Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Presentation on
Computer
Fundamentals
&
Computer Organization
Presented By:- Sunil Verma,PGT(C.S.)
Objective of the topic-
To learn the About the history of the computer.
1. Digital Computers
2. Analog Computers
3. Hybrid Computers
WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?
Def. A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of
operations in accordance with a set of instructions called program.
Computer can access and process data millions of times faster than humans can.
A computer can store data and information in its memory, process them and produce
the desired results.
Computers can do a lot of different tasks such as playing games, railway
reservation, weather forecasting, error detection and controlling the flight of a aircraft
etc.
Computer is used essentially as a data processor.
The difference between data and information is :
Data Vs. Information
Data : Data in computer terminology mean raw facts and figures.
For example,’Mohan’,1977,A . Data are processed to form information.
Information : It means what we get after processing data (meaningful data).
For example, ’Mohan, whose roll number is 1977, has got grade A’ is an
information as it is conveying some meaning.
This process of turning data into information is also known as information
processing.
FUNCTIONING OF A COMPUTER :
Certain input is needed to accomplish a task, a process is carried out on the
input to obtain the output.
Every process follows this Input-Process-Output cycle (IPO cycle).
MAIN MEMORY
Computer can understand only two stages ON/OFF or High/Low voltage or the
binary language that uses just two symbols : 1 for ON and 0 for OFF.
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Bit
cell 0
cell 1
Def. A group of 8 bits is called a byte and a group of 4 bits is called a nibble.
One byte is the smallest unit which can represent a data item or a character.
One KB(Kilobyte) -> 2¹º -> 1024 bytes.
One MB(Megabyte) -> 2¹º KB -> 1024 x 1024 bytes.
One GB(Gigabyte) -> 2¹º MB -> 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes.
One TB(Terabyte) -> 2¹º GB -> 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes.
Two types of memory : (i) Volatile - > Primary Memory
(ii) Non Volatile -> Secondary Memory
Types of OSs : single user OS, multiuser OS, batch processing OS, multiprocessing OS
etc.
Language Processors :
-> Programmer’s language is HLL and computer does not understand it.
->So it is require to convert HLL in to machine language. Software which does this is know
as Language Processors.
-> (i) Assembler : It converts the program written in assembly language into machine
language.
-> (ii) Interpreter : It converts a HLL program into machine language by converting and
executing it line by line. If there is any error in any line, it reports it at the same time and
program execution can not resume until the error is rectified.
Interpreter must always be present in the memory.
For error debugging, interpreter is very much useful as it reports the error
(s) at the same time.
(iii) Compiler :
It converts the entire HLL program in one go, and reports all the errors of
the program along with the line numbers.
After all the errors are removed, the program is recompiled, and after that
the compiler is not needed in the memory as the object program is available.
Therefore, if we combine interpreter and compiler, it gives the best
combination for HLL program translation into object code.
Application Software :
Def. An application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out
operations for a specified application.
These are the programs written by programmers to enable computer to
perform a specific task such as inventory control, medical accounting,
financial accounting, result preparetion, railway reservation, billing etc.
Application software can be subdivided into two catergories :
1. Customized Application Software :
This type of software is tailor-made software according to a user’s
requirements. The software is developed to meet all the requirements
specified by the user.
Software may not fit in the requirements of the new user.
Firmware :
Firmware is a prewritten program that is permanently stored in read-only
memory. It configures the computer and is not easily modifiable by the
user.
Example : BIOS ( Basic Input Output Services) instructions.
Live ware :
It is the term used for the people associated with and benefited from the
computer system.
FAQ-
A data is a collection of-
1. Raw facts
2. Processing
3. Transformations
4. None of these
Which of the following are software and hardware?
1. Transistor
2. FORTON
3. Compiler
4. Integrated Circuit
FAQ-
Who invented the punched card?
1. Charles Babbage
2. Herman Hollerith
3. Both 1 and 2
4. None of these
Define each of the following-
1. Nibble
2. Byte
3. Kilobyte
4. Megabyte
5. Gigabyte
6. Tetra byte
FAQ-
Which of the following does not represent an I/O device?
1. Speaker which beeps
2. Plotter
3. Joystick
4. ALU
Storage of 1 KB means the following number of bytes-
1. 1000
2. 964
3. 1024
4. 1064
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS :
Abacus :
Around 3000 years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the Mesopotamians
quite unknowingly laid the foundation of the computer era.
They discovered the earliest form of a bead-and-wire
counting machine, which subsequently came to be known
as abacus.
An abacus consists of beads divided into two parts which are movable on the
rods of the two parts. Addition and multiplication etc. of numbers is
done by using the place value of the digits of the numbers and position of
beads in the abacus.
Leibnitz’s Calculator :
Gottfried Leibnitz, a German Mathematician,
improved an adding machine and
constructed a new machine in 1671 that was
able to perform multiplication and division
as well. This machine performed
multiplication through repeated addition of
numbers.
Leibnitz’z machine used stepped cylinder each with nine teeth of varying
lengths instead of wheels as was used by Pascal.
Jacquard’s Loom :
Joseph Jacquard manufactured punched cards at the end of American
revolution and used them to control looms in 1801. Thus the entire control
weaving process was automatic.
The entire operation was under a program’s control.
3. Minicomputers :
Also called mid range servers
More powerful than micro computers in terms of processing
power and capabilities.
Multiuser system (Multi users can work simultaneously)
Greater storage capacity and larger memories comparedto micro
comp.
Capable of handling more i/p and o/p devices.
Examples : PDP-11, VAX, 7500 MAGNUM etc.
4. Mainframe Computers :
Designed to handle huge volumes of data and information.
Can support more than 100 users at same time
Large and expensive
Great processing speeds and very large storage capacity and
memory as compared to mini comp.
Possess and work with more than one processor at the same time
Very sophisticated operating systems are needed to control and
supervise their operations.
Examples : ICL 39, CDC 6600, VAX 8842, IBM 3090/600, IBM 4381
5. Super Computers :
Most powerful among the digital computers
Consist of several processors running together, so very powerful
and faster
Capable of handling huge amounts of calculations
It can perform billions of instructions per second
Today’s some super computers have the computing capability
equal to that of 40,000 micro computers
These computers cost in 15-20 million dollar range.
Used for weather forecasting, nuclear science research,
aerodynamic modelling, seismology, metrology etc.
Examples : CRAY X-MP-14, CDC-205, ETA GF-10, FUJITSU VP-
400, NEC SX-2, PARAM, PACE
Fro general purpose applications, supercomputers do not make
the ideal choice.
It can process information of only a certain kind.
Its power measured in flops (floating point operations per
second)
Analog Computers :
As input continuous quantities are used
Computations are carried out with physical quantities such as
voltage, length, current, temperature etc.
Operate by measuring rather than counting
All calculations take place in parallel and hence are faster
Accuracy is poor as compared to digital comp.
Mostly used in engg. And sci. applications.
Example : An electronic weighing scale
Hybrid Computers :
Utilize the best qualities of both the digital and analog comp.
Some calculations take place in analog manner and rest of them
take place in digital manner
Best used in Hospitals, also used for weather forecasting
FAQ-
One mega byte is equivalent to?
1. 210 bytes
2. 220 bytes
3. 230 bytes
4. None of these
Which of the following are parts of the CPU?
1. ALU
2. Memory
3. CU
4. Input device
5. Main Memory
FAQ-
Which of the following is not hardware?
1. Hard Disk
2. Printer
3. Keyboard
4. CPU
5. Assembler
6. Program to print table of 13
Which of the following are parts of the CPU?
1. ALU
2. Memory
3. CU
4. Input device
5. Main Memory
FAQ-
The modern age of data processing began with the competition of the
computer?
1. Analytical Engine
2. ENIAC
3. MARK 1
4. UNIVAC I
A Micro processor is
1. A solid state device
2. Capable of performing Arithmetic operations
3. Capable of performing Logical operations
4. All the above
FAQ-
In computer science ,by information we mean
1. Any output coming out from computer
2. Processed data put out from computer
3. A report printed by computer
4. Plural of data
The CPU
1. Is operated from the control panel
2. Is controlled by the input data entering the system
3. Controls the storage unit
4. Controls all input , output, processing
Thanks