THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND

DEGRADATION OF MALANG RESIDENCE FOREST

To Fullfill the Course Assignment

Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Lingkungan (Basic of Environmental Science)
Which is Guided by Mr. Dr. Sueb, M.Kes

By :
Group 5 Offering A 2017
Aulia Renais Ariesta 170341615054

Hafidh Yanuar Pangestu 170341615103

Mahdiyani Nur Fadhilah 170341615008

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MAJOR S1 BIOLOGY EDUCATION
February 2018
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Forest is an ecosystem unity in the form of expanse of land containing
biological natural resources dominated by trees in environmental alliance, one
with the other can not be separated (Law No. 41 of 1999). According to
Fujimori et al (2006:25), forest can be described as an ecosystem
characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover, and more
particularly, a plant community of predominantly trees and other woody
vegetation, growing more or less closely together. Forest resources was a
result of the resources came from the forest. Like wood, but there is also a
non wood forest products. The forest is one of the components of the
environment that much benefit to the needs of human life. The need for fuel,
wood for building, as a regulator of water governance, stabilizers, climate,
State revenue, producing oxygen, dirty air filters, flood control and the other
is a variety of benefits that can be gained from the presence of forest. (Miller
& Spoolman, 2010:133)
In its ecological role, forest generally has a function. The most important
function is as a source of oxygen. Therefore the forest is commonly referred
to as the lungs of the world. The existence of forests as a global sub-
ecosystem occupies an important position as the lungs of the world (Zain
1996). Another function is as a place to live various types of flora and fauna,
wood fuel producers, sawn timber and paper products, recreational areas,
important in global recycling for water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Forests
also serve to absorb, hold, and slowly release the water cycle.
Indonesia is the third of seven countries called Megadiversity Country.
Indonesia's forests are home to thousands of species of flora and fauna, many
of which are endemic in Indonesia. The total natural forest in Indonesia is 13
persent in an established ecosystem network into conservation areas where
the area is deliberately intended for the benefit of the conservation of
germplasm, species and ecosystems many of which are very unique and is
considered a world heritage (world heritage). However, the facts show that
these areas are now highly threatened by the existence and sustainability of
illegal logging activities.
Degradation is increasingly alarming both within and outside the forest
area. Some sources say that since 1996, the rate of degradation has increased
to an average of 2 million ha annually (FWI / GPC, 2001). The area of forest
that was originally about 200 million ha was now only 90 millions away with
the rate of forest depreciation of more than 1 million ha per year (Sumarwoto,
2003). According to the degradation rate data for the period 2003-2006 issued
by DEPHUT, the rate of deforestation in Indonesia reaches 1.17 million ha
per year.

In the KLHK's release, the deforestation figures of 497,000 hectares are

analyzed from July 2016-June 2017. The details are 64.3% or 308,000
hectares in forest area and 35.7% or 171,000 hectares in other use areas
(APL). Thus, the forest cover in 2017 is 93.6 million hectares, with 40 million
hectares of primary forest. Deforestation of forest areas in 2017 of 64.3%
means down compared to 2014 by 73.6%.
Based on the function, the distribution of deforestation in forest area is
divided into 44.1% of production forest, 12.7% of protected forest and 7.5%
in conservation forest. According to the calculation of the Directorate General
of Planology, Indonesia's deforestation figure for 2014-2015 period is 1.09
million hectares and 2015-2016 to 0.63 million hectares. The largest spread of
deforestation in production forests, reaching 63% due to open access and
others that need to continue to be explored to obtain the right solution.

Based on deforestation of 2014-2015, the largest occurred in the area of

forest utilization permit in forest area 43.8% of 535,490.1 hectares. In 2015-
2016, it decreases to 30.2% or 247,740.3 hectares and there is an increase of
non-permit area in forest area so 39.3% is 322,460.6 hectares. In 2015-2016,
most deforestation is in the settlement area of 66.4% or 544,575.7 hectares.
One example of forest that has been damaged is the forest in Sitiarjo
forest, Sumber Manjing Wetan. Tens of thousands of hectares of forest in
Malang Regency are badly damaged due to illegal logging and cultivation
pattern of people who choose plants that are not able to bind water, such as
bananas, cassava and others, as a result when heavy rains flow very hard,
even mixed with sea water also tide and lead to flooding.
The forest has a very important role in order to support the future.
Therefore, if the forest is damaged, people will also receive its effects. one
way to help the forest in its function as the lungs of the world is to do a tree
planting. An effort that is usually done for this problem is with reforestation,
but now people just want to plant trees without keep and maintain. Therefore
the author wants to provide solutions to the readers, especially the
 communities around the forest in Sitiarjo village to reduce forest degradation,
among others by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation, increase the area and standard of management of protected areas,
encouraging substitutes , increase the area of forest permanently reserved for
timber production, increase the perceived and actual value of forests.

1.2 Outline of Problem

1.2.1 How is Importance of forest at Malang Residence?
1.2.2 How are human activities around forest at Malang Residence ?
1.2.3 Is there any correlation between human activities and degradation of
forest at Malang Residence ?
1.2.4 What is the Solution of Forest Degradation at Malang Recidence ?

1.3 Purpose
1.3.1 To find out how forest is important asset at Malang Residence
1.3.2 To find how are human activities around forest at Malang Residence
1.3.3 To find out the correlation between human activity and degradation of
forest at Malang Residence
1.3.4 To find out the solution of forest degradation at Malang Residence

1.4 The Benefits

1.4.1 The forest has a very important role in order to support the future.
1.4.2 The benefit of this program is, the tree someday will be a great and can
be utilized for various purposes other than as part of the ecosystem of
the surrounding environment.
1.4.3 Another benefit to the environment is in the right conditions, planting
trees help restore damaged land and provide firewood, timber
buildings, food for humans and animals, as well as medicine.

CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL REVIEW
2.1 Forest
Forests are a collection of trees that meet and cover a wide enough area
that can form a microclimate that ecological conditions are very distinctive
and outside the area. (Dengler,1930)
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry "Forests
are the unity of ecosystems in the form of land overlays containing biological
resources dominated by trees in their natural environment, one with another
inseparable."
2.1.1 Forest Resource
Forest resources was a result of the resources came from the forest.
Like wood, but there is also a non wood forest products. The forest is
one of the components of the environment that much benefit to the
needs of human life. The need for fuel, wood for building, as a
regulator of water governance, stabilizers, climate, State revenue,
producing oxygen, dirty air filters, flood control and the other is a
variety of benefits that can be gained from the presence of forest. The
forest service has a very great antecedent to the survival of living
things. (Miller&Spoolman,2010).
2.1.2 Category of Forest
Based on Law no. 41/1999 on Forestry, forest area is divided into
conservation forest, protection forest and production forest under the
following definition:
2.1.2.1 Producing forest
Production forest is a forest area that has the main function
of producing forest products. Production Forest consists of
Permanent Production Forest (HP), Limited Production Forest
(HPT) and Convertible Production Forest (HPK). Direct forest
benefits include using wood for building materials and fuel, as
well as other uses (Salim, 2006).
According to Suebu (in Naila, 2008) understanding the role
and functions of forests, agroforestry, food security, and
farmers' income. Forests have an important and strategic role
as assets and capital of a nation, especially when viewed from
 three aspects of economic, social and community, and the
environment. Viewed from the economic aspect, forests are a
very important source of foreign exchange, both flora and
fauna.
2.1.2.2 Producing forest
Production forest is a forest area that has the main function
of producing forest products. Production Forest consists of
Permanent Production Forest (HP), Limited Production Forest
(HPT) and Convertible Production Forest (HPK). Direct forest
benefits include using wood for building materials and fuel, as
well as other uses (Salim, 2006).
According to Suebu (in Naila, 2008) understanding the role
and functions of forests, agroforestry, food security, and
farmers' income. Forests have an important and strategic role
as assets and capital of a nation, especially when viewed from
three aspects of economic, social and community, and the
environment. Viewed from the economic aspect, forests are a
very important source of foreign exchange, both flora and
fauna.
2.1.2.3 Protected forests
Protected forests are forest areas that have the basic
function of protecting life support systems to regulate water,
prevent floods, control erosion, prevent sea water intrusion and
maintain soil fertility.
From the environmental aspect, forests have hydrological
functions (water regulator), erosion barrier, and function as the
lungs of the world as well as biodiversity habitat (Seibu,2008)
Forest functions include the following: Water management and
inhibition of erosion; can provide benefits to health and
beauty; supporting the creation of a beautiful environment and
clean air; can prevent flooding. (Salim,2006)
2.1.2.4 Conservation forest
 Conservation forest is a forest area with certain
characteristics that have the main function of preserving the
diversity of plants and animals and their ecosystems.
Conservation forest consists of; Natural reserve area in the
form of nature reserve (CA) and wildlife reserve (SM), nature
conservation area in the form of National Park (TN), Taman
Hutan Raya (THR) and Nature Tourism Park (TWA); as well
as Buru Park.

2.2 Importance of Forest

Forest is an ecosystem entity in the form of land overlays containing
biological resources dominated by trees in their natural environment, which
can not be separated. Forests are one of the most important elements of the
natural environment that we must always preserve. An ecosystem created
from a collection of trees, microorganisms, soil, animals, and environments
that have functions that are more than just the lungs of the world.
2.2.1 Function of forest
The function of forests is very important for life on earth, including
for the people inside. Because of the importance of the role of forests
for the life within them, it is fitting for us to preserve and conserve
these forests to exist throughout the ages.
2.2.1.1 As the Lungs of the World
In general, the forests are the lungs of the world because
they will absorb carbon dioxide in the air and release more
oxygen which is very beneficial to the living beings in the
world. Forests can absorb carbon dioxide gas that is harmful
to humans and produce the oxygen gas that humans really
need. Given the importance of this one forest role, then we
must be able to keep our forests (Siboro,2012)
2.2.1.2 Economist Sources
Other forest functions that are not less important than the
lungs of the world are as an economic source. Indonesia is
 one of the countries with the largest forest area in the world
also rely on forest products such as timber and others as a
source of national economy. We hope that the economic
resources of this forest can be used as much as possible for
the benefit of the people in Indonesia.
2.2.1.3 Habitat For Flora and Fauna
Forests are an important habitat for various flora and
fauna. Conversion of forests into other forms of land use will
decrease sensitive populations of flora and fauna so that
biodiversity levels are reduced. ( Ellys, 2009)
2.2.1.4 Reduce Pollution and Air Pollution
Another important function of forests for humans is that
forests can be used to reduce pollution levels and air
pollution. Forests can absorb the gases that become the
source of pollution and air pollution such as carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and others. These gases are very harmful
to humans especially if the gases are already above normal
threshold level.
2.2.1.5 Produce Energy
Forests can produce energy that plays an important role in
replacing the use of fossil fuels. Firewood as a source of
renewable energy has an important role for rural communities
in Indonesia in supporting the continuity of fulfilling the
needs of daily life. Firewood is used for cooking and heating
(weeding). Firewood for rural communities will not be
completely replaced by other types of energy such as
kerosene and gas because of the low purchasing power of the
people and the difficulty of finding jobs and other alternative
alternatives outside the farm (Dwiprabowo, et al, 2010).

2.3 Human activities around forest

The existence of humans on earth has a double dimension, as a destroyer
and keeper. With the power of human reason can create harmony with the
environment, but on the other hand with the power of reason also humans
have great potential to damage the environment. (Hadi, 2000). Humans can
also affect nature as nature affects humans. When nature shapes human
behavior, human beings can form natural behavior outside the context of their
habits (Bell, Fisher, Baum & Greene, 1996).
2.3.1 Illegal logging
Illegal logging can be defined as the act of cutting timber by
violating forestry regulations. This action is a crime that includes
activities such as logging in protected areas, conservation areas and
national parks, and logging without permits in production forests.
Transporting and trading illegal timber and illegal timber products is
also considered a forest crime. In other words, the definition of illegal
logging involves a series of regulatory violations that result in
excessive exploitation of forest resources. (Miller, 2010)
The impact of illegal logging are the loss of a certain number of
trees so that no forest is guaranteed to result in environmental
degradation, micro-climate change, reduced productivity of land,
erosion and floods and loss of biodiversity. Habitat destruction and
fragmented forests can cause the extinction of a species including rare
fauna. The more severe impact is the destruction of forest resources
due to illegal logging without regard to the rule of forest management
can reach the point where efforts to return it to its original state
becomes irreversible.
The greatest difference between natural disturbances and logging is
that logging times and operations are planned. The scale of logging
ranges from clearcutting of large areas to cutting of individual trees in
thinning or selective cutting operations. Regeneration and the
successive stand structure varies depending on the condition of the
logged stand, the surrounding stands, and the method of logging. This
is discussed in Parts II, III, and IV. Although the processes of logging
and timber removal disturb the undergrowth and soil, normally land
 must be treated after logging to create conditions conducive to natural
or artificial regeneration.
2.3.2 Deforestation and land clearing
Deforestation and land clearing affect biodiversity by direct
removal of species. Direct removal of species, either as a result of land
clearing or of exploitation for human use, alters resource availability,
such as shelter and food, for higher trophic levels. Land clearing
causes climate warmingbyaddingCO to the atmosphere and decreasing
evaporation, but it may also have a cooling effect by changing the
surface albedo Removal of vegetation cover affects the hydrologic
dynamics of the soil and may contribute to increased salinization of
freshwater systems.( F. Seebacher and C. E. Franklin, 2012)
The frequency of landslides depends on various factors,
particularly the angle of the mountain slope, properties of the parent
materials, and the climate. Landslides remove all buried seeds,
advanced growth, organic matter, and soil. However, exposed mineral
soil or rock provides suitable regeneration sites for windblown seeds
of some pioneer species such as pines and birches. The areas where
the dislodged soil accumulate are also favorable for the germination of
windblown seeds, but the opportunity for buried seeds to germinate is
low because the soil profile is disturbed. Areas affected ~ by
landslides are usually restored by artificial revegetation, with the
expectation that natural regeneration by windblown seeds will follow.
2.3.3 Building roads
Building roads into previously inaccessible forests is the first step
to providing timber, but it also paves the way to fragmentation,
destruction, and degradation of forest ecosystems. Even carefully
designed logging roads have a number of harmful effects namely,
increased erosion and sediment runoff into waterways, habitat
fragmentation, and loss of biodiversity. (Miller,2010)

2.4 The Relation Between Human Activities and Degradation Forest

 Deforestation and degradation are major threats to forest sustainability in
Indonesia. Deforestation and forest degradation that occurred in Indonesia
encourage the development of the issue as a significant contributor to carbon
emissions. On the other hand, as with other developing countries, forests are
still positioned as economic development resources that are feared will
accelerate the rate of deforestation and forest degradation that increase
greenhouse gas emissions from the forestry sector. Until now, in Indonesia
there is still deforestation and forest degradation causing decrease of forest
vegetation cover. Deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia reached
1.1 million hectares per year for the period 1997-2006 (Ministry of Forestry,
2010).
Degradation of forest quality in Indonesia caused by forest fires and
encroachments; illegal logging and illegal trade, driven by high demand for
timber and other forest products. Illegal logging can be defined as the act of
cutting timber by violating forestry regulations. This action is a crime that
includes activities such as logging in protected areas, conservation areas and
national parks, and cutting timber without permits in production forests.
Transporting and trading illegal timber and illegal timber products is also
considered a forest crime. In other words, the definition of illegal logging
involves a series of regulatory violations that result in excessive exploitation
of forest resources.
The impact of illegal logging are the loss of a certain number of trees so
that no forest is guaranteed to result in environmental degradation, micro-
climate change, reduced productivity of land, erosion and floods and loss of
biodiversity. Habitat destruction and fragmented forests can cause the
extinction of a species including rare fauna. The more severe impact is the
destruction of forest resources due to illegal logging without regard to the rule
of forest management can reach the point where efforts to return it to its
original state becomes irreversible.
2.5 Solution of forest degradation
An effort that is usually done for this problem is with reforestation, but
now people just want to plant trees without keep and maintain
2.5.1 Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
Many international organizations including the United Nations and
the World Bank have begun to develop programmes to curb
deforestation mainly through Reducing Emission from Deforestation
and Forest Degradation (REDD) which use direct monetary or other
incentives to encourage developing countries to limit and/or roll back
deforestation. Significant work is underway on tools for use in
monitoring developing country adherence to their agreed REDDS
targets (Chomitz et al., 2007).
2.5.2 Increase the area and standard of management of protected areas.
The provision of protected areas is fundamental in any attempt to
conserve biodiversity (Myers, 1994; Myers and Mittermeier, 2000;
Nepstad et al., 2006). Protected areas alone, however, are not
sufficient to conserve biodiversity. They should be considered
alongside, and as part of, a wider strategy to conserv biodiversity. The
minimum area of forest to be protected is generally considered to be
10 per cent of total forest area. It is reported that 12.4 per cent of the
world’s forest are located within protected areas. Tropical and
temperate forests have the highest proportions of their forests in
protected areas and boreal forests have the least. The Americas have
the greatest proportion while Europe the least proportion of protected
areas (Anon., 2010).
2.5.3 Encouraging substitutes
For all purposes where tropical or other timber is used, other
woods or materials could be substituted. We can stop using timber and
urge others to do the same. As long there is a market for wood
products, trees will continue to be cut down. Labelling schemes,
aimed at helping consumers to choose environmental friendly timbers
are currently being discussed in many countries (Anon., 1990).

2.5.4 Increase the area of forest permanently reserved for timber production.
The most serious impediment to sustainable forest management is
the lack of dedicated forests specifically set aside for timber
production. If the forest does not have a dedicated long-term tenure
 for timber production then there is no incentive to care for the long-
term interests of the forest. FAO (2001) found that 89 per cent of
forests in industrialized countries were under some form of
management but only about six per cent were in developing countries.
If 20 per cent could be set aside, not only could timber demand be
sustainably met but buffer zones could be established to consolidate
the protected areas. This would form a conservation estate that would
be one of the largest and most important in the world (Anon., 2001a).
2.5.5 Increase the perceived and actual value of forests.
There are several ways of achieving increasing the perceived and
actual value of forests. Governments can impose realistic prices on
stumpage and forest rent and can invest in improving the sustainable
productivity of the forest. National and international beneficiaries of
the environmental services of forests have to pay for such services
(Chomitz et al., 2007).

2.6 Profile of “Sitiarjo forest” at Malang Residence

Sitiarjo is a village in Sumbermanjing Wetan District, Malang
Residence, East Java Province. Sitiarjo Village is located 60 Km to the south
from downtown Malang. Geographically Sitiarjo village is located on 7021'-
7031 'LS and 110010'-111040'BT. The total area of Sitiarjo village reaches
3,313 ha, which is dominated by 555 ha plains and hills / mountains 2,758
ha. The height of the village area is a plain of about 2-10 meters above sea
level. For the distance Sitiarjo village to the Capital District is 18 km which
can be taken with about 30 minutes, while the distance to the district capital
is 58 km which can be reached by about 90 minutes.
The number of residents in the village of Sitiarjo (2012) is 7,683 people
with details of 3,765 men and 3,918 women, while the head of the family
reached 2,363 people. The coastal area of Sitiarjo village suffered severe
degradation. In 1998 deforestation changed the function of forests into fields
by migrant communities. However, because the location of land on the coast
is less productive, many coastal areas after deforestation can not be utilized
to the maximum of the fields so left abandoned (bald).
 CHAPTER III

METHOD

3.1 Research Design

The research will be conducted by field research, which is a direct
observation of the researched object in order to get a relavant data (Narbuko
et al, 2009:46). The research method that will be used is a description
correlational, research conducted by researchers to determine the level of
 relationship between two or more variables without making changes,
additions or manipulation of data that already exists. (Arikunto, 2010:4)
3.2 Research Place and Time
3.2.1 Research Place
The research take places in Sitiarjo Forest, Sumbermanjing Wetan
distric at Malang Residence.

3.2.2 Research Time

The research will be done according to the research schedule from
week 7-week 10 (around the end of februari until march 2018).

Month and Week

No Activity February March
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 Literature Study

Preparing Interview and Observation

2
Interview to population sampel and
3
Observation
4 Data Analysis

5 Creating Discussion and Conclusion

3.3 Research Population and Sample
Population is all the subject or object of research objective (Sulistijono,
2010: 32). Population also described as a collection of object or source of
research data (Sulistijono, 2010: 32). Meanwhile, sample is a part of certain
population that become point of interest. In this research, the sampling
technique that will be used is Random Sampling.
Random sampling is a choosing method, where every part of the member
in population have the same chance to be chosen to become a member of
sample (Sulistijono, 2010: 40). This sampling method is objective, meaning
that every member of population have the same chance to be chosen as
sample. The sample will be taken from community in the Sitiarjo Village.
Slovin’s formula used to determine the size of sample (Sulistijono, 2010:
36). The population of people or community in the Sitiarjo Village is 43.659.
According to slovin’s formula to determine the size of sample can be
calculated using.

n=

Where:
n = The size of sample
N = The size of population
d = Lack of inaccuracy by mistake in taking sample that can be
tolerable, for example 0,1
The size of the population is 7,683, so the size of sample that will be used
is.
n= 7683
1+7683(0,1)2
n= 7683
1+76,83
n = 7683
77,83
n = 99,77
To make the reaserch more easly in data analysis so the number will be
rounded from 99,77 to 100 sample.
3.4 Data Collecting Technique and Research Instrument
In this research the data collecting technique use questionnaire and
interview method.
3.4.1 Questionnaire Method
Questionnaire is a data collecting technique that doen by giving a
set of written question to the respondents to be answered (Sulistijono,
2010:18). The questionnaire will be given to the people (subject)
around Sitiarjo Village. Questionnaire will be given directly to the
subject, the subject will be instructed to answer or fill the question in
the questionnaire. After the subject finish answering the questionnaire,
the questionnaire will be taken back.
The instrument of questionnaire must be measured its data
validity and reability so the research deliver a valid and reliable data.
Valid means that the instrument can be used to measure what should
be measured. While reliable means that the instrument when used for
many times to measure same object deliver the same data too. The
instrument to measure the variable in this research use 5 points of
likert’s scale (Prasetyo & jannah, 2006:65). For X dan Y Variable we
will giving the following 5 alternative existing choice that have its
own value based on the type of given question, whice are :
SS : Sangat Setuju
S : Setuju
N : Neutral
TS : Tidak Setuju
STS : Sangat Tidak Setuju
Validity means that the measurement tool’s purity with the one
that will be measured, the measurement tool can be used to measure
what should be measured. So Validity is how far can the tool measure
something or object that want to be measured. Reability means having
trusted characteristic. A measurement tool said to be reabilty when the
measurement tool used many times by the same researcher will give
the same result. So reability is how far the consistency of
measurement tools to give the same result when used to measure for
many times (Prasetyo & jannah, 2006:65).
3.4.2 Interview Method
 Interview is data collecting technique where the rearchere having
direct dialogue with the responden to dig information from the
respondent (Istijanto, 2005:137). Basically, there are two kind of
interview, structured interview and unstructured interview. Structured
interview is an interview that so elaborately arranged. While
unstructured interview isa an interview that only asking its outline
(Sulistijono, 2010:19). Interview will be started around Sitiarjo
Village and the forest officer. Interviewer will ask about some
question about human activities around forest and degredation in
forest that the subject done. The interview will be given a time
amount for each subject (around 10-15 minute).

3.5 Data Retrieval Procedure

The procedure of obtaining the data is done by several stages :
1. Visit the village chief Sitiarjo for an interview
2. Visit the people around the forest in Sitiarjo village to conduct an
interview
3. Visit forest officials and Perhutani Sitiarjo for interviews on forest
degradation
4. Direct observation to see forest degradation in Sitiarjo forest of poor
district

3.6 Data Analysis

Data analysis ia used to organize the data taken from the subject to get a
conclussion. Each of the purpose will be anlyzed using a different way in
order to give a correct and reliable conclussion.
3.6.1 Importance of Forest in Malang Residence Data Analysis
The Interview method will give us insight about importance forest
in Malang Residence. So we will discuss and extract information from
the subject about how they know and think about importance forest. In
the other hand we will also compare the information we get from the
subject with some of journal and article about importance forest in
Malang Residence, its condition and its progress. In the end the output
 will create a concrete conclussion about importance forest in Malang
Residence based on the prespective of its people and from the
prespective of expert and researcher through published article and
journal.
3.6.2 The Correlation Between Human Activities Around Forest and
Degradation of Forest In Malang Residence Data Analysis
The questionnaire method will give an interval data that need to be
calculated. But the data can’t be calculated yet, because the distribution
of the data is yet known. In order to know the distribution of the data
we need to validate it by using normality test to dertemine if the data is
normally distributed or not-normally distributed (Sulisetijono,
2016:194)
Nomality test can use 2 kind of normality test, the liliefros and χ2.
After the normality test is conducted and the data distribution is
known. The data can be analyzed based on the result of the normality
test. If the data is normal, data analysis will use Pearson’s correlation
test. But if the data isn’t normal, data anylisis will use Rho-spearman
test.
3.6.2.1 Pearson’s Correlation Test
Correlation is how the two variable are connected and
change together (Sulisetijono, 2016:211). In pearson’s
correlation test the two variable isn’t said to have function to
each other, what can be said is that the degree of two variable
is changing from the effect of same cause. It can be also said
that each of two or one of the variable change the othet
degree of variable.
The correlation variable is decalred as (r) coefficient and
strech from -1 to +1. 1 coefficient, with the symbol of – or +
shows a perfect correlation between the two variables.
Otherwise 0 coefficient means that there is no correlation at
all (Sulisetijono, 2016:213). To determine the price of (r)
coeeficient we can use the following equation.

ruy =
 Σxy = ΣXY –

Σx2 = ΣX –

Σy2 = ΣY –

Where:
X = Human Activities Around Forest
Y = Degradation of Forest
N = The number of sample
ruy = (r) coefficient
After the price of (r) coefficient is known, the (r)
coefficient will be compared with the critical price of
pearson’s correlation, this step is known as test of
significance. the critical price of pearson’s correlation (with
degree of freedom is N-2) will determine the limit of (r)
coefficient that is significant. With the (r) coefficient that is
significant, it can reject hypothesis that stated the variable X
and Y is 0 (Zero hypothesis or H0).
To put it simple if the price of (r) coefficient is > than the
critical price of pearson’s correlation, it can be concluded that
H0 is rejected and the research hypothesis (H 1) is accepted.
But if the price of (r) coefficient is < than the critical price of
pearson’s correlation, it can be concluded that H0 is accepted
and the research hypothesis (H1) is rejected. These can be
accepted if H0 Ps = 0 and research hypothesis (H 1): Ps ≠ 0
(Sulisetijono, 2016:219)
3.6.2.2 Rho-spearman Test
The Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) can take values
from +1 to -1. A (rs) of +1 indicates a perfect association of
ranks, a (rs) of zero indicates no association between ranks
and a (rs) of -1 indicates a perfect negative association of
ranks. The closer (rs) is to zero, the weaker the association
between the ranks (sulisetijono, 2016:275).
 To determine the price of (rs) coefficient we need to use
some calculation procedure before, like. (1) Giving ranks to
each score/price for each variable. The smallest score is given
the smallest ranks, so that the highest score is also given the
highest ranks. The same score is given the same ranks. (2)
find the deviation between each pair of variable.
After giving ranks is done, the data can be calculated
using the following equation.

rs =1-

where:
= Difference in paired ranks
N = The number of sample
After the price of (rs) coefficient is known, the (rs)
coefficient will be compared with the critical price of Rho-
spearman correlation, this step is known as test of
significance. the critical price of Rho-spearman correlation
(with degree of freedom is N-2) will determine the limit of
(rs) coefficient that is significant. With the (rs) coefficient
that is significant, it can reject hypothesis that stated the
variable X and Y is 0 (Zero hypothesis or H0).
To put it simple if the price of (rs) coefficient is > than
the critical price of Rho-spearman correlation, it can be
concluded that H0 is rejected and the research hypothesis (H1)
is accepted. But if the price of (rs) coefficient is < than the
critical price of Rho-spearman correlation, it can be
concluded that H0 is accepted and the research hypothesis
(H1) is rejected. These can be accepted if H 0: Ps = 0 and
research hypothesis (H1): Ps ≠ 0 (Sulisetijono, 2016:277)
3.6.3 Solutions Of Forest Degradation in Malang Residence Data
Analysis
The Interview method will give us insight on how to save forest to
increase forest degradation in Malang Residence, through the eye of the
people living inside Malang Residence. So we will discuss and extract
 information drom the subject the best solution to save forest to increase
forest degradation in Malang Residence. In the other hand we will
compare the information we get from the subject with some of journal
and article about solutions to save forest to increase forest degradation
through the eye of other researcher or experts. In the end the output will
create the proper and balance solutions to save forest to increase forest
degradation in Malang Residence.

REFERENCES

Huxley, P.A. 1985. The tree/crop interface - or simplifying the biological

/environmental study of mixed cropping agroforestry systems.
Agroforestry Systems 3:251-266.

F. Seebacher and C. E. Franklin. Determining environmental causes of biological

effects: the need for a mechanistic physiological dimension in
conservation biology. International Journal of Introduction, Conservation
and Physiology, 2012, (doi :10.1098/rstb.2012.0036

Tim Badan Litbang Kehutanan dan Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. 2011. Review
Tentang Illegal Logging Sebagai Ancaman Terhadap Sumber Daya
Hutan. Online. Acsessed on (www.forda-mof.org), February 1, 2018.
Kartodiharjo H, Supriono A. 2000. The Impact of sectoral development on natural
forest conversion and degradation : the case of timber and tree crop
plantation in Indonesia. CIFOR Occasional Paper 26 (E). Bogor : Center
for International Forestry Research.
Rahardjo Wahyu. Hubungan Manusia-Lingkungan: Sebuah Refleksi Singkat.
2017. Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, No. 2, Volume 11.

Nafisha I, Ratnasih R. 2015. Reforestation evaluation of the Gunung Masigit

Kareumbi Game Reserve, Sumedang. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon.
Vol. 1, No 7: 1615-1621.
Rahajeng K, Chofyan I. 2014. Pengelolaan Hutan Dalam Mengatasi Alih Fungsi
Lahan Hutan Di Wilayah Kabupaten Subang. Jurnal Perencanaan
Wilayah dan Kota. Vol. 13, No 2.

Chazdon, R. L. 2008. Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem

services on degraded lands. Science 320, 1458–1460.
( doi:10.1126/science.1155365)
Departemen Kehutanan dan Perkebunan. 1999. Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun
1999 tentang Kehutanan. Jakarta: Dephutbun RI

Miller, G.Tayller Jr. & Spoolman, S.J. 2010. Environmental Science. Eight
Edition. Australia: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
Fujimori, Takao. 2001. Ecological and Silvicultural Strategies for Sustainable
Forest Management. Tokyo: Elsevier Science B.V.

Kant, Shasi., Albert, R. Berry. 2005. Institutions, Sustainability, and Natural

Resources Institutions for Sustainable Forest Management. Canada :
Springer.
Attachment

1. Table of variable description

No Variable Subvariable Indicators Scale of Ways of

. variable meassuring
and data
option of
answer
1 Importance  Function  As the Lung of Interval : Interview
of Forest
of forest the world Answer
Forest will absorb of
carbon dioxide in Interview
the air and release
more oxygen
which is very
beneficial to the
living beings in the
world.
 Economist
Sources
Indonesia is one of
the countries with
the largest forest
area in the world
also rely on forest
products such as
timber and others
as a source of
national economy
 Habitat For Flora
and Fauna
Forests are an
important habitat
for various flora
and fauna.
 Reduce Pollution
and Air Pollution
Forests can absorb
the gases that
become the source
of pollution and air
 pollution such as
carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide,
and others.
 Produce Energy
Forests can
produce energy
that plays an
important role in
replacing the use
of fossil fuels.

2 Human  Illegal  Illegal logging Interval : Interview

Can be defined as
activities logging Answer and
around  Deforestati the act of cutting of Observation
forest on and land timber by violating Interview
clearing forestry
 Building regulations.
roads  Deforestation and
land clearing
Affect biodiversity
by direct removal
of species. Direct
removal of species,
either as a result of
land clearing or of
exploitation for
human use, alters
 resource
availability, such
as shelter and food,
for higher trophic
levels.
 Building roads
Previously
inaccessible forests
is the first step to
providing timber,
but it also paves
the way to
fragmentation,
destruction, and
degradation of
forest ecosystems.
3 Solution of  Reducing  Reducing Interval : Interview
forest emissions Emission from Answer and
degradation from Deforestation and of Observation
deforestatio Forest Interview
n and forest Degradation
degradation Which use direct
. monetary or other
 Increase the
incentives to
area and encourage
standard of developing
managemen countries to limit
t of and roll back
protected deforestation.
areas.  Increase the area
 Encouragin
and standard of
g management of
substitutes protected areas.
 Increase the Protected areas
 area of alone, however,
forest are not sufficient
permanentl to conserve
y reserved biodiversity.
for timber Should be
production. considered
 Increase the
alongside, and as
perceived part of conserve
and actual biodiversity.
value of  Encouraging
forests. substitutes
For all purposes
where tropical or
other timber is
used, other woods
or materials could
be substituted.
 Increase the area
of forest
permanently
reserved for
timber
production.
The most serious
impediment to
sustainable forest
management is the
lack of dedicated
forests specifically
set aside for timber
production
 Increase the
perceived and
actual value of
 forests.
Governments can
impose realistic
prices on stumpage
and forest rent and
can invest in
improving the
sustainable
productivity of the
forest.

KUESIONER AKTIVITAS MANUSIA

TERHADAP DEGRADASI HUTAN

BAGIAN 1 Profile Responden

Nama :
Alamat :
Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki/Perempuan*(coret yang tidak perlu)
Pendidikan Terakhir :
Pekerjaan :
Jumlah Anggota Keluarga :

BAGIAN 2 PENTINGNYA HUTAN

Pilihan Jawaban
No. Pentingnya Hutan
SS S N TS STS
Hutan berperan penting sebagai
1
paru-paru dunia
Hutan merupakan rumah besar
2 bagi flora dan fauna untuk
tumbuh dan berkembang.
Hutan masih merupakan sumber
3
utama oksigen bagi kita.
Hutan dapat menghasilkan gas
4 oksigen yang sangat diperlukan
manusia
Indonesia merupakan salah satu
negara dengan luas hutan
terbesar didunia juga
5 mengandalkan hasil-hasil
hutannya seperti kayu dan lain-
lainnya sebagai sumber ekonomi
nasional.
Hutan sebagai tempat
6 penyimpanan air dalam volume
yang begitu besar
Ketika dimusim penghujan,
7 hutan bisa dijadikan sebagai
pengendali banjir.
Hutan bisa digunakan untuk
8 mengurangi tingkat polusi dan
pencemaran udara
Hutan bisa menyerap gas-gas
yang menjadi biang terjadinya
9 polusi dan pencemaran udara
seperti karbon dioksida, karbon
monoksida, dan lainnya
Kita tidak harus peduli dengan
hutan di Sumatra dan
10
Kalimantan, karena kita hidup di
Jawa.
Hutan dapat mencegah berbagai
11 bencana alam seperti erosi
tanah, tanah longsor dan banjir.
Kita tidak perlu peduli
12 ekosistem hutan karena kita
tidak tinggal dihutan.
 Hutan Indonesia menghasilkan
komoditas ekspor yang bernilai
tinggi baik dalam bentuk bahan
13
baku seperti kayu maupun
dalam bentuk bahan jadi seperti
kertas
Hutan, pepohonan dan lahan
terbuka hijau bisa membantu
14
untuk mengurangi efek rumah
kaca
Berjalan-jalan di bawah
rimbunan pohon dapat
15
membantu kita mengurangi
perasaan stres

BAGIAN 3 AKTIVITAS MANUSIA DISEKITAR HUTAN

Pilihan jawaban
NO
Aktivitas manusia SS
S N TS STS
1 Aktivitas manusia memberikan
dampak terbesar terhadap hutan
2 Aktivitas manusia merupakan
hal yang diperhatikan dalam
eksistensi hutan
3 Jumlah manusia disekitar hutan
juga mempengaruhi aktivitas
manusia disekitar hutan juga
4 Faktor ekonomi disuatu kota
juga mempengaruhi aktivitas
manusia di kota tersebut
5 Aktivitas manusia mampu
membantu kembalinya fungsi
hutan
6 Hutan tidak dipengaruhi oleh
aktivitas manusia
7 Pemerintah tidak harus
memperhatikan aktivitas
manusia jika akan
mengembalikan fungsi hutan
8 Pemerintah tidak memberi
pengaruh terhadap kembalinya
fungsi hutan
9 Pemerintah tidak termasuk
dalam aktivitas manusia
10 Industri menyumbang gas co
yang berpengaruh terhadap
aktivitas manusia
11 Aktivitas manusia harus
disesuaikan dengan kondisi
hutan disekitar mereka
12 Aktivitas manusia harus
diimbangi dengan perawatan
hutan
13 Pemerintah juga mempengaruhi
eksistensi hutan
14 Perlu adanya sosialisasi tentang
pengaruh aktivitas manusia
terhadap hutan
15 Perlu adanya peraturan yang
mengatur aktivitas manusia
yang memiliki dampak
terhadap hutan