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A review on phytochemical, ethnomedical & pharmacological studies on
genus Sophora, Fabaceae
Panthati Murali Krishna et al.
isolated and identified from genus Sophora along analgesic, it has been reported to have antitumour activity
with their ethnopharmacological uses were searched (Chen & Jiang, 1994), the roots of S. subprostrate have
through many online data bases. An extensive been used as a Korean traditional medicine for the
bibliographic search was undertaken to identify works treatment of fever, inflammation, peptic ulcer, cancer
on these medicinal plants published in periodicals, and reported that antitumour activity is to be the result
data banks, and rare or current texts stored in public of cytotoxicity of its alkaloids (Sakamoto et al., 1992;
and private libraries during the period between 1970 Zheng et al., 1997).
and 2011, including sources such as Sci-verse/Science Sophora flavescens (Chinese name “Kushen”)
direct, Food & Drugs Administration (USA), Pubmed were used traditionally for asthma, sores, gastrointestinal
and similar sources. Additionally, we consulted hemorrhage, allergy and inflammation antiulcerative
published monographs, thesis, and proceedings of effects and is used for the treatment of diarrhoea,
scientific congresses, websites, and technical research gastrointestinal haemorrhage and eczema (Ahn, 1998;
publications. The references were consulted for Kang et al., 1998). So far, more than twenty alkaloids and
details of the experimental models used for testing the fifty flavonoids have been isolated and identified (Miao
extracts. & Zhang, 2001; Zhao & Sun, 2005). The dried roots of
Sophora flavescens have various effects like anti-oxidant,
Distribution anti-inflammation, anti-bacterial, apoptosis modulator
properties and anti-tumor activities (Piao et al., 2006;
The plants of this genus distribution range from Cheng, et al., 2006; Kuroyanagi et al., 1999; Ko et al.,
the temperate to the tropic areas in the world (Iinuma et 2000; Zhang & Huang, 2004; Sun et al., 2007).
al., 1993) (Chart 1). The seeds of Sophora alopecuroides (Chinese
name “kudouzi”) were used as traditional Chinese
Chart 1. Geographical distribution of genus Sophora. medicine as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent
Distribution Category and is widely distributed in northwest China (Guan et al.,
China S. flavescens, S. japonica, S. subprostrate, 2009).
S. alopecuroides, S. tonkinensis, S. S. japonica L. is widely cultivated in China,
viciifolia, whose flavones from its buds and fruits have been used
United States of America S. davidii, S. lechiana, S. secundiflora, S. as haemostatic agent in traditional Chinese medicine
tomentosa, S. chrysophylla, S. affinis (Ishida et al., 1989; Tang et al., 2001). The seeds of
New Zealand S. prostrata and S. tetrptera this plants contains phytoconstituents viz., triterpenes,
Korea S. koreensis phospholipids, alkaloids, amino acids, polysaccharides
Thailand S. exigua and fatty acids (Grishkovets & Gorbacheva, 1995;
Australia S. fraseri Mukhamedova & Glushenkova, 1997); Pharmacological
and clinical practices revealed that it has anti tumor, anti-
India S. interrupta
fertility and anticancer activities.
S. vicifolia is a bush that grows widely throughout
Ethnopharmacological use
south west china its roots were in use as a Chinese drug
Bai-Ci-Hua to treat fever, cystitis, haematuria, edema
Traditionally Sophora species were widely used
etc. (Xiao, 1993b). In the Yunnan province of China,
in the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Sophora
many minority races, such as Bai, Yi, Miao etc., have
plants, such as the roots of S. flavescens (Chinese
the tradition of eating flower. It is said that eating flower
name “Kushen”), the roots of S. tonkinensis (Chinese
in springtime could eliminate the ‘toxin’ which had been
name “Shandougen”) and the seeds of S. alopecuroides
accumulated in the human body during the previous
(Chinese name “Kudouzi”) were commonly used in
season. Conventionally, after being dipped in boil water
traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of
quickly, then soaked and cleaned in water for about 24
eczema, colitis, acute pharyngolaryngeal infection, sore
h, the flower of S. viciifolia is used as a health-giving
throat, acute dysentery and gastrointestinal haemorrhage
food, and is cooked with egg, meat, and chicken for the
(Saito, et al., 1990; Rahman et al., 2000). The principal
remedy of night sweat, heart stroke, oedema (Gao, 2006).
bioactive constituents of these traditional medicines are
Previous research focused on the analysis of the chemical
the quinolizidine alkaloids, which have been shown to
constituents of the seeds and branches of S. viciifolia.
exhibit sedative, depressant, analgesic, hypothermic, anti-
Alkaloids and flavonoids isolated from this species
tumor, antipyretic, and cardiotonic activities (Kinghorn
showed some bioactivities, such as antiinflammatory,
et al., 1984).
antianaphylaxis, immunological function, antioxidant
S. subprostrata is a traditional Chinese medicinal
activity etc. (Wen & Mao, 2006).
plant. Its roots are used as an antipyretic, antidote,
Sophora tonkinensis (Shan-Dou-Gan) was also
used in traditionl Chinese medicine, the roots of this triglycosides, isoprenylated flavonoids, isoflavonones,
species have been used as the Chinese drug Shan-Dou- saponins, triterpene glycosides, phospholipids,
Gen to treat fever, throat inflammation, haemorrhoids, polysaccharides, oligostilbenes (Ohyama et al., 1995),
and tumours (The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s fatty acids (Bach & Brashler 1975), and a number of other
Republic of China 1994; Xiao 1993a). Phytochemical compounds representing a wide spectrum of secondary
investigations have revealed that the plant accumulated metabolite classes have been isolated and identified
isoprenyl-substituted flavonoids and lupin alkaloids from the genus Sophora. The most phytochemically
as its main constituents (Ding & Chen, 2006, 2007). characterized compounds of this genus are flavonoids
Pharmacological studies showed that the isoprenylated and alkaloids and the most prominent compounds are
flavanones isolated from this species could inhibit cell prenylated flavonoids and quinolizidine alkaloids. These
growth and induce apoptosis on various cell lines from phytoconstituents displayed many in vitro and in vivo
human solid tumors and in human leukemia U937 cells bioactivities. These have been confirmed to possess
(Kajimoto et al., 2002). anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-
Sophora moorcroftiana is an endemic shrub inflammatory, antiviral and other activities.
species in Tibet, China, and is mainly distributed in the
wide valleys and the middle reaches of several main Flavonoids
tributaries of Yalu Tsangbo River (Nianchu and Lhasa
Rivers). Its seeds have been used for a long time in Flavonoids and their derivatives are important
Chinese folk medicine. The decoction of the seeds were constituents of genus Sophora. Over 150 flavonoids
used in Chinese folk medicine for dephlogistication, were isolated viz., flavonol, flavone, chalcone, flavanone,
detoxication, emetic, infectious diseases and verminosis isoflavones, isoflavonones, prenylated flavonoids,
(Xingming et al., 2004). Sophora subprostrata is a lavandulyl flavanones and flavonol glycoside, have been
traditional Chinese medicinal plant, distributed chiefly in found from different species of Sophora (Chart 2). The
South China. Its roots were used in traditional Chinese sugar moieties of the glycosides are usually glucose,
medicine as an antipyretic, antidote and analgesic (Chen rhamnose, xylose or their corresponding mono- or di-
& Jiang, 1994). It has been known to contain flavonoids, acetyl sugars. Quercetin and quercetin-3-rutinoside
alkaloids, saponins, phenols and lignins. The antitumor (rutin) from S. japonica and isoflavone (genistein)
activity of S. subprostrata crude preparation has been from S. tonkinensis is having wide range of antioxidant
reported and theorized to be the result of cytotoxicity of activity. (Cai et al., 2004; 2006). Lavandulyl flavanones
its alkaloids (Sakamoto et al., 1992; Zheng et al., 1997). and isoflavonoids from S. flavescens is found to have
inhibitory activity on SGLT (Na+-glucose cotransporter),
Phytoconstituents which has the role in the reabsorption of glucose in the
kidneys (Sato et al., 2007). Lavandulyl flavanone is also
The genus Sophora is rich in alkaloids and found to inhibit BACE1 which has the crucial role in
flavonoids. Alkaloids constituted the majority of the development of Alzeimer’s disease (Hwang et al.,
compounds like quinolizidine alkaloids, lupine alkaloids 2008). Kurarinone isolated from S. flavescens inhibited
particularly matrine, oxy matrine, sophocarpine, MCP-1 induced chemotaxis (Lee et al., 2005). Prenylated
sophoramine and sophoridine and others (Liu et al., flavonoids exhibited wide variety of pharmacological
2003; Zhang et al., 2008; Hu et al., 1996abc; Lin et al., activities which include antioxidant, apoptogenic and
1997) along with flavonoids, isoflavonones, flavonol antiulcer effects (Ko et al., 2000).
medicapin, calycosin, cladrin, 6-γ, γ-dimethylallyl-5,7,3’,4’,- S. secundiflora Roots Iinuma et al., 1995d
tetrahydroxyflavanone
orobol S. secundiflora Stems Tanaka et al., 1998
secundiflorol B, secundiflorol C S. secundiflora Stems, Roots Tanaka et al., 1998;
Iinuma et al., 1995d
secundiflorol F S. secundiflora Stems Tanaka et al., 1998.
(-)-maackiain3-sulfate (pterocarpan), trifolirhizin, lupeol, ononin, 7,4’- S. subprostrata Roots Park et al., 2003
dihydroxyflavone, (+)-syringaresinol
tetrapterols-A-E (isoflavonones) (with geranyl or isoprenyl group) S. tetraptera Roots Iinuma et al., 1995a
tetrapterols-F-I (isoflavanones), lupinifolin, 8-O-methylretusin, 5,7,4’- S. tetraptera Roots Shirataki et al., 1999
trihydroxy-6-3’-di(γ, γ-dimethylallyl)isoflavone, sophoracarpan A,
medicagol, 2-(2,4-dihydroxypfenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran
phenolic compounds, cajanone, kenusanone A, lespedeol B, euchenone S. tetraptera Roots Iinuma et al., 1995a
a9, lonchocarpol, isoneorautenol, pentacosanyl caffeate
irisolidone, 3’isoprenylgenistein, glabranin S. tomentosa Stem, Roots Tanaka et al., 1997
tomentosanol A (isoflavanone), tomentosanol B, iristeorigenin A, S. tomentosa Root Tanaka et al., 1997
des-O-methylanhydroicaritin, tomentosanol C, (8-geranylkaempferol),
tomentosanol D (naringenin), tomentosanol E (isoprenyl flavanone)
tonkinochromanes J, K and L, 2’,4’,7-trihydroxy-6-8,-bis(3- S. tonkinensis Roots Xing et al., 2008
methyl-2-butenyl)flavonone, 2-(2’,4’-dihydroxy-phenyl)-8,8-
dimethyl-10-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8H-pyrano[2,3-d]chroman-4-one,
6-[3-(2’,4’-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylolyl]-7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-8-(3-
methyl-2-butenyl)-2H-benzopyran, kushenol E
2008). Sophoranone, extracted from Sophora flavescens showed anti-HBV activity (Ding et al., 2006).
induces apoptosis in human leukemia u937 cells Via
formation of reactive oxygen species and opening of Effects on hair growth
Mitochondrial permeability transition pores (Kajimoto et
al., 2002). S. flavescens methanol-extract has promising
hair growth promoting effect in addition the extract has
Antioxidant effects shown regulatory role on the expression of growth factors
and the inhibitory effect on type II 5 α-reductase, which
In recent years, there is a tremendous interest has an important role in hair growth regulation (Roh et
in the possible role of nutrition in prevention of disease. al., 2002). RT-PCR analysis showed that S. flavescens
In this context, antioxidants especially derived from extract induced mRNA levels of growth factors such as
natural sources such as Chinese medicinal plants, IGF-1 and KGF in dermal papilla cells, suggesting that
Indian medicinal plants and herbal drugs derived from the effects of S. flavescens extract on hair growth may
them require special attention. Antioxidants neutralize be mediated through the regulation of growth factors in
the toxic and ‘volatile’ free radicals. Antioxidants have dermal papilla cells.
many potential applications, especially in relation to
human health, both in terms of prevention of disease and Antimicrobial activity
therapy. Cellular damage induced by oxidative stress has
been implicated in the etiology of a large number (>100) Traditionally plant extracts such as roots of S.
of human diseases as well as the process of ageing. flavescens have been used for microbial infections which
Anti-HBV and anti-entroviruses activity was strongly reflecting that natural products are the major
reported (Ding & Chen 2006; Gao et al., 2006); It also source of important antimicrobial agents. Prenylated
suppressed the proliferation of hl-60 cells (Ding & Chen flavonoids are chemical entities which have an isoprenyl,
2007); The roots of S. tonkinensis contain alkaloids that a geranyl, a 1,1-dimethylallyl, and/or lavandulyl moiety
possess broad biological activities, for example-(-) 14- as part of flavonoid backbone structure which was isolated
β-hydroxyoxymatrine, (+)-sophoranol and (-)-cytisine from Sophora species. Sophoraflavanone G isolated from
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