A solar charge controller

Manage the power from the solar cell (pv) and they have a range from 4.5A to 80A

A solar charge controller they have deference type

1.PMW (Pulse width modulated) : it is the traditional type of solar charge controller

2. MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) : It's the bright face of solar systems
today, MPPT identify the best working amperage and voltage of the solar panel, it's
usually for solar electric system over 200 watts.

We use the process of analyzing the water DC and do not use AC power
Why?

We do not use AC in the process of water analysis because it is contrary to

the polarities, for example 60HZ is contrary to the polarization 60 times in the
second and therefore not be the extraction of hydrogen constant on the
same pole.
Electrodes

Inside the water electrolysis cells there is a highly corrosive environment.

So we must use high chemical stability materials at the same time good
electrical conductivity.

This chart was conducted under the following conditions :

Cylindrical electrodes , diminutions 80*20mm, temperature 303 k, pressure 1 atm , applied

voltage: 12V, applied current: 1.2A, distance between electrodes 2cm

Some of recommended materials:

 Platinum.
 Graphite
 Stainless steel
Characteristics of graphite
1. The strength and stiffness of graphite increase with temperature.
2. High electrical and thermal conductivity.
3. Good resistance to thermal shock and high temperature.
4. graphite is a brittle material.
5. very expensive.
6.highest chemical stability

Characteristics of platinum
1. platinum is a ductile material.

2. resistance of corrosion is excellent.

3. has a stable electrical properties and stable at a high temperature.

4. reacts with oxygen slowly when the temperature is very high.

5. poor conductivity.

Characteristics of stainless steel

1. good electrical conductor.

2. resistance to corrosion.

3. Its price is low and available widely.

4. good chemical stability.

So, in our experiments we used stainless steel.

The following picture shows how to connect cells

The following picture shows how to connect cells

Electrolyte
Selecting the suitable electrolyte will affect on electrolysis in direct way, where the
suitable electrolyte must achieve these points

1-High solubility in water, that means high ionizing in water which will reduce
the resistivity of water then increase H2 production.

2-Corrosivity degree must be suitable for the chosen electrode stainless steel
316L.

3-The chemical structure must be stable through water electrolysis.

4-The electrolyte must not produce any harmful gases through water
electrolysis.

Some types of electrolyte:

1. White vinegar (Acetic Acid)

2. Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Baking Soda

3. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
4. Potassium Hydroxide KOH
5. Potassium Carbonate K2CO3

These are some of the types of electrodes that we can use in water analysis to
produce hydrogen
We will make some comparisons between these types

Electrolyte Advantages Disadvantages

White vinegar Available, cheap, safe Low H2 production and
 (Acetic Acid) and electrodes stay strong smell.
clean.
Sodium Bicarbonate Available, cheap, safe, Produce CO2 through
NaHCO3 good solubility and electrolysis, significant
Baking Soda good H2 production. oxidation and very high
corrosive and water
become brown after
using.
Sodium Hydroxide Available, cheap, high Corrosive, handle with
NaOH solubility, the care.
electrodes stay clean
and high H2 production
and purity.
Potassium Hydroxide Cheap, electrodes stay Corrosive, handle with
KOH clean, excellent care, unavailable, and
solubility and very high dilution in water rise
H2 production and the temperature.
purity.
Potassium Carbonate Cheap, safe, the Cannot be found easily.
K2CO3 electrodes stay clean
and excellent H2
production and purity.

We wanted to use KOH in our experience but because we could not get it we used
a substitute for it - table salt (NACL)

When applying the experiment, we noticed that the color of water changed to dark
yellow due to the chlorine inside the salt(NaCl)