AP Physc em Sources of Magnetic Field Presentation 2018-03-17

AP Physics C - E & M
Sources of the Magnetic Field

2018-03-10
www.njctl.org
Table of Contents:
Sources of the Magnetic Field
Click on the topic to go to that section.
· Biot - Savart Law

· Ampere's Law
· Solenoid
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source, providing attribution and additional information.
Biot - Savart Law
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Biot - Savart Law
Soon after Oersted discovered that a current generated a
magnetic field, Biot and Savart did experiments to find the
magnitude of the field at a point away from the wire.
The magnetic field was perpendicular to both the direction of

the current and the direction of the point from the wire.
Its magnitude depended on the current, the distance and

sine of the angle between an individual wire segment and
the point.
Biot - Savart Law
Thus, the vector cross product is uniquely positioned to describe
the magnetic field due to a current segment:
wire segment in the direction

of the current
unit vector pointing from wire
segment to the point
distance from wire segment to point
Biot - Savart Law
Similar to the Electric Field, the equation for the Magnetic Field falls
off as a function of 1/r2.
Unlike the Electric Field, the Magnetic Field is not in line with the
radial vector between a current carrying wire and an arbitrary point -
it is perpendicular to it.
Also, there is no physical meaning to a small isolated segment of

current generating a field - unlike a single charge which generates
an Electric Field. An extended current distribution that is part of a
larger complete circuit is required.
Biot - Savart Law
Here's what we're talking about. The

wire is blue, and ds is in the direction of
conventional current flow. The unit
vector, r, points to P, which is where we'll
be calculating the magnetic field due to
the wire.
dB is the magnetic field due to the wire

segment ds. It is pointed out of the
page.
Biot - Savart Law
Since dB has no real physical meaning,

we will integrate over a current
distribution to find the magnetic field at an
arbitrary point away from the current.
1 At which of the points is the magnitude of the magnetic
field due to the circuit element, ds, of the current carrying
wire, the greatest?
A A
C E
B B
Answer
B D
C C
A
D D ds I
E E
2 A long, straight wire, shown below, carries an electric
current I. What is the direction of the magnetic field at
point P?
A Into the page P
Answer
B Out of the page
C To the left
D To the right
E None of the above

3 Two long, straight wires carry equal currents, one
directed into the page and the other out of the page. The
wires are placed at two corners of an equilateral triangle.
Which of the following is the correct direction of the net
magnetic field at point P?
Answer
B
E
Magnetic Field due to a long, straight wire
Find the magnetic field at point P, at

a distance, a, along the x axis, for a
long, current carrying conductor.
For any segment along the

conductor, the magnetic field at
point P is into the page.
Calculate the magnitude of the field

due to all the segments. Start with
the segment at the bottom of the
wire, a distance y from the x axis.
Evaluate the magnitude of the cross
product for any segment ds below
the x axis, renaming ds as dy:
Express r in terms of a and θ.
Express y in terms of a and θ.
θ1 can range from -π/2 to 0 and θ2

can range from 0 to π/2, which
ensures the correct sign for y.
One more step before we substitute

these values in for the magnitude of
dB. Find dy.
Use these to find the magnitude of the

cross product in terms of dy and θ:
Almost done. Now, put the cross

product magnitude into the equation
for the magnitude of dB, and
substitute the value of r.
It is now time to integrate over the
entire line segment - since the
magnitude, dB, is represented as a
function of θ, the integration will be
from θ1 to θ2.
As we've done before, take a limiting

case to see if this result makes sense.
If the wire is infinitely long, then
θ1 = -π/2 and θ2 = π/2.
This is consistent with the result

obtained in the previous unit for the
magnetic field about a wire.
Compare this to the Electric Field at a

distance, a, from an infinitely long
wire:
They are very similar with their linear

dependence on the charge density
(electric field) and current (magnetic
field) and both decrease as 1/a.
4 A long, straight wire, is bent as shown below and carries
an electric current I. What is the direction and magnitude
of the magnetic field at point P?
A Into the page,
B Out of the page,
Answer
I
C Into the page,
D Out of the page, I

r P
E Into the page,

5 A long, straight wire carries an electric current I directed
out of the page at point A. If B0 is the magnitude of
magnetic field due the current at point A, what is the
magnitude of the field at point B?
A B0/9
Answer
B B0/3
C B0 B
D 3 B0
A
E 9 B0
6 What is the magnitude of the magnetic field due to a long
current carrying wire, with a current of 0.56 A at a
distance of 210 cm?
A 5.3 x 10-8 T
Answer
B 1.1 x 10-7 T
C 1.7 x 10-7 T
D 7.5 x 10-7 T
E 2.4 x 10-6 T
Magnetic Field due to a loop of wire
Consider a conducting loop of wire of

radius, a. The loop is oriented so it is
centered on the x axis (pointing out of
the page).
Find the magnetic field at point P, at a

distance, x, from the center of the
loop, and a distance r from every
point on the loop.
As before, we'll start by calculating

the magnetic field at point P due to a
small segment of the loop - ds.
When the Electric Field was

calculated due to a loop, a symmetry
argument was used. There is no
perpendicular component of the
Electric Field at point P as it was
cancelled out by charge segments
that were opposite each other on the
ring.
The same symmetry applies here, so

the individual dBy's all cancel out and
we need only calculate dBx, which
when summed up along the loop will
equal the magnetic field at point P.
The magnetic field at point P will be

along the x axis - through the center
of the loop and pointing to the right.
The field lines will then circle around

and reenter the loop on the other
side.
Work with the vector cross product

first, and since ds is perpendicular to
r at every point:
Each current segment is the same

distance from point P:
Substitute these values into the dB

magnitude equation:
The y components of dB all cancel

out, so we only need to find dBx,
which equals:
Where:
Now integrate around the loop

to find the total magnetic field
at point P.
This line integral is very straight forward,
since when you add up all the little
segments of a loop, you just get the
circumference! Symmetry helps.
The maximum value of the

Magnetic Field is at the middle of
the loop, where x = 0.
It falls off rapidly as a function of

1/x3.
Magnetic Field Comparisons
The magnetic field at the center The magnetic field at a distance

of a current carrying loop of wire r from a long current carrying
is: wire is:
r
P
r
P
7 The wire in the figure below has been bent into a semi-
circle of radius R. A current, I, passes through the wire.
What direction does the Magnetic Field point at the
center of the semi-circle?
A To the right
Answer
B To the left
C Out of the page
D Into the page
E Downward
What is the contribution of the horizontal, straight wires to
the magnetic field at the center of the semi-circle?
Answer
B
E
What is the contribution of the semi-circle of the wire to
the magnetic field at the center of the semi-circle?
Answer
B
E
Ampere's Law
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Ampere's Law
The Electric Field was first calculated by choosing a small piece
of charge on a symmetric shape, finding the field due to that
charge and then adding them up, using integration techniques, to
find the total field.
Gauss's Law simplified this process - but, again, only for

symmetric shapes.
The Biot - Savart Law has now been used to calculate the
Magnetic Field due to an extended current distribution.
Is there an analogous process that can be used to simplify the

calculation of the Magnetic Field? Just like Gauss's Law
simplified the process of finding the Electric Field?
Ampere's Law
Yes. Ampere's Law.
Magnetic Field lines circle a conductor. The direction of the field

lines is found by placing your right thumb in the direction of the
conventional current, and curling your fingers around the
conductor (right-hand grip rule). The Magnetic Field lines are in
that direction.
The Magnetic Field at all points on the circle is the same, as all
points are the same distance from the conductor. B is parallel to
a line segment, ds, that is tangent to the circle.
Ampere's Law
Sum up the dot product of B and ds around the entire closed
path defined by the circle of radius r, and substitute the value of
B for a current carrying conductor that was presented in the
previous unit.
The line integral is the

circumference of the
closed path.
Ampere's Law
Ampere's Law. The dot product enables you to choose any

symmetric shape about a current distribution, and the law
still holds. I is the current passing through a surface that is
enclosed by the chosen Amperian Loop (similar to the
Gaussian Surface when using a surface integral).
The Amperian Loop is indicated by a dashed line.

Limitations of Ampere's Law
Ampere's Law as shown only works for constant currents. In
addition, no magnetic materials can be nearby and there can be
no time varying electric fields.
Ampere's Law was modified by James Clerk Maxwell, by adding

the displacement current due to a time varying electric field.
This was actually the only physical property that Maxwell added
to Gauss's Laws for Electricity and Magnetism, Faraday's Law of
Induction and Ampere's Law to come up with the mathematical
formalism that describes Electricity and Magnetism - Maxwell's
Equations. These four equations, unlike Newton's Laws, did not
need to be modified by Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity.
10 Which of the following Amperian loops results in the
greatest value of for the current carrying wires?
A A
x x
B B B
E C
Answer
C C x
D D
D
E E A
11 A conductor carrying a current I, out of the page is
surrounded by a conducting sleeve carrying a current of I
directed into the page. What is the value of for
a < r < b? Assume I is positive out of the page.
A -2 μ0I
Answer
B -μ0I
C 0
D μ0 I
E 2 μ 0I
12 A conductor carrying a current I, out of the page is
surrounded by a conducting sleeve carrying a current of I
directed into the page. What is the value of for
r > c?
A -2 μ0I
Answer
B -μ0I
C 0
D μ0 I
E 2 μ 0I
Magnetic Field of a long current
carrying conductor
A conductor that is not carrying a current has all of its excess
charge on the surface - it is in electrostatic equilibrium. There is
no Electric Field within a conductor that is not carrying a current.
For a conductor where there is a current present, the charges are

moving within the conductor due to the Electric Field created by
the battery. Using Ampere's Law, we won't be able to just say
the Magnetic Field within the conductor is zero (which is good,
because there is a Magnetic Field within a current carrying
conductor).
A similar mathematical technique that was used to calculate the

Electric Field within an insulator with a uniform distribution of
charge will be used here.
carrying conductor
Consider first the magnetic field outside the conductor, where r > R.
Draw an Amperian loop as shown.
On the loop, the Magnetic Field has a constant magnitude and is

parallel at all points to ds:
carrying conductor
Apply Ampere's Law:
The Magnetic Field circles the conductor as shown.
Next, calculate the Magnetic Field within the conductor.

carrying conductor
Draw an Amperian loop as shown within the conductor where r < R.
Once again, on the loop, the Magnetic Field has a constant

magnitude and is parallel at all points to ds:
carrying conductor
But this time, the Amperian Loop only surrounds some of the current
in the wire - that we assume to be uniformly distributed (just like the
charge in an insulator when we used Gauss's Law to find the
Electric Field).
The current enclosed by the loop is found by ratioing the cross

sectional areas of the Amperian loop and the wire:
carrying conductor
Ampere's Law:
The Magnetic Field is zero in the middle of

the conductor, and when r = R, it is equal
to the value that we obtained for the
Magnetic Field outside the conductor - so
it's continuous. That's good.
13 A solid cylindrical conductor of radius, R, carries a
current, I, uniformly distributed throughout its interior.
Which of the following graphs shows the magnitude of
the Magnetic Field as a function of r, the radial distance
from the axis of the cylinder?
Answer
B <<double-click to edit>>
A <<double-click to edit>> C <<double-click to edit>>
E <<double-click to edit>>
D <<double-click to edit>>
14 A long cylindrical conductor of radius R has a current, I,
uniformly distributed throughout its interior. What is the
magnitude of the Magnetic Field for r < R?
A Zero
Answer
R
C I
E
15 A long cylindrical conductor of radius R has a current, I,
uniformly distributed throughout its interior. What is the
magnitude of the Magnetic Field for r > R?
A Zero
Answer
B
R
C I
E
Solenoid
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Solenoid
A solenoid is a length of wire that is formed into a helical shape,
with a current passing through it. This geometry gives rise to a
very strong magnetic field within the helical wire that can be
turned on and off by switching the current on and off. The
solenoid below shows the wire wrapped around an iron core.
The solenoid functions as an electromagnet and is used in

automotive ignition circuits, pinball machines, dialysis machines,
locking mechanisms, and water and air flow regulators.
By Svjo (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c3/Solenoid-with-core.JPG
Solenoid
The ferromagnetic properties of the iron core can increase the
field by three orders of magnitude. The magnetic field generated
by the loop of wire causes the magnetic domains in the iron to
line up, reinforcing the field.
Solenoid
If the loops are closely spaced and the solenoid is not very long
compared to the radius of the loops, then the magnetic field
generated by the current resembles that of a bar magnet, and is
equal to the vector sum of the magnetic fields generated by each
loop.
By extending the length of the solenoid, where the length is much

greater than the radius of the loops, then you have an "ideal"
solenoid. As the length/radius ratio increases, the field becomes
more uniform within the solenoid and gets much weaker outside
the solenoid.
Solenoid
The schematic shows a cutaway view of a solenoid. The helical
current loops come out of the page for the top row and reenter at
the bottom - represented by standard vector notation - this is the
current flow.
As the length of the

solenoid increases, the
similarity to a bar
magnet decreases as
the external magnetic
field shrinks. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg
Solenoid
Draw two Amperian loops on the solenoid.
Loop A will be used to determine the Magnetic Field outside

the solenoid, and loop B will be used to determine the
Magnetic Field inside the solenoid.
A
Solenoid
Loop A is perpendicular to the page. The current passing
through it is just due to the small current moving from left to
right through the helix.
Because the loop only encloses a tiny bit of the solenoid's

current, it is a weak Magnetic Field. The field forms small
circles about the loops at either end of the solenoid.
A
Solenoid
Unlike Loop A, Loop B is in the plane of the page. Ampere's
Law will be applied separately to each leg of the rectangular
loop.
For sides 1 and 3, the Magnetic Field inside and outside the
solenoid is perpendicular to ds, hence the dot product of B
and ds is zero.
B 2
1 3
4
Solenoid
For side 2, the Magnetic Field lines are perpendicular to ds,

hence the dot product of B and ds is zero again.
B 2
1 3
4
Solenoid
The Magnetic field is uniform through the interior of the
solenoid, and is in the same direction as ds. Thus, for a side
of length, l:
N is the number of turns of wire inside
the Amperian loop. For a current I in
the solenoid, the total current inside the
Amperian loop is NI.
l
2
1 3
4
Solenoid
The magnitude of the Magnetic Field inside the solenoid is
equal to the field found by performing the line integral on
segment 4 - the line integrals for the other sides equal zero.
Define n as N/l - the number of loops per unit length:
l
2
1 3
4
Solenoid and Capacitor
A solenoid produces a uniform Magnetic Field within its helical
shape.
A capacitor produces a uniform Electric Field between its charged

plates.
16 A uniform magnetic field B is created by the electric
current flowing through a long solenoid. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid if the
number of windings per unit length is tripled and the
current is doubled?
A B/6
Answer
B B
C 2B
D 3B
E 6B
17 A uniform magnetic field B is created by the electric
current flowing through a long solenoid. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid with
the same current and three times the radius?
A B/4
B B/2
Answer
C B
D 2B
E 4B
18 A magnetic field B is created by the electric current
flowing through a long solenoid. What is the magnitude of
the magnetic field at a distance of r > a from the center of
the solenoid of radius a?
Answer
C

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AP Physics C - E & M

Sources of the Magnetic Field

· Biot - Savart Law

Move any photo or image in this presentation to reveal a link to its

The magnetic field was perpendicular to both the direction of

Its magnitude depended on the current, the distance and

wire segment in the direction

Also, there is no physical meaning to a small isolated segment of

Here's what we're talking about. The

dB is the magnetic field due to the wire

Since dB has no real physical meaning,

A Into the page P

E None of the above

Find the magnetic field at point P, at

For any segment along the

Calculate the magnitude of the field

Express r in terms of a and θ.

Express y in terms of a and θ.

θ1 can range from -π/2 to 0 and θ2

One more step before we substitute

Use these to find the magnitude of the

Almost done. Now, put the cross

As we've done before, take a limiting

This is consistent with the result

Compare this to the Electric Field at a

They are very similar with their linear

A Into the page,

B Out of the page,

D Out of the page, I

E Into the page,

Consider a conducting loop of wire of

Find the magnetic field at point P, at a

As before, we'll start by calculating

When the Electric Field was

The same symmetry applies here, so

The magnetic field at point P will be

The field lines will then circle around

Work with the vector cross product

Each current segment is the same

Substitute these values into the dB

The y components of dB all cancel

Now integrate around the loop

The maximum value of the

It falls off rapidly as a function of

The magnetic field at the center The magnetic field at a distance

C Out of the page

D Into the page

Gauss's Law simplified this process - but, again, only for

Is there an analogous process that can be used to simplify the

Magnetic Field lines circle a conductor. The direction of the field

The line integral is the

Ampere's Law. The dot product enables you to choose any

The Amperian Loop is indicated by a dashed line.

Ampere's Law was modified by James Clerk Maxwell, by adding

For a conductor where there is a current present, the charges are

A similar mathematical technique that was used to calculate the

On the loop, the Magnetic Field has a constant magnitude and is

The Magnetic Field circles the conductor as shown.

Next, calculate the Magnetic Field within the conductor.

Once again, on the loop, the Magnetic Field has a constant

The current enclosed by the loop is found by ratioing the cross

The Magnetic Field is zero in the middle of

The solenoid functions as an electromagnet and is used in