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Generally, soaps
consist of the sodium salts of long fatty acids (such as oleic acid, palmic acid and stearic acid).
The soap consuming capacity of a water largely due to the presence of Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions as
they form insoluble scums of calcium and magnesium soaps which do not have any detergent
value.
For softening of water by zeolite process, hard water is percolated at a specified rate through
a bed of zeolite. Zeolite holds sodium ion loosely and can be represented as Na 2Z, where Z
represents insoluble radical frame work.
Q1B)When the water passes through the zeolite the hardness causing ions (Ca+2,
Mg+2 etc.) are retained by the zeolite as CaZ and MgZ respectively, while the
outgoing water contains equivalent amount of sodium salts.
where:
Q5.B Soap is less effective in hard water since it reacts to form a calcium or magnesium
salt of the organic acid in the soap and forms a grayish soap scum with no lather.
Detergents, on the other hand, lather in both hard and soft water.
Q6.A , B ) Every molecule has some absorption for UV rays. And at a particular
wavelength of UV rays, there is a maximum absorption. This is called
as λmax. This λmax is a characteristic (specific) for every molecule. When we
scan the sample using the UV rays (usually between 200 nm-400 nm), the
sample absorbs the UV rays accordingly and gives a broad spectrum. This
means that the sample absorbs all the different wavelengths of the UV rays and
gives an absorption value for each wavelength absorbed, along with the
wavelength at which maximum absorption took place i.e., λmax. So we get an
intense peak for the λmax and that peak denotes the λmax of the sample.