Intricacies

of
Design of a Gas Pipeline
&
Main Equipment , System in Gas Pipeline

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 Contents

 Typical Pipeline System

 Typical Input Parameter for designing

 Design Basis

 Modeling & Simulation

 Optimization

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 Typical Pipeline System

Pipeline Types

Gas
Gas Gas Gas Gas
Gathering
Source Treatment Transmission Distribution
System

Typical Gas Transmission & Distribution

DT SV IP RT

RT
DT: Dispatch Terminal
SV: Sectionalizing Valve
IP : Intermediate Pigging Station
RT : Receiving Terminal

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 Typical Pipeline System

x- ings
RAIL/ROAD/RIVER

GAS FIELD
RECEIVING
CS TERMINAL /
GGS & DELIVERY
TERMINAL
GT CTP
IP

SV
SV: Sectionalizing Valve
GAS IP : Intermediate Pigging Station
RECEIVING CS: Compressor Station
STATION RT : Receiving Terminal
GGS : Gas Gathering System
GT: Gas Treatment

Typical Schematic for Pipeline System

 Typical Pipeline System

A typical gas pipeline system comprise of the following

• Gas Receiving Station

- Place where pipeline receives the gas.

• Sectionalizing Valve Station

- To carry out routine maintenance or emergency
maintenance of pipeline venting of gas is to be restricted.

• Intermediate Pigging Station

- To ensure continuous gas flow through pipeline, regular
and periodical cleaning of pipeline is required.

- The pigging is carried out various kind of Pig e.g. Scrapper Pig,
Gauzing Pig, Foam Pig etc.

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 Typical Pipeline System

TYPICAL SV STATION

P
Utility Connection – 2”
G
T
G

AV

P
G
T By pass Line
G

MANIFOLD FOR PG
Utility Connection – 2”
/TG

MAINLINE
 Typical Pipeline System
TYPICAL INTERMEDIATE PIGGING STATION -

From - To Terminal
OriginatingStn To Utilities Stn
PRS

AV AV

IJ IJ

MOV MOV

FLOW FLOW
TEE TEE

LAUNCHER
RECEIVER

Blow
Down
BALL GLOBE R-LNG FLOW
VALVE VALVE DIRECTION

TS GATE
V VALVE TEG-THERMO
ELECTRIC
GENERATOR(Utilities)
 Typical Pipeline System
• Compression System
- To economize the flow through pipeline
- Located enroute of the pipeline to boost the gas pressure
- Reciprocating compressor verse Centrifugal compressor
- Reciprocating compressor : up to gas volume of 200000 SCM/Hr
higher compression ration ( up to 10)
- Centrifugal compressor : higher volume flow
Compression ratio 1.5 to 2.0
Compressor installation like a process
plant requiring all kind of utilities
(Power, Water, Air, Fuel , Fire Fighting
and Control Room System)
• Receiving Terminal

- For supplying gas to various customers : designed to handle the

required flow for single
and multiple users.
- The terminal contain filters, pressure regulator, heater, metering
device, online gas chromatograph, flow computer and odorizing unit
(if required)

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 Typical Pipeline System

CS
Off take
of Gas
Gas CS CS
Supply
Pressure
CS CS

Delivery of gas

TRANSPORTATION OF GAS WITH COMPRESSOR STATIONS

(TYPICAL)

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 Typical Pipeline System

Scrubber Filters P R Unit Metering Unit Custody T/P

PCV-
SDV-1
1
Meter-1
Flow computer-1 15 Mts
Gas Chromatograph

SDV-2PCV-2 Meter-2
By-Pass Flow computer-2

40 Meter

Schematic (Typical ) for Receiving Terminal at Customer site Not to Scale

 Typical Input Parameters
 Type of Natural Gas
- Associated Gas
- Non Associated Gas / Free Gas
- Dry Natural Gas
- Wet Natural Gas
- Sour Natural Gas

 Gas Composition

 Gas Supply Pressure and Temperature

 Gas Volume ( To be Transported) and off-Take of gas enroute

pipeline ( if any)

 Route / Terrain

 Delivery Point

 Gas volume at delivery point

 Required Pressure and Temperature at Delivery Point

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 Design Basis

 Pipeline System

Starting Point
- Supply Gas Pressure (Kg/Cm2g)
- Supply Gas Temperature (deg. C)
- Gas Volume
- Gas Quality and Gas Composition

Route /Terrain
- Class location
- x-ings ( NH/SH/RAIL/ROAD/RIVER/MAJOR RIVER)

Delivery Point
- Delivery Gas Pressure (Kg/Cm2g)
- Delivery Gas Temperature (deg. C)
- Gas Volume
- Gas Quality and Gas Composition

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 Design Basis
Linepipe
- Design Pressure
- Wall Thickness
- Roughness with internal coating and without internal coating
- Gas Composition
- Soil temperature
- Elevation
- Efficiency
- Flow
- Configuration
-Velocity in pipe

Metering
- Supply Pressure and temperature
- Flow
- Gas Quality and Gas Composition
- Type of meter (Orifice / Turbine Meter / USM)
- Configuration
- Pressure Loss
- Accuracy
- Rangeability
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 Design Basis

Compressor Station
- Gas arrival pressure and Temperature
- Compressor Ratio
- Discharge Pressure and Temperature of Gas
- Flow
- Gas Quality and Gas Composition
- Compression efficiency
- Compression spacing
- Compressibility
- Configuration
- Compression Power

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 Modeling and Simulation
Pipeline modeling constitutes a Graphical Representation of the pipeline system
involving receiving stations Sectionalizing Valve Station, Intermediate Pigging
Station, Compressor / Pump Station and Receiving Terminal.

- Pipeline design (optimal Line pipe size, compressor requirement, loop line and
other equipments location including SCADA & Telemetry System)

- Pipeline performance (Throughput optimization)

- Tracking gas composition

- Minimize fuel consumption

- Pipeline systems operation

- Create Emergency Plan

- Leak Detection Module

- Alarms Generation

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 End Point Dedicated Pipeline

Spurline

Trunk Line

TRUNK LINE
40 KM
CUSTOMER LOCATION
TAP-OFF POINTS
CGD
SPURLINES Compressor Starting Point

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC FOR MODELLING PIPELINE SYSTEM

 Modeling and Simulation

- Compressibility

- Improving delivery by making use of line pack which being function

of Pipeline pressure.

Simulator model basically works with various equation of state to

compute the desire result by employing advance numerical solutions
technique. Most of the simulator models have been developed by
various companies who have been involved in pipeline design or
information technology solution including monitoring & Control of
Physical parameters.

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 Modeling and Simulation

Hydraulics /Simulation
Flow Equation
- General flow equation
- Cole-Brook white equation
- Modified Cole-Brook White equation
- AGA equation
- Weymouth equation
- Panhandle A Equation
- Panhandle B equation

The General Flow equation , also called the fundamental flow equation, for the steady state
isothermal gas flow in a gas pipeline is the basic equation for relating the pressure drop with
flow rate
Qb = 1.15 x 10^-3 * (Tb/ Pb) ( P1^2-P2^2 / G Tf L Z f ) ^0.5 * D^2.5
Where
Qb- gas flow rate in m3/day, Tb- base temperature , K (273+deg.C), P1- U/S pressure in kpa
f- friction factor, P2 –down stream pressure , kpa, G- gas gravity (air=1.00)
Pb- base pressure in kpa , Tf –average gas flow temperature, K (273+deg.C)
Z-gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature , D-pipe inside diameter

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 Modeling and Simulation
Velocity in Pipes
- Represents the speed at which gas molecules move from one point to another
- Due to compressibility , the gas velocity depends upon the pressure
- Vary in pipeline, even the pipe diameter is constant
- Highest velocity at the down stream of pipeline where the pressure is the least
- Least velocity at the up stream where pressure is higher

The gas velocity at any point in a gas pipeline is given by

u=14.74 (Qb/D^2) (Pb/Tb) (ZT/P)
Where
u – gas velocity( m/s) , Qb - gas flow rate, measured at standard condition
( m^3/day), D- pipe inside diameter ( mm ), Pb- Base pressure (Kpa), Tb- average
gas flowing temperature (deg. K), Z- compressibility factor at the flowing
temperature, dimensionless

Erosional Velocity
-Gas velocity is directly related the flow rate. As the flow rate increases, so the gas
velocity increases.
-As the velocity increases, vibration and noise are evident
-Higher velocities will cause erosion of the pipe interior over a long period of time.

u (max) =100 / (d) ^1/2 u (max) – ft/ s, d = gas density at flowing temperature , lb/ ft ^3
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 Modeling and Simulation
Reynolds Number
-Reynolds number is used to characterize the type of flow in a pipe, such as laminar, turbulent
or critical flow
- It is also used to calculate the friction factor in pipe flow
- It depends upon property of gas, pipe diameter etc.
Re = u D d / n
Where
Re- dimensionless, u-average velocity (m/s), D- inside diameter (mm),
d- gas density(kg/m^3), n-gas viscosity (kg /m-s)

The Reynolds number is

Re =0.5134 (G Qb/n D) (Pb/Tb)

Where
G – specific gravity of gas (air=1.0), Qb - gas flow rate, measured at standard
condition ( m^3/day), D- pipe inside diameter ( mm ), Pb- Base pressure (Kpa), Tb-
average gas flowing temperature (deg. K), n-viscosity of gas , poise

Laminar flow – The Re. No. is less than and equal to 2000
Turbulent flow - The Re. No. is greater 4000
Critical flow - The Re. No. is undefined and in between 2000 and 4000
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 Modeling and Simulation
Friction factor
- Friction factor is dimensionless parameter and depends upon Reynolds Number of flow.
- Darcy and Fanning two friction factor are generally used, But Darcy friction factor is more
common.

Friction factor (ff ) = Darcy Friction factor (fd) /4

Moody diagram is graphic plot of the variation of the friction factor with the Reynolds number
for various values of relative pipe roughness. It is a dimensionless parameter obtained by
dividing the absolute (or internal pipe roughness )by the pipe diameter.

Where
Re- dimensionless, u-average velocity (m/s), D- inside diameter (mm),
d- gas density(kg/m^3), n-gas viscosity (kg /m-s)

Relative roughness : e / D

Where
e = absolute or internal roughness of the pipe (mm)
D= pipe inside diameter (mm)

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 Modeling and Simulation
Moody diagram

Laminar Critical Turbulent

Pipe internal Roughness

Friction factor

Pipe Material Roughness

Roughness
(mm)
•Riveted Steel 0.9 to 9.0
•Commercial/ 0.045
Welded Steel
•Cast Iron 0.26
•Galvanized Iron 0.15
•Asphalted Cast Iron 0.12
•Wrought Iron 0.045
•PVC, drawn tubing, glass 0.0015
•Concrete 0.3 -3.0

Reynolds Number
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 Modeling and Simulation
Other Parameters

- The effect of intermediate delivery volumes and gas injection rates along a gas pipeline

- The effect of contract delivery pressure, and regulating the pressure through control valve

- Thermal effects due to heat transfer between the gas and the surrounding soil in the buried
pipe due to

Soil temperature
Thermal Conductivities
Joule Thompson Effect

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 Optimization
Pipeline Configuration
- Without Intermediate Compressor

- With Intermediate Compressor

- With Intermediate Compressor and Loop Lining

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 Optimization

Pipeline Configuration
- The total pressure required for transporting gas in a pipeline under various configuration,
such as series and parallel

100MMSCMD 80 MMSCMD 50MMSCMD

Series
20 MMSCMD 30 MMSCMD

50MMSCMD
Parallel
100MMSCMD

50 MMSCMD

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 Optimization
Metering System

Orifice Turbine Ultrasonic

Standard AGA Rep 3 AGA Rep. 7 AGA Rep. 9

Accuracy < 1% +/_0.5 % < +/- 0.5%

Rangeability 3:1 10:1 50:1

Pressure Loss 0.5 0.1 Negligible

(Kg/Cm2g)

Cycle Flow Generally Appreciable Not Affected

Variation over reg.

Liquid in gas Corrosion & Corrosion & Corrosion possible

erosion damage to moving
parts
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Thank You

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