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吕 D a ta G a th e r in g

U rıle s s
"

yo u g a th e r th e
ri
g l? t d a ta th e r e is n o tu a
y yo ı
t c a ız /ı¢u y

ft is th e fo u r th s t e
p in th e re se a r
c h p ro c e ss
(s e e c h a p t e r 6 ) T h e t e
fo r th e yp
re st o f th e re se a rc h p r o je c t
w ill b e u n d e r ta k e n It ca n a ls o be th e
w hen c ho o s in th e m e th o
g d o lo g fo r
y y o u r p r o je c t (w e ll
Y o u n ee d to
e n s ţ e th a t t h e er & R o m n e
d a ta c o lle y , 19 88)
c te d
q u e s t io n T h o u h
X
I v u
o y Ļ ıu Ļ ı c e ic a r c n
ı

i i
e st n g , t m a y b e u n
g c o lle e tin g e x t r a
n e c e s sa r f
y o r yo u r c o re f
b e t w e e n w h a t is n ic e to k o c u s T he re i
s a d iffe r e n c e
n o w a n d w ha t
y o u n e e d to k
T h e r e le v a n c e o f t h e d n o w
a t a c o lle c ti
o n m e th o d
w ill v a r
tio n b e in g a s k e d a n d s y b a s e d o n th e q u e s
o m e c o lle c t i
,
o n m e th o d s
a r e m o r e s u it a b l i
s it u a t io n s t h a n o t h e r s F e n c e r ta in
( o w le r , 1 9 9 3 ) T h is c h a te
p r w ill id e n t ify th e v a r io u s
a p p r o a c h e s t o c o lle c t in
g d a t a , b o t h p r im a r y a n d s e c
o n d a r y a n d w ill b i fl
e x a m in e s o m e o f t h e a d , r e y
v a n ta g e s a n d d i d
s a v a n ta e s o f e a h
g c
l i ıu r c u e t a ıle a a 1 s c u s s lo n o t d a t
a c o lle c t io n a n d a n l
a y s is w ill b e
C h a p te r 9 (" q u a lit a tiv e D a t a A n l i " p r e s n t e d in
a y s s ) a n d C h a te r 1 0
p ( Q u a n tita t iv e "

D a ta A n a ly s is " )

Fa c to rs to E v a lu a te D a ta G a th e r in g M e th o d s
Th ere e th o ds d
a re m an y m u se to g a th e r d a ta , each w it h it s ow n
g th s
s tr e n
an d w ea kn e sse s W h ile p la n n in g y o u r r e s e a r c h p r o je c t , if th e m e th o d o lo g y is

n o t c ho se n fo r y o u , it m a y b e p o s s ib le fo r y o u to u s e a v a r ie t y o f m e th o ds,
su c h as co n te n t a n a ly s is , s u r v e y s , fo c u s g r o u p s , o r o b s e r v a t io n h o w ev er, it
is im p o r ta n t to ill p r o v id e y o u w ith th e d a t a t h a t
c h o o s e t h e m e th o d th a t w

b e s t a n s w e r s o u r r e s e a r c h u e s tio n /o b je c tiv e s w ith in a n y lim ita t io n s y o u


y q
m ig h t h a v e ti
( m e , c o s t , a b ility , e tc ) W h e n y o u e v a lu a te e a c h m e th o d o lo g y

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1 ıłE R E S E A R C H
uHDERTAKDG
12 8 a n u m ber o f fa c
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to fo llo w ın g
T he se in c lu d e t h e
t o r s to c o n s id e r th a t w ill m e a su re
id e d a
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(w h e t h e r th e
m c a u se

n a l validity
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th e de p e n de n a s a s k in
o n
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w
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an

c e re a l) h a v e lo w

id e d a ta w ith c o n s is te n t
v
m u st p ro
c h o se n
T he m e th o d
2 Retiı
bility
t im e , w
h e n t h e y a r e n ıs h in g
f lo s in g
be o r e c
f s h o p p e r s ju s a s in te r v ie w in g
t
i s tır v e y re s p o n s e s

x s x X X
o
so n a th e s a m e
lia b ilit y c a n a ls o
. . _ hed R e

te s t r e t e s t ,
alternative fo m ı
s o f
a sse ss
reliability nclude
e rr o r w a ys to

a te d
re ı qu s t io n s , s u c h a s
d to
r e g a r d to
h a iw peo p le re sp o n
te n c y in l, 2006 )
lp h a te s ts (M a lh o tr a et a
ba c h
'
C ro n s a

d h o se n m u st
b e a p p r o p r ia t e in th e c o n
s T h e m e th o
c
3 A p p r o p r iů te n e s h a t o th e r s h a v e
r o b le m /o j
b e c tiv e s O b s e r v in g w
te x t o f t h e p r o je c ť s p
m a y h e lp c o n fir m t e
h
d ie s o n th e s a
m e t o p ic a r e a
d o n e in p r e v io u s s t u
i
d is c u s s e d in C h a p t e r 7 , L te r a
"
t u re
i a t e m e t h o d (a s w a s
m o st a p pro p
r d
l i n d e p t h in t e r v
ie w s s e e k in g t o u n d e rs ta n
R e v ie w ) o F "
r e x a m p , e

f h ıa s s c e ilin g m a y a
llo w fo r r ic h e r a n d
fe m a le m a n a g e r s
'
v ie w o t e g
l m an
l a n t d a t a th a n u n d e r ta
k in g a n e m a il s w e y o f fe m a e
m o r e r e e v

h d e p th o f in fo r m a tio n w o u ld e o s
b l t
a g e r s , be c a u s e t e
h u a lity
4 A ttıo u tıt o f d a ta T h e m e th o
d c h o s e n m u s t p r o v id e e n o u g q
h
h h s e n a n a ly s is te c
d a ta fo r th e r e to b e s u ffic ie n t a n a ly s is , u s in g t e c o
e de d
F l h id i t io n s b e t w e e n th e d a ta n e
n iq u e o r ex a m p , e t e r e a r e w e v a r a
ita tiv e sta
fo r qualitttive a n d q u a n tita tiv e a n a ly s is , w it h s o m e q u a n t
a te , w
be rea s
i i l d
t s t c a te s ts n e e n g m o r ei t h an 3 0 r e s p o n s e s t o b e a c c u r
ttses
s o m e s ta t is tic a l te s ts r e q u ir e la r g e r s a m p le s , m o r e th a n
1 0 0 re sp o
ot
O n th e o th e r h a n d , p e r s o n a l in d e p th in t e r v ie w s m a y n e e d o d y
one
o ur
o fy
tw o r e s p o n d e n ts T h u s o u n e e d to k n o w t h e r e u ir e m e n ts
y q
a n a ly s is te c h n i u e s b e fo r e
q y o u c o lle c t y o u r d a t a

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C h a p te r 8 D a ta G a t h e r in
g

12 9
5 F le x ib ility T he n e
ı th o d c ho sen ho
s u ld 】1 a
】 tc h th e d e r e e
g o f fle x ib ility

c ha r a c t e r is tic s
G e n e ra i
t o n
X em
p lo y e e s p r e fe r
, yo u m a y n ee d a
in t e r e s tin
g P o in t C a n
yo u te ll m
do n e w he n yo e m ?"
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tır e d d a ta a ppro a c he s T hu s, so m e

6 C o s ts T he m e th o d c ho se n s h o u ld n o t c o st
yo u o r yo u r gro u p m o re
fin a n c ia lc o st fo r ex a m
p le , h ir in
gro u p s m a y be g a m ee t in g r o o m in ho
to o ex
a te l fo r fo cu s
p e n s iv e fo th e
(A n d r e a s e n , 1 9 8 8 ) In a d d it io
r a gre e d p ro je c t
bu dg e t
n , u s in
to u n d e r t a k e in g o n lin e su rv e d h ir in g p e o p le
t e r v ie w s, o r si ys an
m p ly e n
v e r y c o s t ly a n d ta k e s t im
te ń n
g d a t a fr o m sm e ys can be
e a ll o f w h ic h
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,
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7 TT im e rr ee s trr a itııts T he m e th o d ch o s e n s h o u ld
da ta ly z e it , in a llo w yo u to g a th e r th e
a n a t e r p r e t th e
,
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it h in t h e w r it e a
t im e fr a m e g iv e n by y o u r s u e rv i
, re p o rt w
p so r F o r e x a m l
f tim p e , if y o u h a v e a s m a ll
a m o u n t o e , th e u s e o f
a m a il s u r v e
y m ig h t n o t b e a p p r o p r ia t e
w he n yo u c o n s id e r t h e s lo w d is t ib r u t io n a n d co lle c t io n o f sm e ys
(i e a w e e k to rea c h de n
, re sp o n ts a n d th e n k
a w ee o r t w o to ge t ba c k
to yo u w ith rem in d e r s in b e t w
, een ), w here a s an o n lin e su rv ey m a y be
m h q u ic k e r , w it h ń r m s a b le t o s e n d in v it a ti
u c
o n s t o s ig n ific a n t s a m

p ie s o f p e o p le in a fe w d a s h
y o r o u r s H o w e v e r , t im in g is s u e s w ill a ls o
a ffe c t c o s t in g , a n d t h e r e m a y b e a t r a d e o ff b e t w e e n t h e t w o a s h ir in
, g
a r e s e a r c h p a n e l t o s o u r c e d a t a fo r a n o n lin e p a n e l c a n b e v e r y e x p e n

s iv e (u p to $10 p er co m p le t e d s ıır v e y , fo r s rır v e y s ta k in g b e t w e e n 1 5


an d 20 m in u te s , w he re a s a po s ta l su rv e y w o u ld b e $ 1 5 0 p e r c o m
a lth o u gh yo a ls o ha v e d is tr ib u
p le te d r e sp o n s e u to pay to te s u r v e y s t o
,

ho do d)
p e o p le w n o t re sp o n

d o lo g y , t h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f
W it h m e th o
8 p o t e n titıt /o r e r r o rs an y
l f o u r re se a rc h
s o u r c e s o f p o t e n t ia e
l r r o r th a t c a n a ffe c t th e q u a ity o y
is a p o t e n t ia l fo r e r r o r s b a s e
d
l i i t r v ie w in g t h e r e
Fo r ex a m p , e n n e
i th e d a t a (i e , r e s p o n d e n t
o n w ho yo u sa m p e
l a n d h o w y o u o b ta n
d i I is im p o r t a n t t o d is c u s s
n is te r e d ) t
d i is t e r e d o r in t e r v ie w e r a m
a n ın

o u r d a ta
T h is w ill
h y o u g a th e r y
in im iz e t h e m
e n w
i a m a le
y o u c a n tr y t o m h t r F o r e x a m p le , u s n g
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fa c to r s
b le m i f y o u a re
in t e r v ie w e r w o u ld b e a p
ro

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a ffe c t fe m a le u n d e r g
b e one t
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u s t
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9 R e s e a r e l?e r s ů b ility T h e m '

a b ilitie
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c u rre n t
b e yo n d yo u r
m ay
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ro
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13 0 W T T A K IN G T H E R E S E A R C H
D Eı

l a n a ı
yz e th e da ta in th e w a y it is
o r y o u m ig h ın o t be a b le to p ro p e r y
f u s in g co m p le x a n a ly s is
te c h
r e q u ir e d 丁]T c ea m c m ig h t b e tr u e o
d ı
i g is ıu a bı
l e q u a t io n m o e n a yv er v a e
n iq u e $ I o r ex a m p le , s tr u c tu r a
ir e s a s o p h is t ic a t e d le v e l
to o l fo r lo o k in g a t c a u h b u t it r e q u
s a l re s e a rc ,
So e v e n t h o u g h t h is p r o c e s s w a s
o f c x p c r tie e t h a t y o u m g i ht n o t ha v e
i h t b e b e t te r o ff fo
lit e r a t u r e , y o u m g
cu s
u e e d in o t h e r s t u d ie s in y o u r ıo f e x p e r t is e
it h in y o u r le v e
in g o n m o r e m a n a g e a b le a c t iv it ie s w

Ty p e s o f R e se a rc h D a ta
so u rc e s o
f d a ta p r im a r y d a ta a n d
m a in
d e a r lie r , t h e r e a r e t w
A o
s m e n t io n e f r e se a rc h d a t a is
es o
h e v a r io u s t y p
se c o n d a r y d a ta A m o d e l t h a t s e ts o u t t t h o d s fo r y o u (t h e
d a t a g a t h e r in g m e
fo u n d in F ig u r e 8 1 In t h e fig u r e , t h e le ft t o r ig h t a c r o s s th e
i d e s e n te d
in o r d e r fr o m
r se a
e r h e )
r t o c o n s e r a r e p r
c
k fir s t b e c a lıs e t h e y p r o
I t S e c o n d a r y d a ta s
h o u ld b e u n d e r ta e n
p ga e m p o r t a n
d a r y d a ta c a n
ro e c t Se c o n
d jn fo r m a t io n fo r t e p j
h
v id e in v a lu a b le b a c k g r o u n
a l t h a t is , c o
lle c te d b y a n in d e p e n d e n t
b e in te r n a l t o a n o r g a n iz a t io n o r e x te r n ;

yp e s d R e se a rc h D a La

R e ee a h D

S econ d a ry D a la P rim a ry D a ta

h a =
In te rn a l Externat Q ua tiv e W e

(1) R e a d y to U s e (1 ) P u b lis h e d (1 ) F o c u s G ro u p s (1 ) S u rv e y s
(2 ) R e q u ire s F u rth e r M a te ria l
(2 iı
P ro c e s s in g
n D e p th (2 iO b s e rv a tio n s
(2 ) C o m p u te riz e d ı ts
n te rv ie w s (3 ) E x p e rim e n
D a ta b a s e s
(3 ) p ro je c tiv e
(3 ) S y n d ic a te d T e c h n iq u e s
s e rv ic e s

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