fred Schroeder
Margaret Osborne
1943 no competition no competition no competition duPont (1/10)
William Talbert (1/4)
Margaret Osborne
1944 no competition no competition no competition duPont (2/10)
William Talbert (2/4)
Margaret Osborne
1945 no competition no competition no competition duPont (3/10)
William Talbert (3/4)
Nancye Wynne Louise Brough Clapp Margaret Osborne
Pauline Betz Addie
1946 Bolton (2/4) (2/8) duPont (4/10)
Budge Patty
Colin Long (2/4) Thomas Brown (1/2) William Talbert (4/4)
Nancye Wynne Sheila Summers Louise Brough Clapp Louise Brough Clapp
1947 Bolton (3/4) (1/3) (3/8) (4/8)
Colin Long (3/4) Eric Sturgess (1/5) John Bromwich (2/4) John Bromwich (3/4)
Nancye Wynne Patricia Canning Louise Brough Clapp Louise Brough Clapp
1948 Bolton (4/4) Todd (5/8) (6/8)
Colin Long (4/4) Jaroslav Drobný John Bromwich (4/4) Thomas Brown (2/2)
Doris Hart (1/15) Sheila Summers Louise Brough Clapp
Sheila Summers(3/3)
1949 Frank Sedgman (2/3) (7/8)
Eric Sturgess (3/5)
(1/8) Eric Sturgess (2/5) Eric Sturgess (4/5)
Doris Hart (2/15) Louise Brough Clapp Margaret Osborne
Barbara Scofield
1950 Frank Sedgman (8/8) duPont (5/10)
Enrique Morea
(2/8) Eric Sturgess (5/5) Ken McGregor
1951 Thelma Coyne Doris Hart (3/15) Doris Hart (4/15) Doris Hart (5/15)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Long (1/5) Frank Sedgman (3/8) Frank Sedgman (4/8) Frank Sedgman (5/8)
George
Worthington (1/3)
Thelma Coyne
Long (2/5) Doris Hart (6/15) Doris Hart (7/15) Doris Hart (8/15)
1952
George Frank Sedgman (6/8) Frank Sedgman (7/8) Frank Sedgman (8/8)
Worthington (2/3)
Julie Sampson
Doris Hart(9/15) Doris Hart (10/15) Doris Hart (11/15)
1953 Haywood
Vic Seixas (1/8) Vic Seixas (2/8) Vic Seixas (3/8)
Rex Hartwig(1/2)
Thelma Coyne Maureen Connolly
Doris Hart (12/15) Doris Hart (13/15)
1954 Long (3/5) Brinker
Vic Seixas (4/8) Vic Seixas (5/8)
Rex Hartwig (2/2) Lew Hoad
Thelma Coyne
Long (4/5) Darlene Hard (1/5) Doris Hart (14/15) Doris Hart (15/15)
1955
George Gordon Forbes Vic Seixas (6/8) Vic Seixas (7/8)
Worthington (3/3)
Beryl Penrose Thelma Coyne Long Margaret Osborne
Shirley Fry Irvin
1956 Collier (5/5) duPont (6/10)
Vic Seixas (8/8)
Neale Fraser (1/5) Luis Ayala Ken Rosewall
Věra Puzejova
Fay Muller Darlene Hard (2/5) Althea Gibson
1957 Suková
Mal Anderson Mervyn Rose Kurt Nielsen
Jirí Javorsky
Shirley Bloomer Lorraine Coghlan Margaret Osborne
Mary Bevis Hawton
1958 Brasher Robinson duPont (7/10)
Robert Howe (1/4)
Nicola Pietrangeli Robert Howe (2/4) Neale Fraser (2/5)
Sandra Reynolds Margaret Osborne
Yola Ramírez Ochoa Darlene Hard (3/5)
1959 Price duPont (8/10)
Billy Knight Rod Laver (1/3)
Bob Mark Neale Fraser (3/5)
Jan Lehane O’Neill Margaret Osborne
Maria Bueno Darlene Hard (4/5)
1960 (1/2) duPont(9/10)
Robert Howe (3/4) Rod Laver (2/3)
Trevor Fancutt Neale Fraser (4/5)
Jan Lehane O’Neill Lesley Turner Margaret Court
Darlene Hard (5/5)
1961 (2/2) Bowrey (1/4) (1/21)
Rod Laver (3/3)
Bob Hewitt (1/6) Fred Stolle (1/7) Robert Mark
Lesley Turner Renee Schuurman Margaret Osborne Margaret Court
1962 Bowrey (2/4) Haygarth duPont (10/10) (2/21)
Fred Stolle (2/7) Robert Howe (4/4) Neale Fraser (5/5) Fred Stolle (3/7)
Margaret Court Margaret Court Margaret Court Margaret Court
1963 (3/21) (4/21) (5/21) (6/21)
Ken Fletcher (1/10) Ken Fletcher (2/10) Ken Fletcher (3/10) Ken Fletcher (4/10)
1964 Margaret Court Margaret Court Lesley Turner Margaret Court
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(7/21) (8/21) Bowrey (3/4) (9/21)
Ken Fletcher (5/10) Ken Fletcher (6/10) Fred Stolle (4/7) John Newcombe
(1/2)
Margaret Court
(10/21)
John Newcombe
Margaret Court Margaret Court Margaret Court
(2/2)
1965 (11/21) (12/21) (13/21)
shared with
Ken Fletcher (7/10) Ken Fletcher (8/10) Fred Stolle (5/7)
Robyn Ebbern
Owen Davidson
(1/11)
Annette Van Zyl Margaret Court Donna Floyd Fales
Judy Tegart Dalton
1966 DuPlooy (14/21) Owen Davidson
Tony Roche (1/2)
Frew McMillan (1/5) Ken Fletcher (9/10) (2/11)
Lesley Turner Billie Jean King Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
Bowrey (4/4) (1/11) (2/11) (3/11)
1967
Owen Davidson Owen Davidson Owen Davidson Owen Davidson
(3/11) (4/11) (5/11) (6/11)
Françoise Durr (1/4)
Billie Jean King Margaret Court
Jean-Claude Barclay Mary-Ann Eisel
1968 (4/11) (15/21)
(1/3) Peter Curtis
Dick Crealy Ken Fletcher (10/10)
open tennis begins
Margaret Court
(16/21)
Marty Riessen (1/7) Margaret Court Ann Haydon Jones Margaret Court
1969 shared with (17/21) (2/2) (18/21)
Ann Haydon Jones Marty Riessen (2/7) Fred Stolle (7/7) Marty Riessen (3/7)
(1/2)
Fred Stolle (6/7)
Billie Jean King Rosemary Casals Margaret Court
1970 not played (5/11) (1/3) (19/21)
Bob Hewitt (2/6) Ilie Nastase (1/2) Marty Riessen (4/7)
Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
Françoise Durr (2/4)
(6/11) (7/11)
1971 not played Jean-Claude Barclay
Owen Davidson Owen Davidson
(2/3)
(7/11) (8/11)
Evonne Goolagong Rosemary Casals Margaret Court
1972 not played Cawley (2/3) (20/21)
Kim Warwick (1/2) Ilie Nastase (2/2) Marty Riessen (5/7)
Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
Françoise Durr (3/4)
(8/11) (9/11)
1973 not played Jean-Claude Barclay
Owen Davidson Owen Davidson
(3/3)
(9/11) (10/11)
1974 not played Martina Navratilova Billie Jean King Pam Teeguarden
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(1/10) (10/11) Geoff Masters
Iván Molina Owen Davidson
(11/11)
Margaret Court Rosemary Casals
Fiorella Bonicelli
1975 not played (21/21) (3/3)
Tomas Koch
Marty Riessen (6/7) Dick Stockton (1/2)
Billie Jean King
Ilana Kloss Françoise Durr (4/4)
1976 not played (11/11)
Kim Warwick (2/2) Tony Roche (2/2)
Phil Dent
Mary Carillo Greer Stevens (1/3) Betty Stöve (1/4)
1977 not played
John McEnroe Bob Hewitt (3/6) Frew McMillan (2/5)
Renata Tomanová Betty Stöve (2/4) Betty Stöve (3/4)
1978 not played
Pavel Slozil Frew McMillan (3/5) Frew McMillan (4/5)
Wendy Turnbull
Greer Stevens (2/3) Greer Stevens (3/3)
1979 not played (1/5)
Bob Hewitt (5/6) Bob Hewitt (6/6)
Bob Hewitt (4/6)
Wendy Turnbull
Anne Smith (1/5) Tracy Austin
1980 not played (2/5)
Billy Martin John Austin
Marty Riessen (7/7)
Andrea Jaeger Betty Stöve (4/4) Anne Smith (2/5)
1981 not played
Jimmy Arias Frew McMillan (5/5) Kevin Curren (1/3)
Wendy Turnbull
Anne Smith (3/5) Anne Smith (4/5)
1982 not played (3/5)
Kevin Curren (3/3) Kevin Curren(2/3)
John Lloyd (1/3)
Wendy Turnbull
Barbara Jordan Elizabeth Sayers
1983 not played (4/5)
Eliot Teltscher John Fitzgerald (1/2)
John Lloyd (2/3)
Wendy Turnbull Manuela Maleeva
Anne Smith (5/5)
1984 not played (5/5) Fragniere
Dick Stockton (2/2)
John Lloyd (3/3) Tim Gullikson
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
Martina Navratilova
(2/10) (4/10)
1985 not played (3/10)
Heinz Gunthardt Heinz Gunthardt
Paul McNamee
(1/2) (2/2)
Kathy Jordan (1/2) Kathy Jordan (2/2) Raffaella Reggi
1986 no competition
Ken Flach (1/2) Ken Flach (2/2) Sergio Casal
Zina Garrison (1/3) Martina Navratilova
Pam Shriver Jo Durie (1/2)
1987 Sherwood Stewart (5/10)
Emilio Sánchez (1/2) Jeremy Bates (1/2)
(1/2) Emilio Sánchez (2/2)
Zina Garrison (2/3)
Jana Novotná (1/4) Lori McNeil Jana Novotná (2/4)
1988 Sherwood Stewart
Jim Pugh (1/5) Jorge Lozano (1/2) Jim Pugh (2/5)
(2/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Manon Bollegraf
Jana Novotná (3/4) Jana Novotná (4/4) Shelby Cannon
1989 (1/4)
Jim Pugh (3/5) Jim Pugh (4/5) Robin White
Tom Nijssen (1/2)
Elizabeth Sayers
Natalia Arantxa Sánchez
Zina Garrison(3/3) Smylie (1/2)
1990 Zvereva(1/2) Vicario (1/4)
Rick Leach (1/4) Todd Woodbridge
Jim Pugh (5/5) Jorge Lozano (2/2)
(1/6)
Elizabeth Sayers Manon Bollegraf
Jo Durie (2/2) Helena Suková (1/5)
1991 Smylie (2/2) (2/4)
Jeremy Bates (2/2) Cyril Suk (1/4)
John Fitzgerald (2/2) Tom Nijssen (2/2)
Arantxa Sánchez
Nicole Provis (1/2) Larisa Savchenko Nicole Provis (2/2)
Vicario (2/4)
1992 Mark Woodforde Neiland (1/4) Mark Woodforde
Mark Woodforde
(1/5) Cyril Suk (2/4) (3/5)
(2/5)
Arantxa Sánchez Martina Navratilova
Eugenia Maniokova Helena Suková (2/5)
Vicario (3/4) (6/10)
1993 Andrei Olhovskiy Todd Woodbridge
Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde
(1/2) (3/6)
(2/6) (4/5)
Larisa Savchenko
Helena Suková (3/5) Elna Reinach
Neiland (2/4) Kristie Boogert
1994 Todd Woodbridge Patrick Galbraith
Andrei Olhovskiy Menno Oosting
(4/6) (1/2)
(2/2)
Larisa Savchenko
Natalia Zvereva Martina Navratilova
Neiland (3/4) Meredith McGrath
1995 (2/2) (7/10)
Todd Woodbridge Matt Lucena
Rick Leach (2/4) Jonathan Stark
(5/6)
Larisa Savchenko
Lisa Raymond (1/5)
Neiland (4/4) Patricia Tarabini Helena Suková (4/5)
1996 Patrick Galbraith
Mark Woodforde Javier Frana Cyril Suk (3/4)
(2/2)
(5/5)
Manon Bollegraf Rika Hiraki Manon Bollegraf
Helena Suková (5/5)
1997 (3/4) Mahesh Bhupathi (4/4)
Cyril Suk (4/4)
Rick Leach (3/4) (1/8) Rick Leach (4/4)
Venus Williams
Venus Williams (2/2) Serena Williams Serena Williams
(1/2)
1998 Justin Gimelstob (1/2) (2/2)
Justin Gimelstob
(2/2) Max Mirnyi (1/4) Max Mirnyi (2/4)
(1/2)
Mariaan de Swardt Katarina Srebotnik Ai Sugiyama
Lisa Raymond (2/5)
1999 (1/2) (1/5) Mahesh Bhupathi
Leander Paes (1/6)
David Adams (1/2) Piet Norval (2/8)
Rennae Stubbs Mariaan de Swardt Kimberly Po- Arantxa Sánchez
2000 (1/2) (2/2) Messerli Vicario (4/4)
Jared Palmer (1/2) David Adams (2/2) Donald Johnson Jared Palmer (2/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Virginia Ruano Daniela Hantuchová Rennae Stubbs (2/2)
Corina Morariu
2001 Pascual (1/4) Todd Woodbridge
Ellis Ferreira
Tomás Carbonell Leos Friedl (6/6)
Elena Likhovtseva
Daniela
Cara Black(1/5) (1/2) Lisa Raymond (3/5)
2002 Hantuchová (2/4)
Wayne Black (1/2) Mahesh Bhupathi Mike Bryan (1/3)
Kevin Ullyett
(3/8)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Katarina Srebotnik
Lisa Raymond (4/5)
2003 (8/10) (9/10) (2/5)
Mike Bryan (2/3)
Leander Paes (2/6) Leander Paes (3/6) Bob Bryan (1/7)
Elena Bovina
Tatiana Golovin Cara Black (2/5) Vera Zvonareva (1/2)
2004 Nenad Zimonjic
Richard Gasquet Wayne Black (2/2) Bob Bryan (2/7)
(1/4)
Daniela Hantuchová
Samantha Stosur Daniela Hantuchová Mary Pierce
(4/4)
2005 (1/2) (3/4) Mahesh Bhupathi
Mahesh Bhupathi
Scott Draper Fabrice Santoro (4/8)
(5/8)
Katarina Srebotnik
Martina Hingis Martina Navratilova
(3/5) Vera Zvonareva (2/2)
2006 Mahesh Bhupathi (10/10)
Nenad Zimonjic Andy Ram (1/2)
(6/8) Bob Bryan (3/7)
(2/4)
Elena Likhovtseva Victoria Azarenka
Nathalie Dechy Jelena Jankovic
2007 (2/2) (1/2)
Andy Ram (2/2) Jamie Murray
Daniel Nestor (1/4) Max Mirnyi (3/4)
Sun Tiantian Victoria Azarenka Samantha Stosur
Cara Black (3/5)
2008 Nenad Zimonjic (2/2) (2/2)
Leander Paes (4/6)
(3/4) Bob Bryan (4/7) Bob Bryan (5/7)
Sania Mirza (1/2)
Liezel Huber (1/2) Anna-Lena Grönefeld Carly Gullickson
2009 Mahesh Bhupathi
Bob Bryan (6/7) Mark Knowles Travis Parrott
(7/8)
Katarina Srebotnik
Cara Black (4/5) (4/5) Cara Black (5/5) Liezel Huber (2/2)
2010
Leander Paes (5/6) Nenad Zimonjic Leander Paes (6/6) Bob Bryan (7/7)
(4/4)
Katarina Srebotnik
Casey Dellacqua Iveta Benesová Melanie Oudin
2011 (5/5)
Scott Lipsky Jürgen Melzer Jack Sock
Daniel Nestor (2/4)
Bethanie Mattek- Sania Mirza (2/2)
Lisa Raymond (5/5) Ekaterina Makarova
2012 Sands Mahesh Bhupathi
Mike Bryan (3/3) Bruno Soares
Horia Tecau (8/8)
Jarmila Gajdosová Lucie Hradecká Kristina Mladenovic Andrea Hlaváčková
2013
Matthew Ebden František Čermák Daniel Nestor (3/4) Max Mirnyi (4/4)
 Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Kristina
2014 Mladenovic (2/2)
Daniel Nestor (4/4)

Tennis Grand Slam Women's Doubles

Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open

Bertha Townsend
1889 started in 1922 started in 1925 started in 1913
Margarette Ballard
tournament not tournament not tournament not Ellen Roosevelt
1890
created created created Grace Roosevelt
Mabel Cahill (1/2)
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1891 Emma Leavitt-
created created created
Morgan
tournament not tournament not tournament not Mabel Cahill (2/2)
1892
created created created Adeline McKinlay
tournament not tournament not tournament not Aline Terry
1893
created created created Hattie Butler
Helen Hellwig (1/2)
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1894 Juliette Atkinson
created created created
(1/7)
Helen Hellwig (2/2)
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1895 Juliette Atkinson
created created created
(2/7)
Elisabeth Moore
tournament not tournament not tournament not (1/2)
1896
created created created Juliette Atkinson
(3/7)
Juliette Atkinson
tournament not tournament not tournament not (4/7)
1897
created created created Kathleen Atkinson
(1/2)
Juliette Atkinson
tournament not tournament not tournament not (5/7)
1898
created created created Kathleen Atkinson
(2/2)
Jane Craven
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1899 Myrtle McAteer
created created created
(1/2)
tournament not tournament not tournament not Edith Parker
1900
created created created Hallie Champlin
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Juliette Atkinson
tournament not tournament not tournament not (6/7)
1901
created created created Myrtle McAteer
(2/2)
Juliette Atkinson
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1902 (7/7)
created created created
Marion Jones
Elisabeth Moore
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1903 (2/2)
created created created
Carrie Neely (1/3)
tournament not tournament not tournament not May Sutton Bundy
1904
created created created Miriam Hall
tournament not tournament not tournament not Helen Homans
1905
created created created Carrie Neely (2/3)
tournament not tournament not tournament not Ann Burdette Coe
1906
created created created Ethel Bliss Platt
tournament not tournament not tournament not Marie Wimer
1907
created created created Carrie Neely (3/3)
tournament not tournament not tournament not Evelyn Sears
1908
created created created Margaret Curtis
Hazel Hotchkiss
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1909 Wightman (1/7)
created created created
Edith Rotch (1/2)
Hazel Hotchkiss
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1910 Wightman (2/7)
created created created
Edith Rotch (2/2)
Hazel Hotchkiss
tournament not tournament not tournament not Wightman (3/7)
1911
created created created Eleanora R. Sears
(1/4)
tournament not tournament not tournament not Mary Browne (1/6)
1912
created created created Dorothy Green
Mary Browne (2/6)
tournament not tournament not Winifred McNair
1913 Louise Riddell
created created Dora Boothby
Williams (1/3)
Agatha Morton Mary Browne (3/6)
tournament not tournament not
1914 Elizabeth Ryan Louise Riddell
created created
(1/17) Williams (2/3)
Hazel Hotchkiss
tournament not tournament not Wightman (4/7)
1915 no competition
created created Eleanora R. Sears
(2/4)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Molla Bjurstedt (1/2)
tournament not tournament not
1916 no competition Eleanora R. Sears
created created
(3/4)
Molla Bjurstedt (2/2)
tournament not tournament not
1917 no competition Eleanora R. Sears
created created
(4/4)
Marion Zinderstein
tournament not tournament not
1918 no competition Jessup (1/4)
created created
Eleanor Goss (1/4)
Suzanne Lenglen
Marion Zinderstein
tournament not tournament not (1/8)
1919 Jessup (2/4)
created created Elizabeth Ryan
Eleanor Goss (2/4)
(2/17)
Suzanne Lenglen
Marion Zinderstein
tournament not tournament not (2/8)
1920 Jessup (3/4)
created created Elizabeth Ryan
Eleanor Goss (3/4)
(3/17)
Suzanne Lenglen
Mary Browne (4/6)
tournament not tournament not (3/8)
1921 Louise Riddell
created created Elizabeth Ryan
Williams (3/3)
(4/17)
Suzanne Lenglen Marion Zinderstein
Esna Boyd
tournament not (4/8) Jessup (4/4)
1922 Robertson (1/5)
created Elizabeth Ryan Helen Wills Moody
Marjorie Mountain
(5/17) (1/9)
Esna Boyd Suzanne Lenglen
Kathleen McKane
Robertson (2/5) tournament not (5/8)
1923 Godfree (1/2)
Sylvia Lance Harper created Elizabeth Ryan
Phyllis Covell
(1/3) (6/17)
Daphne Akhurst Hazel Hotchkiss Hazel Hotchkiss
Cozens (1/5) tournament not Wightman (5/7) Wightman (6/7)
1924
Sylvia Lance Harper created Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody
(2/3) (2/9) (3/9)
Sylvia Lance Harper Suzanne Lenglen Suzanne Lenglen
Mary Browne (5/6)
(3/3) (6/8) (7/8)
1925 Helen Wills Moody
Daphne Akhurst Julie Vlasto Serpieri Elizabeth Ryan
(4/9)
Cozens (2/5) (1/2) (7/17)
Meryl O’Hara Wood Suzanne Lenglen
Mary Browne (6/6) Elizabeth Ryan
(1/2) (8/8)
1926 Elizabeth Ryan (9/17)
Esna Boyd Julie Vlasto Serpieri
(8/17) Eleanor Goss (4/4)
Robertson (3/5) (2/2)
Meryl O’Hara Wood Irene Bowder Helen Wills Moody Kathleen McKane
1927 (2/2) Peacock (5/9) Godfree (2/2)
Louise Bickerton Bobbie Heine Elizabeth Ryan Ermyntrude Harvey
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(1/2) (10/17)
Daphne Akhurst Phoebe Holcroft Peggy Saunders Hazel Hotchkiss
Cozens (3/5) Watson (1/4) (1/2) Wightman (7/7)
1928
Esna Boyd Eileen Bennett Phoebe Holcroft Helen Wills Moody
Robertson (4/5) Whittingstall (1/3) Watson (2/4) (6/9)
Daphne Akhurst Peggy Saunders
Phoebe Holcroft
Cozens (4/5) Lili de Alvarez (2/2)
1929 Watson (4/4)
Esna Boyd Kornelia Bouman Phoebe Holcroft
Peggy Mitchell
Robertson (5/5) Watson (3/4)
Margaret Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody Betty Nuthall
Molesworth (1/3) (7/9) (8/9) Shoemaker (1/4)
1930
Emily Hood Elizabeth Ryan Elizabeth Ryan Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Westacott (1/3) (11/17) (12/17) (1/11)
Daphne Akhurst Eileen Bennett Betty Nuthall
Cozens (5/5) Whittingstall (2/3) Phyllis Mudford Shoemaker (3/4)
1931
Louise Bickerton Betty Nuthall Dorothy S. Barron Eileen Bennett
(2/2) Shoemaker (2/4) Whittingstall (3/3)
Helen Wills Moody
Coral Buttsworth Helen Jacobs (1/3)
(9/9) Doris Metaxa
1932 Marjorie Cox Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Elizabeth Ryan Josane Sigart
Crawford (2/11)
(13/17)
Margaret Simone Mathieu
Simone Mathieu (1/9) Betty Nuthall
Molesworth (2/3) (2/9)
1933 Elizabeth Ryan Shoemaker (4/4)
Emily Hood Elizabeth Ryan
(14/17) Freda James (1/3)
Westacott (2/3) (15/17)
Margaret Simone Mathieu
Simone Mathieu (3/9) Helen Jacobs (2/3)
Molesworth (3/3) (4/9)
1934 Elizabeth Ryan Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Emily Hood Elizabeth Ryan
(16/17) (3/11)
Westacott (3/3) (17/17)
Margaret Scriven
Freda James (2/3) Helen Jacobs (3/3)
Evelyn Dearman Vivian
1935 Kay Stammers Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Nancye W. Lyle Kay Stammers Bullitt
Bullitt (2/3) (4/11)
(1/3)
Thelma Coyne Long
Freda James (3/3) Marjorie Gladman
(1/12) Simone Mathieu (5/9)
1936 Kay Stammers Van Ryn
Nancye Wynne Billie Yorke (1/4)
Bullitt (3/3) Carolin Babcock
Bolton (1/10)
Thelma Coyne Long
Simone Mathieu Sarah Palfrey Cooke
(2/12) Simone Mathieu (6/9)
1937 (7/9) (5/11)
Nancye Wynne Billy Yorke (2/4)
Billy Yorke (3/4) Alice Marble (1/6)
Bolton (2/10)
Thelma Coyne Long Sarah Palfrey Cooke Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Simone Mathieu (8/9)
1938 (3/12) (6/11) (7/11)
Billy Yorke (4/4)
Nancye Wynne Alice Marble (2/6) Alice Marble (3/6)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Bolton (3/10)
Thelma Coyne Long
Simone Mathieu (9/9) Sarah Palfrey Cooke Sarah Palfrey Cooke
(4/12)
1939 Jadwiga (8/11) (9/11)
Nancye Wynne
Jedrzejowska Alice Marble (4/6) Alice Marble (5/6)
Bolton (4/10)
Thelma Coyne Long
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
(5/12)
1940 no competition no competition (10/11)
Nancye Wynne
Alice Marble (6/6)
Bolton (5/10)
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
(11/11)
1941 no competition no competition no competition
Margaret Osborne
duPont (1/21)
Louise Brough Clapp
(1/21)
1942 no competition no competition no competition
Margaret Osborne
duPont (2/21)
Louise Brough Clapp
(2/21)
1943 no competition no competition no competition
Margaret Osborne
duPont (3/21)
Louise Brough Clapp
(3/21)
1944 no competition no competition no competition
Margaret Osborne
duPont (4/21)
Louise Brough Clapp
(4/21)
1945 no competition no competition no competition
Margaret Osborne
duPont (5/21)
Louise Brough Clapp Louise Brough Louise Brough Clapp
Joyce Fitch (5/21) Clapp (6/21) (7/21)
1946
Mary Bevis Hawton Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne
duPont (6/21) duPont (7/21) duPont (8/21)
Thelma Coyne Long Louise Brough Clapp Louise Brough Clapp
Patricia Canning
(6/12) (8/21) (9/21)
1947 Todd (1/2)
Nancye Wynne Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne
Doris Hart (1/14)
Bolton (6/10) duPont (9/21) duPont (10/21)
Thelma Coyne Long Louise Brough Louise Brough Clapp
Doris Hart (2/14)
(7/12) Clapp (10/21) (11/21)
1948 Patricia Canning
Nancye Wynne Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne
Todd (2/2)
Bolton (7/10) duPont (11/21) duPont (12/21)
Thelma Coyne Long Louise Brough Clapp Louise Brough Louise Brough Clapp
1949 (8/12) (12/21) Clapp (13/21) (14/21)
Nancye Wynne Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Bolton (8/10) duPont (13/21) duPont (14/21) duPont (15/21)
Louise Brough Louise Brough Clapp
Louise Brough Doris Hart (4/14)
Clapp (16/21) (17/21)
1950 Clapp (15/21) Shirley Fry Irvin
Margaret Osborne Margaret Osborne
Doris Hart (3/14) (1/12)
duPont (16/21) duPont (17/21)
Thelma Coyne Long
Doris Hart (5/14) Doris Hart (6/14) Shirley Fry Irvin
(9/12)
1951 Shirley Fry Irvin Shirley Fry Irvin (4/12)
Nancye Wynne
(2/12) (3/12) Doris Hart (7/14)
Bolton (9/10)
Thelma Coyne Long
Doris Hart (8/14) Doris Hart (9/14) Shirley Fry Irvin
(10/12)
1952 Shirley Fry Irvin Shirley Fry Irvin (7/12)
Nancye Wynne
(5/12) (6/12) Doris Hart (10/14)
Bolton (10/10)
Maureen Connolly
Doris Hart (11/14) Doris Hart (12/14) Shirley Fry Irvin
Brinker (1/2)
1953 Shirley Fry Irvin Shirley Fry Irvin (10/12)
Julie Sampson
(8/12) (9/12) Doris Hart (13/14)
Haywood
Louise Brough
Mary Bevis Hawton Maureen Connolly Shirley Fry Irvin
Clapp (18/21)
1954 (1/4) Brinker (2/2) (11/12)
Margaret Osborne
Beryl Penrose (1/2) Nell Hall Hopman Doris Hart (14/14)
duPont (18/21)
Louise Brough Clapp
Mary Bevis Hawton Angela Mortimer
Beverly Baker Fleitz (19/21)
1955 (2/4) Barrett
Darlene Hard (1/13) Margaret Osborne
Beryl Penrose (2/2) Anne Shilcock
duPont (19/21)
Mary Bevis Hawton Louise Brough Clapp
(3/4) Angela Buxton (1/2) Angela Buxton (2/2) (20/21)
1956
Thelma Coyne Long Althea Gibson (1/5) Althea Gibson (2/5) Margaret Osborne
(11/12) duPont (20/21)
Louise Brough Clapp
Shirley Bloomer
Althea Gibson (3/5) Althea Gibson (4/5) (21/21)
1957 Brasher
Shirley Fry (12/12) Darlene Hard (3/13) Margaret Osborne
Darlene Hard (2/13)
duPont (21/21)
Mary Bevis Hawton
(4/4) Rosie Reyes Darmon Maria Bueno (1/11) Darlene Hard (4/13)
1958
Thelma Coyne Long Yola Ramírez Ochoa Althea Gibson (5/5) Jeanne Arth (1/3)
(12/12)
Renee Schuurman Renee Schuurman
Haygarth (1/5) Haygarth (2/5) Jeanne Arth (2/3) Darlene Hard (6/13)
1959
Sandra Reynolds Sandra Reynolds Darlene Hard (5/13) Jeanne Arth (3/3)
Price (1/4) Price (2/4)
Maria Bueno (2/11)
Maria Bueno (3/11) Maria Bueno (4/11) Maria Bueno (5/11)
1960 Christine Truman
Darlene Hard (7/13) Darlene Hard (8/13) Darlene Hard (9/13)
Janes
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Sandra Reynolds Karen Hantze
Mary Carter Reitano Darlene Hard (10/13)
Price (3/4) Susman (1/3)
1961 Margaret Court Lesley Turner
Renee Schuurman Billie Jean King
(1/19) Bowrey (1/7)
Haygarth (3/5) (1/16)
Sandra Reynolds Karen Hantze
Margaret Court
Price (24/4) Susman (2/3) Darlene Hard (11/13)
1962 (2/19)
Renee Schuurman Billie Jean King Maria Bueno (6/11)
Robyn Ebbern (1/3)
Haygarth (4/5) (2/16)
Ann Haydon Jones
Margaret Court Maria Bueno (7/11) Robyn Ebbern (3/3)
(1/3)
1963 (3/19) Darlene Hard Margaret Court
Renee Schuurman
Robyn Ebbern (2/3) (12/13) (4/19)
Haygarth (5/5)
Judy Tegart Dalton Margaret Court Margaret Court Billie Jean King
(1/8) (5/19) (6/19) (3/16)
1964
Lesley Turner Lesley Turner Lesley Turner Karen Hantze
Bowrey (2/7) Bowrey (3/7) Bowrey (4/7) Susman (3/3)
Margaret Court Margaret Court Carole Caldwell
Maria Bueno (8/11)
(7/19) (8/19) Graebner (1/2)
1965 Nancy Richey
Lesley Turner Lesley Turner Nancy Richey
Gunter (1/4)
Bowrey (5/7) Bowrey (6/7) Gunter (2/4)
Carole Caldwell Margaret Court
Maria Bueno (9/11) Maria Bueno (10/11)
Graebner (2/2) (9/19)
1966 Billie Jean King Nancy Richey
Nancy Richey Judy Tegart Dalton
(4/16) Gunter (4/4)
Gunter (3/4) (2/8)
Lesley Turner Françoise Durr (1/7) Rosemary Casals Rosemary Casals
Bowrey (7/7) Gail Sheriff (1/9) (2/9)
1967
Judy Tegart Dalton Chanfreau Lovera Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
(3/8) (1/4) (5/16) (6/16)
Françoise Durr (2/7) Rosemary Casals
Karen Krantzcke Maria Bueno (11/11)
Ann Haydon Jones (3/9)
1968 Kerry Melville Reid Margaret Court
(2/3) Billie Jean King
(6/6) (10/19)
open tennis begins (7/16)
Margaret Court Margaret Court
Françoise Durr (3/7)
(11/19) (12/19) Françoise Durr (4/7)
1969 Ann Haydon Jones
Judy Tegart Dalton Judy Tegart Dalton Darlene Hard (13/13)
(3/3)
(4/8) (5/8)
Margaret Court Gail Sheriff Rosemary Casals Margaret Court
(13/19) Chanfreau Lovera (4/9) (14/19)
1970
Judy Tegart Dalton (2/4) Billie Jean King Judy Tegart Dalton
(6/8) Françoise Durr (5/7) (8/16) (7/8)
Margaret Court Gail Sheriff Rosemary Casals Rosemary Casals
(15/19) Chanfreau Lovera (5/9) (6/9)
1971
Evonne Goolagong (3/4) Billie Jean King Judy Tegart Dalton
Cawley (1/6) Françoise Durr (6/7) (9/16) (8/8)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Kerry Harris Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
Françoise Durr (7/7)
1972 Helen Gourlay (10/16) (11/16)
Betty Stöve (3/6)
Cawley (1/5) Betty Stöve (1/6) Betty Stöve (2/6)
Rosemary Casals
Margaret Court Margaret Court Margaret Court
(7/9)
1973 (16/19) (17/19) (18/19)
Billie Jean King
Virginia Wade (1/4) Virginia Wade (2/4) Virginia Wade (3/4)
(12/16)
Rosemary Casals
Evonne Goolagong Evonne Goolagong
Chris Evert (1/3) (8/9)
1974 Cawley (2/6) Cawley (3/6)
Olga Morozova Billie Jean King
Peggy Michel (1/3) Peggy Michel (2/3)
(13/16)
Evonne Goolagong Chris Evert (2/3) Margaret Court
Ann Kiyomura
1975 Cawley (4/6) Martina Navratilova (19/19)
Kazuko Sawamatsu
Peggy Michel (3/3) (1/31) Virginia Wade (4/4)
Evonne Goolagong Fiorella Bonicelli
Chris Evert (3/3)
Cawley (5/6) Gail Sheriff Delina Boshoff
1976 Martina Navratilova
Helen Gourlay Chanfreau Lovera Ilana Kloss
(2/31)
Cawley (2/5) (4/4)
Dianne Fromholtz
Balestrat
Helen Gourlay
Cawley (3/5) (Jan) Helen Gourlay Martina Navratilova
Regina Marsíková
1977 Cawley (4/5) (3/31)
Pam Teeguarden
Evonne Goolagong JoAnne Russell Betty Stöve (4/6)
Cawley (6/6) (Dec)
Helen Gourlay
Cawley (5/5)
Kerry Melville Reid Billie Jean King
Betsy Nagelsen (1/2) Mima Jausovec (2/2) (14/16)
1978
Renáta Tomanová Virginia Ruzici Wendy Turnbull Martina Navratilova
(1/4) (4/31)
Billie Jean King
Betty Stöve (6/6)
Judy Chaloner Betty Stöve (5/6) (15/16)
1979 Wendy Turnbull
Dianne Evers Wendy Turnbull (2/4) Martina Navratilova
(3/4)
(5/31)
Billie Jean King
Martina Navratilova
Kathy Jordan (1/5) Kathy Jordan (2/5) (16/16)
1980 (7/31)
Anne Smith (1/5) Anne Smith (2/5) Martina Navratilova
Betsy Nagelsen (2/2)
(6/31)
Rosalyn Fairbank Martina Navratilova
Kathy Jordan (4/5) Kathy Jordan (3/5)
1981 Nideffer (1/2) (8/31)
Anne Smith (4/5) †† Anne Smith (3/5)
Tanya Harford Pam Shriver (1/21)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Rosemary Casals
1982
(11/31) (9/31) (10/31) (9/9)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Pam Shriver (3/21) Anne Smith (5/5) Pam Shriver (2/21) Wendy Turnbull
(4/4)
Martina Navratilova Rosalyn Fairbank Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1983 (14/31) Nideffer (2/2) (12/31) (13/31)
Pam Shriver (6/21) Candy Reynolds Pam Shriver (4/21) Pam Shriver (5/21)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1984 (18/31) (15/31) (16/31) (17/31)
Pam Shriver (10/21) Pam Shriver (7/21) Pam Shriver (8/21) Pam Shriver (9/21)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Kathy Jordan (5/5) Claudia Kohde-
1985 (20/31) (19/31) Elizabeth Sayers Kilsch (1/2)
Pam Shriver (12/21) Pam Shriver (11/21) Smylie Helena Suková (1/9)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1986 no competition (21/31) (22/31) (23/31)
Andrea Temesvári Pam Shriver (13/21) Pam Shriver (14/21)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Claudia Kohde- Martina Navratilova
1987 (24/31) (25/31) Kilsch (2/2) (26/31)
Pam Shriver (15/21) Pam Shriver (16/21) Helena Suková (2/9) Pam Shriver (17/21)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Gigi Fernández
Steffi Graf
1988 (27/31) (28/31) (1/17)
Gabriela Sabatini
Pam Shriver (18/21) Pam Shriver (19/21) Robin White
Larisa Savchenko
Martina Navratilova Hana Mandlíková
Neiland (1/2) Jana Novotná (1/12)
1989 (29/31) Martina Navratilova
Natasha Zvereva Helena Suková (3/9)
Pam Shriver (20/21) (30/31)
(1/18)
Gigi Fernández
Jana Novotná (2/12) Jana Novotná (3/12) Jana Novotná (4/12) (2/17)
1990
Helena Suková (4/9) Helena Suková (5/9) Helena Suková (6/9) Martina Navratilova
(31/31)
Larisa Savchenko
Patty Fendick Gigi Fernández Pam Shriver (21/21)
Neiland (2/2)
1991 Mary Joe Fernandez (3/17) Natasha Zvereva
Natasha Zvereva
(1/2) Jana Novotná (5/12) (3/18)
(2/18)
Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández
Arantxa Sánchez
(4/17) (5/17) (6/17)
1992 Vicario (1/6)
Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva
Helena Suková (7/9)
(4/18) (5/18) (6/18)
Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández
Arantxa Sánchez
(7/17) (17/8) (17/9)
1993 Vicario (2/6)
Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva
Helena Suková (8/9)
(7/18) (8/18) (9/18)
Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández Jana Novotná (6/12)
1994 (10/17) (11/17) (12/17) Arantxa Sánchez
Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva Vicario (3/6)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(10/18) (11/18) (12/18)
Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández
Jana Novotná (7/12) Jana Novotná (8/12)
(13/17) (14/17)
1995 Arantxa Sánchez Arantxa Sánchez
Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva
Vicario (4/6) Vicario (5/6)
(13/18) (14/18)
Lindsay Davenport Gigi Fernández
Chanda Rubin
(1/3) Martina Hingis (1/9) (15/17)
1996 Arantxa Sánchez
Mary Joe Fernandez Helena Suková (9/9) Natasha Zvereva
Vicario (6/6)
(2/2) (15/18)
Gigi Fernández Gigi Fernández
Martina Hingis (2/9) Lindsay Davenport
(16/17) (17/17)
1997 Natasha Zvereva (2/3)
Natasha Zvereva Natasha Zvereva
(16/18) Jana Novotná (9/12)
(17/18) (18/18)
Martina Hingis (5/9) Martina Hingis (6/9)
Martina Hingis (3/9) Martina Hingis (4/9)
1998 Jana Novotná Jana Novotná
Mirjana Lucic Jana Novotná (10/12)
(11/12) (12/12)
Serena Williams Serena Williams
Martina Hingis (7/9) Lindsay Davenport
(1/13) (2/13)
1999 Anna Kournikova (3/3)
Venus Williams Venus Williams
(1/2) Corina Morariu
(1/13) (2/13)
Serena Williams
Lisa Raymond (1/6) Martina Hingis (8/9) (3/13) Julie Halard-Decugis
2000
Rennae Stubbs (1/4) Mary Pierce Venus Williams Ai Sugiyama (1/3)
(3/13)
Serena Williams
Virginia Ruano
(4/13) Lisa Raymond (2/6) Lisa Raymond (3/6)
2001 Pascual (1/10)
Venus Williams Rennae Stubbs (2/4) Rennae Stubbs (3/4)
Paola Suárez (1/8)
(4/13)
Serena Williams
Martina Hingis (9/9) Virginia Ruano Virginia Ruano
(5/13)
2002 Anna Kournikova Pascual (2/10) Pascual (3/10)
Venus Williams
(2/2) Paola Suárez (2/8) Paola Suárez (3/8)
(5/13)
Serena Williams
Virginia Ruano
(6/13) Kim Clijsters (1/2) Kim Clijsters (2/2)
2003 Pascual (4/10)
Venus Williams Ai Sugiyama (2/3) Ai Sugiyama (3/3)
Paola Suárez (4/8)
(6/13)
Virginia Ruano Virginia Ruano Virginia Ruano
Cara Black (1/5)
2004 Pascual (5/10) Pascual (6/10) Pascual (7/10)
Rennae Stubbs (4/4)
Paola Suárez (5/8) Paola Suárez (6/8) Paola Suárez (7/8)
Svetlana Kuznetsova Virginia Ruano Lisa Raymond (4/6)
Cara Black (2/5)
2005 (1/2) Pascual (8/10) Samantha Stosur
Liezel Huber (1/5)
Alicia Molik (1/2) Paola Suárez (8/8) (1/2)
2006 Yan Zi (1/2) Lisa Raymond (5/6) Yan Zi (2/2) Nathalie Dechy(1/2)
 Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Zheng Jie (1/2) Samantha Stosur Zheng Jie (2/2) Vera Zvonareva
(2/2) (1/2)
Cara Black (3/5) Alicia Molik (2/2) Cara Black (4/5) Nathalie Dechy (2/2)
2007
Liezel Huber (2/5) Mara Santangelo Liezel Huber (3/5) Dinara Safina
Anabel Medina Serena Williams
Alona Bondarenko
Garrigues (1/2) (7/13) Cara Black (5/5)
2008 Kateryna
Virginia Ruano Venus Williams Liezel Huber (4/5)
Bondarenko
Pascual (9/10) (7/13)
Serena Williams Anabel Medina Serena Williams Serena Williams
(8/13) Garrigues (2/2) (9/13) (10/13)
2009
Venus Williams Virginia Ruano Venus Williams Venus Williams
(8/13) Pascual (10/10) (9/13) (10/13)
Serena Williams Serena Williams
Vania King (1/2) Vania King (2/2)
(11/13) (12/13)
2010 Yaroslava Shvedova Yaroslava Shvedova
Venus Williams Venus Williams
(1/2) (2/2)
(11/13) (12/13)
Andrea Hlavácková
Gisela Dulko Kveta Peschke Liezel Huber (5/5)
2011 (1/2)
Flavia Pennetta Katarina Srebotnik Lisa Raymond (6/6)
Lucie Hradecká (1/2)
Svetlana Kuznetsova Serena Williams
(2/2) Sara Errani (1/3) (13/13) Sara Errani (2/3)
2012
Vera Zvonareva Roberta Vinci (1/3) Venus Williams Roberta Vinci (2/3)
(2/2) (13/13)
Andrea Hlaváčková
Sara Errani (3/3) Ekaterina Makarova Hsieh Su-wei
2013 (2/2)
Roberta Vinci (3/3) Elena Vesnina Peng Shuai
Lucie Hradecká (2/2)
Sara Errani (3/3)
2014
Roberta Vinci (3/3)

Tennis Grand Slam Women's Singles

Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open

1884 started in 1922 started in 1897 Maud Watson (1/2) started in 1887
tournament not tournament not tournament not
1885 Maud Watson (2/2)
created created created
tournament not tournament not Blanche Bingley tournament not
1886
created created Hillyard (1/6) created
tournament not tournament not
1887 Lottie Dod (1/5) Ellen Hansell
created created
tournament not tournament not Bertha Townsend
1888 Lottie Dod (2/5)
created created (1/2)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
tournament not tournament not Blanche Bingley Bertha Townsend
1889
created created Hillyard (2/6) (2/2)
tournament not tournament not
1890 Helen Rice Ellen Roosevelt
created created
tournament not tournament not
1891 Lottie Dod (3/5) Mabel Cahill (1/2)
created created
tournament not tournament not
1892 Lottie Dod (4/5) Mabel Cahill (2/2)
created created
tournament not tournament not
1893 Lottie Dod (5/5) Aline Terry
created created
tournament not tournament not Blanche Bingley
1894 Helen Hellwig
created created Hillyard (3/6)
tournament not tournament not Charlotte Cooper Juliette Atkinson
1895
created created Sterry (1/5) (1/3)
tournament not tournament not Charlotte Cooper Elisabeth Moore
1896
created created Sterry (2/5) (1/4)
tournament not Blanche Bingley Juliette Atkinson
1897 Adine Masson
created Hillyard (4/6) (2/3)
tournament not Charlotte Cooper Juliette Atkinson
1898 Adine Masson
created Sterry (3/5) (3/3)
tournament not Blanche Bingley
1899 Adine Masson Marion Jones (1/2)
created Hillyard (5/6)
tournament not Blanche Bingley
1900 Hélène Prévost Myrtle McAteer
created Hillyard (6/6)
tournament not Charlotte Cooper Elisabeth Moore
1901 P. Girod
created Sterry (4/5) (2/4)
tournament not
1902 Adine Masson Muriel Robb Marion Jones (2/2)
created
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not Elisabeth Moore
1903 Adine Masson Lambert Chambers
created (3/4)
(1/7)
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not May Sutton Bundy
1904 Kate Gillou Lambert Chambers
created (1/3)
(2/7)
tournament not May Sutton Bundy Elisabeth Moore
1905 Kate Gillou
created (2/3) (4/4)
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not
1906 Kate Gillou-Fenwick Lambert Chambers Helen Homans
created
(3/7)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
tournament not May Sutton Bundy
1907 Comtesse de Kermel Evelyn Sears
created (3/3)
tournament not Charlotte Cooper Maud Barger-
1908 Kate Gillou-Fenwick
created Sterry (5/5) Wallach
tournament not Hazel Hotchkiss
1909 Jeanne Matthey Dora Boothby
created Wightman (1/4)
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not Hazel Hotchkiss
1910 Jeanne Matthey Lambert Chambers
created Wightman (2/4)
(4/7)
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not Hazel Hotchkiss
1911 Jeanne Matthey Lambert Chambers
created Wightman (3/4)
(5/7)
tournament not Ethel Thomson
1912 Jeanne Matthey Mary Browne (1/3)
created Larcombe
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not Marguerite
1913 Lambert Chambers Mary Browne (2/3)
created Broquedis
(6/7)
Dorothea Douglass
tournament not Marguerite
1914 Lambert Chambers Mary Browne (3/3)
created Broquedis
(7/7)
tournament not Molla Bjurstedt
1915 no competition no competition
created Mallory (1/8)
tournament not Molla Bjurstedt
1916 no competition no competition
created Mallory (2/8)
tournament not Molla Bjurstedt
1917 no competition no competition
created Mallory (3/8)
tournament not Molla Bjurstedt
1918 no competition no competition
created Mallory (4/8)
tournament not Suzanne Lenglen Hazel Hotchkiss
1919 no competition
created (1/8) Wightman (4/4)
tournament not Suzanne Lenglen Molla Bjurstedt
1920 Suzanne Lenglen
created (2/8) Mallory (5/8)
tournament not Suzanne Lenglen Molla Bjurstedt
1921 Suzanne Lenglen
created (3/8) Mallory (6/8)
Margaret Suzanne Lenglen Molla Bjurstedt
1922 Suzanne Lenglen
Molesworth (1/2) (4/8) Mallory (7/8)
Margaret Suzanne Lenglen Helen Wills Moody
1923 Suzanne Lenglen
Molesworth (2/2) (5/8) (1/19)
Kathleen McKane Helen Wills Moody
1924 Sylvia Lance Harper Emilienne Vlasto
Godfree (1/2) (2/19)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Daphne Akhurst Suzanne Lenglen Suzanne Lenglen Helen Wills Moody
1925
Cozens (1/5) (6/8) (7/8) (3/19)
Daphne Akhurst Suzanne Lenglen Kathleen McKane Molla Bjurstedt
1926
Cozens (2/5) (8/8) Godfree (2/2) Mallory (8/8)
Esna Boyd Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody
1927 Kornelia Bouman
Robertson (4/19) (5/19)
Daphne Akhurst Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody
1928
Cozens (3/5) (6/19) (7/19) (8/19)
Daphne Akhurst Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody
1929
Cozens (4/5) (9/19) (10/19) (11/19)
Daphne Akhurst Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody Betty Nuthall
1930
Cozens (5/5) (12/19) (13/19) Shoemaker
Coral McInnes Helen Wills Moody
1931 Cilly Aussem (1/2) Cilly Aussem (2/2)
Buttsworth (1/2) (14/19)
Coral McInnes Helen Wills Moody Helen Wills Moody
1932 Helen Jacobs (1/5)
Buttsworth (2/2) (15/19) (16/19)
Joan Hartigan Margaret Scriven Helen Wills Moody
1933 Helen Jacobs (2/5)
Bathurst (1/3) Vivian (1/2) (17/19)
Joan Hartigan Margaret Scriven Dorothy Round
1934 Helen Jacobs (3/5)
Bathurst (2/3) Vivian (2/2) Little (1/3)
Dorothy Round Hilde Krahwinkel Helen Wills Moody
1935 Helen Jacobs (4/5)
Little (2/3) Sperling (1/3) (18/19)
Joan Hartigan Hilde Krahwinkel
1936 Helen Jacobs (5/5) Alice Marble (1/5)
Bathurst (3/3) Sperling (2/3)
Nancye Wynne Hilde Krahwinkel Dorothy Round
1937 Anita Lizana de Ellis
Bolton (1/6) Sperling (3/3) Little (3/3)
Dorothy Bundy Simone Mathieu Helen Wills Moody
1938 Alice Marble (2/5)
Cheney (1/2) (19/19)
Emily Hood Simone Mathieu
1939 Alice Marble (3/5) Alice Marble (4/5)
Westacott (2/2)
Nancye Wynne
1940 no competition no competition Alice Marble (5/5)
Bolton (2/6)
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
1941 no competition Alice Weiwers no competition
(1/2)
Pauline Betz Addie
1942 no competition Alice Weiwers no competition
(1/5)
Simone Iribarne Pauline Betz Addie
1943 no competition no competition
Lafargue (2/5)
1944 no competition Raymonde Weber no competition Pauline Betz Addie
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Jones (3/5)
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
1945 no competition Lolette Payot no competition
(2/2)
Nancye Wynne Margaret Osborne Pauline Betz Addie Pauline Betz Addie
1946
Bolton (3/6) duPont (1/6) (4/5) (5/5)
Nancye Wynne Patricia Canning Margaret Osborne Louise Brough
1947
Bolton (4/6) Todd duPont (2/6) Clapp (1/6)
Nancye Wynne Louise Brough Margaret Osborne
1948 Nelly Landry
Bolton (5/6) Clapp (2/6) duPont (3/6)
Margaret Osborne Louise Brough Margaret Osborne
1949 Doris Hart (1/6)
duPont (4/6) Clapp (3/6) duPont (5/6)
Louise Brough Louise Brough Margaret Osborne
1950 Doris Hart (2/6)
Clapp (4/6) Clapp (5/6) duPont (6/6)
Nancye Wynne Shirley Fry Irvin Maureen Connolly
1951 Doris Hart (3/6)
Bolton (6/6) (1/4) Brinker (1/9)
Thelma Coyne Long Maureen Connolly Maureen Connolly
1952 Doris Hart (4/6)
(1/2) Brinker (2/9) Brinker (3/9)
Maureen Connolly Maureen Connolly Maureen Connolly Maureen Connolly
1953
Brinker (4/9) Brinker (5/9) Brinker (6/9) Brinker (7/9)
Thelma Coyne Long Maureen Connolly Maureen Connolly
1954 Doris Hart (5/6)
(2/2) Brinker (8/9) Brinker (9/9)
Beryl Penrose Angela Mortimer Louise Brough
1955 Doris Hart (6/6)
Collier Barrett (1/3) Clapp (6/6)
Mary Carter Reitano Shirley Fry Irvin Shirley Fry Irvin
1956 Althea Gibson (1/5)
(1/2) (2/4) (3/4)
Shirley Fry Irvin Shirley Bloomer
1957 Althea Gibson (2/5) Althea Gibson (3/5)
(4/4) Brasher
Angela Mortimer
1958 Körmöczy Zsuzsi Althea Gibson (4/5) Althea Gibson (5/5)
Barrett (2/3)
Mary Carter Reitano Christine Truman
1959 Maria Bueno (1/7) Maria Bueno (2/7)
(2/2) Janes
Margaret Court
1960 Darlene Hard (1/3) Maria Bueno (3/7) Darlene Hard (2/3)
(1/24)
Margaret Court Ann Haydon Jones Angela Mortimer
1961 Darlene Hard (3/3)
(2/24) (1/3) Barrett (3/3)
Margaret Court Margaret Court Karen Hantze Margaret Court
1962
(3/24) (4/24) Susman (5/24)
Margaret Court Lesley Turner Margaret Court
1963 Maria Bueno (4/7)
(6/24) Bowrey (1/2) (7/24)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
Margaret Court Margaret Court
1964 Maria Bueno (5/7) Maria Bueno (6/7)
(8/24) (9/24)
Margaret Court Lesley Turner Margaret Court Margaret Court
1965
(10/24) Bowrey (2/2) (11/24) (12/24)
Margaret Court Ann Haydon Jones Billie Jean King
1966 Maria Bueno (7/7)
(13/24) (2/3) (1/12)
Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
1967 Nancy Richey (1/2) Françoise Durr
(2/12) (3/12)
Billie Jean King Nancy Richey (2/2) Billie Jean King
1968 Virginia Wade (1/3)
(4/12) open tennis begins (5/12)
Margaret Court Margaret Court Ann Haydon Jones Margaret Court
1969
(14/24) (15/24) (3/3) (16/24)
Margaret Court Margaret Court Margaret Court
1970 argaret Court (20/24)
(17/24) (18/24) (19/24)
Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong Evonne Goolagong Billie Jean King
1971
(21/24) Cawley (1/7) Cawley (2/7) (6/12)
Billie Jean King Billie Jean King Billie Jean King
1972 Virginia Wade (2/3)
(7/12) (8/12) (9/12)
Margaret Court Margaret Court Billie Jean King Margaret Court
1973
(22/24) (23/24) (10/12) (24/24)
Evonne Goolagong Billie Jean King
1974 Chris Evert (1/18) Chris Evert (2/18)
Cawley (3/7) (11/12)
Evonne Goolagong Billie Jean King
1975 Chris Evert (3/18) Chris Evert (4/18)
Cawley (4/7) (12/12)
Evonne Goolagong
1976 Sue Barker Chris Evert (5/18) Chris Evert (6/18)
Cawley (5/7)
Kerry Melville Reid
(Jan)
1977 Mima Jausovec Virginia Wade (3/3) Chris Evert (7/18)
Evonne Goolagong
Cawley (6/7) (Dec)
Martina Navratilova
1978 Chris O’Neil Virginia Ruzici Chris Evert (8/18)
(1/18)
Martina Navratilova
1979 Barbara Jordan Chris Evert (9/18) Tracy Austin (1/2)
(2/18)
Hana Mandlíková Evonne Goolagong
1980 Chris Evert (10/18) Chris Evert (11/18)
(1/4) Cawley (7/7)
Martina Navratilova Hana Mandlíková
1981 Chris Evert (12/18) Tracy Austin (2/2)
(3/18) (2/4)
1982 Chris Evert (14/18) Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Chris Evert (13/18)
Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(4/18) (5/18)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1983 Chris Evert (15/18)
(8/18) (6/18) (7/18)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1984 Chris Evert (16/18)
(9/18) (10/18) (11/18)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova Hana Mandlíková
1985 Chris Evert (17/18)
(13/18) (12/18) (3/4)
Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1986 no competition Chris Evert (18/18)
(14/18) (15/18)
Hana Mandlíková Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova
1987 Steffi Graf (1/22)
(4/4) (16/18) (17/18)
1988 Steffi Graf (2/22) Steffi Graf (3/22) Steffi Graf (4/22) Steffi Graf (5/22)
Arantxa Sánchez
1989 Steffi Graf (6/22) Steffi Graf (7/22) Steffi Graf (8/22)
Vicario (1/4)
Martina Navratilova
1990 Steffi Graf (9/22) Monica Seles (1/9) Gabriela Sabatini
(18/18)
1991 Monica Seles (2/9) Monica Seles (3/9) Steffi Graf (10/22) Monica Seles (4/9)
1992 Monica Seles (5/9) Monica Seles (6/9) Steffi Graf (11/22) Monica Seles (7/9)
1993 Monica Seles (8/9) Steffi Graf (12/22) Steffi Graf (13/22) Steffi Graf (14/22)
Arantxa Sánchez Arantxa Sánchez
1994 Steffi Graf (15/22) Conchita Martínez
Vicario (2/4) Vicario (3/4)
1995 Mary Pierce (1/2) Steffi Graf (16/22) Steffi Graf (17/22) Steffi Graf (18/22)
1996 Monica Seles (9/9) Steffi Graf (19/22) Steffi Graf (20/22) Steffi Graf (21/22)
1997 Martina Hingis(1/5) Iva Majoli Martina Hingis (2/5) Martina Hingis (3/5)
Arantxa Sánchez Lindsay Davenport
1998 Martina Hingis (4/5) Jana Novotná
Vicario (4/4) (1/3)
Lindsay Davenport Serena Williams
1999 Martina Hingis (5/5) Steffi Graf (22/22)
(2/3) (1/17)
Lindsay Davenport Venus Williams Venus Williams
2000 Mary Pierce (2/2)
(3/3) (1/7) (2/7)
Jennifer Capriati Jennifer Capriati Venus Williams Venus Williams
2001
(1/3) (2/3) (3/7) (4/7)
Jennifer Capriati Serena Williams Serena Williams Serena Williams
2002
(3/3) (2/17) (3/17) (4/17)
Serena Williams Serena Williams
2003 Justine Henin (1/7) Justine Henin (2/7)
(5/17) (6/17)
2004 Justine Henin (3/7) Anastasia Myskina Maria Sharapova Svetlana Kuznetsova
 Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open
(1/4) (1/2)
Serena Williams Venus Williams
2005 Justine Henin (4/7) Kim Clijsters (1/4)
(7/17) (5/7)
Amélie Mauresmo Amélie Mauresmo Maria Sharapova
2006 Justine Henin (5/7)
(1/2) (2/2) (2/4)
Serena Williams Venus Williams
2007 Justine Henin (6/7) Justine Henin (7/7)
(8/17) (6/7)
Maria Sharapova Venus Williams Serena Williams
2008 Ana Ivanovic
(3/4) (7/7) (9/17)
Serena Williams Svetlana Kuznetsova Serena Williams
2009 Kim Clijsters (2/4)
(10/17) (2/2) (11/17)
Serena Williams Serena Williams
2010 Francesca Schiavone Kim Clijsters (3/4)
(12/17) (13/17)
2011 Kim Clijsters (4/4) Li Na (1/2) Petra Kvitová Samantha Stosur
Victoria Azarenka Maria Sharapova Serena Williams Serena Williams
2012
(1/2) (4/4) (14/17) (15/17)
Victoria Azarenka Serena Williams Serena Williams
2013 Marion Bartoli
(2/2) (16/17) (17/17)
2014 Li Na (2/2)

Tessenjutsu
Martial art of the Japanese war fan

The Brickyard
Nickname of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, home of the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race and the
Brickyard 400 and the highest-capacity stadium-type facility in the world

Thorpe, Ian
Australian swimmer who became the first person to win six gold medals in one World
Championship

Tiffi
Main character of Candy Crush Saga (blonde girl with pigtails)

“Tom Terrific”
Nickname of Major League Baseball pitcher Tom Seaver

Tomba, Alberto
Former World Cup alpine ski racer from Italy who was the dominant technical skier (slalom and
giant slalom) in the late 1980s and 1990s

Torres, Dara
First and only swimmer from the United States to compete in five Olympic Games (1984, 1988,
1992, 2000, 2008)
Oldest swimmer ever to earn a place on the US Olympic Team

Tour de France Winners

1903 Maurice Garin

1904 Henri Cornet
1905 Louis Trousselier
1906 René Pottier
1907 Lucien Petit-Breton
1908 Lucien Petit-Breton
1909 François Faber
1910 Octave Lapize
1911 Gustave Garrigou
1912 Odile Defraye
1913 Philippe Thys
1914 Philippe Thys
1915 —
1916 —
1917 —
1918 —
1919 Firmin Lambot
1920 Philippe Thys
1921 Léon Scieur
1922 Firmin Lambot
1923 Henri Pélissier
1924 Ottavio Bottecchia
1925 Ottavio Bottecchia
1926 Lucien Buysse
1927 Nicolas Frantz
1928 Nicolas Frantz
1929 Maurice De Waele
1930 André Leducq
1931 Antonin Magne
1932 André Leducq
1933 Georges Speicher
1934 Antonin Magne
1935 Romain Maes
1936 Sylvère Maes
1937 Roger Lapébie
1938 Gino Bartali
1939 Sylvère Maes
1940 —
1941 —
1942 —
1943 —
1944 —
1945 —
1946 —
1947 Jean Robic
1948 Gino Bartali
1949 Fausto Coppi
1950 Ferdinand Kübler
1951 Hugo Koblet
1952 Fausto Coppi
1953 Louison Bobet
1954 Louison Bobet
1955 Louison Bobet
1956 Roger Walkowiak
1957 Jacques Anquetil
1958 Charly Gaul
1959 Federico Bahamontes
1960 Gastone Nencini
1961 Jacques Anquetil
1962 Jacques Anquetil
1963 Jacques Anquetil
1964 Jacques Anquetil
1965 Felice Gimondi
1966 Lucien Aimar
1967 Roger Pingeon
1968 Jan Janssen
1969 Eddy Merckx
1970 Eddy Merckx
1971 Eddy Merckx
1972 Eddy Merckx
1973 Luis Ocaña
1974 Eddy Merckx
1975 Bernard Thévenet
1976 Lucien Van Impe
1977 Bernard Thévenet
1978 Bernard Hinault
1979 Bernard Hinault
1980 Joop Zoetemelk
1981 Bernard Hinault
1982 Bernard Hinault
1983 Laurent Fignon
1984 Laurent Fignon
1985 Bernard Hinault
1986 Greg LeMond
1987 Stephen Roche
1988 Pedro Delgado
1989 Greg LeMond
1990 Greg LeMond
1991 Miguel Indurain
1992 Miguel Indurain
1993 Miguel Indurain
1994 Miguel Indurain
1995 Miguel Indurain
1996 Bjarne Riis
1997 Jan Ullrich
 1998 Marco Pantani
1999 Vacated
2000 Vacated
2001 Vacated
2002 Vacated
2003 Vacated
2004 Vacated
2005 Vacated
2006 Óscar Pereiro
2007 Alberto Contador
2008 Carlos Sastre
2009 Alberto Contador
2010 Andy Schleck
2011 Cadel Evans
2012 Bradley Wiggins
2013 Chris Froome

Traa, Kari
Norwegian freestyle skier who won the Olympic gold medal in the moguls event at the 2002 Winter
Olympics

Traje de luces
Traditional clothing that Spanish bullfighters wear in the bullring

Trueman, Fred
English cricketer who became the first bowler to take 300 wickets in a Test career

Turkey
Bowling term used to denote three consecutive strikes

“Tutta”
Nickname of Norwegian professional golfer Suzann Pettersen

Types of toreros

• Matador
• Picador
• Banderillero

Tyson, Mike
First heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles
Only heavyweight to successively unify the WBA, WBC and IBF titles
Only person to defeat Michael Spinks in his professional career

UEFA Champions League Winners

1955-1956 Real Madrid

1956-1957 Real Madrid
1957-1958 Real Madrid
1958-1959 Real Madrid
1959-1960 Real Madrid
1960-1961 Benfica
1961-1962 Benfica
1962-1963 Milan
1963-1964 Internazionale
1964-1965 Internazionale
1965-1966 Real Madrid
1966-1967 Celtic
1967-1968 Manchester United
1968-1969 Milan
1969-1970 Feyenoord
1970-1971 Ajax
1971-1972 Ajax
1972-1973 Ajax
1973-1974 Bayern Munich
1974-1975 Bayern Munich
1975-1976 Bayern Munich
1976-1977 Liverpool
1977-1978 Liverpool
1978-1979 Nottingham Forest
1979-1980 Nottingham Forest
1980-1981 Liverpool
1981-1982 Aston Villa
1982-1983 Hamburg
1983-1984 Liverpool
1984-1985 Juvenuts
 1985-1986 Steaua Bucuresti
1986-1987 Porto
1987-1988 PSV Eindhoven
1988-1989 Milan
1989-1990 Milan
1990-1991 Red Star Belgrade
1991-1992 Barcelona
1992-1993 Marseille
1993-1994 Milan
1994-1995 Ajax
1995-1996 Juventus
1996-1997 Borussia Dortmund
1997-1998 Real Madrid
1998-1999 Manchester United
1999-2000 Real Madrid
2000-2001 Bayern Munich
2001-2002 Real Madrid
2002-2003 Milan
2003-2004 Porto
2004-2005 Liverpool
2005-2006 Barcelona
2006-2007 Milan
2007-2008 Manchester United
2008-2009 Barcelona
2009-2010 Internazionale
2010-2011 Barcelona
2011-2012 Chelsea
2012-2013 Bayern Munich

UEFA European Football Championship

Year Host(s) Mascot(s)

1960 France —
 Year Host(s) Mascot(s)
1964 Spain —
1968 Italy —
1972 Belgium —
1976 Yugoslavia —
1980 Italy Pinocchio
1984 France Péno
1988 West Germany Berni
1992 Sweden Rabbit
1996 England Goaliath
2000 Belgium/Netherlands Benelucky
2004 Portugal Kinas
2008 Austria/Switzerland Trix and Flix
2012 Poland/Ukraine Slavek and Slavko
2016 France —
2020 Europe —

Uemura, Naomi
First person ever to reach the North Pole solo
First ever to raft the Amazon solo
First ever to climb Mount McKinley solo

Ueshiba, Morihei
Founder of the martial art of aikido

Unser, Bobby
US automobile racer who is one of nine drivers to win the Indianapolis 500 three times, and one of
only two to have won the 500 in three different decades

Upset
Only thoroughbred horse to defeat the racehorse Man o' War

van Dyken, Amy

First American woman to win four gold medals in one Olympic Games (1996)

Van Praag, Lionel

Winner of the inaugural Speedway World Championship in London (1936)

Vander Meer, Johnny

Only pitcher in Major League Baseball history to throw two consecutive no-hitters

Vault 101
Starting area of Fallout 3

Venus Rosewater Dish

Ladies' Singles Trophy awarded at The Championships, Wimbledon, and was first presented to the
Champion in 1886

Vettel, Sebastian
German Formula One racing driver who became the youngest driver to have taken part in an
official practice session of a Grand Prix, to score championship points, to lead a race, to secure pole
position, and to win a race
Youngest triple champion in the history of Formula One
Youngest quadruple champion in the history of Formula One
First Formula One driver to take nine successive victories in a single year

Villeneuve, Jacques
Only Canadian to win the Formula One World Championship

Vince Lombardi Trophy

Trophy awarded to the National Football League's Super Bowl champion

Volleyball
National sport of Sri Lanka

Vonn, Lindsey Caroline

Winner of the gold medal in downhill at the 2010 Winter Olympics, the first ever in the event for an
American woman

Vos, Marianne
Dutch cyclist who won the Olympic gold medal in the women's road race at the 2012 Summer
Olympics

Vuelta a España winners

1935 Gustaaf Deloor

1936 Gustaaf Deloor
1937 —
1938 —
1939 —
1940 —
1941 Julián Berrendero
1942 Julián Berrendero
1943 —
1944 —
1945 Delio Rodríguez
1946 Dalmacio Langarica
1947 Edouard van Dyck
1948 Bernardo Ruiz
1949 —
1950 Emilio Rodríguez
1951 —
1952 —
1953 —
1954 —
1955 Jean Dotto
1956 Angelo Conterno
1957 Jesús Loroño
1958 Jean Stablinski
1959 Antonio Suárez
1960 Franz De Mulder
1961 Angelino Soler
1962 Rudi Altig
1963 Jacques Anquetil
1964 Raymond Poulidor
1965 Rolf Wolfshohl
1966 Francisco Gabica
1967 Jan Janssen
1968 Felice Gimondi
1969 Roger Pingeon
1970 Luis Ocaña
1971 Ferdinand Bracke
1972 José Manuel Fuente
1973 Eddy Merckx
1974 José Manuel Fuente
1975 Agustín Tamames
1976 José Pesarrodona
1977 Freddy Maertens
1978 Bernard Hinault
1979 Joop Zoetemelk
1980 Faustino Rupérez
1981 Giovanni Battaglin
1982 Marino Lejarreta
1983 Bernard Hinault
1984 Eric Caritoux
1985 Pedro Delgado
1986 Álvaro Pino
1987 Lucho Herrera
1988 Sean Kelly
1989 Pedro Delgado
1990 Marco Giovannetti
1991 Melchor Mauri
1992 Tony Rominger
1993 Tony Rominger
1994 Tony Rominger
1995 Laurent Jalabert
1996 Alex Zülle
1997 Alex Zülle
1998 Abraham Olano
1999 Jan Ullrich
2000 Roberto Heras
2001 Ángel Casero
2002 Aitor González
2003 Roberto Heras
2004 Roberto Heras
2005 Denis Menchov
2006 Alexandre Vinokourov
2007 Denis Menchov
2008 Alberto Contador
2009 Alejandro Valverde
2010 Vincenzo Nibali
2011 Juan Jose Cobo
2012 Alberto Contador
 2013 Chris Horner

Wade, Virginia
Only British woman in history to have won titles at all four Tennis Grand Slam tournaments

Waitt, Charlie
American baseball player best known for being one of the first baseball players to wear a glove

Wald, Karl
German football referee who had first proposed the shoot-out in 1970

Waldner, Jan-Ove
Swedish table tennis player known as the “Mozart of Table Tennis”

Walks plus hits per innings pitched (WHIP)

In baseball statistics, sabermetric measurement of the number of baserunners a pitcher has allowed
per inning pitched

Wallace, Les
Nicknamed “McDanger”, winner the 1997 BDO World Darts Championship
First left-handed darts player to win a World Championship

“The Walrus”
Nickname given to American golfer Craig Stadler

Walton, Bill
Only player to have ever won an NBA Finals MVP, Sixth Man Award, and regular season MVP

Wang Zhizhi
First NBA player from China

Warren Spahn Award

Presented to the best left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball

Watanabe, Tamae
Oldest female to climb the summit of Mount Everest

Water polo
First team sport introduced at the 1900 Olympic Games, along with cricket, rugby, football, polo
(with horses), rowing and tug of war

Watson, Jessica
Youngest person to sail non-stop and unassisted around the world, although her route did not meet
World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC) criteria for circumnavigation of the globe

Webb, Matthew
First recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids

Weber, Shea
Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently serves as captain of the Nashville
Predators of the National Hockey League
Weidman, Chris
American mixed martial artist who is the current UFC Middleweight Champion

Weir, Mike
Canadian professional golfer best known for winning the Masters in 2003

Weise, Markus
First coach in the history of field hockey yo win an Olympic gold medal in both the men’s as well
as the women’s competition

West, Jerry
Also known by the nicknames “Mr. Clutch”, “The Logo” and “Zeke from Cabin Creek”, retired
American basketball player whose silhouette was incorporated into the NBA logo

“What mighty contests rise from trivial things”

Quote by poet Alexander Pope from the poem “The Rape of the Lock” that appears on the box of
the original Genus Edition of the board game Trivial Pursuit

Whitworth, Kathy
First woman to reach career earnings of $1 million on the LPGA Tour

Whoopee cushion
A practical joke device, used in a form of flatulence humor, which produces a noise resembling a
raspberry or human flatulence

Wightman Cup
Team tennis competition for women contested from 1923 through 1989, except during World War
II, between teams from the United States and Great Britain

“Wild Thing”
Nickname of former Harlem Globetrotters player Michael Wilson, who also holds the record for the
highest dunk

Williams, John Peter Rhys

Former rugby union footballer who represented Wales in international rugby during their Golden
Era in the 1970s, noted for his aggressive attacking style

Williams, Ted
Nicknamed “The Kid”, “The Splendid Splinter”,”Teddy Ballgame”, “The Thumper”and “The
Greatest Hitter Who Ever Lived”, regarded as one of the greatest hitters in baseball history

Wily, Albert W., OBE, Ph.D.

Main antagonist of the original Mega Man series

Winners of the US Triple Crown

1919 Sir Barton

1930 Gallant Fox
1935 Omaha
 1937 War Admiral
1941 Whirlaway
1943 Count Fleet
1946 Assault
1948 Citation
1973 Secretariat
1977 Seattle Slew
1978 Affirmed

Wins Above Replacement

Sabermetric baseball statistic that measures “a player’s total contributions to their team”

Winter Olympic Host Cities

1924: Chamonix, France

1928: St. Moritz, Switzerland
1932: Lake Placid, N.Y., United States
1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
1940: Scheduled for Sapporo, Japan
1944: Scheduled for Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy
1948: St. Moritz, Switzerland
1952: Oslo, Norway
1956: Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy
1960: Squaw Valley, California, United States
1964: Innsbruck, Austria
1968: Grenoble, France
1972: Sapporo, Japan
1976: Innsbruck, Austria
1980: Lake Placid, New York, United States
1984: Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)
1988: Calgary, Alberta, Canada
1992: Albertville, France
1994: Lillehammer, Norway
1998: Nagano, Japan
2002: Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
2006: Torino (Turin), Italy
2010: Vancouver, Canada
2014: Sochi, Russia
2018: Pyeongchang, South Korea

Winter Olympic Mascots

1968: Schuss
1976: Schneemann
1980: Roni
1984: Vucko
1988: Hidy and Howdy
1992: Magique
1994: Håkon and Kristin
1998: Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki
2002: Powder, Copper and Coal
2006: Neve and Gliz
2010: Miga, Quatchi, Sumi and Mukmuk
2014: Bely Mishka, Snow Leopard and Zaika

Winter Paralympic Mascots

1992: Alpy
1994: Sondre
1998: Parabbit
2002: Otto
2006: Aster
2010: Sumi and Mukmuk
2014: Fire Boy and Snow Girl

Witt, Katarina
German figure skater and model who won two Olympic gold medals for East Germany

Women's major golf championships

Fourth era (2013 – present)

U.S. Women’s
Kraft Nabisco LPGA The Evian
Year Women’s British
Championship Championship Championship
Open Open
Inbee Park Stacy Lewis Suzann Pettersen
2013 Inbee Park (2/4) Inbee Park (3/4)
(4/4) (2/2) (2/2)

Third era (2001–2012)

Kraft Nabisco LPGA Women’s British

Year U.S. Women’s Open
Championship Championship Open
2012 Sun-Young Yoo Shanshan Feng Na Yeon Choi Ji-Yai Shin (2/2)
2011 Stacy Lewis (1/2) Yani Tseng (4/5) So Yeon Ryu Yani Tseng (5/5)
2010 Yani Tseng (2/5) Cristie Kerr (2/2) Paula Creamer Yani Tseng (3/5)
2009 Brittany Lincicome Anna Nordqvist Eun-Hee Ji Catriona Matthew
2008 Lorena Ochoa (2/2) Yani Tseng (1/5) Inbee Park (1/4) Ji-Yai Shin (1/2)
Suzann Pettersen
2007 Morgan Pressel Cristie Kerr (1/2) Lorena Ochoa (1/2)
(1/2)
Annika Sörenstam Sherri Steinhauer
2006 Karrie Webb (7/7) Se Ri Pak (5/5)
(10/10) (2/2)
 Kraft Nabisco LPGA Women’s British
Year U.S. Women’s Open
Championship Championship Open
Annika Sörenstam Annika Sörenstam
2005 Birdie Kim Jeong Jang
(8/10) (9/10)
Annika Sörenstam
2004 Grace Park Meg Mallon (4/4) Karen Stupples
(7/10)
Patricia Meunier- Annika Sörenstam Annika Sörenstam
2003 Hilary Lunke
Lebouc (5/10) (6/10)
Annika Sörenstam
2002 Se Ri Pak (4/5) Juli Inkster (7/7) Karrie Webb (6/7)
(4/10)
Annika Sörenstam
2001 Karrie Webb (4/7) Karrie Webb (5/7) Se Ri Pak (3/5)
(3/10)

Second era (1973–2000)

Kraft Nabisco LPGA

Year U.S. Women’s Open du Maurier Classic
Championship Championship
2000 Karrie Webb (2/7) Juli Inkster (6/7) Karrie Webb (3/7) Meg Mallon (3/4)
1999 Dottie Pepper (2/2) Juli Inkster (4/7) Juli Inkster (5/7) Karrie Webb (1/7)
Brandie Burton
1998 Pat Hurst Se Ri Pak (1/5) Se Ri Pak (2/5)
(2/2)
1997 Betsy King (6/6) Christa Johnson Alison Nicholas Colleen Walker
Annika Sörenstam
1996 Patty Sheehan (6/6) Laura Davies (3/4) Laura Davies (4/4)
(2/10)
Annika Sörenstam
1995 Nanci Bowen Kelly Robbins Jenny Lidback
(1/10)
1994 Donna Andrews Laura Davies (2/4) Patty Sheehan (5/6) Martha Nause
Brandie Burton
1993 Helen Alfredsson Patty Sheehan (4/6) Lauri Merten
(1/2)
Sherri Steinhauer
1992 Dottie Mochrie (1/2) Betsy King (5/6) Patty Sheehan (3/6)
(1/2)
1991 Amy Alcott (5/5) Meg Mallon (1/4) Meg Mallon (2/4) Nancy Scranton
1990 Betsy King (3/6) Beth Daniel Betsy King (4/6) Cathy Johnston
1989 Juli Inkster (3/7) Nancy Lopez (3/3) Betsy King (2/6) Tammie Green
1988 Amy Alcott (4/5) Sherri Turner Liselotte Neumann Sally Little (2/2)
1987 Betsy King (1/6) Jane Geddes (2/2) Laura Davies (1/4) Jody Rosenthal
1986 Pat Bradley (4/6) Pat Bradley (5/6) Jane Geddes (1/2) Pat Bradley (6/6)
 Kraft Nabisco LPGA
Year U.S. Women’s Open du Maurier Classic
Championship Championship
1985 Alice Miller Nancy Lopez (2/3) Kathy Baker Pat Bradley (3/6)
1984 Juli Inkster (1/7) Patty Sheehan (2/6) Hollis Stacy (4/4) Juli Inkster (2/7)
1983 Amy Alcott (3/5) Patty Sheehan (1/6) Jan Stephenson (3/3) Hollis Stacy (3/4)
Not considered a Jan Stephenson
1982 Janet Anderson Sandra Haynie (4/4)
major (2/3)
Not considered a Jan Stephenson
1981 Donna Caponi (4/4) Pat Bradley (2/6)
major (1/3)
Not considered a
1980 Sally Little (1/2) Amy Alcott (2/5) Pat Bradley (1/6)
major
Not considered a
1979 Donna Caponi (3/4) Jerilyn Britz Amy Alcott (1/5)
major
Not considered a Not considered a
1978 Nancy Lopez (1/3) Hollis Stacy (2/4)
major major
Not considered a Not considered a
1977 Chako Higuchi Hollis Stacy (1/4)
major major
Not considered a Not considered a
1976 Betty Burfeindt JoAnne Carner (2/2)
major major
Not considered a Kathy Whitworth Not considered a
1975 Sandra Palmer (2/2)
major (6/6) major
Not considered a Not considered a
1974 Sandra Haynie (2/4) Sandra Haynie (3/4)
major major
Not considered a Not considered a
1973 Mary Mills (3/3) Susie Berning (4/4)
major major

First era (1930–72)

Women’s Western LPGA U.S. Women’s Titleholders

Year
Open Championship Open Championship
1972 Defunct Kathy Ahern Susie Berning (3/4) Sandra Palmer (1/2)
Kathy Whitworth
1971 Defunct JoAnne Carner (1/2) Not played
(5/6)
1970 Defunct Shirley Englehorn Donna Caponi (2/4) Not played
1969 Defunct Betsy Rawls (8/8) Donna Caponi (1/4) Not played
1968 Defunct Sandra Post Susie Berning (2/4) Not played
Kathy Whitworth Kathy Whitworth
1967 Catherine Lacoste Not played
(3/6) (4/6)
 Women’s Western LPGA U.S. Women’s Titleholders
Year
Open Championship Open Championship
Mickey Wright Kathy Whitworth
1966 Gloria Ehret Sandra Spuzich
(13/13) (2/6)
Kathy Whitworth
1965 Susie Maxwell (1/4) Sandra Haynie (1/4) Carol Mann (2/2)
(1/6)
Mickey Wright Marilynn Smith
1964 Carol Mann (1/2) Mary Mills (2/3)
(12/13) (2/2)
Mickey Wright Mickey Wright Marilynn Smith
1963 Mary Mills (1/3)
(10/13) (11/13) (1/2)
Mickey Wright Mickey Wright
1962 Judy Kimball Murle Lindstrom
(8/13) (9/13)
Mickey Wright Mickey Wright Mickey Wright
1961 Mary Lena Faulk
(5/13) (6/13) (7/13)
Mickey Wright
1960 Joyce Ziske Betsy Rawls (7/8) Fay Crocker (2/2)
(4/13)
Mickey Wright Louise Suggs
1959 Betsy Rawls (5/8) Betsy Rawls (6/8)
(3/13) (11/11)
Mickey Wright Mickey Wright Beverly Hanson
1958 Patty Berg (15/15)
(1/13) (2/13) (3/3)
Louise Suggs
1957 Patty Berg (13/15) Betsy Rawls (4/8) Patty Berg (14/15)
(10/11)
Beverly Hanson
1956 Marlene Hagge Kathy Cornelius Louise Suggs (9/11)
(2/3)
Beverly Hanson
1955 Patty Berg (11/15) Fay Crocker (1/2) Patty Berg (12/15)
(1/3)
Babe Zaharias
1954 Betty Jameson (3/3) Not yet founded Louise Suggs (8/11)
(10/10)
1953 Louise Suggs (7/11) Not yet founded Betsy Rawls (3/8) Patty Berg (10/15)
1952 Betsy Rawls (2/8) Not yet founded Louise Suggs (6/11) Babe Zaharias (9/10)
1951 Patty Berg (9/15) Not yet founded Betsy Rawls (1/8) Pat O’Sullivan
1950 Babe Zaharias (6/10) Not yet founded Babe Zaharias (7/10) Babe Zaharias (8/10)
1949 Louise Suggs (4/11) Not yet founded Louise Suggs (5/11) Peggy Kirk
1948 Patty Berg (7/15) Not yet founded Babe Zaharias (5/10) Patty Berg (8/15)
1947 Louise Suggs (3/11) Not yet founded Betty Jameson (2/3) Babe Zaharias (4/10)
1946 Louise Suggs (1/11) Not yet founded Patty Berg (6/15) Louise Suggs (2/11)
Not played (World
1945 Babe Zaharias (3/10) Not yet founded Not yet founded
War II)
 Women’s Western LPGA U.S. Women’s Titleholders
Year
Open Championship Open Championship
Not played (World
1944 Babe Zaharias (2/10) Not yet founded Not yet founded
War II)
Not played (World
1943 Patty Berg (5/15) Not yet founded Not yet founded
War II)
1942 Betty Jameson (1/3) Not yet founded Not yet founded Dorothy Kirby (2/2)
1941 Patty Berg (4/15) Not yet founded Not yet founded Dorothy Kirby (1/2)
1940 Babe Zaharias (1/10) Not yet founded Not yet founded Helen Hicks (2/2)
1939 Helen Dettweiler Not yet founded Not yet founded Patty Berg (3/15)
1938 Bea Barrett Not yet founded Not yet founded Patty Berg (2/15)
1937 Helen Hicks (1/2) Not yet founded Not yet founded Patty Berg (1/15)
1936 Opal Hill (2/2) Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
1935 Opal Hill (1/2) Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
1934 Marian McDougall Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
1933 June Beebe (2/2) Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
1932 Jane Weiller Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
1931 June Beebe (1/2) Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded
1930 Lee Mida Not yet founded Not yet founded Not yet founded

Woodard, Lynette
Retired American basketball player who made history by becoming the first female member of the
Harlem Globetrotters

Woods, Eldrick Tont “Tiger”

Youngest golfer to achieve the career Grand Slam
Youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour

“Woosie”
Nickname given to Welsh golfer Ian Woosnam

World Chess Champions (FIDE)

1886–1894 Wilhelm Steinitz

1894–1921 Emanuel Lasker
1921–1927 José Raúl Capablanca
1927–1935 Alexander Alekhine
1935–1937 Max Euwe
 1937–1946 Alexander Alekhine
1948–1957 Mikhail Botvinnik
1957–1958 Vasily Smyslov
1958–1960 Mikhail Botvinnik
1960–1961 Mikhail Tal
1961–1963 Mikhail Botvinnik
1963–1969 Tigran Petrosian
1969–1972 Boris Spassky
1972–1975 Bobby Fischer
1975–1985 Anatoly Karpov
1985–1993 Garry Kasparov
1993–1999 Anatoly Karpov
1999–2000 Alexander Khalifman
2000–2002 Viswanathan Anand
2002–2004 Ruslan Ponomariov
2004–2005 Rustam Kasimdzhanov
2005–2006 Vesselin Topalov
2006–2007 Vladimir Kramnik
2007–2013 Viswanathan Anand
2013– Magnus Carlsen

World Rally Championship Driver's Champions

1977 Sandro Munari

1978 Markku Alén
1979 Björn Waldegård
1980 Walter Röhrl
1981 Arti Vatanen
1982 Walter Röhrl
1983 Hannu Mikkola
1984 Stig Blomqvist
1985 Timo Salonen
1986 Juha Kankkunen
 1987 Juha Kankkunen
1988 Miki Biasion
1989 Miki Biasion
1990 Carlos Sainz
1991 Juha Kankkunen
1992 Carlos Sainz
1993 Juha Kankkunen
1994 Didier Auriol
1995 Colin McRae
1996 Tommi Mäkinen
1997 Tommi Mäkinen
1998 Tommi Mäkinen
1999 Tommi Mäkinen
2000 Marcus Grönholm
2001 Richard Burns
2002 Marcus Gronholm
2003 Peter Solberg
2004 Sébastien Loeb
2005 Sébastien Loeb
2006 Sébastien Loeb
2007 Sébastien Loeb
2008 Sébastien Loeb
2009 Sébastien Loeb
2010 Sébastien Loeb
2011 Sébastien Loeb
2012 Sébastien Loeb
2013 Sébastien Ogier

World Series Most Valuable Player

1955 Johnny Podres

1956 Don Larsen
1957 Lew Burdette
1958 Bob Turley
1959 Larry Sherry
1960 Bobby Richardson
1961 Whitey Ford
1962 Ralph Terry
1963 Sandy Koufax
1964 Bob Gibson
1965 Sandy Koufax
1966 Frank Robinson
1967 Bob Gibson
1968 Mickey Lolich
1969 Donn Clendenon
1970 Brooks Robinson
1971 Roberto Clemente
1972 Gene Tenace
1973 Reggie Jackson
1974 Rollie Fingers
1975 Pete Rose
1976 Johnny Bench
1977 Reggie Jackson
1978 Bucky Dent
1979 Willie Stargell
1980 Mike Schmidt
1981 Ron Cey, Pedro Guerrero, Steve Yeager
1982 Darrell Porter
1983 Rick Dempsey
1984 Alan Trammell
1985 Bret Saberhagen
1986 Ray Knight
1987 Frank Viola
1988 Orel Hershiser
1989 Dave Stewart
1990 José Rijo
 1991 Jack Morris
1992 Pat Borders
1993 Paul Molitor
1994 —
1995 Tom Glavine
1996 John Wetteland
1997 Liván Hernández
1998 Scott Brosius
1999 Mariano Rivera
2000 Derek Jeter
2001 Curt Schilling
2002 Troy Glaus
2003 Josh Beckett
2004 Manny Ramirez
2005 Jermaine Dye
2006 David Eckstein
2007 Mike Lowell
2008 Cole Hamels
2009 Hideki Matsui
2010 Edgar Rentería
2011 David Freese
2012 Pablo Sandoval
2013 David Ortiz

“The Worm”
Nickname of basketball player Dennis Rodman

Worrell, Frank
Jamaican cricketeer who became the first ever black captain of the West Indies cricket team

Wright, John Lloyd

Inventor of the Lincoln Logs

Wrigley Field
Baseball venue located in Chicago, Illinois, United States that has served as the home ballpark of
the Chicago Cubs since 1916

Wyant, Adam Martin

First professional football player to be elected to the United States Congress

Wynne, Arthur
British-born inventor of the crossword puzzle

X
Symbol for a strike in bowling

“The Yankee Clipper”

Nickname of baseball player Joe DiMaggio

Yips
Apparent loss of fine motor skills without apparent explanation, in one of a number of different
sports

Yokozuna
Highest rank in sumo

Young, Cy
American baseball pitcher who holds the record for most career innings pitched (7,355), most
career games started (815), and most complete games (749)

Zátopek, Emil
Nicknamed “the Czech Locomotive”, Czech long-distance runner best known for winning three
gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki gold in the 5,000meters and 10,000 meters
runs, but his final medal came when he decided at the last minute to compete in the first marathon
of his life

Zhang Ning
Only female badminton player to win consecutive Olympic singles gold medals

Zico
Born Arthur Antunes Coimbra, former Brazilian footballer often called the “White Pelé”

Zidane, Zinedine
French footballer named best European footballer of the past 50 years by UEFA

Zorbing
Recreation or sport of rolling downhill inside an orb, generally made of transparent plastic

Zou Shiming
Most successful amateur boxer from the People’s Republic of China who won two consecutive
Olympic gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the Light flyweight division and 2012
Summer Olympics in the Light flyweight

Zugzwang
Situation found usually in chess, but also in various other games, where one player is put at a
disadvantage because he has to make a move when he would prefer to pass and make no move

#
Chess notation for checkmate
University History and Information

54
Number of Thomasian alumni-delegates to the First Philippine Assembly

55.00 pesos
Total cost of constructing the UST Gymnasium

6,239.60 square meters

Area of the ancient edifice of the University in Intramuros

1,500,000 pesos
Total cost of the construction of the Main Building
Total budget that Fr. Roque Ruaño proposed for the entire development of the Sulucan campus

Aeterni Patris
Papal brief issued by Pope Leo XIII that promoted Thomistic philosophy tocombat the spread of
Liberalism

Alfageme, Acisclo
Rector of the University

• Last rector to be appointed by the Provincial Chapter

• Last issue of Libertas
• Revista Escolar de Derecho and Alma Mater first published
• Faculty of Civil Engineering granted Government Recognition
• Boletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas first published
• Unitas first published

Alimurung, Mariano
First corps commander to hold the gold saber of high command

Altamirano, Ma. Therese Cecilia

First female ROTC cadet commandant installed in the history of the University

Amat, Felix
Author of the manual Institutiones Philosophiae

Anguita, Julio Esteban Gonzalez

Composed the music of the University hymn

Anido, Pablo T.
First editor-in-chief of The Varsitarian

Arellano, Manuel
Rector of the University

• Women admitted for the first time in the Faculty of Pharmacy (1924)
• Pre-medical course opened
• University shifted to English as medium of instruction
• College of Education and College of Liberal Arts established (1926)
• Ordered that the students will receive religious subjects once a week in class, with 2 units
ofreligion, and 3 units of Theology

Ayala, Vicente
University rector became involved in the implementation of educational reforms decreed by
thegovernment in the 1830s and 1840s

Bayot, Francisca Bustamante

Donated 200,000 square meters of land to the Dominicans

Benavides, Miguel de

• Founder of the University of Santo Tomas

• First to give a fund for the maintenance of the University

Boletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas

Official organ of all Catholic dioceses and archdioceses in the Philippines

Burillo, Jose
First Dominican to receive a doctorate in theology by virtue of the statutes of 1785

Capistas
Boys from families of modest means who received education in exchange for doingdomestic chores
in the college

Carissimo in Christo
Papal bull issued by Pope Paul V that authorized the Dominicans to grant Philosophy and Theology
degrees

Castañon, Jesus
Rector of the University

• Statues erected atop Main Building

• Conceptualized the Arch of the Centuries (completed 1954)
• DZST began to function
• University admitted to the International Association of Universities (1960)

St. Catherine of Alexandria

Patroness of the University

Charles III
Spanish monarch who bestowed the title “Royal” to the University

Claustro
Highest governing body of the University of Santo Tomas during its early years which was
composed of the Rector, the university professors or lectores, university graduates, the university
regent and the university student master

Collantes, Domingo
University rector when the title “Royal University” was bestowed

College of Tourism and Hospitality Management

Only academic unit of the University that offers Japanese language courses

College Rectors

1612–1616 Domingo González

1616–1617 Lorenzo de Porras
1617–1619 Antonio Gutierrez
1619–1621 Baltasar Fort
1621–1625 Tomás de Vilar
1625–1626 Lucas García
1626–1633 Domingo González
1633–1637 Francisco de Herrera
1637–1639 Francisco de Paula
1639–1641 Domingo González
1641–1643 Lucas Ruiz de Montanero
1643–1645 Domingo González
1645–1646 Francisco de Paula

Commonwealth Act No. 1

Also known as the National Defense Act, first law passed by the Philippine Commonwealth

Cuartistas
Term referring to children studying the subjects contained in the first three books in Grammar and
the fourth book Liber Quartus by Spanish humanist Antonio de Nebrija

Da Costa, Rafael Zulueta

Poet who called Fr. Silvestre Sancho a fascist

De Ayrolo y Flores, Juan

Rector of the University of Mexico who acceded to the request of the University in 1651 tobe
affiliated with the Mexican educational institution

De Blas, Angel
Rector of the University

• Botanical garden inaugurated

• Lot of Intramuros sold to Philippine American Life Insurance Co. (1949)
• Radio station installed
• Education High School opened
• Grandstand on Parade Grounds completed

De Cristo, Sor Ana

Franciscan nun who recorded the earliest description of Hacienda de Sulucan in 1621
De Elera, Casto
Started to systematically gather and catalogue all the collections in the UST Museum of Arts and
Sciences

De Guzman, Doña Catalina

Widow of Spanish captain Juan de Cañedo, owner of Hacienda de Sulucan

De San Miguel Arcangel, Sor Carmen

Author of La Destruccion del Monasterio de Santa Clara, Memorias del Real Monasterio de Santa
Clarade Manila

De Santa Catalina, Bernardo

Executor of the Act of Foundation of the University

De Vera, Ana
Provided the hut where the Clarisas lived in

Del Rio, Francisco

Organized the Institute of Religion in 1933

Department of Military Science and Tactics

Established in compliance of Commonwealth Act No. 1

Diaz, Jesus
Rector of the University

• Last Spanish rector of the University

• Philippiniana Sacra established

Dilectissima Nobis
Papal encyclical by Pius XI which condemned the actions of the Spanish government against the
Church in Spain

Estudiantina
Musical rondalla organized by Dr. Ramon Lopez, whose participants were dressed in verycolorful
costumes, to provide music for musical-literary soirees

Faculties or colleges of the University that remained open during World War II

• Faculty of Theology
• Faculty of Canon Law
• Faculty of Philosophy
• Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
• College of Liberal Arts

Faculty of Pharmacy
Oldest school of pharmacy in the Philippines

Ferrando, Juan
Rector of the University removed upon the orders of the government

Franco, Francisco
Spanish dictator named Honorary Rector by Fr. Silvestre Sancho

Galan, Pedro
Prior provincial who ordered to compose the Statutes of 1801

Goloy, Gloria Garchitorena

First female editor-in-chief of The Varsitarian

Gomes, Luis
First rector of the Colegio de San Jose

Gonzalez, Julio
Directed the velada for the fund-raising event Fiestas da la Pobres during the
Tercentenarycelebrations

Goudin, Antoine
Author of the textbook Philosophia Thomistica

Hayashi, Toshio
Last commandant of the Santo Tomas Internment Camp

Hernandez, Jose Ma.

Wrote the lyrics of the University hymn

Hospital of St. Gabriel

Hospital founded by Fr. Miguel de Benavides, O.P.

Internment Camp No. 1

Assigned name for the Santo Tomas Internment Camp

Internment Camp No. 2

Located on the grounds of the University of the Philippines – Los Baños campus

Izquierdo, Emeterio
University treasurer who presented the financial report before the Academic Senate

Jacinto, Nicanor
First director of the UST Hospital

Jordan, Eugenio
Vice Rector of the University and served as Acting Rector during World War II

• Marked the return of Discurso de Apertura

• UST Journal of Medicine began publication
• School of Nursing established
• Conservatory of Music opened
• UST Hospital opened
• Title “Catholic University of the Philippines” was conferred
• Presided the scholastic disputation during the Theologians Day on September 16, 1942

La Estrella Del Norte

Establishment where the big clock atop the Main Building was bought
Labrador, Juan
Rector of the University

• Rizal Pro Patria award

• Guidance and Counseling Clinic opened
• Unveiled markers of Jose Rizal and Manuel L. Quezon

Larraga, Francisco
Author of Pontuario de Teologia Moral

Latin
Original language of the diplomas issued by the University

Legaspi, Leonardo
Rector of the University

• First Filipino rector of the Interdiocesan Seminary

• First Filipino rector of the University

Memorandum no. 1, s. 1942

Memorandum issued by the Department of Public Instruction that allowed senior and graduating
students who are enrolled and had regularly attended classes in all subjects needed for graduation to
graduate as of second semester 1941-1942

Metropolitan Theatre
Inspired the UST Gymnasium

Miñano, Jesualdo
Member of the Provincial Council that broke the deadlock regarding Fr. Juan Ferrando's removal as
rector of the university

Minayo, Francisco
Prior of the Santo Domingo Convent who signed to the Act of Foundation

Minimistas
Term referring to children studying the subjects contained in the first three books in Grammar

Morales, Valentin Marin

First director of Libertas

Moret, Segismundo
Spanish Minister of Colonies that issued two decrees that totally reorganized the Philippine
education system

Narusawa, Tomiji
Lieutenant colonel, head of the religious pacifications operations section of the Imperial Japanese
Army

Narvasa, Andres
19th Chief Justice of the Philippines, vice-rector for student affairs (1969–1972), dean of the
Faculty of Civil Law (1967–1973)
Noval, Jose
Rector of the University

• College of San Jose returned to Jesuits by order of the Holy See

• Tricentennial celebrations
• Placing of the cornerstone of the new Main Building in Sulucan

Ocampo, Fernando
Filipino architect who designed the Father's Residence and Central Seminary and the UST
Gymnasium

O’Doherty, Michael
Archbishop of Manila
Canonically inaugurated the Santisimo Rosario Parish on April 26, 1942

“Of Lemons and Cowards”

Editorial by The Varsitarian lambasting the faculty members of two Catholic-run universities for
their support of the RH Bill in spite of the opposing stand of the Church

Osmeña, Esperanza
Sponsor during the solemn blessing of the UST Hospital in 1946

Pablo, Carmelo
Built the Arch of the Centuries (C. F. Pablo and Sons)

Paredes, Buenaventura Garcia

First editor of the Catholic newspaper Libertas

Paso
Term referring to a group discussion of classmates conducted under the direction of one of their
fellows in order to review the lessons assigned by the professor in preparation for the next class

Paya, Santiago
Rector of the University

• Classes were suspended (1898-1899)

Piani, Guglielmo

• Apostolic Delegate to the Philippines

• Blessed the Main Building on November 12, 1927

Pius VII
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who made the painful decision of removing the Dominican
Provinces of Spain and its overseas colonies from the direct jurisdiction of the Master General of
the Dominican Order

Pius XI
Pope issued the apostolic constitution Deus Scientiarum Dominus in 1931 to update Catholic higher
education and to assure that Catholic universities and the ecclesiastical faculties distinguish
themselves by the dignity and solidity of the courses they offer
Pius XII
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, granted the title “Catholic University” to the University in
1947

Quae Mari Sinico

Apostolic Constitution by Pope Leo XIII that endowed the title “Pontifical” to the University
(1902)

Quema, Enrique
First corps commander of UST-ROTC

Quintistas
Term referring to fifth year grammarians that take the subjects of Rhetoric and Poetry

Quod iam provide

Decree issued by the Vatican to erect the interdiocesan seminary for the entire Philippines, attached
to the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas, under its Dominican authorities

Quonset Hut
Dubbed as the “concert hut”, structure that housed the Conservatory of Music located between the
UST Hospital and Ro ue Rua o Building demolished in 1964 to give way to the construction of
Albertus Magnus Building

Refectorio
Term referring to formal luncheon held at the Father's Residence

Revista Escolar de Derecho

First student publication of the University

Rivas, Francisco
University rector who wrote the textbook entitled Curso de Historica Eclesiastica

Robles, Juan
University rector who proposed the construction of barracks of bamboo and nipa outside the city of
Manila to house the soldiers but was ignored by the Spanish governor

Rocha, Julio Victor

Architect who designed the base and the plaza of the Benavides Monument

Ruano, Roque
Dominican priest who designed the Main Building

Sacrae Congregationis de Seminariis et Studiorum Universitatibus

Decree of Pope Pius XII that bestowed the title “Catholic University of the Philippines” to the
University

Sancho, Silvestre
Rector of the University

• New set of statutes was enforced in the University that included the formation of the Academic
Senate
• Department of Foreign Service established
• Graduate School established
• Organized the First Annual National Painting Competition and Exhibition in 1941

Santo Evangelio
Title of the book that the Benavides statue is holding

Santos, Hermogenes
Suggested for the separation of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery from the University in 1953

Serrano, Emiliano
Appointed as the first parish priest of the Santisimo Rosario Parish

Stevens, Frederic H.
Chairman of the American Emergency Committee who asked permission from the Dominicans in
UST to use the campus as a place of internment when the Japanese Army arrived

Taguchi, Paul Yoshigoro

Bishop of Osaka who was assigned to lead the Japanese propaganda mission for the Philippine
Catholic Church

Tamayo, Serapio
Rector of the University

• School for Midwives closed

• School of Dentistry closed
• Faculties of Civil Law, Medicine, Pharmacy granted Government Recognition
• Pharmacy curriculum reduced to 3 years
• Central Seminary reorganized
• Blessing of the Main Building
• The Varsitarian first published
• Interdiocesan Seminary entrusted to the University by the Holy See
• School of Commerce established
• Established Department of Religion
• ordered the compulsory teaching of Theology students in the University

Tascon, Tomas
Dominican Provincial and Vice-Chancellor of the University prior to the outbreak of World War II

Tomayasu, Hitoshi
First commandant of the Santo Tomas Internment Camp

“The International Community – Its Law – Its Forms – Its Rights”

Title of the discourse delivered by Fr. Honorio Muñoz, the first Discurso de Apertura since World
War II (1946)

“The Modern and Thomistic Views regarding the Constitution of Psychological Personality”
Title of the discourse delivered by Fr. Angel de Blas during the Discurso de Apertura in 1941

University Rectors

1646–1648 Francisco de Paula

1648–1650 Martin Real de la Cruz
1650–1652 Jeronimo de Zamora
1652–1656 Felipe Pardo
1656–1657 Francisco de Paula
1657–1659 Pedro de la Fuente
1659–1661 Andrés de Haro
1661–1663 Juan de los Angeles
1663–1665 Francisco Sánchez
1665–1669 Diego de San Roman
1669–1673 Juan de Paz
1673–1677 Baltasar de Santa Cruz
1677–1678 Juan de Paz
1678–1682 Manuel de Mercadillo
1682–1684 Juan de Santa Maria
1684–1686 Bartolome Marron
1686–1690 Raimundo Berart
1690–1696 Jose Vila
1696–1700 Bartolome Marron
1700–1702 Juan Ibañez
1702–1706 Juan de Santa Maria
1706–1710 Pedro Mejorada
1710–1713 Francisco Ruiz
1713–1716 Francisco Gomez
1716–1718 Francisco Barrera
1718–1721 Cristobal Alonso
1721–1723 Juan Alvarez
1723–1725 Antonio Varela
1725–1727 Antonio Argollanes
1727–1729 Cristobal Alonso
1729–1733 Jose Perez
1733–1735 Tomas Canduela
1735–1737 Juan de Arechederra
1737–1740 Diego Saenz
1741–1743 Vicente de Salazar
1743–1745 Juan de Arechederra
1745–1747 Antonio Lavarias (acting)
1747–1751 Bernardo Ustariz
1751–1753 Juan Alvarez
1753–1755 Francisco Carriedo
1755–1757 Francisco Quintana
1757–1759 Antonio Calonge
1759–1763 Diego Serrano
1763–1765 Joaquin del Rosario
1765–1767 Miguel Garcia
1767–1769 Lorenzo Sarroca (acting)
1769–1773 Joaquin del Rosario
1774–1777 Juan Fernandez
1777–1785 Domingo Collantes
1786 Jose Muñoz
1786–1789 Pedro Martir Fernandez (acting)
1789–1794 Nicolas Cora
1794–1798 Domingo Bruna
1798–1800 Antonio Robles
1800–1803 Francisco Genoves
1806–1810 Jose Burillo
1810–1817 Francisco Alban
1817–1825 Carlos Arbea
1825–1826 Francisco Genoves
1826–1828 Carlos Arbea
1828–1829 Francisco de Sales Mora
1829–1841 Francisco Ayala
1842–1845 Vicente Ayala
1845–1847 Juan Ferrando
1847–1849 Josae Fuix
1849–1851 Vicente Ayala
1851–1855 Juan Bautista Reig
 1855–1863 Domingo Treserra
1863–1867 Francisco Rivas
1867–1874 Domingo Treserra
1874–1878 Benito Corominas
1878–1880 Joaquin Fonseca
1880–1881 Pedro Marcos
1881–1890 Gregorio Echevarria
1890–1894 Matias Gomez
1894–1900 Santiago Paya
1900–1909 Raimundo Velazquez
1910–1914 Jose Noval
1914–1917 Serapio Tamayo
1917–1923 Acisclo Alfageme
1923–1926 Manuel Arellano
1926–1936 Serapio Tamayo
1936–1941 Silvestre Sancho
1941–1948 Eugenio Jordan
1948–1952 Angel de Blas
1953–1960 Jesus Castañon
1960–1961 Ciriaco Pedrosa (acting)
1961–1965 Juan Labrador
1965–1970 Jesus Diaz
1971–1977 Leonardo Z. Legaspi
1978–1982 Frederik Fermin
1982–1990 Norberto M. Castillo
1990–1998 Rolando V. de la Rosa
1998–2006 Tamerlane R. Lana
2006–2007 Ernesto M. Arceo
2008–2012 Rolando V. de la Rosa
2012 Herminio V. Dagohoy

Vargas, Benito
First Filipino Dominican
Velazquez, Raimundo
Rector of the University

• Pharmacy was made a four-year course

• University endowed with title Pontifical by Pope Leo XIII
• School of Dentistry opened
• UST Haciendas of Biñan, Sta. Rosa and Malabon (Cavite) sold to the Americans

Vivanco, Don Pedro

Founder of Escuela Pia de Manila in 1803

Ylla, Juan
Rector of the Central Seminary

Zamora, Crispulo
Designed the bronze commemorative medal during the Tercentenary celebrations