SIN §ae... eatin = § POBUM 0s ‘efor Prench ccxueet Jobo K. Whitmore = aloo Bibs: wenctan King ‘or hstric pacement? KW Taylor 10 sees ah Ue Vide didn w Linh tp KW, Raylor 25 A sear intl od ition urn Ue Wing ommatson OR Wters 6D ‘tee teaiticnal fonily in Viet Neil Jeniesrn Sapan a etnant sone pralininary thoonhts _ ‘Showt their inearactions inn fan 151 Sm euntictrcentury Vietoans Bit ToS Wg a fr hie nose aoa bin ‘gd IME An 173 fan suey soma on rofgeen Dovid, Hsines 208 an tho fckstop ot 9 nater alfale ‘ge Tbs 218 sheng tint ‘Teh 20 2 poem vith no color nan Mas Tach 232 fame Mt Bie Wot Trirh 234 in tetnate ore ah inh Tee 20 totes «n contributars m Ssendor falters O, Me Matters nocutine Eaitare Hsin Sw TheeYALE SOUTHEAST ASIA STUDIES. Janes C, Scott, Director 199M 0735-3855 Senior Editors 0. Wl, Wolters Executive Eaitors Huh Sanh Thong Business Managers M. Kay Mansfeld lest Const Representatives Nguyen ‘nm ViEmoW FORD Se published seice a your By Uo council en ACKNOULEDGRENT The putlication of this iasue of THE VIETNAM Font Us ade possitle by continued support from the Wensy Luce Foundation, hose initial grant helped fo taunch the Yale Scutheast Asian Refugee Project in 1981, ‘AN OUTLINE oF VIETNAMESE HISTORY BEFORE FRENCH CONQUEST John K, Whitwore Version of this essays together with a section that Covers the twentieth cantuty, will appesr in the Encyclopedia (oF faian History.) Present-day Wetnan sees ts history exteing tack ACOD years ‘he cultural ros of the people sow nan as the Vietnamese, fac wll a those of the oer peoples within the existing bor (Gero of Viet, anerge from the sotls of its northern ant Central rogions. Over the last three decaes, Vietnamese archaic SGlogists Tee done extensive werk on) prchistarie sites ant hve established the existence of @ aorles of cultures. ‘These Colles formed a sequence from 9 nunber of varied local pat {ere to a compn culture, The forser stage, in the early second Saillemiun H.C.y vas Neolithic and ite majo culture vas the Piire-reyén, came from a site in the upper fad River delta, The Tatter stage, in the following millerritm, wes Bronze Age and $3 loge as" the Dirgoin, fron the site on the 4 River Sh This, just auth of the delta. Lying bebeen the tio Sn Cine ond dovelopment. stood the ‘sot Gran cultures, Myth shows a parallel change in political ond social life as the Hing Kings of the Hig-bang "grace" of Vrlang ap- ypowed about the seventh century B.C. ‘Tse Kings “rl!” the northern 2ovlands until the third contury B.C. vhen upheaval in Ching first sent local imaiers south as King An-diing took Control, setting ip his capital ot Clea, near Hopi, andthen lo to the great O'sn cagmsion sth oto he Catan ftea, The Ch'in generat Guo Tro (Irigy 8) held his position there apne the mw tan Oasty, calling his territory Man Yeh (lan Vet) ant defeating Adiing, fuel ower the Tec fe people. Han Mrti's canpest of 1k B.C. trght an en Ow rule, Gliese records a etree myth portray the Lac as a people er Toca. rds forming an rgunze! agricul Scclcty ith bilateral kinship. oman held high tata and fGen political postin. Onaze ecroicinent inte arly Sec: Contay caued che final revole of the Lge aristocracy in © lat By the Trung sisters. Te vas crhal tho yrs later 1 the Chinese gereral Ms Wisn. For ti next nine centuries, © China. goner bed and Howe, local fanilies, amy of Gunece decent. sought to gain power and sealth (fron the frouiog Inermaticeal trode). The sith centary, with Lf Bf, ‘Tribu Quy Pye, ond LF Pe TY, ao the tenth, wth Had Quy, ‘hint 3) Ly ad Lf Cig, Sn rticular sw the cal Incerecticn of Chinese imperial’ potters, ingame telits, al interatieealBushsat fluences. The Lge ta become Viet” Tse ond existed in relation to Ohnese ence. The great ‘Pang perio! of the seventh anf eight centurea with the glory of ies copital at Gvengean andthe smep of ntersticnal overt through Asia od eat impact cn Veta, The provin= ial capital of Syicla rose atthe loration of Weg. Tot {he hinterlands contined Uw per of te lle beliefs, "kn indore Vleta roe dicing, the ttn and eleweth centuries, In Chins, the Tang dyuty collapsed from 900 ASS replaced by the Surge Moja pores emerging on the coutheast toast of Gma seant the Sug hol little nod for control over Vetnun. Local, oss were left to cmpote for overlordship. igh Qnyédefeted a callerge fren Gen cn the Bac vg fiver Sn 99 ond set ip his capital at Cin, ten Sith 6 Linn rose in the ie ot thal, en finally, dn the Cirae Years cf te clover century, If Ging (thy tacked by the mn ‘pn lish and the Baldhist ectablscment, ton the throne He Se up he capital ae Tilo (nf). "he If. state (109-122), ater 1056 cal Bp Vi beat eon a a classical Sheast Asan polity wich varied foreign clemnts, Qua, Chinese, anothers, to eumce otiguees rl anterty the Crt tee rege (2-1) Seige baile fram the base of «local dieftain to a ee er bie inthe 10K t ve MeL eset epuince Gia. This ws doe by consol t= a Oa altaya is Sh a ae tomo Aa seine oat, Shih eer aigne, tc BGAN Sal acrvel ope ale to bh (ln), the Nt else eles, liegt el ee perierato Tel re in fseers tron fr Chr the an ce Se fatiy fst erage Et Seeder Ne, nth ilar! rey, sen Loe eect ames ren coord ang the Gall ce i ey ee MA tem, flee Sy ce seus of a ge, Gun, a ger, Se ete ad cote rhelny. Gad mel ls ere peor cere Tag och oe tac) ot be easton, rn of Sah EE RO IT ty div er all eos saan Se dallagig 8 Us i Tbe Symsey CS-1D) inane strong contin sn Tien ogy, nh the ral elt to tethhy the Most ith, an Batisot dntitatios, Yet in stra motes {i tegan tooo in a ey inecicn, correcting those wekesoes AkuSPhademcal the Uf to falls Seas bce teh ptrt= TEL en pemttary, end royal marriages vere 2 causa, ion te heir reochad 6 certain age, te king abdicate wha ta ator rulers cperating think the sce, Tbe Soe to gush cette aaiocity into the cantayeide, Te tee ade. e rev pe of eumimnten has Bel, and 1 prahetss Tm office, fet nthe capital, then 10 Setmorines, By the 12s" cera yer sen srg eu tains the firs effort to stanarice the al-ixprtant dking Seton in both the Rot and Mi river spots,‘hls bureaucratic expectant come to an al sn the sxcond tif of the century a5 the Magol. thst’ clase in first cn Gi and thon on tothern Saute ola ed aa a bro of fetive prince Ted the Teistace. Thewo yin, particularly “ed He dao, operates fron Uae apaegos in the countryside. “oy bos deleted the Wan attadey of tho. 120 (the fia victory of 1257 again ct the Bali River and established Uemselves in the goverment, playing mor roles in the capital fed taking conrad of provincial affair. uy, Unit desde fie, and their prtdgis emioted sinderanien sell into the fowecath catiy. "he joint Vetramase- Ohm offre against the Mpls brought uty heteen he tw peoples, eluling the Visit of Veto (Se teior rer, Trdn estng, to Gump al itermreiage erly 19 the feuteenth contrye The amity rapidly bree do meyer, and fice (in 1512 so 1516) Hethamso armies marcha Geng to etablish friendly rulers thee, The Gum came len aided Oe tiving Rakim, Wille tthe me tine Iie fact wh classical Qinewe learning apeared in high fositins, Then in slieeewy, Ue Oqustle cme vekned, and 00 deca of Cham tvasions (130-190) placed By Vite in ert. ech the central idelopy and rence cptrol failed. Fron this Crista emerged a powerful minister, BB Qi Ly of Tan Ye, ‘Tskel by more to the royal daily. He contralioed Central ve samp lanl, abl the money apy, while legit fing his power ot dog the old ritunl but vio classical hina allusions. Tn UCD he tok te tere Yee policical suport for the IB fatty and the Ming ina sion of MOS cdot their per. Daring the Qinewe colo preauce of enty years (147-127), there wok place Ue frenst penetration Jet of turomcratiestrsetare and Cenfian eumig. "De Vietummor bitterly resallal te exlotstion, te evens in eaely Ming history mont a mich 3 2 of pic soe ant eo-Cfucan ext, Nera elt fatled uel the Larsah ising, began 12 Lg in 1418, merged from the mantaine of astriéa to control fit the then cow territories and fimily the Ra River dele. “he LP eysey (1425-157) stapp from the hinterland into the void left by a half century of crisis and fore threat. Te Sate structure sas italy that of Ue Tn and the BS, ant legitimcy came fram the victory over the Ming. Yet tarjr changes toak place in land tanure (as the old apanage/sert Shou was replaced by village agriculture user central oo Greta in lag (eith the frst mjor code in Vietran's histo- 1). Nagyée Trak. played a significant role in this activity. Te influmee of ‘eo Confucian thought then grew stung the Gite weil the 1ébe hen the young experor 1B Thiehr-tina (5-167) apt his supporters officially established the Ghi~ eee bureaucratic form of einisteaticn an took Neo-Confucian- {Eaves the state orthodary, The growth in pomer sted med ately as the Vietrmmae ropulosl a Chm vest and in 1472 Seized the copital Vijaye, dismmtered Chap, and annexed Sts northern territory. In 1479, te Vietnamese’ first tveded he lao. states. Bx Vigt id alopted the mralistic Ghinese Siyle of foreign relations as well, pitting the civilized vs. te tarbaria, "the century from the 146Q6 to the 15605 market the pei of Ming influctce among the Vietromese an with it the extension Gf Confucian elinents like jatriluseality and priageniture fanng the jople, The 12 dyiasty hol trobled tines in the First decades of the sixteenth century and sexs replaced by the Mec (S212), a family with bo centuries of Chinese learning behind it. Myc Bing Ding, 2 military gan, seized per = to court families fm Thnirhéa, the Nawyén andthe Tint, feulede the Hoc te-estatlished A’ Tui-tiug's. achievenents Of the tRag-die peried end hndlot 2 Chinese threat in the T5éis ty diplomatic mars. Yot thoy never gains! control of ‘Thoh-tta. Frm this tase, the Naw forces campaigned rer sixty yeara tefore retaking the capital anf restoring he 12 (13921788) to. the thrones The Mac tok refuge in the horthern seaptains of Cao-bing unler Ming protection. "he Nquen hal establishal themelves. an Thuja on the southern border 2, 1558 and in 1600 returned soith, splitting With the Trish in Thing-long. Te Trjh dominated tho LB court for alt bt the last years of the djmasty al justified this Control by thelr efforts to defeat the Nayén. For half a ox tury, fram the 162s to the 1670s, warfare vent on intermittent~ jy with nwo major result, With the Ming dyasty gone (164), the “Tela did ipe ont the Mpe bane. For most of this pericdy the Tri relied’ en the military aod on old ritual (the bloodcath) to maintain control, The fall of the Ye in 1590 hed al to the decline of the Titerati, and only in the 1660s did “Teinh Tye reswroct. the Neo Confucian ideology and trea cratic adniniseration. Once again sciolars bacaw officials, Tsing to high levels of goverment, an the state took a great interest in the villages,end their resources. Simultaneously, the Ngan in the south exe their domain in the Namtibn (Goutinard favance), Their fief in Taehia ‘eachad dom the coast antily By the 1680s, Vietnamese settle- fmt appeared in the Shi-gin aren. Alreaiy the Newéa lord at sant tusands of Qunese (refugees from the nev Ching 038, thu Southam Han dyasty Of Kuang-tung sed Rusng-net sent an eapeeStion to Vietrany oping te profit by political tenoil Were. The Vietrangse Teocee, Oiing Sir Wey fad been Killed by 158, Chg THE, ho imited Southesn han intervertiony heb Quy, sar-in= Tau of Dutha Simm tahéy Kies K18u CBng Tim ard Led the Vietnamese ageinet the Soutaan Han Smvaaion. The battle of Bashnang River, in the eutum of S38) os een tenenbered by the Vetnanese ag the Bosirning of thet? independence. The Souttarn Han exoeditiony led by Lal Mange telao, son of Liu Kang the Sothern Han Experor, arrived ty see off the mouth of Sgeheding fiver, the mgt clzect fovitine. route into Welnay feon Cua, hod Given Pad fen plats beetior of large poles in the Bed of tie Hue the tops of the poles reached jot beley the uoter level Mrnigh tide ang veze sharsened and tiqpod with iron. then 2 Liu fung-ts'so_sspestedy gd Guy st smelt, shattow- Gratt boats at high tian 2o prove 2 fight aro then retsect Ubeivery doming the Chinese fleet after in purnt. Ae the tide fell, the Peavy Chinese arbosts sere al. caught feces Arclusing Liv Hungtstao, were ours (Og ag toln th po 171). Fax a toanalation ef the sore claborated 4.751 veraion of this pesaage, s00 Taylor, Birth, pe 253. 37. 1285; the” Tring-hihg reign period wos fron 1285 to 1252. The second angl-Vlan invasion was rad ack Sn 1286 38, 1280} the thize MongelYUan invasion wa turned bale Sn 3a, 18154 the Mholong reign ported vas fro 1255 to 1318, In Glossary ancnan 03 43 end 3 AP & it sé chi oni vans HRKE i AFA GS (o agch-ting 3 pha oda chao ch’ angcht Kuan chiang tin opi Be cyige BA a R vvang sin nung 7p Fe ER Buy tea tne KA Rie Se esate APB swdecide AK ting lia chau Bidn xnd 01 TH teddng Ran eR BR Aung Long Kao cheng-p'ing BEG re Se nidu cing tide KH TR tao tu tung-tetac i) Gh BR sin Kung Bl FE nah vion SK Se wad win TE xin oF prong phy nya Se paing an 2 rating ati 7h BK Phing Hong 78 SB gunn tang “BF BP Che text haw BB wos sing venta HR texts have' BB) vat KE Tang tai toune AACR rt telng-hdne taiichih ung chien 3 78 3 OE z von ving View fe chi beien chih FO fo BS 4h XNores on THE vrér oLéN u Linu rhe K. W. Taylor swTRODUCTION ‘Tse ootes area alighely onda version of a payer prosnt~ coat the Aecciaticn for Asian Stalues Mating in sturgeon, Dich sn torch 1980, ser de eles "he Spee Worl A Roar Gn the Vide didn wish tp.” Dr Wage dif v lish efp 1s ag the oarliest of sviving Vetnnese storia sources. Ache Seretines rears! a slply a collection of folklore wlth all ity for Aistoricalresprch, th vk #5 sn fact firmly tochored in the Veta hstorioprphical talitien. 1 tops fo alert rors not only wo te contents of the VIBE dia Linh tp tt aio to Ue wll of these coments for ulerstand= fing the Vietnamese pact. Here follow brief totes on the camper, Ge texts, the soos, Ue caatnts, and the tine amd place refletal by the content ‘COMPILER Tn 1, cn the arcasion of Tela Minh Téng's formal ahtico- tion, Uj TE Tayén ete @ preface for a campllatien of tales otitied "Spiritinl Powers of the Viet Rela" (Wie dif u Tish tip). Tn thio preface, be distinguished betsean "godly Beings. sorely of being worshiped with towples sad sacrifices” and "ao rows divinities, erit spirits, and vild dawns". He went. on to aay tae the "godly beings” were "bot equal in their merits", and "if their Goole are mt authentically recorded, then it iS difficult to distinguish tobwen how of small merit ond 26 a time of grant seit". Tt sas wth a desirg to athnticlly feoord "ihe msterigm affairs ofthe wpirita” tat Lj Te apt rye the Vige di win fp. 16 Dyn ip idowitiad ac: Tob Bl-tag, Maen ii cing, Tange Maeva Actin Lb Guys sich G2 fe temo Maer of the Tripitalay Ge Secretary, fied tne, gre ier of fe Gre! fertlén Circlt aos Ue Tddnesty, row for a furalicticn Gh th com, nar te math of the Hg River Teter OE Gers (Chyelvdrad) seve in control of foarding tax reveme from loeah jurdictiaw to the capital, Moder Attendants (Genes pare’), se roe dcisien ects, were ften onion! th sigufieare tasks, Por oonple, in 1285, after She Mingottin iosten of at year 0 eae Anta ses charge ith retracing xe hrranking, Gu wo. iro caper with Hogg Min forcs. te rane of he Serge tary (Ghee chet) wes apparently peculiar to the Tran ESE tt wen aamingly rere for trstel oficial ao vere Sion deistoneang jreogicves. In IMO, a much with this rk eo charged sath decide dificult eg qrblen Involving a highrakiog minister aftr Jolicial officials were farayact by Ut minister's influence In 16, a hie Secre= {Eh is aster nto sos a claw aide of the sion ress; te fal teen an antmsowor to Ona, Id retain for Rene {i we intel by the emperor. 1) 1516, fetes asp ee) {oa peice samt to prepare tax registers” in Dien Province, thet te etal to Be capital sath ts callecel trey Ric he fe ot teen shoal to do, the eer cept ‘he toms in pad Tasth to prevent his teg cat 9 legal roe The ist of tk on ites crt to Uj TE Rayan Fotabiy reflects the courae of hearer in officigion, Keer of the Tripitaa (Ud dai-trd), Lj Te Yen sy sw ettacty ahead itarian with custody of the Baki scrip- three, This position undaedly gre hin cpprtunity to reed old eke end to ntity his cuicety aha "We eyteriis Sinise of the spite’. Mure is ro nlicaticn that be compile {he Vide fib Ei tp in tesmee too err fromthe tee te Ue fact te he wrote he preface In the same yenr as Tet Mn ngs forma” stent on sages thc the sigufleace of hi wer sos larger nhs con persal nce8 ‘edn Mish Téog came to the throne 4n 1314 upon the formal abdication of his fathee, Any Teng. dah Ting continua to rule twtil his daath in 120,’ Likewise,” after his formal. ablication ‘in 1529, Mini Téng contimed to rule until his death n 1357, Tk 4s wrth noting that the formal abtication of both ‘Tréa Joh Ting and Tein Miah Tg. hove a oomecticn with the Wet ign w Linh tp. Oho of Ann Tég's fim acts lefore ablicatang : i i i i ! F np, snd Ann Ting granted ne honors to those spirits. Seconding to titles preserve! in the Vie didn u lish tBp, the spirits were originally honored in the first year of Teng” hning. ‘The Trlng-tubg reign period as preclained in the ninth ronth of 1285 to ameuee Victory orer the amalers. Tn the ‘me math, pocthumeus boos vere conferrel on deceased empercrs fond erpresens.” We can surmise that the epirits sere haored ot te ame tine, ‘Dre criterion for deciding what spirits vere vorthy of being ‘= heaored 103 rooted in the mentality of ruling-class Vietaamese ‘he gully teinge deelling in cor senlm of Vigt since ancient time, ethy of being socshigped ith temples and sacel~ {great achiovenonte that are a myetery to ving men? ae great achiovawents that area mtery tp Living men did Lf TE uyén have in mind here? Jodging from the contents. of te Vige dig u Linh tp ant fron the titles oaferred during 2 the era of the Mngol-Iim iivasions, 3t is fairly clear that fe ves talking alow the defeat of Chinese or Mongl-Ohinese Greats to ccemuer Viet, Terany be woeful for us to try imgining bw rulire-class ietnmese ot the tum of the fourteenth catary sav thanbelves Jr relation to te Mongal-fion’Bapire, Certainly, they were ave tht this empire vas the greatest world power sine arg. Neep-Vian forces conguered Yuram, smething arg ee rot fen able to do, thereby catenting ‘tho aps of power centers Sh octhorn China to te feadwaters of the Heng River. The magrl— tise ond porsisterce of Mongolian pressure, beginning with 2 ingol attanpe to drive through Vietnam against Southern Sing fron urrsan in 1258 aed centSoaing Uhrowgh the sas the 10s, eo uprecolented ig Vietnan's experience during the four cee” Tries since Tang's decline and fall, There vere, in fact, Eiguficant mbers of rulirg-class Vietnamese abo despaired Gf salir up to Hergol-Wian poser and vent over to the ene From an objective point of vies, it mst hive somal a hopeleas tak to resist the huge armies sent by Kubilai in the 1230s, Tit, in fact, the Vietnmese did resist ant id swood. lat enabled then to do so ws a mentality that did net rely fara merely objective evalustion of the aitiaticn. They believed {h the spirits of the land and in the powr of these spirits fe aperior to the sords ad dafts of hm imaters. hoy believed their Jond eo protactad by spirits, and it wa thelr thst in theee epirite at fired their valor and hardened their recive, “Taree tine during Trin Anh Ting's Iifetige, the Tela cout had acloovletgel Sty debe to the spirits. Lf Te tuxéa, vim prokon bly served under Trdn Ach Tong, went on to "authentically record” tie "done" of these spirits ae may have presenta! the finished sur to Ae Tag's san Mh Tag upen Mish Téeg's formal. bica-cam a revision by af anoneous scholar Oar Ge this this 16 In fact @ new werk tu Hish tp enti ted Tin dian hig Blah Mow collate efition of the ViBe dign oierial ios discarded, nav material vas intro~ Plnets sere adled nthe nineteenth century. Acording, 2 Bion Gia Inn, ho tae sella Uw foi tare, this vox has tected rch popular lore tran the elgiteath end rinerstth cones, "he iv 1508 text 15 thoranhly corrupted. Te tas lost oll ot te contents of ie Vide difn w Linh tp exept foc Uf 1 hoyn's pelo ant at of the sprite wth thee fosthais titles. Ir is eniny a collection of lore tat Seems to fuve bon esealed in the early oantieth msiry.2® (A tenuscrige eld by Professor Yernoto Teta in Tago ia, in ty opinion, equivalent to this txt) The W125 text, acco “ec Bin Gla Kx, $2 conus and corrupt os ‘he five reining tort bar stanihrd Ghracteritics, ct then crea aplomb Tees We Okt an ce Fittenth century comprised of tee tales (A731, 423, aed Wel28a) oF four (A? sod 81919) The tree text can taining only thee tales iran Spud Wn G's spent all tae a pyatace written by U6 His Hy in T7125 in ths ecto, UW I) oye Gt te fad a te dating fron bofore 182 ad flited it, Tho of thege three texts (h2H9 an Mi 12) were Gitedby Ga thy Digs, after the time of LE Hi Hin the firs. tif of the eighth centary. All of the tems tearing Wn T's. potiace lao cite Kin iMén Mat as an. elitr an {he year 177 an contain a pple ae by Ny. Cidp Bho in 1919. 4.2879 contains three tales from Neé Gidp B8u's supple fet, 4.75 concina five tale and Wie L250 conta eit Tales, Gu of the tn conte ht Cain for, stan of Uae, tales fron Nguyén Wh Chit's fifteenth-century supplement, A019, canaine a refice to om of these almntal tales cities by Lb Ty QU in 153; this te aloo cites Kin Ni Loo citar, The raining, tert, Aa?, show no. detectable Tevisions after the fife century. jess alolars fave favored the ASL te: because st is "eamlote ond least compet"? A copy of his txt wath 3 etromae translation sa published ty L Hh Myc Sn 180 (Sa— fea)e In his sey of the fear tects ALT, A751, A1919, {CSiip, Maurice’ Div found eae A731 sed 41519 wore "oot nly aire develop bat also contain! mere pois variations", Stile A.47 end A259 were Moe cancice, bit also more alan’, With say obocure paseo tnt can be inderst ly by core futing the variations and elaborations of A731 and AIG" Ihrend fered 47, the mat cencioe tex” ("ry an brit", acording to Caspardzne!),"onl cited L Iii" 1712 retface sport for fis chico; LE Mas HY deserit se tox he fa ar dated fron before 152 as diferent from mre rectly copied vets in tht it lake! sapplanas and we dificult to rend. The developed variatiens mation by Duco are echo Diy: it render tie ASL xt "emplee” fr the vero of Metnnese scholars. Dan pblished several passges from the AAT cext.!© & tox eld by the Toys Bano Sr Tego, designated Kis vee tinlly Ideieal with thee passage. The Ty Asko spacer pt 45-22 folio gas in len an contain Neuen Vin Guts Plow of four talest Tf telleve tha tat is quent to te AA? vot in Hot. T have compared the Kc text sath te 1.751 ‘voe plata by LI Me and elieve fe to be an oder, fore authentic tox; it tas retained terminology periliar to Ube fifteen catary. Q) the Ger han, noe of te elas Urs in the ADL text affect mtters of stance bt stay represent an aocumtaticn of lore snl refine of ety. "De X29 Tyo Bako text and the AAT text in Hey ach 1 tellers are eqivle, repeat, ih ay opin, whe rete presene]y Toon tat’ ia closet to tie eigiol,comilatien 1) B tng Th 14) Brite Caopardoe cited five mpecripts of the Wide Aifa'w Linh tip sn the collation of the feole Fraaise Ese tale Orient: A, A, A178, A109, and A259 (aco, {0 Gaspari, 51270 ta Vola Miche my correct. ea dogs this text has seoingy ben Tost). tn 195 Mace Dara furd only four mnvscrset in the Seote ranajse collec la Aly ALSL, A919, ed 8259.7 Tony, he Bole Fra (alee callckion dy Paris’ emaina alroftin copes of the fO1- Toying mmuscriges: 4.751, A221, A. 1919, and 8.257%; copies of tee alroftas aFe aatiabe' ot Carelt versity Litmary2 in Tthaca, New York, and at the Tid Bus dn Tego. ounces ‘The Vigt didn u Linh tp relies on earlier sources for neaely all of its contents. With the exception of a Chinese dynastic history, San lao ehh, none of these now exists, he Vat did 1 Linh tp cites "tradition for umes tales; four tales have no source referengas. The 1.39 text cites a Kam Il Kf for che tale; a Vide sr dt fe cid ence tn ASI Tho T'ang governors in Vetnan seve ods ith an dental {atie? Ghigo Gea cht [Gino Gru Ij], chao Gone goxernl Vises tn frum 73 to Bip Tbe Kin vein Viet free Si co BD, Roth mn took an interest in ietramoe cltire end ware seeing” 1y pyar arg te Vietrmeoe,™* The Vie dig w lish Gy cites Geo Gong tice a Teg lin one; ferrari ues Gian Qa Wf for twp aiitiond taleo Unt ld he Gime fron either of ase ren, ALL of thse tls com fe Ue yeriad of T'ang rule in Vietnam in te somth, eigihs fin finch eameurian, They essentially refer to Ua poumey of decal spirit cults and ha Tang. germs chandedgsl This rooney. ‘The mst important sources \tizat by the Vie ldo w Linh tip, in tems of Wetman histriogray, were Capiied roe the clevenh and telfth oantries Oy Tisrg-clacs pale of the 1 yasey.Iformtice be ten sprit sn Uwe Vibe ifn lin, tp ig. cited Tron Ue St Af, "Wistorica Reco ef BB Thignt” 8 Thdn ie meted Ih he Dat Wie ad tobe thr in ‘Ue, yoar 1127p comection with Up ecession of Uf [itive Hain 2°"The Wide a lke ed Ba Vide ten ta tor Uaty Lf Dig Hein a8 = trie of Lf Mi Te (reaped 1S 72) and a nephew of his predecessor, Lf Cin Bik (reigned 1072- zn: hia Tater sas the Sige maryuls?* Me sceaion fran Gin 6: 'to bude Hain wos regulary for was the fist ne that the Lf cone dd mot as from father to an. Gn Dic eslgntel.tw-jenrold Ditg Tbs a his eit in LT, ely res mths after Ue death of his oan eter, the dtincering Quen Sher Yolan. Te Quan Hether's death meting 1y eed sn era Sn the Sor palace, for tee of her alee: inventing nce forcbly burt with here This eve we es eal follned by cnpetitien arr the tera clans tte 3 tial success to Gln BA. According wo the Bat Vibe sh Kf toln Ut, the sam of fie different margu ere candidates for selection by Get We# "he Umvementh ineral, bebe Ube death of the Quen Yotioe and Ue selecicn of an belt wos tly tine @nayh fora nw miternal clan co congolldte {infuse owe te Seer places iy t's other's clan ‘ore ns 8 hes Gin BE died in 127, to wen, were aint Uo amance nyse. Hin's occesion to the Shyrhién marquis, the father of the noe kira? Ove ts icon Bf Toy te eter a retale S.A obi wes palace atten or place offlealy oft Stucber of the post's clan. Tn 123, icehsbyth OB None ‘high eS oppeintad governor of Taree. A nbi-hdhg tt vos lan sm kind of glace atti r offical, he tes wwe Ue sme excest Use middle mame is ofiel in the TE feferwce. Tt is very lely that thoe are referers to" Ue foe min and thc this mn was the author of the Si Af cited by te ge dif u ah ep. le can reasonably surg that 8 Thign sas a saber of Dita toin's other's lan. The 8 clan see nfluctial at court itt en's mother's desth in 147. We can date the tesimang ofits In) se fi en vs elated OES fein after Oe Ques dime Yan's deh, Met ous there taut the rise of the clan that woul have seaulotel the weiting ofa histcry? First, the 1B came into the palace a spnsirs of a collateral line of the royat family, after Ua soli at ln exh cs Sol, "they cae Rinnen of cl ag et {es velwe years old in 11Z7. The relate pecans of artegular Sxcession anf miority rule sere arely uparmet in their his. Speciol precautions were tke wp Gat it's doth to Gouge a pmcful accession. 4 Thien participsted in te sazoeaion procede, al, ja ‘ny frm his subsonent oppinime se gnernoe fo aot: rere je, we can rensraly infer that his role in Ue cucession igs Significant ene vo a not lr wien BB Tien wrote Ms Sif, bat the BB fo tun years to conumplite tein sitaticn, from bushe Wen's selection in LILY neil Cin k's death to 127, anc may fave. been that $6 Thién wrote his SH Kj ot Ueno, erg tho Um esa a being Saprnce36 {nt saprting precedente xcesion lk at the infirm Sion cial foe 9S sn the Vie ign w ti pcs ‘confirm this idea, - the im spire for sich the Vide ide ah tp cies information from #6 Thign, seven either originated during the tanh or elnwnit ontaris ar tre waite cat tas Unt tine. Al of Ue so ure aati wha Seen Grins ee were fms a lal setents ef Wet These bo thems of axcession and loyalty stand out from the tales tcc to 66 Ths Racer’, “te iste ome toe diretiy smotited with te tath aa claws meee ‘in emplify Go thm of mczeas wd leit There is dager in string 2 certain pire of view to an air Incl aly cn sittin em hse foe Sf So cadg Teal 38 Tabs SH bf in its cesreey taky we ge pe Allsgter ff inreains ier, tere Sat Tae to striate the ‘basis on cassia a ipley to UF oars etait Nn ot fe tay ef Ue tartan cadet for he was dealing with a pantheen of spirits established no Ininr tgs. es conetile tha We dese ee early Teh rulers in orderly succession and loyalty is reflected instar fas survived of Thién's Si Wi lat, in Get Ted lors ha effectively elted the Seba’ of ances tnd ainority vale by te poctice of shicaticn, aad ene ae ec fle Guta eres ht Secnue they sore Hany ip eucacion cen OF te ae ‘of loyalty. father, the Thdn rulers were apparently. iarereet She pte ce hy he furl a we flee 1o aw inh effin oatce Whe Mega es the We ides lh Gp lice Ue Bo Ge tagfn for five tates, of hich faut se tha piles schon! Othe foo Ue’ igs af he Uf ray Geign 100072). Blaster? Tove arg! tht the Bio ob ty as writin bese ah ant HO, mt prbaly ty last mek aalael oh a cot, a its contaa reflect a mene ae Te oe turity iat ie mligiouly ancien, which T fave Totes tora aenty relia” cowrants ‘The twenty-seven tales of the Vide dign w Linh tip are a 7 wenler tee beings, “srereigas” (Llordsi athy), FOES jens yt), an opeame powers” Ceo Ter Gherina) Belge, the tales are Sdeneited Uy the pqular wo err the opirits anh desig by a nner ara Letter. le coed for taoercigy, uber’ 2 for "Winisters", Nepelier 3 for "amertumun Poses". Tey are discuss ih Stee of ede appearence in the 19 Let, la. SE_Nhitp (Shih sich) te Ye 8, Ta fn he nme rps 9 s mt. fr Sartng: his fay Sih ring the tng Ming disorders (4D. 9-25). He seed wethe north and serv briefly o€ the Han capital, Wan Hen Gayest be poverned, Wetwam for almat forty years, until fis death, Hie le ses poneful and prosperous Vickwamse Fase had its begining. tts ne, The Vide ldo u Tinh tip cites his biography an San fap du 9 for infor abo TE life, The Bio qf trun is cited for a tale shat te ST fhidp's corpoe started Linc imlers we plied his tb thewre heir camuign of 39, Riully, there as a tale of St ‘sgpeating to the Tare geecal Kap Pion ina dram daring Pisi's cigiment in Vetrom (35-55); @ pom is. presereal fn Pisn's brs coment the eccasion Tbs Phing fitng (8aed. 785) fie tas a Vietnamese leer ho opened shen Tang. ee veieiy witty fom Vitra sn the wo of Lrstn's reel Tien. Geo. CGvang's hia Qo it is cited for snformtion aiout his careers The Wide ign lib tp also oti sor Sen about the spend of Mia pothum spirit cult ad atet his ostatance to Neb Qua atthe Hate of Racy in 5, 2 inttle carsidered by the Wetrmece as Ue begin of thei fnegendence Te Trigu Quang Phye and Lf Phat Td Thoy were Vietnese Ieders inthe siath century shen Oinese dynastic power naw too wok to cnerol etn, Thy age Hed ‘x anclont mth oxiaining the sxcession of poe 18 Thien's Shig So cited.” 1d. iu Te (How cha) He Sos Minister of Agriculture under the thical Error Sun of China and sibamanly was revered ag the Gusese "ot of ericulturé™ The Be dige w 1h tip says a tale ses28 Welt for Rim at the south gue of La-thch, the Tanger cap- $tal of Wetren, moter fol Ye. Tring Tre and Trung Mh thay vere te fous Ti sloters tho Tea trie bit epochal ciCtinece prising, in AD. AD. They vere aebers of the trcioxt pre-Ouiese ‘ling cles in Vietnam. They were coperel iy Mr Yisn, a talented thn gmeral, sho id the fcurbiers foe diget Chinese rule tn Veto, The Vet didn w Linh top cites 86 Thién's Si kj; some of this information seens to come from Hs Hin tu 2. The Wie din u Tish tip also ceeaina fatale from the reign of Lf Tién TS (L13873) dn which the ‘rg sisters appar es Trin maiden! do bring rain Sno Une of drag. Te hy & Se vas We ques of Gump, caper by Lj Pie ME IOs ter hustnd, th king, 102 Kilel in tattle, to she wo being akon to the Vecanese capital by bat, she thre herslt inky tHe weter end crowed to avoid being ‘isererd Lj Fife ME ppetoel fee virtue al haere! er postmasly 2a. Lf lobng The eighth sn of Lf Page MS (cei 10855), he me a fistingiated career in Ngan eo guriian of te soithem frontier 2b. Lf Gag. Teong He yao'a thin-ceruty B.C. Vietmmese giant fran the Hoot aco wo agnostly wt orth to help Grin Sth fang Ti fate the Heung on Cuna's mthern rawr” before returning to de sn ils rts) village, Hs ule same to fave bn etal Mist ty Gao Giang at the trn of the mint cenery. The Vige diga u Lith tp ites 9 Glo Gh Kf for dnfrmtien abut Geo Cang's purine and alo but Kan Pier worippng this sprit; Uy Gre Tey spirit wos Unni to fe helped Kao Pen agplose Recon in 2-65, aes Uf Thing Kage Te twee fame for is Ieaership sn the 105-76 ser wlth Sung china; be alan pine rejtation cn the couther fronicy ‘guint Gunga. The Vie dino Liat tp cites MP hls St % 24, 1 Lich He wns reportelly @ local magistrate in the Hunot area during 39 tee Chin dpasty (6-419), before this place Yeame politically Great, isles acoviate hin wlth rulers vio BULL cities this spo a wo honoced hin the gulan sprit of heir Gicios: Is Wonks, a Tang, governor in the 80s; Kio Pen, Sip clear es ‘of archon ies in SSS a fr YE, tanaer of the Ly dposty (UDI), ‘he Vike dgn u Tish tp cites Gian Gta if and he Bio of tr." BE. Pham Cf Lng tis grandfather serve! eB Que (eign 9-4), his father served NS Tain, Wa (colged 920-63), is elder brother seed ‘hn B) Lin (ee 965-7). He him served 12 fen (eign S010) eed bug! te Ch Kg in the sor of 2s scoring fo che Ba Vide ai kj tain thi, hs spirit speared to Uf PA AE in ren an 100726" The. Vie ign w Tish tp cites 88 Ipagate Swf : 2E. LE Phung Hida 1 tecane fons for loyally sporting the excess of tg Pe My sginat_a ligne of tebelliow prirecs in 1033.7 ‘he Wage si 8 di is clea! for igformbion out his youth as a yeount rlfian in Tenvtdn, 2 Thgn'e SW AY 35 cle for fis career os a wariot ter Uf ng Uh. de. Hye Thin Ye Ge a fisher ho fotled an assusiation atte on 1g in in 1850" "eV digo u in ep cht BE Tits Sik 2h. Tridng Hong and Teudng Hat Tey sere bettors) loyal gerals of Tu Quang Par. in th sath century hoy sobuequstly elged Ne it, Vio sant fauders trav the wataina in the tenth catury ond Uj Duty Hist against Ue Si ienion of 10%; m tomas entice tattle pon wr aovctatad th thesp cine In 1072? The ‘ie didn link tp cites #8 Tida's St. 2 Lj Phye Man Ue geal of If BK, who Yeon npi-hinse yprising sv 31-47. The Vide digo w Ligh thp cites 38 Thién'e SA Cor tales abot his sistance again pirates diieg te reigns Cf Prag too tas (1826) aol Marg Siang (76-2), cant the seu invecien of Chand Qe in 76), sgpinst the Nar Choo armies defeated by Hao den in 85-06, ops tho Southern fan invasion dofeated by Ngb Quen in 08, against the Sung0 jumasion defeated by 12 thin in $8); in 1016, be appeared to Uj Gog Uh in 3 dream and Ging Uh subsequently hanorel his fcHlt." He tes aloo thowht to have assistal against the Naot Srcursion of 1258, 24. Lg 96 ty Vo ves an obscure ean who drowned in a river at some urknam ‘ime and. place; be helped against the Margol incursion of 1258, ‘he Wide didn u Binh tp citms "tradition 2k, Cao 18 No was a general of n Di Vitig, a son-historieal conquer for so tuilt a citadel on! founded’ eigen in Vietnam late Sn the third century B.C. The tale in the Bt dia w Linh Up is about Goo 13's apjenrance to Kao P'sen ina dream ang his explapation of his dawh"; clting 2 Glaochl kj fron 25 Thién's SI kf, i contains two prams by Koo Prien and to pone by Tang Kin, Seagly inspired by this event. 3a. gu Thé Phu Nhdn (Hou Tu Fu Jen) She uns popular goddess in parts of Tang Ghia; a Eraas Tang sorcerer who specialized in her cult once reccmened coe of his protégies to Tho Prien, uo was laa for his interest Sn sorcery"? carding to the Wige didn w Linh tp, Lp Mie Tin uns visited by her in a dream during his 10 Invasion of hips and subsequently honored, her as the "Souther Kirgion arth Gross” (an Qube Dia Tn). Lf Thign 1 (reigned 133- 7) prayed to her and vecelved rain tn tine of draht, Te Vide din u Linh tp cites the Bo ck truyén. 3b, Tan Lone BS the "Spirit of the Dragon's Belly" vas assoclated wlth the eo-political canter of the Wét realm, in the Hanoi aren. Tt ‘peared to Rao P'gen and to Lf Pt 9, ‘Se. Thin Ddng C2 A mamtain spirit fan Tavira, Lt ws closely asvciate vith Uf Fige 16. Tt supposedly helped hin on the Chan border hen he ans a prince anf also during. the scescicn crisis of 8 when fe aocended the throne," The Wee ign w lish tp cites the Bio ot try. ‘34. The Ehai-nguyea (K'ai-yulan) cult Te ses cstablished by a Tang official in the vicinity of Hanoi during the X'ai-ylan reign period (2131). Te carbines veneration of the Tang emperor (Mhiés-t Kial-rgiyéa) with r a th earth piri (ia Tilda. Tia ct vs tore 4, thin Tg at he being of fs regn S128. he sa oes ton I Sec the Pade eco Ge oath spirit st Cleat Txple (Bede) in andy village, nce of ym lng River fa from Bois Socal te Uf Chg Ur Te Vl dige w Ls fp lias Sele! op ote Bt. Sancti : ‘vinnie Spt wan the epics of Hane Unwin, lost sao sight of Hav to the norte Te tale 16 ab a Setitcn btw Sietieh onl ‘Blyth, Meter” Se {ete td of a rnc inthe pre-e peril of Wea fa ery tation Soret ton fhe petted defeat rays by Tycho. gin rorge. The Wile ibe v ish Gp tte Tong Tn's an Qo cl, Wericuly Sverre, Be emi polar aged ng the Veuumce. Spe Thin’ Bing che That was the earth spirit of Hing Province, located mid-way teooat Heol the ooo te fat of Ub Nye Baby, fc MOE ae she rebpet 05-08, Lb Nope Wa eat She apr bafre Kling on elder iether to eth tees eee ee rere eer its Stage She Th Bghge That see th cath act of cnc, ct the lain nortnest of fino Te We fin Go ing’s Choo Gen ci for a tale shat « Pag gear Soe eye ny eae ai au call i Rigsan Reecing Spc” OB Sie tha Ht Thanh Tat sos enter ear pire ot Baht. Man Yao Pin stanott aneo Viton in 60 gue Nac, he pmied in Sehtge ond called cn Ue lol rit, this earth oplrit Sparel ad rouge) Pen in hn flere to ein. pce be keds De Vide dav lsh tp cites "rate Bie Thdn Lone Geta 1d waa tle Chad fron "ration, 1s ebut bo fish em dy find 0 shenge slab of seol tig in he tar fet te fe; ne rea they Teas Uwe ei" Dega Spirit" (Wa Long Tiah)with ite aid they find an enocmos ‘mount of pearls and their fine renches the King’s ers. HISTORICAL OUTLOOK “Me historical outlook of the tales Jn the ge didn uw Linh ip lelongs mainly £0 the nth, tanth, ant eleventh Centuries, den on sofependent Vietnaese'Kinglan sas established. Table Tos te mor leslers of Una tine wo are prominent in the Vide digo u Lh tp becmse they patrenizal spirit clts Gr treatise people vin Lived daring their rule beoane the stbjocs of spirit cults. Yoo Plien sas a sinese geval sho tol Tare soldiers into Victron in S65 againet on occupying Yarcheo (Yor-nan) ary ‘dt fod plundered the land. The population hed been scattered (alist widespreet destruction. fa9) Phen restored order ant fagan Ue srk of peoteuar reconstruction, The city he dalle fcomtuaily became the seat of Vietnawse kings. He departed Wetnem in 828. By this tise T'ang sos too fedile to costo Vietwon, then the Tang garrison retured north in 30, the ten of Vietnmese intependance effectively began. However, rul= Gigclass Viernes vio vere then in control of the oantry ‘aw themelves a9 local representatives of iaperial Chins, ant frarly a century passed before an independnt Vietnamese senarchy ‘oe tablished, "he seven spirits associated with Kao PMien appeared to hin in vistors or dress or were putronizal by hin bocaise of Wat fas believe! to be their assistance against Narchao. Koo Plien (Of the tenth contuty to drop trafiticnal T'ang titles. ‘The bo Ghirles associated with hia vere thesght to have aidad him in fis 698 tattle with Southern Hans Ng tng Wn, a son of N96 Quy, reigned during @ disorders period in the 90s and early 90s. Ue patrenizal a spirit ealt Viet he believed vm spiritual assistance against 43 rabiers from the mountains. ibn teignad fram SED to 100K, Ho defeated a Sang invasion 4p 1 an} sucesctully davodod Gunpa in $62, The spirits as0o~ inal with hin were thought to have been of assistance in these palitary vietorjes. TE Nga Trigu was a son of 12 fin wo ruled from 1005 to job. Rreme to the tore after @ fratricidal civil var and Per mmsination of an elder brother. Tbe spirit asspclated ita him suppepelly belped in in his rise to power. Tj Chea th found the Lf dymasty anf ruled fran 1009 to sos, Mev potroniand the guardian spirit. of the city rebuilt Aon Pilan, nbere be established his capital, He patrouizd Buater cult, Unt fed been bonored by Kao Plien, of spirit Ties for parting the mpuntain frontier. ‘he third spirie (iSinal vith Lf Ging Uh 0s the gudian earth spirst of ‘PBaiduse teanle, if Tht ME Cretgned 1008-54), in contrast to his father CEng ih Wo established the "enter" of the nae renin, moved cut WP Reolidme drastic control over peripheral and frontier Gress, particularly inthe south. Next to Koo Plien, Pit 16 $b lowe prominent historia Tigure in the Vide dig w Lb fips Mtl bat one of the six spirits acuciatad with him are (Rocce with conolidating the southern frontier with Champa rath the ouceasion dispute that mre! his accession to the thrones The eaception sms @ Yeenter” spirit that fax si pooolly Frightened Kan Pin into departing Vietran. Ty Wht Tn, Me MB's wn, ruled fren 105% to 1072, He estab dd @ cult haa on 9 poplar Chinese gatless. This wes typt- fal of his zeign, for he also fouded a new Baldhist sect sth tie help of a Chinese npeie and placed his capital under the Iroueceien of the Chinese god of War as part of & "rent Bush” cule.” Tf On Bie, Mee Thn!'s son, relgaed fran 1072 to 1127. Ove cpirfe amociated with him belongs to Lf Tithe Kige, wo led Wetrenese soldiers against: Sing Chira in the var of 1075-76 ton also tode a repitation on the Ohm frontier. A seca cult ‘on Gin Afe's reign is also aseciotal with the Sang sar. third cule is for the epitit of a ann fo saved Gin BR's Life ‘aan association teat Uf Thin 7H (reign! 13-75) 1s associated with two cults,ae oth about "rain maidens!" vio brought rain in tine of drought. “Tee tralitions in the Vit die w lish tp date frum the time Vietnam vos establishing an inependent rational fe after several canturies of Ohinese rule. The spirits in the Wide didq 1 Tinh tp were sooingly viewed as being a source of national over end as guardians in tine of external thrent. REGIONAL, OUTLOOK ‘ho tales in the Vige did u Linh tp reflect the cutlodk cf the agricultural heartland of early Vietoan, in che Lowlands of the Hig River plain, The Map and Table 2 chow the goog ‘cal distribution of the spirits in the tales. “lable 2 show a division of the "center" tales according to the capital they pre associstal with, One tale is abet the lncient citadel of hice, originally built in the third eancry B.C. before the inpasition af direct Chirese rule, Owe tale 35 about the apirit of man wb ruled at Liy-Iau, the eLiest Tn administrative center in Vietnam frm the sean centy B.C, thay the sooaxl century A.D. Tan tales are asseatet with mn vio ruled from Lang-biée, shich ame the provincal ‘ahunistrative center of Vietan fren the third to the sith centuries. Che tale 15 aleut a spirit comected wath a King io ruled fren Hoa-i, a transitional royal sont in the late {tenth and early eleventh centuries. Mose of the tales fran the center are of spirits associated vith the Honot area; the T'ang eity of Dyi-la and {ts sucesso Sn the inlopendence period, Tinglong, sas located bere, Kao Phen rebuilt fhicla in the 86s ard Lf Cag. Uh catabliste! his clan's poser here in 1010, changing the ramet Thng-Lon. In ablition, two aquatic spirits are associated with this central area, their hanes ting in the rivers and the sen. ‘en of the fifteen tales fran the center are about Knestip, ‘wo are about gardian spirits of the capital city, tao are about frontier gunliat spirits, and ope 19 abet an agricural funtion sairit, : ‘Tre to areas of old Prog, where the Hing River eserges fron the mantains, and Thani-ita, in the M6 River plain, are closoly assoclatad with the center. Two of the tales fran fheng fare about kingship; acconding to tradition, Phong was the seat Gf the prefustoric Kings of Vietsam. he ether four tales from 43 pry ace abt gaan spirits wo protec the cater guint esg co (fae tee mataise oe fran the om. The 00 SPUD nolifetriga are bath asocated with If RE Hs scam ErrDs ant cat be interpreta! oo guanan spirits of coral Fife aw spits fron the frontiers vere all associat with ope or de Gum order: Ore spirity Uf Talty Ki, also Ceirguitad hincelf against the Ghinese in the sar of 107% Seat alggesta Ut cnsaldatig central over the Gen fron orto ong tack in the tah ad eleventh canturies, "pe clasification in Table 2 is a row srlytical aid 1 des tat fully show the complety of the apinit cls. Tn ‘Hosculary a nner of the spirits were tha to have assis {Erthe wars wth Sing Gna of the Unc aod eleventh centuries Eich then were believe have rendered ald saint the Yor fk iwasions ofthe thirtessh casury axl the Ou ‘er te early fourteenth cenry. concust0% he ene spirit sord, op rove Sn te Wie din 10h fp ta tev ees lly tac! to Ue We a re al rout n Wetec try ln ro Tite ‘ores acon ty Uw Wetec ana alter fon Seovuens ad dome dlneder Ten on ecarton of SR stig bes Inte the alate aon) ce ‘Sina oo dooel atthe ry ca Se colicns ese! a te geo ih fp offer mre of cringe fnelectnl cc of to ery Jeane red US snes hntye Mtr comes of ne aly Inne etme erly na ects ‘asvaey tvoe mele inline oe De the ello wld na. pesorey pi, ri The me tut joel” pe inh getotrl in wae self! cn gure’ fn King, aly SSresetgg tow rial pues, Wace ay ope ieeing sco for their clans en the Sos te tee ey da! tere Ceerely sper spirit pers were fred $6 they vere tllegd Wo has petted the la iota fen Uisiey sd an cdr) scosion to etree, or Caershes46 al to the raising of an indepen royal tradition cn Vietenese sell, Te is sighficane tat the tay Guges vio flewe pee mently in these tales, Sh Hosen (St Nigp) and Kao Pie ‘dh, vere. popularly called "king! sn Hitnemee historia, frotitic, semingly tweaue of their effrts to potect ie 1nd frm maraubrs ond to conolidace centralized politica par. ores 1s For a full translation of the preface ont = discussion of ‘the text, s68 Ks ie Toylor, The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeleys Uniyerslty of California Press, 1903), phe 350-56 2. 8 Hs Macy teanos, VIBE di u Lian tgp (Solgar 188 Sich Moaictel,” 1900), "pp. 16-18. Oar, transes_"Recinil es Pulssances Tnvisibies oi Pays de Vict de Uj 1 huyént la Beuplo Victron (Din Viet-om) 3 (1808), gp. 5-6, 3. 08 otk Hing, "WE ten die TaStantn, git huge Lf tn tong exfe Hd nghfa_ chon auth Luho", Mohini Aieh altar (/4, 1580)e60-85, 4s Opt WiBE Kj todn ta (hereorter Todn tht), cobletéd eden toy Gh Ching, in 3 volo, (Tokyo University. Eastern Gutture Resoacc Institute [Idkys Oalgaks Tey Burke Ker eo, Pubti=ning Comite of the conker States, Sources [TéyS Goku Burken Son 42, 1960-85), 9. 387. 5. Yada 'th, pe 588. 1 7 sadn tah B= 297 Joe watuLtgrechiefoanite", Bulletin de Mée0- oh eer dename be Co wee rm ce ere etn Btn Tinh (Hanats th Ault elo Vo Hoey 1872) pe 11S Bi fps. MB m2 1 Figen, os ee wm ans, Oi glopeds te Viet ifn u lirh t§p'", Gulletin de 1 Trent iret se (Ss) ST3 FE pcan enews ye Se y Taylor, Birth, pp. 222-24, 285-55, 38-33. er, ee, are of tow oprite As io tact ae Spas (Whe Teg brother) nos rovetnalesy +r tviatsy eetad so sole it toh tbs Be z wage ue oynastia des LF sté= "Ls Dynastie dos LY Ton thd, ps 268. Wit aif Iie, in Shou shen ko tstung shu ‘rape Toa) Sear spon ob Te ar Se vn ts Teena f Uf nlp ns Ren BOM wey, Samet fan cary on caren, ee Bette ars tr ws vlters (tece, 198) Bi Mauaety wd Legitinay sin Elaventcantury Vistar, @ + aper prnsnted atthe Sprousian en Soutneust Asie in the BEE, Se rowcnen tanturtes (corres 18) ord eae te per in's perenne Whore ting plied See Tatioas of subeent flay ughen, Sines For 3 Fronch translation of the Si hip tele, see Durend, 18, For a French translation of the Phing Hthg tale, see Durand,2 ae P1cuRE T 48 QHE HANOI TExES 49 ecueit", pos 222%. 5B For @ French trnsistion of the tales about Teigu Quang 138 LF Pot. Thy aoe Quran, Pom Oyastione!y pe esa, 31, According to the VIBE allie 1s1%0. and 2h, Binh 6B Lr Tuilt 9 shrine for tu THe in S08, prenebly at Hoo-iy, ona in TOG Lf Prge A rated en alter to Agu Tie at Thea 32, a7 the Teuhg 8 Tale thy ps 234, 3H. Seo Ton tus p. 254, for a record of an snapection visit by Up Pest MS to fing-an and royal praise for LY Hake, calles Uf ange Quang in thie scutes. 35. The river Flovlng theough Manet de Still called the TEajeh 36, Tain tht, pps 226-27 7. Tain thay pp. 216-17. 40, Tain tha, pe 255. 38, Tala the 8. 245 ‘uh be 2125 Mula Vin ab, yp Einis Tutélelze Rnonite Li Pye Ran", Bulletin de 1'€cole Frangaize d'Extréwe-Orient 32 (18%8):1-110} Teytee, Birth, pp. Tay 162-35, 235-48, 257-65, 206. 4, See Teyloty Birth, ape 316-17. 12, moropesntTeesufiy Dai Karun ikon (Tokyo Sukuths ben, 1586-88), 23657 and 10536. Z 25, Tan th Be 218. 4a, See Taylors Birth, py 194 way 48. Tide, ope SE Gt) (6. Thide, pe 187 47, See Gustave Donetier, Le Grand Oakhe de Hens (Hares, 108). |, >679 Gs) iter and fa Wan, see Taylory Birth, Té 1 cht (asi3 prete one of Nguyen, Wan Chit"s tales) Geo Huy Didu (early 18th 'c. editor) a Chy OBE thy (1774) 4335 (1553 Fras Wy, 9056 vey, 1285 Ge AAT. (05) tales, v15033888 our UF seTer 249 Jo uO porsog oouepuodspuy be Ath ah of MS i ake eh Be HM = 3: 5B [han sink vgn aug th [AE Wi bgch ten tow a Ke; Bn thip thank phong the mgo Duy ita eB sen tam vi don, Hi tht K&t Ge hecny mal bien 6 conplete satisfaction on a summer day un tat remain of my fomily pateimeny 16 nly «paper's tp ma cf Aisturbenoes sat a8 rw Xn jt meg 20 pilteline tn this fick weld 4s truly ke 9 Aro te utara in everything 18 wholly in nts a, fie 2 cop of wine will esha thw welds worries Pe coon emch an the Sree wat i Bufciete for @ ory = yo anon tere is tho old manaie!!, my heart is nt yet bens spay be bait the ootage acing the edge of te plum chan"? sn yh HL ROTM Hh MH OS Jesteith BY Se aL, wh ve ny ne PA RM af ap Mk HM UT Ath the ath 2, a ak & Moa Tan tat von Phong lew quia tha via chavo hs, Kida mde win 6 tia 0 qa thi th Va ti thin itn big 080 Matching Tén-trai's poem A great official, district hand, an a foremost Figure in “te world of learning’, ‘uch 2 tonering porecn dein to pity me, descend from & femily of officials. ‘uly beautiful are the rivers and wantaina, Poctey floss fit piteculy, with the presage of time, ay sight 10 fain, ‘oa of the clash of teanara for a deca, ny rolativee tnd triers aze fas sn the world for a milieraium disasters have bosn froment ‘he trmvelier"s Oia) dwelling place is in the fragt ‘aut (tho world of the serous), a perpetual sping dy, (oot) fam sour in pre sm oe sure By mst ‘a ripples? Wh BOP A ape ok Ee ah ka sede ate ata Ba ae RE ak Fe Be Sy aK ML AS Ht nak eh Hod RA ME MH RO Quy Con-sem chu trang te ‘Thop niga phigw ehusta thin biiag biob, Qui te dao dao wba tt Kj inte Rdg terme Init 1 tRy tien nym, ind dir ea pitt ow ein: hich 19 lang sir elt A Ut wht th Ie 6 aa ay “ThnayBu song thoi eakon ade thigw nin n Written on the boat when returning to Cén-sén a decade of restless change, Mbt 1 rave town torn fran ey Tete Ike flovting tublesead vy toate wien T reba tterble ao thagh every dey Tm ‘lapping Like og. ‘ram sluaye mmlasioning ny dreary soul to ack out the ‘od villages niay deems Tvasnly sack the ancestral gravee with toars Sf blest. nthe afteomath of var ate and hathete, alas, are dltficalt tp entra. pL trol Gikich) aren the eivers ont mantainey there are only tego foolin. ‘te bait cherishes its relerctoly. Thoce és nothing to be oe, ‘engl ie sleglass at the vinttw of the beat until éay~ Treo, watt AL RIN ly Be SAR RRA Gb ore RM RA 5 bt ee A ae Se ny a BK EE a XR ee i me Logn hou do Con-sen ebm the Nhat bige gio sem kp Uap ion 5 ‘Qui Ini tang ete hin tien nhidn, kaon pha (op ibn peau th cf thoch min on my emotion when reaching Cén-eén after the disturbances "Ehave been osparated fron the Easily mauntain foe jus ten ‘coming tack to the pines and chrysanthumms, T a faltoring by retro? ig 9 cntinementy Haw can T bear 167 en Thaw my head to the aust, T ony pity mole, TVhave just paced thragh the villoge aa thot ing in 2 de. ‘So lene ae the wagers are not ald dn, Tan Lok 20 be hen shall T be able to build a cottage beneath the clouty Deck das water from the Gilly stream to mek sand ae in A glance at the tronslations is Likely to leave the impression of alcensidersble anant of repetitious langage, Bight mentizn WNexrfare! or equivalences such as "te wake of the disturbances, "the disaster", or "the decade" [of Ming cccipation]*”. Tn seven poms Trai describes hinpelf as a ldieh (¥#), vio, in 0 poo, 35 in a "strange land"! 1 propeae to render Kieh as "trav lier" or, alteratively, 6 "stranger" an meaning one vio {5 travelling in an unfimtLiar enviroment as though he were in a foreign country? Me sooaclatlons of being stranger in his own land haut the pume, lie is ecparated frm his relatives (os. IV, Vy 10) ‘axl regards himgel? as Tusk to be alive and thorefare a ‘survivor (ks. TY, WITT, M1). fe is "rootiese" (No. 1). He spends wretched rights ot with his fanily but in ime Qs. Vip VID). fe bee travelled enilessly Qo. ID, and the "universe" is’ were he ledges (io. VIT). With the exception of (e-sch ard his mative village of Nhyy 1S south of che capital, he does not apply topographical details; the comtryside is enomymrus and therefore staye. He axomters the exraondisary spectacle of neglected fay graves (lo. \). Pople are nm longer familiar; "Ven, in De wie of the disturbances, ene mets some, it is rot as cree it vas" (No, II). le is bond to be Femesick. Bren his dreams are invaded by thoughts of home; he is stil] drewsing 1 shen he opprcaches Cin-sin (No, 11). Not surprising, he uses we ctioml poetic languge 12 enhance te wihuppy sensations ey tenely person, The poms refer to right, rainy cold, wind, So ostium. le lips into a dream in frent of @ lamp daring Pr ostam right**, In cne prom be ts obsessed by the scunt of Sat might; the rain cases disturking. distractions en Peis confortless no secinied reom (Wb. 1). ‘Tye arco. Lions in theo jou, a> is also the comention 4p fourteenth-century Sino Vietnamese poetry, exqeess the poet's rseal feoings in particular situation®!, Ths, "ALL through Ge rigit I Usten to the sand of rain” (No. 1). "Minbling [iat ence, T drift into the darkness of the night" Qo. VID). ‘fe soutien of surviving 1s also signified in send Tins "nid the dangers of Life, by charce Tn alive" (No. 1V). "In lees, of disturtences eich ae row, T have just mage to” stay Gite” (Wo. VII), foother second Line presents, Teak in sich Giory state tot he de verthy of te pity of a successful Sdicial, pecbobly a Vietnamese collatoratcr (No, DX). Or again Sha secon! Tine, be is counting on his Fingers’ the Tharh mint fecivals of the past Qo. V). The Hirst Line of the some poem fells © that he has gore toa "strange land"; ceyarated fram fis relatives, be alaye ronbers than wen the festival re- farts. This 4 the ope day of the year shen he 1s not bitter Tat oly becmse he fareified with a glass of wine. "fe eopicus. signification of travelling ina strange land ntribices to the depression of repetitious language. Three (ther socnd Lines sntrodice @ further kind of reperitious Lar- (gree, the effect of shich io to presont Tri as being passive Gils strange enviroment to the point of being helpless, in Cectual, ant useless. "ho people have been groaning. thst fan be de" (No, TID), "In everything mat entrust malt aly to Old Hemen" (Wo. VI). "My thoaghts shen I retum [' CGrsin) treble as thagh exch Gay Ian flapping Tike «fla We. “he ‘siguficacion of welessnese 19 25 prominent feature of the langinge aa that of being in a strange land; both motions traf the couplets. An snnbigaus ample of his ane of toelesiness io ina third couplet, shore he inves the metaphor of the fallen gaurd to describe the welessess of 1s friend fae Rimelf (82. II). O again, in a second couplet, "e's% existence in everything 4g spolly in Yeawen's tard (Wo. VIED), Bit, ave fall see, Trdi develops wece elatorate means of Gescribing sinecoe vio has bear ao weless that Life is nay puposcless, "The langane of usclessiess ap} purposelessnes Suplics, T siggest, the poetic features vhlch commicate amet powerfully the effect of being a stranger in his oa lal. Tit Seems to le oversea by the Ming cecupstion. "The poeno contain a cluster of related associations of pa puslessness nl useleseress: rejecticn of edhxation ad there Fore of an edizated mn's recprngibilities to society; munis to the extent of being unble to respon! to the apreal of te Vietsamese landscape; indifference vo the challenge of evens; sarrenier to a drewm-like existence; centamplation of the pro- ‘eet of premture and therefore wneared retirement. Trai's cbatien does mot console hin. When ho evckes te etophor of the uscleas gourd, he recalls tt he and his fricnd hove read books but goes onto invite his friend to consid fan whoddsh pursuit: working in the fields (No. TI). Avother poem begins wth the adaiasion that "thvoughour ay yath in Life, ‘las, T have got ninhere!, apd in the fim couplet he is "pear fo the bers” after ten years of etuly (No. VD. A scholar, orn ugh constrained by averse fortunes and in straitened cireum stances and imactive, can atill be a critic of goverment and societyi he seed not be danratizel. But Trai ‘comet anda retreat (¥>, 11), "henser eiversity retums, Iam pitiable” (b, VI). Be advises his cousin not to emulate Wang Sty vo prebably repress an active men, but to learn from Kus King, he refugee, in order to avoid treble (N6, 1V). Noth ih the outside world Beings T&L contort. He vents to igpore reliry spl consign it to the world of drams (lp. ID. "Past evens fre empty echiewaents, a peosing areca” (lo, 1V), "In the eat rerything is entirely unreal” Qo. VID. "Tri denies hinvel? the self-esteem Which con with an aca tien. He 1s also nb. He is capable of speech bit has 90 ca Fideeco in ste his to say (lb. VI), Fis pom to TSo-trai fcataine on” extreme Snetance of insensitivity. In the soa fauplet be cornot write poetry abut the beety of the matural Sens because "pitecusly, sith the poseoge of tine, my SE 435 failing’ Qo. DD; the puosge of tine fas surely browe serfire with it, Trit's inability to find comfort in tho rivers 6 nt muntaine is ave tay of saying that he 1s nov a stranger Binion canty: even the landscape is 0 be AS umned, le agin confeases that be is feeble when he Midas ut, "he disaster of Umee years has grahally aged 25 o. Til), His faculties are failing, Wien in another poo Be einige rivers and mamtaind", he can oily reflect Upaind when he retums to Ora. Bit he does not return with (fe mntistaction of faving an honourable career behind hin. Feat, be knows that wendirable retreat gaits hin, and his Gn is anther drewlike experi {ig soul to sek ot his ald village (le. X). vething vortihile brings him relief. He camot write poetry. cap of ie belps hin wash aay the world's worries (No, VEIL), fate drinks cap of wine daring the Tush miah festival tt Shy to fortify fineelE shen he thisks about his absent or lost Emly (Ho. VD. TT remvked earlier thet the pams give the iapression of containing © great deal of repetitious Tenguage. We are alvays Uemerirg, further Linguistic aseriations of strangeness and tuclessess, Tomo aiggest thst the pootic effect, intentional Gr othntae, is mot so mich repetition a6 insistent reiteration. ft is as thagh the pect ie aliays reminding himself of ‘his ight. ‘The structural fincticns of the couplets, which Trt reopes as a miter of course, are further opportunities for Sspplying inceseant roniers. "Tie pens proceed tough four couplets. The first ones in trohce the poot's eitimtion, The second couplets describe fame. at fuppens in the sume is te finctien of the third Ccuplets. The fourth ones camnicate the poet's reflecticns®?. Far of the leven poms are either comcerncd exclusively vith the esoociations of trwelling/strangeness (os. Ty V) be with teing sseless (Nos, ly VI). The renining seven poems feage to cabine asmclations of bch notions; te poet's situs lon in every first complet of these seven poss is thet of 2 trwveller, tot the second owplers are scenes were the traifeller is sare of his welesones. The happenings Jn the third complet have a sinilar consequence. The effect of the sccm fad third couplets, in. parallel verse, is that TH. ca tum Tere or do. anything witha being ‘ceminded of his plighe, He ss encrapp, The scene in three of the seven second couplets reveals the pet's telesness in umaigass wis. In No, IT the Scene 1s represented by "a thaisant miles" travelled by the poet, sino ea backish porsem bit eccentric. He Ls travelling endlessly hecause be has nothing else to do; he is as useless as the fallen ford mentioned in the third couplet of the sie poem. Ih Wo, Ute some is "the rivers ent meantaine’”. The poet cam see the scene distinctly aud is roninded of his mimbress. In Na. XP the scene becomes the post's retreat at Gnvany” sd he leas: that te will be vnable to exhite being conned; he erefore plties himelf. This scone has mde hin realise that be lacks salf-contrel. ih the remaining four socond colets the stene is replaced ‘by or relegated to the status of crea. ‘he poet escapes to an altemative and unreal world in order to block out the real ene, Dreaning 1s the response of ane who cannot. cope vith renlity and is therefore useless. And in Now TV the stene is the world, bere past events becone "empty schievenents, a possing dra”, The first couplet has referred to the war, anf the seene is che aftemath of the war, @ weld rejected by Ue post. ln No. VII the scene is one of depressing eather. The cnsequnce is’ that ie feelings and thoughts are ieesbited; he has econe ramb, or ineffective. He slips into ‘dream, The Tain and wind are @ metaphor for Us “alsturbance, rentionsd in the third couplet, from which he sinks, In Ne, VE the sone is "the fickle world, truly Like a drew", here fevenything 3s in Hewen's hands, In this scene he io’ uuble to take initiatives on his om tnhalf. In No. K the scone is the old village snd its ancestral. graves, Dut he is seeing the ‘eno in a dren. Tt is-as if, in these seven couplets, Ti cannot describe shore he is withost betraying ao aspect of Ms Uwoless vendition: uneeployel, insensitive, lacking in self fentidence, selipitying, any above, all, dreaing the harsh realities of his Cae. Similarly, the pfenings in the chird couplets are no mre sun futile gestures by we why 1s Incayble of anything beter: ” tie mabe of the falling gain seat, al an Sevitation to Sik in the elds (uo, 1D; evising Tk Djeh Tal to go into ‘Gret (. 1); secing sone, realising Ut 10 Io oe Grane it ins, an follodag ows oes tomrds co's Loeing {h the universe We, VID; conemplatirg a cap of wine to sash (Soy te world's soeries and also corteaplating andy =p er VIED? Ue diticatey of couselling the wena of sa GG volng overtaken by plo ven travelling sg. he rivers ft awtaino (a, 1; ‘assing, treugh Glnin's as. thoah Sinicg in a dram (Ue singe instarce of Genie, in a third Gples). Guy in Mo, Tk ia he hopping nt the poet's fle feenre, tingh 6 may sgt ho desptes I Che world for vallemion diaweera ave tne froqunt”. Ty at lot kx even third caplees the tapping is associated sath the fields (Wo, 11). He is in solitary retirement (Wo. 1¥). In the final ammlysis everything is so unreal tint one should rot ace weethar people have survived or not (Wo. VII). He rks GE his "old mountain” (No. VITE). He is soaring above the world dt 0b, D1), He cherishes his melancholy bec nothing ‘an be done (Wo, 1), He nts to bulld his cottage, drink tes) and be in retreat (Wo. HI). In the other final caplet fe outionss to be macrable. He ie iakeful at night (lo. 1). is tins of his fantly every day (No. V). He is poverty-stricken (Qo, VE). He cinsigns everything to the world of dram Ob. (Of intensifying features of his preica STAID chvough the night" be listens to the sxund of rain De ‘ailes" (Wo. TD. "lah an y reputation for "thirty years’, what use a 17" (No, IED. aFha : I a i78 Tune (lo. VIII). A "iifotine” in this fickle world is "tnuly" Uke a dream (Yo. VIID. Hie is "shays" commissioning his drexts tw suk cut his old village Oo. %). 1 awe now considered the pours! Literary features. Bit further procedure is available for stuiying the pou, and this 4s by renting chap alongside sme poae by anther wlopey men, his father, ‘Nuyda Pai Monk. Pastures of Trii's diction ca ‘be found tn Hlrh's poems, written in the second half of the fourteenth century. Qn the other hand, siguificant ahsmces ‘suget’ Ummeclwes, The absences exbance the depth of Trai's misery. “he two poets’ language is sometims sintlar. For both of ten gloat 15 eapbusian! by the wight, cold, rain, and autim, Both count the satches of the night®™, Mrh has to sweep ay his grief sha he sees fling lewwes; Tri is affected by the seme spectacle®*, Both listen to the rain at ighte®, Ranh rong over "ten’verfering,years"™® end soes Nspelf a8 @ su viser*”, He is agitated a5 @ teat on the water vien be thinks of the ‘ins am tillows of 1ife, apd his son Likens hineelt to Floating tunblaeed, restless after a decade of restless 0. Th writes” that, "the contryside is groan and ‘Sidsrg") TH loom thot "eho people fave been araaning™ Socondirg_t Muah "Alas! Qh Life's path abate there. for ime?" Tri. throughout his path in Life bas got exbere. Yet those sinilarities are wally no more than instances cf conventional poetic diction which Vietremse pocts, well oat in Onigese potry, could ue wien they wished vo versify their on disvontent. "he absence of ime of Ra's poate features in his aun's pose Se nore significant than the sinar= ities. For comple, Huh is able w sustain his self-respect by irovisg that MS poverty is thet of a honest man, worthy tf his edication”®, Trai Fins no afore In his poverty. Far oni, an educated min fas. responsibilities, Wen be writes fahuit' "the groaning comerysids", the poom emis with his resolve to vite a Mew Tang-style” poss as a netorial to the throne”, He ronls a passe in The Book of Songs because it mirrors his ‘am iiligtion shen mean mn are enjoying office”? Tili's oon about "groaning people", on the other hand, ends with a foncing that be wlll’ tum his back on the world”, He refers 19 the Hei-gang ole in The Hock of Song cniy to make the point 9 thet the ale cnot be a Literary ewmplar for a persin in his clremstances, Wien Khanh is "ypumeying” (keh) hough the veeil", spring is 2 mctayber for hope, even shen the Dope has teen disoppointed”®, Tn Trdi's caso, spring 15 the season wien fe can werk in the fields’® or the occasion of the Tha anh festival, en be can cheer inself with a cup of wine?” Koen exh compares Iinself to a rocking, boat, his pam ens with fencem eboit che safety of the northern ffeatier; win Tri fcngares himself to rootless tunblawed, his poon ns flatly: fee sleepless on toard a teat hen be return to Oin’®, ‘here are aloo bio startling aboences in THii's poetic lan- page. he first is the absave of shat ene would expect to Ea Vieraese poot's, response to the natural scenes Rah relishes hat he Sees: "A por and shrule encirclad by trees, 1 dream tot T an entering scans worthy of a poe”™, Moreover, te expresses the trafiticnal Vietnamese reverence for the rivets ‘ai somtains", Vietrmn's imge. In the pom writhen to serve (sa msorial tp the throne, fe mums that "the mantains ed vers of the God of the Soil are nov pace and dey"™®, In (aether prem he writes or the Reroae of @ fanred years (ago) (Gung the Yong) ‘vars of the thirteenth eantury), here was 8 Battlefield. Feah's. conviction is shared by other fourteenth-century poets, for vioe the landscape is the syebol of Vietnam's magical fad coduring quality of survival in trouble! tines? TeSi Fnnever, doas not perceive the lalacae tn this way. His "aging see have Deca din shen he looks a poetey-sorthy scr), {20 be is prevented fron writing. He refers to "this sacred land but allies to its fall only under cover of Chinese histor= seal analogies, ani his pom trails off ith associations of age, travelling, wselessess, ard resigning himelf to the world of drome"?, “he other notable absence in Tri'e poms when real alongside his father's is that the Vietamese ast never excites, him. Buh recalls, as we sav abow, shat haypenad in the heroic thirteenth century, ary again, uban "counting, the last etches of the night", he is still able to rember the tine en scl fas vere in goverment service, ut the past for Teli is ansentmmnt against the Vietomese political some, where hiatal fn Like Rigself vere excluded from office, buy shen Tel tas ‘iting, the Ghinese controlled the government; Vietnamese Public de hin fomeus, Bren “retirement” Jo mt a gesture of protest, Ghe could retire in protest against bad Vietrmese govermmt, tut one had to conceal oneself fran the Chinese goverment in Wheto, SS mch for an exploratory diseussion of the langunge of the eleven pens. Tie question, naw inevitable, 1s whether the eating stands up to commen sense, Everything we know of Tri's iteoent career convinces us tht be was of herole statime, Fefore T consider the question, which my contast the reliability of my armlysisy T ask ayself whether reminiscences of his pos ‘an be feud in his later Sino-Vietnane poate. Unfortunately, this line of enquiry camot te developed until his later poo have been closely eumins, A cursory Snepaction of then siggests, not surprisingly, that be ves able to thas off hs earlier oat. fle could agin respond to the appeal of he civers ant nountairs"®, He fed reaerad his frecdan to ram rather than travel as a “stranger, ad he cruld recogulze poetry in the landscape”. Ho ves no lower mmb. But 1 have Dy clunce four one Line in a later poan rannisoent of an earli= ex cme, He refers tp his village, which, "after the disturb feed be searched for in useless draae®®, he’ would also kish to hn shether any of his rumerous nia poe reflect his earlier mal. Lam not qualified to pare Una mitter. Oho nin poan voens to duplicate the language of poverty, ssi relatives, ad welossnos, but the final coo a pet has persed Vctromse scholars that the pan ws written mn Tei in later tines ves detained by L# Li6®. In the pom Fee. Ghe in por, however, resinds us of something sn 9, oem Tula above: "iho ecle sat ten years by his cold lap."9° Thtil a. ctidy Se mde of THi's later SinoVietnamee and tz his fa poo, those discussed in this essay are the cnly {terials available for consdecing how he felt during the earLi= fr years of the occupation. Dy trying to disentangle the Jan pa, T soon to diguntle Tat. My resting my be inplausible [nt even ostragsous. Or can the poo be real differegtly? T reject ot of hand the possibility that Nguyen Tit os coer the abject creature revealed in the eleven poms, He wold fine Dem shocked by the disaster, saliened. by his father's (Giorced exile, an hualliated by having to keep aut of ight. ee thls experience need not have ummarned hn, Another and yertupe more critical “reading of the poms can’ be attempted (itime discarding the linguistic features T axght to disentan- Vit, WI, 1 X, XD). Yoreorer, six do a in bo of their ‘couplets (los. Ny Vy VET, Thy %, 1). No reading can be mitisfactory shich ooft-pidals the carnal reality pervading the langage oo inerusively. ‘The poor any be telling us Sam fing mre ton the experience of @ useless stranger in his ela, hen one considers haw the effects of the war aro sigifiod, 9 caparison of Trli's poos and these of his father is agin Talpful, Ranh sas wry are of an outside world, represented ty Viet officlaldan from which he ws excused. For Ti, acremously Vietnnme world, inciuting its lavlerape and History, fa ceased to exist. He is in "a strange land” Becase the Ghinese have transformed the outside reality~ Tho "Sisturb~ ‘seed reach everyiere, and a figure of sjuech for their ubiqui~ {y is "the thousand miles! he Ina travelled end "the thousandfel Figs ace ft Gn F at crete baile laHinHL: ‘ever since varfare erupted, the people hive been groaning. Wat ‘en be done?" The stund of the sweeping of the ancestral graves would me disapresred because the population vas scattered, fas THi's relatives vere, Wat elee is heard ia only the disturb- ‘ng suunds of nature sich as rain ot night, vind, ad falling Janes. No other souni can be baard above the claw of var. Six of the eleven porns are set in nighetine (Wes. 1, HIE, 1, VE, Vit, X), ard night is the mst silent as well as the loneli- cet tine of all ani the tine of tent dreaming. ‘2. hase 4s silenced, He has 10 confidence in his tengic (Wo. Vi). le asists fron enquiring about those vio have disappeared ot vivel (No. VII). He is alsays alone nd deprived of opportunities 83 cqndition Sngosed chin by the Ming occupier, Being noere and being stlencal are how Tri ems to Lament “ule ol the disaster which overtode Vietram. IME tho quco- Be remains Mbether Tri is damralizad. T donot think 9, Beal division in the echolar-class of saciety, to which he felnes®!, io anther intrusive elm in tho exterml reality Gi, wre than anjthing else, guarantees the poems! dignity. Ghat men nee now divided soeng aneroas Vietnamese, pechops aime thousand of tes#2, ho were tdlling to serve the Foreign it aid thoae sich ag Teil Abo refusal to do so. The {Biers the loyalists, hal choo to deny thawelves the stats jemciety which ty, qualifiel to be officials, were realy g Ge tratition had been that an education ws) the portunity for cpying sucessful careers? Far the loyalists, vince fate TH is lamenting 2s mich is ony the fe wo total, "Exile", Hujrin Sah Tang's translation of ch "traveller", stranger"), is a= approprinte fs it is moving. Gmnetant retinders of an exle's disbilities,8 vicissitudes, emoticral mines, ond desir vere the price of loyalty, ont this is the tribute rat paye tho losaliats Sn poem written to mum his country's loss of Indepedence. Sich is the conchision t shich my socond reading of the poens hat Jed me, I profer this reading mot only because st fies rot avoid ‘the Linguistic associations of travelling anf twseleseness, reiterated thoughost the pooms, or the couples fictions a also, ard more inportant, Incause t accamts for mch sore in te largunge of all the’ poms: the ar, Living na silene neahere, ant choosing to laxp one's distance frm the com. When one tries to real texts and virtusly extbag the terpeation to interpret their mening, one nee! not. be to (Etident in invoking an extemal realsty, provided that the reality is written sombav or other into the texts, T coud, (F course, fave detraftel the essay to ke the second te foom, but T have decided to let it stand as it is became Teoreatvad the reading of these difficult poo as an explora tien and vented to show the stages of my joumey. can pers te faulted for being inflamed ty a comensnsical contictice that TrSi wuld never grovel in the face of adversity, but tx tun criticism doce not. have 0 exclude oom sense, a I doubt whether many would wish to fault meen this ground. Wnt Trai brogit with him fran nodere to a smadere which was again Wetran is mt my comem, Te is cxaigh if 1 howe ugested a few possibilities for studying TrEi during xbat mst fave teen a formative decade in his fe, ToT thank Professor Harold Shadick ord Res James Coyle far criticizing an earlier draft. 2, tguyde TEL tan tip (MIT), thB vat bin loos ngs a HN, anal, 1575, page 252. Ss S00 Now KI, Line ty txgietes below 1, Bhan Huy LB ant Nguyin Phan Quang, "wy vin vd ging hee ie dtny vd cuge 3 Mun Tei", Mend cfs Leh al (WLS), (1500), popes 22-28. 5. This wpuld be batamen 18 ans sbeut 14204 Pan Hy LB and Morin Fan Guang, ep. ete, page fy Tho question is als 8 atscasod ty, Node Lug eter, vd this didn tuyén Tet thon ote AL ea Lam Sh! NOLS, 5-8 (180)y pages 2 fg. 1 rive lorored the Med poon in the ealoctSen sng the ony gro in two colets, 1 hme else {gored poems 13-17, snare the ust mond is avidontly skfterene fron that in the inven poses of interest to ne. Three of too oUsr poms fietion lece-namst Teil may have teen moving. sth to Sean Lf Usts Oblique allusions ere moe to 18 OY Ly tho oon (lo. 10) cantaine a Line with 9 anfucfan” sentiments tive mirsed s stateonn's gurpote all my Life"; ujoh Suen Thingy The Heritage of Vietnoneoe Posty, aie Univer- ity Preses 197 pope 78, No. %67~ This kind of sentinent [cot teflocted in the goene of intrest to me. For trore= Istlone. of soens 1517 in 886 Ouy Arh's cottection, eee ha Sem Trlno, WerStage, page 9, Wo. 21 (13); paue 73, for 166 (14) page 10, Mav 22 (15)3 page T3y Now 167 (18) ese 1, Row 23 (17. 1. Yer adl Vige Han, An} wt bln loos hee a #85, tana, Vote 1 8T1)» pge 238. 4 Jom Ke Wiltmore, Neniso-enth ont rao-Confctani=nt the fing ‘tort to teanaforn Vietoon", Ring Station, 8 (1577), poses 63-61: "ell over $,000 vere recomended for office She emt to harking 20° be confirmed” (acording to the ira stihl). 5. Diy Btn records the tradition ut TH wet into hiding ‘er tho 1B fells Phan Wy LB ard Nain Pron Qiends ope eftey pape 22. to, jon Sor They HerStage, I eite in traniattans below WITT, gage 235, Now 13. oh Sah Thingy Heritage, page 12 Tol gob, fe cent of hia father's eresuregenent Tell toe faniilar uth Chinese poetry, ond this is. reflected In ie poens. hat Professor Stephan Dien utes Sout the Tang pacts should be Borne ning when rding Tral's foeno, uittan in Use Nov Tong style of presodyt "ALL Fran posts dew Lines, inagesy ans tenes fron past Poetyi tone ot those echoes are comsolous, but the majority wre Fotly either ncensclou or haif-fneneored A 33r0¢ Froprticn of the Yoitations" tat cto the Lerred comen- itor's eye are either comerplaces that were associoted86 2m Ze es strongly with co single earlier text, or the poet's seus noe tosauply. consted end ceappeacing in the srocts SPPameition’y “lophon Ose, The Gront Age of Chine Powtsye tho High Tang, Yale University Press, 1881s pup NTT, page 260, No 2 Aion Sorh Things Herttege, page 45, no. 32 eden "uncstzained'. 1 pave tranaetad St 25 "od tly tw. tan.felonds. are inpverisod coaing sole Set wuld te regaréed a= eocanerie mebess of thelr socal tre waninssness of the fallen gourd 4s ¢ etic from Guang. sly Boa Te chs native vintage, south of Hara. rrr, pose 280, Nor ay Pujnh Sans Tho, Hertape, sap 6, Rol fos Men Tat tributes this goen to 1410; Rin Teal, "iim hide tndt die trong thd ch Hin cle. town Te", Tap chi win hac, 9 (198, Pane BH tn licshon's talllen in the n-eighth century deeply di tn Bonien see Meitape, page 216, Hos 18, note 2 The hinge have follows a dictionary usoge of the tam i noaring Patcarge copies” (3 Mand trereore "trang Iona Na ft the Yoouth branch" of te tree beneath unc, accord ng tot storys or obitiaa Vang officiel ooares tht pevhod tecone 6 goveory see Meritage, page 216, Ao. Th rate 3. IIT, pose 27D No So Magen ‘teat Tee” is" unidotsfiable, TeSi's nother telond fo to lnperiad fonly of Ten. We gis te We Kingdon, or the Klngion of Wet-on dere the weitious Tang official, rentioned in rote 20 som, Seaned thet to hod served $0" aurcesfully« the whryang (Uf aii) ost 19 O86 Nov TK in Book XE of The ook of Songs: The ede Sesctines har @ cousin was escorted ook to the Kingdon fron bleh he ed been e refugees Te Geeeston 1a inappropriately crerful for someone in Tri's vesg Shih ved othe estern Hon period, tutored 9 dissolute ar ince, aed ircurrad ceiticisn, I an cot certein of the Peite ignificuce of the slivlon. Vang Shih wso in ard Sei atte Lite tut rover very sicconaful, Perhaps he Stroliriee sumecne active in sffatre ard a contest. with Starting in te folloving line. he end of the Eastern Han period Kuan Wing escpad foam ‘ne Yellan Tuan rebels. and. studied The Book of Sona BY Utotenp with hie friends. He refused to retuzn to anf page 27, Wow 6. MMGn Teal sttsibutes this poem to FTI Tin hid..." page 61 19. "hin sir? is the Spring Festivel on the fifth or sixth Vy of the fourth north in tre solar celander or the nlre- that coy of tha second oon, Horoura are ald tthe operig opirits and vietts nace to the scestrel graves: sg eka buy be citing a ote in the Hol Maspero copy of Trai's Moon (Wm 2210 tn tho Soci faistiaue, Ty peor ile FEmolatee the od flower se the Gai (8 MH) lowe, which eaod tre wine presented Oy the ruler to officials ding Gise footival in Chine, The flower therefore stgnitie te festival itself. so. MIT pose 272 fon 7: Br Nine’ cows fot” stond still, tut the traveler's night Is oe 12. Tu ruweed the exeression Toor to the bow". Si Werticn efelra, cuttiveted for forage. BL WIT, 008 2 Nov 8. Se Thuthie'T nove followed dictionary wsage of the term as 'epaning "en enlzoker abo is 11) ot ao vith Minselt". 2, 080 buy rhe tent hos i» T Pave acted (2H) dn 2210, ty page 15. sm, Protecsar aan serves that *ehe sltuttion of ustching the Tmolight in slewplessness vas coman n postry") Deen, The Great fan of Chinese Poesy, po 362, rote Te 4a, tar rofaneee to Fn and Chu ta (an Cherg-ta, Cook X41. TeHt appreriates it to feke. thw point that one. should ot womy shout serviutl of etheraice in thls uneel acrid. 8. TT, page ZB Now {0 Tah ehidn Blo" Duy Am oxplaira the term s6_ signifying Me ian on tepowrised solar family. W210, & ee1 page 185 stvee Hh (ews) intend of fre fy, TeBL fy thing of Boetn, {21 The fifth character sn Us Line Ss 6 (hth) 48, NITY, pane 27 Ho. 10. fe, Tr3t"aseociatsa lrg wlth the Fonous fourteentn-cntusy sctolar-offscisls, La Qt and Phen SU Ment MITT, pag 295, Nov 17 Line 7. 1 bellow that Tén-tral wes © Viethen. fess" inthe sarvica of the Ming. A Oninacs would hey 45, Sham SD Morn wnat.» sinblar Linay Ten Uf 46, This te a siffieult Line. 680 Duy th explains "speing dy! (Gah tré) se the Sine lietnanese eqaivalence of i dit fr sin and nearing "a scone of peace end prosperity", Such» rendering would) seen tbe incongronis in @ tap of othecwlse utecoy pean. “Fragrant dat", a2 880 Og, nm sckrouledgpe, Fae the Sucdhist conatation of the sphere of Ue six gipis, Ue cbjecte ard oraire of the otns fang the causes of Snputity. The gupa of stall 1s the mst SeFtLing ones Bulst sesciations of "Fragrant at? oulo be conalstent alt Tell" rejection of the wrla, 23 tram insistontly coveloped in these poong. One neaing Of the last character in te seventh tine (eiah) ts "log T have weition perpetual". lh Tingeyin (BIe-870) of the Teng period uroter "The Bilow of tu do not dstuth the Chiu) painting et nights the flovers weigh dam on the tsleory: railings the opting day is tong.” Teil may be udshing to comey the sotion of Use persisting. small GF Flours in the world of the santsy ahess Ten-tral flow shes. In the eighth Line he is feos fron Tih-teai's world, st, Yh bay "nist and rigples", or "rivers and. lakes". Chang Disirte Sn the lang period left official fe and Used fd ripples". Tri ans that he fas rejected the war 48. MITT, page 278, tow 115 Haj Sanh Thing, Heritage, page 135, how 381. 49, "ip govtsy the "turbleveed! Secane a sat metaphor for she ‘traveller, toon from hia tcosts' and carried here and thee by the vagaries of chance") Ouery Tho Groat Ae, aoe S38, rote Ss el, 89 cece ping aie te poy stspens, Sn, page 2 ts tz : Be Pe cacaniry to te villa, acter "The tee Sue ae organ {et} te sins an te oxyurthnne ma incest oa (eat ns troatten Suga (ee 2), We ub fe rots Seo atari ron nena saecs oar any Lim tuyéht the dictionsty meaning is "place of retreat". {fe Sn pt-rrieity Le Oty sever Shen sted sat Ss re te ald vilagy Ten ack at ny der ad Tt sey ent cnn ute "pw sss te pase etme ops wa nig cxtse art tow sare see” sh Pgh line thane feline © eetlrary nrg of he ae sow tie DU We AEE IE, 1 (aah of apne or dee wath sawn n,n, Wy, Ms etd "eee Lad? Theft na ve “ sa ‘Sttenar™ conor the oan tht Te coarse te SSRs Suruge lin (Che tty), wove te wert Sealer sets fan ieee nh ty hr nina ne Sa Seo totes, Nnerating tbe aaa otitat, # ratng ‘oF sone of Nguyn Phi Khenh's poens", The Vietnam Forum, F Gia ge 0, pew 8h, 2 eter te'tde olla a 2 Yow pug £0 Foro mile deceipian of tm emits! Strona (Pripctite forty se sagen nT Dy orn tary ‘Von Yale Univesiey Prsey 107 oo BL sataass Nec to this wns the Tete cua ans the cezeton tae eine by an bowtie sate set fr psnlehucistive sngte, ef. aetin the poote sotegn lacs age BM. On page © Potent anaes tefl caste ws spnes sehr gow i ts Tey hs Sint fog a hes Er Sly hE “ihe poe #0, Nes hy hE6 fon Sach Thay Hetape, pose 1195 Noe 28K 7. taoasn Uf, IL Pog 361 Nor 225 TRIE ny clone Telatives are seperated tron se by © thousand Aiee ty the tu yee of rebellion, 1 have earvieae™ 8. "earn pone 8%, Nor ITE Te8ly Nose Ment base 82s No Ve TBhy He TIT, 4 Mena page Sty Nos Tits eB, Ww Ue 7h Meant page 98, oT. 72 oer pape 82, tas Ve 78, Meaty page Sf, os TEE. 1a teil, oe TH nth, page By Nos 1. 1B. telly Host 1 Mow, pape 83, Soe VETE TERE, Noe He 1m. Mead Ufetdny 1D, page 44, Yor te 0. "hers gage 82s Hor Ve 1. en fetes 11, oop 53, Non 25, 2, On ve Watteray History, alte, sc) Reglon An Souths olan Perspectives Zeatitute af Southeast Ain Sten Singapore 1602, page 82. os. no, Te 5. Mary page ty Nos 1s na, De 6. Rij Sa Teng, Herta, pegs Me Ho, 25, TE TT, ape Baty tos 20y is "hw hd Sastrarn toa! (ene ole Hoes foe wotaire")- sajin Som Thingy eftage, sage 120, fo. 286) 11. ITT, peg Sy 36, Cogare Yon Hy sean ease. Phan foy LB ted guys Pan aig, ly An ene, HS (1980) page 22 so. vujh Sa Tings Heritage, page 8, Wo 19% Thdng sumste ‘Pot the poon tna ueitan before Tl ot LB Lge Cooare to Wily sind aug, tn my trenetation stoves st. eH dcoeifies Rant? lth th eos one VETE, he £2, Son rote 8 sore SEO, ur ulterey iPoesibilstes foe « seating of the 1255135 oie in the Uietnaneessonale"y Proceasines of the Cater Fe oymoctin on coy Southeast alan hatory, £0 be Bb ished by the Inetitute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singer. A) ne reorrione rece ww vier Neil Jamieson “ot os te village Jealousy guarded ts private nf axterocs Meee hind a Gro, hedge of tall toxino nd an orate aise ge, Ss toy did the fanblest only In the village lw i tee penacy within ite ost camped. The potest has TiUTin the ville, med cgoint its reefers tho it tals te hod i owt tall yard and paren at ws protect, wre’ optnicaly, by 2 fence oc ed anda gate of Ste een ing inward quite Literally, vllage fates fre- Seay bale Geir mein tase and other buildings alone the Soi cae of cher property. AL doors and wands would then TE cite a conrad coutyard shea solid blak wall wos pe Brett the lane and evwes. "Mo love each othr," Femme saying alvioes, "hve ferese anh bees which ave fevocy" (Gu thas rao ify co kin; Dein Que S} 1965: 10). FWtemnnose Lanly soe truly 9 seal word unto Steely & vend of extraordinary Sigg icane to ts aber ‘he tly woo the ultiaice basis of tration Wetsmse suse, Te as te force sn the pajcological world St yowant ad official alike, sk of putting in weds fe"Tal weight of meaning ceed by the word "any" (pla- Sa)tor Vieonese is eotremly difflelt, Te is ele all he fre eifficale ty Ue face that for the Vietwnese thenselies Thus alwys toca so inplicit, ao totally taken for grant. Tending. to Wester aientific oastrets for the tly ct tony, however, ope iets cial scientist has recently 92 nd subjgnted port of on extend. faally, stich vas eee fa patrilineage or a seppent of one. The patrilineage (tf) op a cehesive corporate group vhich petfomal integrative furctis far beyond the mclear fanily, the housctold, or even the nt otis of thse who caperatad in productive activity. llood in abeys came before one's colleagues end co-varers, hough separated by however many miles or for howwver Eny Years, f Vietemso who did mat help a poor brother cr sister wal) te fullty as well. Ila, on the other hand, though tod by Ciromstance into a joint socio-economic unit, frequently Living gether, working. together, anh sharing jpinely prosperity or civersity for many years, often remninat strangers and camel tors, "outsiders" in som snportant sense, of print fonily obligations is ojpmsal to a natural order of the ‘orld. Gre folktale sharply opposes fraverml. ties to congipl [es with wembiguous advo of the former! imbolic construct aieentially tree Of biclovical rose Te us, family io a living encity, © thing of mbstne, Ccmpowed of reat persons both liv eid deed wo ae 9 us mre oF lear intimately. Beyod Chia, family Le set fiuence threughout car Liven, sll the wore stvicusly ey ve are physically removed fre $8. (LA th} gub 297 1) In traditional Viotran Ue ouclear family wae an ‘he stroract ties were the tenis of censanguinity. O's feld in eantenpt ty everyone, He walld be seen aa "eld, unfeeling", or even Navatural" apd he would peoebly fel Several well-konn myths and folktales reinforce this mitin the primcy of blood ties ant also the sense that gong o ‘The Trio family had tio bothers, the older brother was rich, the Youger Mother was poor. he year ere sas a drought ar many people were angry. ie YOURE Drochor seg west. te wanted to gp to hie alder brothas to do a beenuce his sistarin-low was a very stingy Ber fs Finally be told Nie childs "Go over to Your uncle's Touge and wee Sf be will give you anything to bel se." ‘he child came beck with oad face and anid sith # 93 Uhoroclwee ae Best ap thoy can, ronal the older Eeother's tous, Thay beat up the older rota and in wife to find cut were Cher valuables cto hidden, The younger brother wanted to go to hia Older Thotheets aoeistancey but his wife staged Mine everjone look Out for Uanoolves 30 best as thoy any ahe sia, "before, when ve were Maney, our bother Tevorthaless the younger neother saat over snd rescued Sn aigordor, the older heather anid to hin wae: "My broth fer woe willing to cone reecve us. Ho havo to give hin ‘eon Unt tind of eatoves, tut he was very late sp getting fetes They beat ur up Just the ane, Wat. thane do wo robber sammdiately ent his child to aok to borrow emo fice, he olde Brother and Ais wie just gave the chile Sy fecling foe us Buy OOF Mose ao bo" Ive sone money ‘the alder brother's wite wae Gotighted, "x12 buy your nee bot TTL ay se em yeu anyway 20. Yoo wont be rou here any wore Living off ua." (hot rained hie. broter's chilaran ar if they wore Mie eoan: "You have a good hearty younger beother. Prom now ‘m going to balp You beonta Fist I don't fav a badhace, ALL the teoiile es cused by your sLst¥eminny rotten,” (Gan fm 2565, Vol, 281 77-7) io A sister-in-law ned not. be mean ad stingy to COR bet, Trothers, Ove of the bestloom of all Vietnamese mie, ot ancicat and apparantly indigenous origin, portrays Of bio brothers an a wife/sister-ioviaw ae 1 offers an emg ‘en for the etiology of chaving betel {ewan the ceign of King Mag tho FoOrths 2 the ine there. Mood an official by the ame of C30. feta the very aaa wid, One waa called Tin and the other io felled tang, when con wee eistean and the other oorentan, vee Lh, mim This priest tad an absolutely bewtsful daughter ty Ihad osched the age of puberty. er nine we 1a) Mae bd, After a while {t cam to pass tat this yoy lat Gacidad she mented to marry the elder of the fo brotiers, sos very disticalt to tall than amare. : ‘Se quickly Umogie of © plane Ohe cay she oorve real to the two your tan tut gave then Aly one, balt CF chepeticke, and then she cov the younger ce repel: {tly yield the chopetiona to hio older Brother. ora he ast her father to Tet her merry Hay the cer te ‘bot once the late Brother got maried; the bande of ‘tash ont blond grew weaker Gey by ey. The yanger Bote bocane very sod and then coe diye vent any Pilly the road he took came to an end an tr bad to slop at tie bank of a deep rivers He Get Uhre and grieved ut he died, He turned into 9 slab of rock whch etood Socio Ay by te side of the river. an is yoangae beother'® absenoss the oldie bother ord can sty. She left hie hone and sont Looking for ‘0 sano efor hy the bank of the river. Ho eat down Jeslny 7 95 inet tbe slab of rock oe gplved til be dad te TRIS inco an eves pln groring booide the sock eating [eam en tm mete of wars cD mre ot hums she to. cana the reat's ene Sa at that wy sme plaoes Se too tapped #9 ee else ine slab of rade Soe pt er orm sro the tk SNE Tra ecco und eied root to dant ihe trot So se areca tear replay feat and geoen abl Ye Fou. tae ce tite rlest Inert) the sole 007s He al covet ty thie Seep lowe Ut be built = tele Tene vor eot ‘non coo dy sh King passed by cn a ploasice txtps Sens Sacee people, te immediately ordered that 30 sect Gee ileal into Lice places a then he tock a pee Te idee ot becal end eed chewing i. Wan Moat oe joe cure the souk, al of # mien He trad igh Ti eno the King comaniat thit seople tsi plating GEG, SEoatue he rook sor nae of, bocste orem Beh TRS nunca woo Pegpry Not, 4 Pade posing fragrance. Sonne tty cornea ritula, ting ale Uy 1.2 Sis wh nth tour mar Vole Te 3261p pid uy 285 iret ‘tear bo tales ot only express the neal co gid egainst tating conjgnl tes inerfere with toot tleoy they also— Iie © uy other Vietnmese storieo—involve tension between tethers anf convey the fearful consmpances of persitting fm Corel tien to lnjes A frequently mio source of enh, ‘Gotition co tio given slow, ds the matter of iheritane. ‘pe prnrel rule an traitiow! Viton ws that al children sire in Ue siheriemce onal, or marly so. The eldest sn Soul’ the role of te ben! of te fay, aa 3t is be wo Would inberit in trace land collectively pet by all adult Tours of the petriJinsge, the ionae from which mist be pent96 in ritual ayport of decensed meibers of the patriLinene, iy as far as the perso property of Is parents ses concern ule he vas entitled to keep a smafat larger share of i for himself, the raminder vs to be shured vith all of iy others and sisters. Wile the oldest son recelved the store of the wealth, be also inherited wore responsiblity, Tt tes be fo vould be epectal to raise and arrange murriags, for any yorger siblirgs who required sh ascistance, dite the cage OF sisters might be View as sumeiat mare complicated in certain ciramstances, yoger brothers vere umistdlaly ppd to revive 9 shure not meh smller than that of liest brother (Tean Kot 1970: 13414; Steinberg 1971: 13), The dire results of an older brother exploiting Ns” yuger sibling in this regard form the tasis of several other fale tales. In these tales various notural and sigermatural fom dncervene to talance the scales of stice in accord vith ‘mural order which is violated by any man uho is gremly at Iie youger brother's expense, Che Such tale explains the origi, of the narcismus (hoa thiy-tiGn)t ‘co upon a tine there wore two brotheres ‘The lie brother tas man and picked on hie younger Bother al him though, <0 ha alms oie Se ‘tnd, Mh older bother tefveed to shave a heptane hrothar became 50 unhappy that he went awa. ‘and walked to got far anny. Obe chy he cate to # Fat Sf very clear star, Seing tired and ay he ait Soe Dy the ego of Ue pond and stayed there quite eae tim. ‘Duaieny be noticed a Little old shrine by the ide eh fe pod, so Be walked over to it. Te mae dirty mad oe lected co ho vipat off the altar, aneph the fear, Uh roning.shadowe Dagan to fall. the toy sighed, feels saat hie com 1ste sms facing Lika eh light of the ee Be waned into the pond. The water was up to is sb, hon up to the sont of Lz Banea, up to Ria cheetse. Al 7 ‘the young man told the old man vty he vas enhagey, do on vorked hla magic. The vole pood titted into a field ‘ipo are your" the boy ashe Mian the water spirit, te old gud who lives in the ater, Tee Very tobched by your sincerity juct naw when jo tok eave of my shrine by the aid of Aon pds Rowe Sos oan take then to mirtat and selk Un to gee money. Sou con carn a good ivang se aay. we have, the narciaasn, the Boy became rich. fe elder brother was oo Jealous it me hi eice and be Giada (Sdn Nan 1965, Vol, 12s 1616), ‘mother well-lnowt tale also concems an older beother ao cuuarpes to cheat a youyer brother out of his fair stare of bis eritane. In this tale, too, by cxmplary candict, the yuwger brother” prevails with to aid of forees which are’ part Wasniversal order that brings justice to te world: fer brothor with pothing ur one starteuit (KiB) zoe. She younger bother scceptad eke, ie dian! ante arsue one tina Iatar a flock of phoeniess flew vp ana perched co that tarfruie trae, ‘hey ate all of the fruit, toon the young man saw what had happened, no eat dom atthe A oan sepia ve just stopped have to rest for98 9 fruit wove eaten.” After saying this, the phoenix bunt SS Soo eS SIS TS SS Sse SEAS et See oe Se ee So fadeeliny ty o ee al oo ee oe PLETE SS ee ee lean es er Satya SS Tegal ttn ern Sua ce eee ers ora ean Se ea es ona een ae cnikt 80 cai ngay nén Lia, Nguyéi Win Ngoc 1967: 17). ae ce tatty eae ad ang et unis co age ee ee ene ee ger tees sen een ee ee Se eee Ss oe ey Sasa ee oo ae ee ae ee getty vce Os 0) eal wnthier fenilies are prox to have a large mbar of ewe sign sf wealth, be Zact tht the anoint of land Pimiiy ercrols cane to aurelate directly with the feats cf pono works in the long nin 5 2 vealth quizes Tig aeane of lad brome airdiviced into. all facts aren 8 lacgar ree of ms. 1g Wate, this process may bave been ven ore poverful a we ot tia it wos in Ona Incause the major differences bets fet and China coon to tend tard greater legal rights, Tietlng property eights, for women, ard mere rights or expcta~ sect eritance for female childgen An Vietnam thn in Ghina ‘nd Turand 1954: 50; Lé Thy 2 1976: 40), Oe might aid thet it sume reasrable to asc that both ive births anf survival mtes were protbly higher for the Jie (Eiltordo. ‘There wis tot a great deal of difference in Tug, clothing, diet, or medical care between most villagers ESE the tint; but, uantially bon fanine or epidanic Sieand they vere seldan aleent for mare than a generation in differences aa did dist aay vell often fave been the Giferene betwen Life and death. ath Tife histories and proverbs weuld sooa to suppoct this lueerpretatden, Te vee Said that "Yo ene is rich for more than ‘geracions; no coe, is poor for mre than three 1ifetines” (kag ot gia ba fps cng at 5 bo il, Naya Vin Ngce 1957: %). ‘in traditional. Wetnan it was the cninsity of the cule cf the anveatore which sa institutionally zed ideologically Souci by a sepurate, inlivisible, ant imlionble portion Gf lan tanita! fron pmeration to. generation, Gntimed fregectation of ladboldings would appear inevitably to dissi~ pete ierivad weeleh, bat the hug ia (literally "incense (ol fire") land sued che ritual continuity of the patrilinea) in group. Parallel to this special category of land, in tratitional Vietrem there seo ala0 a special category of afoption hich ‘ened the same purpose, In Vietnam couples wath or without ildeen may adopt either boys or gis, related by kin ties Gr moty with or ith Living parents of tein om. Moption tay tke place for any of a mnber of reasmns, but it 8s mot ‘amen practice unless the couple tas without « mle child.100 opted cldeen fell atside sxxml rules of inberitane a ‘eeelved os mich crab Litle as their opie. parents ene So lene Gh (ean da 1970: 18) Mere aoa special catogry of alption, call ip cy (iteratly Yesabishing « decedent”), in wich on ake Ghuld 1s specifically desigmcel to be at heir. This belt {in fact, desigated to be the scam his hia again father. tie vill take his adoptive father's place sity, coe temicalyy cccaptiemly, oo in a serse pissy by beng fesidene beat of the fully base and haseols. Sah alg 45 boul vp with many laws al ext, Ald ws chen fore categpey of degen oxy y couldtess coupes and aly a male lld could beso designe Tieally, a man wld chase to supe co of his betes" sy for Us statis, tut Oe croial ching wuld te to fin me hid within the ytrineage. A child with Living parents cog te alpen this ayy bie he should ro be ately ld fm eldest sco. dn aloe child le in Uwe catery of "oa ceucr” fad to lve with hs alotive parents st as if thy Sere his natal porast bu iff were planed os sucsser bye birth of mle child, fr cald at his om disretin elvr vetum Qo his natural ports or rain wth his alge fares in the status of "yger belies” to their eldest ele {iL by birth Roan fb 1990 1718) 1 i Sngortant to street thot should a male child be tom, sxcceasien by acpeion Dome imelid. Als, thagh there at {stapes of uoriioal marriage Shere a) itelow doe fac tle over the property of Ie father, the em forlow 45 never albpeal and over as xy status inthe rial of the ptrilinenge. le would normally be of a sma Iaer seejoconic class cd sould Hive with a care for Mis age ‘Grlaw ou of eqeetation of finmclal security though sar, Sn his wife's interitame, Bit Vietamee are qulte oxic ‘in stating that there wld be eo pont to adopting his, ‘ie cmcora with peryutating the cult of Un ancestors Urea ypverel Bod Tins, reflect in tie tranaclon of Sneiswe Ninense and fire” lands to gineate funis for this parm fad the special category of opticn as sucesso demastate teh the bloogical rots of che Vietnamese fay on the pom sis of Manis” a6 a proainent and pervasive peiciple exrasg 101 jus influnce throughout the Life of all Vietnamese, ‘is extreme cultural aiphasis upan fanlly as a biologically sant, perduting, aulti-peneration group Introduced a. certain tes of tersien Into the systen Wich was structurally generat rod perpetuated. Certain elements in the social sjstan hd 1S te idelogically reinforced for the high degree of integration Sere) for the aysten to be obtained. Sot surrisingy, men Main for a large shore of value-binding, ideological pressure Ge vrfore thelr roles as daugters, ugheero-in-lan, wives ‘6, fochers tna ren-disruptive mare. ie see patterns of chilérearirg and socialization hich stetively bound boys to their famalias aloo served to forge ire affective tien beter a Q4F1 ord her natal family. But {fete tad to leave their hones and be integrated Inco the Eani~ BE of their Testers, shere affective bonds would be weak. rls were. also geerally mech Jess afucatel than boys, and they did noc receive the sane Kid or ampunt of continuing ritual WElatization wich the boys would experience as full partici Shee in family and village cult activities. Since females vere Eth less fully integrated into the dominant elements of social Eencture (vallage and family), there was inevitably @ tendency [Er than to be pjebologically Freer agents than the miles. Cid with the power empiasis upon centinulty of the pater~ tui bool line ad wat would appear fran a mpdern Western point Uf view to be a virtual obsession with family honor, this tend (icp tuserd peychological dependence in bamen fad to be cour (erctot by inculeating in than @ cluster of values wich wald lowe proper role teiarior. With the fateful result of illegti- tote pregency in @ girl or doubtful paternity in che preguncy Gia morvied seen clearly before their eyes, traditicnal Viet~ famese tanilies sw to it that dustity and fidelity became frisad attributes which sere central clownts in finale self (Stecs and social valuation. Vietnamese ayth anf legend oo well as history are filled ith sturies of ven Mio were stromg sad decisive individ; Gh in point of fact, thweayhos the traditional period mny Matranese semen apparently dominated their tusbends and sons sea rather toceughgoing remee. Same wren were also outstand= Sng masters of the ver) Literary dels vlich catapulted enles (ae of the village end into high rank in tho central goverment.102 tn al ne Oe per sean of ilag aay, cm, at Be ome Mg Mest pete aim pte SSS, TE Sal tetlowen al wre led a A Seen aster ad qa arse Cry tp en te Mt eos al sb tnt le a Se oe ee petcs aumizie 0 er fae, ey ee ee el te mai oo oF Ss ie be tas egpel wo be ma sa de tae feardig to Gator etic opal frm Be Se re ele amersrity wn amy igre Se wo, a et es Ses con Caplin cl). oy 1 ea ae a mal oat AE inde Ls OS A Oa nett src a alge? apt Gye Use gle uve ined wi teste et (Calae ar ant bffcioy no weurlly prin fa oar noe yous of aly cle, ee ie oa Hes eS uae ty ely ag eS re vee al mre gly lo sere a Sirs anion, pt eis on wy en hare pow oti. meee Te tte ne vllge Ga ke isn. Gils are bye Se i Oe aie re coedyy ac gion ree ce se Rneg ea ots intl of aia, rie fo eas ck ml ches, ee ould certin to ale boys to at mh To erecta, Ic irl mre to ake "Wy Gn Soe Ee eaten iy te tld “aa he et Po Setar epletan yo fele to be mcs CD HP iss Whe. ny BH! 2). ee ye aay cope ie fnty title a ee ccm a ic cin apart ths can ee rerecme i cairerig, eer, certo Sever agian an ef eH Seta Cire "oq ib ht mrs a oe te (ely 160s Al) mew mee tee gr enfin otic easy oe prem ee cnc rel 9 oer a a 103 pope and gicls. Of the aiatean ehildcen wo utthizod the TEE category, foustaen were gil. They soened to ate Sherccivee and their mothers oe cooperating an worklog Miip sy atandéather", oye, on the thar handy stresssd we eevtional relationships "My apter aot T aro very bap 1p the U.S. childrens (Ibide: 41) spin, of course, reflects the teed of the famlly to gro the i. for export, so to ped, and to bind the boys eaotionally Bebe Laolly of which they wore expected to remainan integral Shee foe the rest of their Lives. The bys! smothers, In parSc= sr 5 uere getting a heed start in exopeting with their future aero-inlow Tor thelr sons’ primary allegiance 1n cong FL oes expected to be a virgin at marriage. The boy's seal evgersence, of lik of it, was a matter of camplete sn Feces A decent wom wns expected to be totally loyal t Ae "hacboni, even after his death, She might remarry, but me ve MP Tacs yeas Inevitably imlved, and Af she were ecoenical Iy weure and not dntolerahly mistreated by her busbrd!s fay, Beat disoppewal wuld be inevitable and not ude cose hie dapact axe atypical upper or upper-aidile class vem Daun, bonver, 10s ftee to take @ consubine, or a second wife Gg 12), or even tore if he could afford to suport then. If tie first wife tore m children, he ves in fact expected to Geo if 4 vere at all possible. he ideal of a wife's total devotien apd loyalty to her tus teat is aremtically depicted in a vary well-inon folktale fina as the legend Of "be Waiting Rock” (in Yong Pu), Becam- De convinoed tar he had iitting camitted incest in marrying IS wife, the Pustard told her be Ped to gp ay on a long Bus few trip. He wes nover heard fron oguin, and his wife never Tuned the erth. ‘Doty day she careiod their child up to the tap of 3 nastby owrtsin apt ceared cut at Qh pen, wetching for hee hs ey to come hoe, Pinaily, she stood there 50 ong she Seth heey, in ee aimey sts) wasting for De titan Tp cone om, (Go Man 1565, Vol. IVs 25-214 tog Tec108 In soveral other folltales, the wife falls chore of the ie ane ecole her fasbrd, betray Bim or disobeys it in cm, mmrver, but retribution aliays cms U0 her Sn the en. Ferhupa the. bese loon of tase. ctories ant probly ay of te olde ig the tale knan as "he Orig of the Yoana (Sh eich con mdi): ade fast. He wae a ery ood mn Bi wate"© Pare Tower Foss, shew bentifel, Bi a waa tot a vey ‘cw perms Jade foact waa very mh in low with bey ie she locked dam son hi tecnmy be sow pos 8 mead to be sich at portant, while he oe Dpby te bly’ ad Hs tae ao soggy be wanted to dies A 908 ae {hie sod folt sorry for Se tharts le pented or seh fee told Win: "ue wite in ead) bat T oan being her Tick to: fe for yous If you will give. three cre of Your boats Twi trig tae ack to Hie ade aorta Geligtad ond tently 25d a8 he we clas a ice ertmby hie wife id come back to iif ter fmnbond we at mock, she nw tied hy the ponies GE a sich mm the Gncided to lasve ber tian a may {he rich man netend, Ro soon ay Jadoo Sot hom, Flor toon aseel bin fox n Siven, e bagged ber to ‘ay ath hin, bute vould oot ageve. since he did't row that alec to doy Sue are finely agreed ton ae "ALL slate" be ea to has If Be Aw e908 ees lh glow you jour fread, Bot yo have to pay me sk toe these Grogs of Blea T gave to being yo bak to lowe Pace quickly apa to tis. She that wold en mary soy thiog todo, she jure at her finger wh fife. Dot an the blo began mun otf er foe her life wnt with its Se wor dnd Sn 9 itn ‘eter tty tye jure of Daven, sin wos snk Dk 105 fer Lige as a Inna being, She bsepa ooking for people (el biting than in bope of getting back toes threo dope GF Bleed and became a han belng once again, (isto tale Ly nedet Ze3iy Muytn Duy 19751 36-37, WA wether story, In which the husbend is rot as naive as Jade Jha, also rewals @ grecdy and erly aoitious wife wecring Ne jot putistment inthe el, This story is called "Peacock Tesh, Piggnix Pie, ond Dragen Whiskers” (an cig ch se rhs ab) este much Inft that oe nant to try. Everyone as al delicious than anything eee, Thay are poscock hash, phoe ‘ni play at dragon sbiskers, Wate alcauty Uasted poor mara that in the king's forbidden garden ‘hero 19 a vory big peacock. Latte ctaal st apd bring © back Mere and en his wie heard thie her mouth booan to water. she ‘he husband wot to alot of ssoible and finaly managed tw staal tha peacock. ta beoopit it fate coe vite cold ‘Sud instant, peatening 18 vas peacock ate vgn ow Selicious it ven, She thmagtt fer husband steal qrurmet. Ten, @ fou Gaye later, t ws discotered he pmouck fram the King baa comitead seriou crimes Dajone sto. catches the shit or ings the pooceok ame feturne it will be rewuded, If it if many be wl be106 appointed to be @ igh official, tf it is a woman, ake ‘even thowh she had ready eaten the peacock hash, Trove that royal title, So she inmadiately went to te Imenfarin ant doclarsd that it wex none other than tee ‘the endaein sent. foe the husband at once. But viay ‘tho Tnaband want, he took the peacock with him Ho tolg ‘he mndarin: “Ihe peacock got lost and came £2 my touse by mistake, 1 wanted to test my wife's heart, 0 T adhe are to Kill the pescock because I didn’t anit te comit ‘the mancarin docided that it was the wife who wes guilty fof wegngioing, The husband was appointed to be on official, (tigayé Win tap 1958, Vel. 11 35-36) ‘he strain in hnshand/ife relations is revealed in another fomeus. story called "foung Trung and His Wife” (Hai wg ching ching Tre): ‘Once, Jong 90, & youn min naned Trithy and his wite Lived ‘ina village by the aoa, hon tho wifo fd jute fo wars Ho was gone for ofr tao years ‘very day ax evening fell, the young woman would Liaht seks "wharets dadiye" then the woman would point to hee 2e last Tibi retumed heme, He was very happy to S68 he asked: "where's dadaye* "Daddy doesn't coms rae until right," the child replied, then he heard this, ‘trihy became suspicious of is wife, He tought whe had teen Unfaithful to him while be wos wy, to soolded her and 107 stand to be a0 UMAERY, 20 ee upd into the seo and ‘Some tine Inter Trdg was sitting eating supper with hus cuits Te bogan to get dak 29 be got up and 1st the Tope Sustenly the ohild ahostots "Tero's daly" The Child wee pointing at Brkdog'e om shadow ea the wa). el errand once evry at, eres Sheely, but it mas too labs, Wen the other people wo Bed inthe village beard the solo. story, ‘thy felt Dy tho de of the aoa bo honor bees CO Nag Khar m0 Several other stories sha hor a wife's disobatience can teing Tam to ber fisted too, even Urayh she does not, ined Ye ne moral of these stories, at least implicit in then, is fhe notion that "hastant Jaws best". Tho vey popular vales Gllusrate this temleney. Che ss called “he Grain of Rice” (tbe tia): oe ‘hey vente, The ancartor of te Vietnamese people just Sonct to have ercagt to eis The Sada Byperor need apm Unt in this way De woald mower go Dury "a thace aay, woon the wor ed jt een rete, G1 ty thencobves oe they re newdnd. Usally ona would Show up every day, ALD the pple ad co do was keep their fuse pent an clean to welcome the rice; which Cae a2 Little bit laxy. She didn't alsys keep the hose as clean ‘she didn't Aisten, Well, finally the house got 90 many108 fea wife afraid of bat fr tained wold sy ve ye tam be tl fre there naa fo ice fo te eto, they toy oath gent Hcy foe envng ber, Tan «medica wo ate gibt tee ror tr ot tice with bor toe ov aco ols he By ai Of cn atten anto'a Semana Cay piso stich oe Scat a om th yee Rete hiy to mee Bg grins of rice sree semeate ora aiuto Un pele went hngey twping Manson auive by sting Iitle pater of slo tay ware se to ct up off cw rome: Bi son en this wow ty Sethe ty shan’ soe tat to, Tey wt to Hak You cyt Tanect the rico which £ amt pow" the Jae pers tot thy “ew pa Wt awe to bn aiid yoo necy ts tow chown to eater Wield mete Jen) wt Br os 192129) eoter’ tomas umple of te troxble cased ty a fostsh wife ay in Getic 1s called "A Gp Nel Gi al hi Ba Tree (hg Gd cy On rons time ey leg agp thce chp tat i ate teed un a stn from ay to Gy oberon SESS So Spo cane tw cow ogo = ln ot te toto tun he to toop at te tie mainly be Dd loud rainy in the sesle, the meter ger tn cog fa soa tribe, co be ata op oe trie the Teas of te tive tour obo cree tem then line "ype mother tiger was anny. she ran over to a neahy banyan treat chy me toe wich Bet ‘cbt Peco ‘celoue. He Reg watch and as soon as te 109 legs & second tino. dust as before, the mother tiger cae och an chewed arms Legos tom Ue Banyan we an bathed ‘the leaves of that hanyan could be wood to trait sicknmes, 90 ho etesleniiy pulled up a small plant. by ita roots {2 taka hens with hin 29 he could lant it get medicines oq fioating ot far ony. te pulled the dog's boy wp plant, chew than up finely, snd pot thon en the dog's hat.’ suanly the dog stiread. It bad cone Beck 29 Lee Ye cherishat that doz vary mch becaioe it became the en he reached Ris cm villa, Cx planted that banyan Stich man in a msigiboriny vitlege wo anrounceds hy Gnostiter tee fallen il end she ie paralyends TE any oo can save fet, he shall have bec az hie bride, Ao 1 tien ell ay property aver 29 thany Baca ste Gay Now thot follow Oot won delighted. He went there and Yo wao able to ave the patient, The eich tan Repl his ‘promise and lot OOSL mazey hie dauphters Die all the other village lado were setlais. Shay bated ‘oft and count ame maura of getting oven with hime They tunity to bound into his house and kill that girl. ‘hey thon Cui got hank he wae overcane Wieh geiot. Ho moana edy. Aes you willing to do tatae "he doy rode Se hand, iE that fellow OS! got carelece, He cut open th dog's belly an tock ont its innards, Ine be foegot. to takeno she scum some strange—wieh the Heart oF Gag and the guts of a dog oo the old Metaphor soot. The ay fi ond Ris wife Lived topether tranguilly a bees, rory iy he onda Rin banyan tres, Bie wife got early nd hed qunsticns. He told her the trot ant owe hr 4 pleos of adviows “tiner urinate undar the banyan tre, it hia wise wae ronlly rather stupid and she did exactly fy that tonjon. tree ro longer wichod to emi in te Soll Ure ony lengery so At pulled up Ste roots ard fay lest up to the soon glace share be has Lived evr sian, Ye can still ee his image there. te ie the fan Sn te ‘eon. (680 San 1965, Vol, T= 80-82) 5 ng Rha, ots Is 38-61) tupdn Duy 1957: 80-23) ADL the precsing tales are "classics" ery widely distritut- 2, well lon, and apparently of considerable age. They preset tho sdanirent ideological theme that semen should be. lopa a ctedient to their hustends, In most of these stories, Iaeret, it is the fact that the wives are willful, or beadstrog, tet 4s the problem, Namen are aeldan portrayed ds incnpetent, alli ble, or easily manipulate. There is in fact a comterit to the dominant the of ale superiority which runs thease Vietnamese oral teratare in the form of meny lesser tale, often localized and lacking a single, well-known starardizl orm, pertapo tecause they tend not co have taon "anthologizn? or jopularized by the Literati. In these folktales 2 shrod fa Torbearing wie tolerates ard supports a bumbling en (Oe exaple,of this kind of tale is the story "Buying Wild Date” (ber eje ced): chee there was 8 man sto didn't know how to do anythin fe was a burden to hie vite and children, They tal © ‘ork vory tare, but thoy wero still poor. thie veo boone ma hie wife sms very earifey, thawph, Little by Litele ie rome to save 8 BLL of teney. After a long tame protien he weld bay sm dicks, Thy sen the dadks hod batched Te did't haw ware to By any ducks, own. He just vnstoeed arcu the countzynide Doping to soe mane danke We might ay. fear seeing for a long tone he finally tot oone bao playing ear a yond. Tharo wore Sone dicks (ating by the aide of the 2d. Trttone ducks are they?" the nan ached the Boyes siny 30 yu vane 9 Hoon the Bop cepa, tye. Are they your Gioks oF ant they?" tho boye counted the money caxetullys Than they aniteds then they tegen talk omy quickly. in moment they ore out of eights of coming t himy they flaw chor soto 9 nearly field.‘Pee tine the man walked op to them Wty lowly, y, elms clone ero to cach than whee they ew ant ‘At cunoct, several fours later, She OF MN Was at) taping ove wild dicts, wee a tony omy tron fel His clothes wore torn and may. He wan soa! with must hia money vor all gone aid he woe exinurtd. ie be chant Ino single duck to stow for it, fe hal to-go howe wpe hd hagpenet. wen ie told har the whole story, she nly to-go to bad and forgot aut St. he wor # 950 many , ho wad etilt her’ Masters, (Oring Vinh ie, The wife 1s scldan if ever portrayed in such 2 Light as tis Instant sas. A woman say te willGul, tut she seldom i eer anpears a5 a weak, foolish, ar iapractical acter, ce an ne who 3s any to mnipulate, This seems to cor‘espend closely to the realities of behavior in Vietnamese family fe. Ramd ty a bduvloral code and intemalizad alice stressing. foe Mlntenunce, public generoaity, an a prececimation with lofi affairs, Wetrene ‘en sean often to be muh less ale. ta Ueir vemenfolle in proctical econ afairs. Several tims T fave fe te experience of calling yn a well-to-do Vietrmese fay to conduct some lines, ach a renting a house or negotiating the use of a car or llc Of Ian oF sone other piece of property. Fach tla Tyas ushered fn to see the mi sho received mat bea of the famly nd sister of the hae. His wide remain! in the background, pettoe Staying, cut of sight altogether or merely coming into ‘te tom to aorve ten, Bien if she were nthe rom, the wife was ually (quiet and very deferential to her miter never, en after polite grelimimary cenversatien Jam unced the reason for ay visit ant asked pernissien to "pt dan to business", the vimn wuld invariably assume contol Of the comersatien. If sho were atsent, her isbn! ld am Yer smetines leaving the run to got Ter and at returns ns but letting her come along to tke his place, Tn 0 Weela the mn ever mie a decision witha comailting Ms PE ciraty bt ae often id so witha casting faa. fuuckly cme vo feck Incopetent after several experiences eit te hig mee an & SPtoyean wo vere tsally may 0. ecpany we ot Use eas ve Hittle ee mo Delp. Pinay, af the business was Sema cather thin yurely profession, I lear to work Magh fries to oie tte services of emother wan to oct Soy bealf- variably, the cuca wes wore favorable. ds esy to soy oy ween howe anally bon the managers cf wily, flonces in Vietem, ev Vietnamese nen have ede Sen 0 provene of controlling the purestrings end it sees Ren 'to tea rliet to then to be able to inicte that they {ful ike to belp or be more geneross but mist first const Yair vives (to ca say "he ich more lly and Fly tan ote ta). i Th, Qa (1576: 97) tells ws tht sen Snceriesing a former nigh official she aks ito tak cate of the my Sn oe family" a tee coe soutclf, You meld howe Te in ao viens WY is if exh family do-0 "all mica", in fac, prosnts scmtins ts tnt very pase (BE nh) to reler to eth fase Sith Sta cam sive hg (he Terry Reno, personel cami Cat), The hit the rnin ed f save adn args of ferjgn relations, but the ole is “ainister of the inerir™ ing eae) and controls the treaary. Tt is.a form of division of labor and differen. sts of value ae beret inthe fer tee rolea (Cahn 1950: 19-3). The often, cqelally in wre tradition) fails, heard Viermse semen complain tht they fal to laep their stands on igh allem, The roaxns piven vere limiting. "ay ‘fe could ack hin for a oan and he'd Og Ato his pocket and fe tha five hndred or tum plasters, whether we could ‘Sor it or not 4nd all too often thot sas the last we'd ce a tency. we press to get 1 ack,” "Td ndng him having a fs drinks with his friends, tut he'd spend a emt fortiney buying driks for people be barely ls. He dow’ teen driok tot mh imelf, so he doesn't ne to take rch money wath hin shen be goes cut.” The men, of Cura, hat their cnn rensens for wanting to have sam realy cash in thy peckets for cenepicinus gmerosity. But as far a9 T con jie, hen their vives drew the line, mot of then accepted it, Tn 1972 1 imdvertently witnesced an extrone case of “compet tive geerosity"” an a village of refigees from Worth Viet, While massing through the village with an rerican college fand a Vietrese district official, we chanced to met the former ‘illege chief vio invited ws to’ jpin him for a drink st the Toeal kiosk, He politely ccked abe our tusinees in the are, fant begun to regile us with mums reodbtes rd meh alleged inside” informt ion, We wore soon ined by sam of his Falla cro A fev tinites later the cuter. village chict “ayeared nthe scene eccempenie by sae of his friends and supporters, ho fad obvigusly ished to anmon hin, Tho current a forme Village chiefs then proceeds! to vie with each cther in baying rinks and dishes of Teal for the entire crow am) in pureyigg fopert. Kiuuledge and information on a variety of topics, Fah “ao determined to be mote gmercus and more Jnowledgeoble thm the other. Apel crow! gothere! to setch this yerformnce, More ter than we. could possibly have drunk 1s joined by a bottle of Coys Unteuchat plates of fool piled yp on the table, Breryne Te tie ho competitors ad lost interest’ in their arcane d= tes. Tht weiter mun sould Jet the other have the last vd fon aty abject, bay the last round of drinks, or order the chi- est delicacy, At last we fled in dismy, over leaning how Ue eplsle ended of understanding exactly wut bad caused it The Telaticnship betueen status competition, prestige, fe, fn jublic. generosity was quite clear, bosever, and certainly 8 lot of Sncome got rolistrituted co tut day. Tor both mn that vas obviously an intense entow exert vce, al cach doubtless felt he ses dairg Ue right thing by frying to pt the other "upstart" in his proper place, Yet T feel certain that shen they got luck hone ann sobered up, exh recelved a stern lecture from his wife ad sot in dhasbed silene Shlle she enmerated the other needs the family tnd for tat fe us te fn tase ot ap recy. Matter of fact, sin we Soppl off the district official hs foe later ine evening, be United ws to com i Mcltpaner drink, Seize 1s geting ate a ve Pal cor~ ety ol cwagh to risk for ce. yy we declined. Bt he waale and his vite, althagh {lend ad fall of gl Fe anndel lolly in te quit of Uw nigh. is wife cree ay ageareé fren the hae an gpe a firm grip Wn her SA th trond ney she poked co us os she pulled near the dors hh tou rk od king, © (0 of Ma eit Cae in the tue ad keg Your vole day” he vhio~ yereigly. Mith anther effort at 9 mile in ar dir ev che degged him ot the hose, ie were melt came BE ase coe tine thr Iusnnd, she insist, bd hal quite Wek to Grk for te 6, Tbe mn follow his vife witht Sing a wordy an tarmac! nile fez on hi face, Need etsy, we left os heey an igty wuld pert. “hem ‘coudan often digger ony with eure Alu, sieve cconamically powerful pyehaogically dainty Sfecatiy she hal fome er usta) chren end eof Stat boa a toy (and fer fsberd's mule vere not ot Se senel)e Bat Tt yoo still ber usb sho enjoyed total Shad ageemey, ws siguficatly sore Iadulged Carey chragh efforts) tn smi] coferta ao lies, received deference (epdiie, and of considerably gromer souel iene. ‘hry Vietemese ne aay fe beet, ke youre Tn, cealy to be pales of 0 stay‘ te val, bt 20 vould eppar thet {ov ot thon a tame for cnplait” shat. octnl infidelity. I ay oe, fer of losing fa, often cabnad with either atic er” poeolopical deer up the wife, of ith, Savcrainal @ man fron giving Woice to ach feelings «nless there tea extn provcaticn ot an elmer of pblic cl, te ich cou he agit resort tp blow rather thn talk bet oy Vietrmse vane vere fetes toy of course. "Ts there say rel pepper Unt is mt fok!/ I ese guy won wo 3m Gi he tact?” (de nia 12 de chy cy?! Cl io 18 Ei cake hay ten ce?) Te So i face te Jelay of eta Se om tt 1s sresed by (atietoral poplar wisn. Ay cunuacive conta aulyeis af lterature, folklore, ot en16 core thevior sold probly find semen eressng jay toch more fronratly ado grete Sal mice Seiya Frou ayia cals tak Sno aot 9 csal na ff dh sitios the prentr fren wich wren aay ave at to We able to oqrea exh focligp. In te cbemce of tah tard crdce” anh cawsonul.valitatice by Ger lore Tower th ecurion Gt oman din face he grater et in of tprecion remains 0 autor of iteration or ape focttca fo be ttl Ie ip far frm being on eotablsd fo Ser at tho sothr trout level of etgrahie eeralizat, Srl ee. Ta mari oun hot an ani with sother sony it set sium haperoal B ome, ele Oey Tae She other any. ein any even he oad ty wld be fexgien, oveh Gr perhaps copay) Sy vite. Tf a ‘igh his we in tery cr fa evidnce of her snd frente to hin, hover, ea ci of ber heir mat er har wth lim, ee hero on in ox oa er Ege the alla streets for vilitiction se sbse Be cauld die fer ond ce ber at of the howe, ry fates of aly be cae Shinit for to the eateries for stein. Tio Clld en Deine corm t death flecing dom the tive ct stom Pane safe (8 ud erg). She wuld be tl op od Ia tora tut of buna plots wich wold th be pat ei the cirtent of te teuest large rivers TE sth a cafe Sgand at author village doctrvan, 4 sod estoy we Shoned hk at Seo the ile of the Fiver. This see in ffect emante! to 8 infu Sgeminious eocution If fcr ected fn a Cjirigtcus parma she ma often cle ‘aon tit” (8 um 8B gyri) inlaion toe ete fate terd sich raft Con fo Ibe 1. {ip cm in ratio etn a sci, fray indtrioa, case, as totaly deers to er td, Sreuas "ha if she 9 mich tv gle fn ot may bo ee fer stan The Victamceo scincs appeal co Be ps OF the ese er bythe stanford of Ret eterno star heim caltars. Tey seco ls sean to re An hag sole tanta for joking te soci teria of en ed Shamns But tho entire comtelltion of elit, stile od vor” ceguig seal behave ey be aon to be iil) uy ewted to thelr overriding cnarpt of family apd to have boat felveed by the primary valve of filial piety (hilu). filial piety. sas pevape the signal value of traiiticnal etme society. Ant the single greatest obligation of filial cyroas tet of providing continuity to che filly, iu Jaing dexerderes thraigh the mle Line to perpetuate the Mit of ritual mcrifices to the arcestors. Anything less than fleal certainty so to the actual gaterity of cre's children, eu so @ soutce of intolerable andety. Mothertnal, of course, GRU never be in doubt, The sal duble standard in tradi~ foul Wietwn srose ineluctably fran structural differences Gee relationships betwen a mn nd his fonily apd a somn a ter tw fenilies, one hers by birth and the other by mar lage The neste of the faulty bent toth sen end weren to serve Ameuireds but the requirments vere quite different far the ‘acestor worship (ch Ge bi) is atthe very heart of the fatlialisn which ee 99 prolosaata characteristic of tradi~ ina Viet, the ow, lke the dink, was a place were secu Sar and religiows functions merged. In avery real sy, the fait of the sectors ot the level of the family replicated he finctions of te cult of the guardian spirit at the level tf ve village, Virtually every hase ho an altar obere ritual Gopert tas provided to decananl family members. Fal genel— tgs vere carefully sept, and ancestors were renabered and itstly venerated op to the Fifth ascending generation. ‘he Vietemse tne fae alsays been an inportant™ place of vership. Be untsl recent Clsps, most Vietramege houses Pave fen deminsted by @ centrally place! altar, dedicated to the larestors, which typically represented a raariable expeniiture Froportionate t hawebold income, Tach such altar would be ov ty an inven bummer anda fair of candlestick holders, Green of brass and quite expensive, It yould be camon to find isp won the altar a flowr vase, 9 fruit bol, and perhaps Git of scrolls, It would, tn any case, domisate the main foam of te Rowse, both spatially and aesthetically. ‘om sould probably contain other altars. A mndest altar ‘spirit of the earth was apt to te found placed incor ‘ar the grand beneath the encestral altar, Beside St age night have found other sll altar to the spirit of 8 fens the tearth (dag To oe Tio Qa). ‘Oe ar bo! or these ther altars might ave be set off tp ne side oe in a corner of the rom. Oe Bight Fave ba dict? SS a Baka (Phe), probly Seber (Tnich Go My) She Tye of wealth” (dh TH) wlio foun ney bee Hy fouscolds also Yast an alear to the ptren sre tees Cecupitions Farmers often fad an altar ta” pitcon exit of Sgreateare (hn Wg; Sen Ng), Tare ere aldo patron ty fr carpenters, blaceniths, foruincellers, axl virally cwey ther cation, in alvin to these spirit altars Sn oe tun rom of the ge, met hace fl mall altar In te fron yr called the "altar to heave" (bine). “na pial village coe cad find Goams of differen kinks of altars detiated to spirits from te paths of Tokay, Buahisn, popular aye, Wetumeoe history, ant local log. feu. Bit Gh altars to the ancestors were ete lmortant ag fore came by far thn sy tere, Oe mig gp 2 Ear o0 fo fy cine the ccestal. altar vs culturally ject le the thers were to a, grster or Loner degre cucurally op oral, altho sa, ike the altar eo Deon and Uw alter fo te earth gu, vere also xtreely came. ach family claorotol the content apt stm of Sts rita Life acerding ties am preferences, td od cacti, Ge muse nigh: Ime only ere oF eo sltars vile the ee tet choc od a doen Altar vere establish pl wed to beah Seeoor fron a prticuar spirit often foe a yarticlar pap ‘Be auule of {lerce guerala ithe Téa lke Bap or Kn lrg (Gian rg in Victorese) were believed 0 be potent deters of te ae agunst evil srs. The god of weal, my pple ought, cauld help a tobi becom proeros. Te gels of acy (Qn An Hoon Yin) helped hon ar cre er vos Yellow) to be of purticular stsistamce against tne dag of ouiairtn. ewes als oot coment Gil an altar to o summit cult figuwe in the home. Trese altars were wally setae St the instgption of ee of te semen 'in he hae, of it Stud be she tha presided oer the rial offerings periaically froride in veeratin of the prouctive deity representa! oi [the Stchdence of these altars in tenitiernl Viet wee toons tae HE as pekbly very high. An aforml ng oe gery ee acre le eae Seer tg 8 emt a aes Se ee ee ce eee eee ee ee ee oS oe a cals ee en eee as ean Weegee eee eae pratt tae tee pee re ae Be aT aoe Sie at pe ae Te A oe oc way (he eee ae sig aay et pee oe eee ee cee Se er oe Ce Oe a eter eae coe ee Se ae aed Meet Ome fathom) Sot Me Pe i es to ae te oe ae ae ey One Bo a crs ‘tint Heaven (Cis Thién Hien I) (see Eberhard 1965: Méii7, TE ee eo ok Re eo ee “South Sea (B3 Nan Hi). Many others remined unidentified oe ey coe cease eee res ee ee cee eee ie cee oe aaa ae au Tere mnie to sjecific spirits on certain days sich as the death (Eniversury ce suretins the birthay of the spirit. Yost houses also mae offerings of paper clothing ant sticky steets to the (pe of the earth en the twenty-third day of the telfth lunar120 sxnth, wen 18 99 believed thet be aceled to been to Nis aml xepore cr the fanily to the Je Enger, Bt ‘eny coromnes were wally small and involve! erly fev ona fd senbers for Five or fen sites, fecestor worship, on the other hand, periodically saportane rituals in wich many pepple’prticipted. Each pe on the death anniversary (rly gid) of each depart sees, forma offering was mde, Begining 9 for dave before og Jn Inte afternoon of the day hafore the anniversary the ances. tal oltar sould be decorated with vase of flows, a bad or plate of fruits would be placed yan it, and fre cafes sould be placed in the holders. ALL mnbers of the dametias funily and nearby kin would gather to hear, the family bead et perhaps the head of the potrilinaage (enéhy 6c) recone te Tite history of the ancestor hose desth armiversary WS ap. luting the children, sould go one by ene to present temselWes in tum before the ancestral altar and lentow vith great sole ity to the sul of the ancestor. 121 attitude tard the soul of the ancestor. verted for the ince to bum ay. Then the family for the soil. of the departed ‘tend, Aboot five minates after family feat would clear ay ‘he candles at all the altars, pre-amiversary covery 10s capletat the fanily status of the ancestor and the Lineage patrilineal segnent, 2 malcrate te expecta! to cme avd participate in jversary (ply chin gid) rites on the next he house anf servos, af any, might stay the aml hours of the morning chorping mest, slicing jes, and miking. preparations for conking 2 large end fecy nea. ‘Barly the following mmning femle relatives wuld tegin eciving in 8 Stniy strom, often accampenied ty their children. Sting An groups, they wrapped spring rolls (chl gid), finished ‘Slcing ond peeling end washing oat ‘al vegetablas, and cooked Soariety of shes, all. the while exchanging spssip, pouring fee thest troubles co cae anther, or basting of the’ achieve tes of thelr children or gpouss. fit eiwctly the haw of the horse (Ie ding rp) (Grem 12:00 to 200 pon.) 2 tay of fool sas served to every altac, with fe abfitional tray for the spirit of the earth if there vas fm special altar in the heme for tnt purpose. The satire teuld turn saoense ap pray to the spirit of the soll, requesting the apirite (chy thi) and saints (ch’ thi) to grant. permission fee the sail of the departed. ancestor to enter the fuse for f fanly reunion, Next be sould perform a ritual at each altar: Lighting joss sticks and candles, presenting an offering, mkirg cieisues, and praying. ‘en other faxily members in tizn how (el to cach altar, Then the departed eyirit could entor the to. ith the soul of the ancestor present in thelr midst, the combed kin group proceeded to consume a heart real. Net a Nene ote opart, exting and drikang merrily, Laughing ae tall i en cory rey ith he iti yt eld vette 1957). ne has to attend one of thnse faniay gibson 2 ue SEeoh 2ERELY Heh that 4 pleeeyel ghee a shel bgkhants ottoe etn) stant Ot tan ee ee Seg rarer rar memratgiond SS ee oe re ree, Soo ene een eee na a a ass co eee Ot Sead hed AS ee ts CS eee eee aes ed ta Ap ARAN may se a mere me ach gouges yor bre aa wal hae oe See ee aes re eeepc repens See tne cos date ates bo Tos tad cooley eos ot ad Ae Sata tia en oat on cupieble af Uese Dea ea ie Sere of on tierce a hs pane Reports ae Te isu tee cons se clay a cel dials tle sieclauoeien ee oy SPR ad lain cots at of eit fe sa falas peetcioan' tums ees seal cae the Tn he tna ety cli capri tical Vcwoe Qty Se oe a ee eg ee ag ee SF epee epee Sie 2 Sean Se retie es y for them end @ family mentality for each person in the family". Shenae at aa tease te iad oe reer rere aioe ora wn 123 site nk gahiren ot to forse Uae origins, hinge eis rt", (Feld notes 1967) ently the ving, the del, ard those yet to Hi ciolned tn an intimate relationship of mitt depend te i lye deceased were dependent upon the Living for ritual se, The death anniversary celebrations vere tut one part Me gore, Oh mine fesval days Uopeak the Far te ats cre ll ritially ited to retum for a vit: Flos, Pal Yoon, Gla Red ay, Poe Ligh, Dele Five yf hm, Dable Wine Day, nl Rev Rice Festivals. Me Oy, tan of aly ote come of en Yeu. 1 rp of nev yar ws ania with opal Snterating peta fay lifes Paing, for the celebration been 0%, Shans So ple fo bast ung oo mt Tong, piseer by Pari-camed pate, to ute 2 oi ely cick ot this fim sien 1 a mt The a ce hiliay sua ong preg by te rival deparere eee opie of the teary Gg Tao, on Ue omnty third day SE be oth lan rth ist oe nek eine TE Sr Sfoe woo ured gin the no year en the bast pest ue em The jk eit tcf of lle siglo, and preparation exe mle in st : eee hme fomecleaing put eery house in Ue est eration, Ts wo the tnt for alle painting cn repairs Se scmplishad A valli atten twa tle to py off all ang dese Nw clotting wd be oom any If posible, eee tw git feeb to al ow cara air of lege. sic po wesc op ih muy 9 yard tk wth sree ts" etts, ont tad by Baise erat, 3m GSS Re arco wre cng fone fra threay viSiE oem’ wekioas herds of gprte thn desde Tiger cll nl jloue—ha! to te wri ay along “io ret donno ae ell airita sho exotal teed. the an ace aa gu aside of alter The Nev Year's tive Ty Gage se Ue pile wight be called, fa sveral stories ‘Spe omry tue to be recall by oeryee at this tne of yer wa aut te Living Boba Slane? ‘oe Sey Gehyannl wae siting a is totus The Nh we Be ioe won he lokie un aE Ow earth oe a te128 7 ns ‘od sou Vietnam, This wae © ong, eng tine amor The seg. “owe por gpl a toribla fey the Lt ww a Seat ho ty ean ok este, tee sen Sein te Satan the epee te Ih by downs, "Eling it bere," he ania to Shan. Tg ike to by aie of this lands at atone 4 "Tie came ruled and grinbled. Tey were 89 PM they sem itt ae on Sa oor! ut of helene lee than smite « fran rio con have all this," tagamnt told the donne, ‘i the ato, being great, seeds "How auch Lag "Poy ail aged at hm, Mey thought be woe cxaey. oases Sei he lat ean" eat” ey a, Met ‘Se trea fa ley of rom se seenecowoatiinh! Sagem tw Ma cloak at Be cee Ray cone, ine te lowe ageing op Seo SEELEY aes iano ae higher & sao oe ioe SS Wott teeay en Se tei tase the oes ge call the Wiecwmens aeple % exe Sata ron, Ti prec a, Bit ot he of ey ‘Sas bak at mi scesin &p pane a unoo teen Une Sat eae Ter nts men they sonar theyre hoe ‘Viz 23-27) Vii Ting Khanh ned.y Vol, 21: 155-157) ee gta a nnry een iam. to gt tee for ‘Tét was a tine of physical and spiritual renal. It {Sa ag cele ig te begining of pig, the start we at sonanal road ef tejewration. The toe for an etre Sse eng cor etl to om, ta greta bes ‘ei by one's ancestors. On the day before Tét the roads and canals ee tad ith farying tester, ring tne fron sce, Se jae teem stores took thane hep the fem evils [Saf oder tne of the years Hen the toe yar reve) oe BuTy gous ui o's fay, bofore te act star. ‘un Te, a wann from the fed igor dla, eacely capped ce gumaere ts ping of he Aft fore Tet” (hides ba mbii Th): sere maty bn ite with pep any old oun est polishing to a nigh gloss, Tetore the altary with respect and devetien, ming reniy126 ingtiog thucoshout the village with cooling aotaan, ee ee lanidct the idle chatter of people going hone for Tat, ee eres Se ee oe 5 AE se nt mn We tn 3, ea Tike te ving pig tre ban sang. fr ee nator ual pre of at ta er oe i i coon ho cao! pmecinn eee he ter tow ont foe tm ead Saar of he tly ere ena toes bees pee inane Ooo SE Tra ae wet uy Seat ine even oe ee cae ee an Geos ar ecg an ng oe ee oe Side tae tea: tate teeny he toe SOS WS et Sosiualy bac tow 4 pad ere erry ee oe eas oe ee ie oe ee ee a artes eles ‘playening. cain? fs Succ ie emg of ee murine Se ee el ee ee See ane nie a tana a tt Taare ued alae Tr aatac tira anh fe ote es ae ee re eo ee 127 and the other anf ortsted ground and tied into a trot eo a comer of the pen, slipping tho loop over the bead Sucre front leg of the push Tony giving a strona Jecks fe dragged the pig fon tho pny ail the tise meintaining Th Re ahich woo. at ose methodical and majestic, Tho fly was cosried to the eije of the pond where It wr Eidea! upon a tale mde of Iartoo, Senenth ach thece he a lange copper pn to catch the blood, A tgo BoE TF rotting waver wae carrie! ast, and sn an instant @ hice pig lay pitifully en the table, blood sti3) dripning dips sto ojos tightly elowed. Only by watching wtlle the eu wae butchered am Sivided could on sop clearly Mow ebienly the aLlocttion wae mde sooording to the neste. “Fee noud and enteniie were bod an ho ritus, offerings se mon on the thirtieth day, ‘Te roind slices, actunlly Gio cack, sere boiled with taboo stoots, the lean text Grom boot ans ved to make the Tun meat ples. The meat Toon the belly now tied 2 sake the fatty newt pies and fovueute the rice cakes, the shake vero taken to make fash for the pont sella, Slices of fat were put into a ope poscelain jar Be ula thromhout the entire fLrae Tornoe the now yout, and the piss fast were sed to Take op cffering at the shrine of the got of the earth tr nother controlled all mtters concerning the Kitchen Wien an authority which mone ood challenge, yet. on he umiceieth day of the taulfeh month my father poset far age abragely anf without resistance, Mile oy fether Tesignst ecmmore (© wrap the ice dumplings, saneane fund she neat ples, sac to make tho nest rolls, som fre to toll the porky ay nother, with an alr of profound helaing the sifter for rice flow. oat ie it about Tet hich isso racred that my nother bad to tum over Hee aterity Tike tht, without any conflict? (Phan Vis Tyo aos)128 The sas, of cose, the qultesetial celeration of tp faatly aa Living ey comps of ath the Living cu OS Set, an a premio oo fersve Pringle and ae sen oS ‘eto of he fry tas sngastcly in Charges The kas ‘Ss semorsrly pct of the jay damin, Butte Su ws by Tét, mon of women, boy or girl, And, like the "cold traveler, Pegaig pa, those sep from tele fies flee Influae we bol. 192 ore ory by Th tam ( your tect of ed ‘Tuihg Tem or Milt Linh, the founder and leader af the Ty Wi Boi) decries ace An Hot. "No Hears bambi). Tho presticuras avo oft lone na hotel, eh lp och othr sd thagiea of fay. Tey ery to cer cach wey Sp ant erg helt an offering at midight RFit, gp sia am me We otferingy Mave yoy se eveything soy nthe wordt face of te stainmsrad table ih nat et ots tnt of moisin canny a bite af i Cheer oat weive jr golds ental Pesoaen of ona toa mone ploe un aloo lace Sircty off to eon at ‘to ask Lin: "Did you buy any rice?" . oth gia loka atcund raefaly, ALL at one tte ssaoe ad jat arated her tater ite int! to take tne tty sane inte corners tlc ot eee (of tn exchanged a fleoting glance. L180 knew the sane Shotts ta cine her sends Mago tnt ea heres. S Put it on the wall hare, That'l1 be all right 129 ‘ie wetted ofr to the bed and Lifted up the natveees, {nso cut a pack of oben. smn vemos cit he ‘fining ily el prtamnay in Gio dndomes. Te aren Soper at coon ite at) np cnet eke oye sae SP heranding cbnct toe cold metal. baie the arty ‘Serene ted plow, the ny sah basin he habe Gere sonnet abe ih the worntan way Tb ‘er so om = thf stood up snd had her frie a gestion to brik tae tiles, “BLO you Light te Sremae Yt a” abs han cyte gui materally to foe er "estar" snot yet. tor lsht ity sie. Mw prtan ace bode that ae Sze" “fe wie of te incense sone etraisht ee) thn spread at in’ feogene arom at Tonidad te gitla of te Soe ce oterngs to theses Somes ey Te pare at Semen ie anort mioigty Jone SU Te may te bere ale hoe goat to tetera the dit tne able and stenightens pte. plooe of pat lds Sie ed srl oe fd Viegr edo coed and mite the pear of offering.” Lin ened fonmrd. ood stood bare Ue atar in silence, ‘nly che wo eised wth SE of Moopiog wich eta be gente a te ele doe in a Oe, Son tne hoe tone wich wee tow stzeming mar Tce ies fone a vere fevling of bart an shane washing rer Toe cate of bowler sees Har tire life apparel Patace ber eho, trea of ber Youty tba bitter dow 3 ised 4m and went up to her quietly, sadly petting er on the Selden "Uidyy abn" ery snore130 [ign sale her head to ook at By tryag ard 2 mer Dramiles "30 you're crying, tao, ub?” Hb £214 voun ee elope sbealdee witha maksng any zeply. the ten elled up in hor epes, then sslertly Towed don hee cheeky ‘So sproad her cone ait goed Lido with all bor mice, inet same Lireorsckere exploded rocowndly % epoince the arrive of a new oats The sound eprom from one Petes oar'e eyes” Wap dient snowees Te two giro baried Wie foods jon cach tests ahouldeesy im ailence, (Tyce ‘the powerful emtloral fold xbich the traditional Vietnamese fanily teintained on its members ws clacely Linked to the sane of mative efficacy vaich instilled a strong feeling of moral fete to peracions already dend oo well as to those not yt tom, There ere beth physical and spiritual dimasions to this Ghligation, nd. fe uae difficult 1F nt inpessible to sold fa sense of at leact. latent quilt hich drove the tradition ‘Vietranese to toth achlevenent al merality. Th her survey. comparing "Fatly ACCitoles and Solf-Concere in Vietnmese and U.S, Ghiléren", Macy Leichty (1963) proved pserful evidence of the emtional inportance of foxily in Wier hana the strong sense of family obligation ich ws still [n Vietnmose children, Although she does s0t employ the tens 2 analytical qumepts, the sntemalization of the values of Gh, hdd, ond 2 ig strikingly revealed ard related to aspiration el achiewment. Tn responding to a sentence completion item ahtich began "he people T like test are.” both groupe interpreted the sentence fqite literally and respond mostly in terms of particular feple rather than mentioning qualities or attributes as ves fevpected, Bit the US. children most camenly (29 of 38) m= {lened frienis, sbile the Vietnmese (Jl of 47) rama family embers (Leiehty 1968: 426), Ielehty also included av stem flsigned to elicit. mogative attitudes toward te apther. To the stem "T Like oy mcber, but..." che U.S, children tend 1a to ola response inlicat ing ame negaeve scien by the ther Gy'ot 33) The withers vere sd to eet mgr, to pms od © pe The acand ost comer Tesora cotegcy by US chlren Osgisien of soe egitive feelings Lowel es mother (a WB) thly ‘hice of the Vietnause culdren mention! any eve ation ty the sober, however, amd mak a sigle ce ‘ny negtive flings tamed fer= ‘be west comm eee atagry emg Vieuemoe Glin involved an cliga- Tep'te wo somthing for te mother (23 of 42), to weke same tren forthe mther sip se wx very hard to ralee ee Ney" ce "works thrifelly to tring te pant sent ne to Seeal", TMs sone. of 2h among tery en, end clever Yeu ‘SP eutaren nav reveled by such Lines as "E lowe my mtbor, GE Toon scl yang and T comet pay ny debe", °T hg to db tcching to py the dee of grate @ Lice or *T cat Spangthing for my parents” ibid: 41-0) dase items intended to eficst the children’s Fars, the ss dildren "oqresoat an extereliaed fear, etasizing sti= {als aol toe dat”, Bet Vietnamese culdren Yassed to bo ar Frcising nro. ioteralsond sores of fears. They ebastznd fer of prowl inseqaxy, flue in jarnil-fantial rela- Sowa or sme violation of societal, mores!” (bide: UDA, and very sigficatly, wile US. ilies ilicatad Sie fonts ed then to "0 somethg tc usable "Sst S the Vietnmese childsen Snlicatal Unit their fear lel them to perform some ny” ib: 3). Rninr in Ue items concerning guilt feelings, while the ust" eniaren ‘xpreced a plt leh vor ‘stermzel aa sttahe to coe chift or eer, "We chasis by the Vit fmese too ch iteraliced pile, sume expression of personal ee imerpersalindepcy™ (bide 45). Viewanese chien flac their "ereoest mista” Smolved cele paenal-fai al feltiondipe (8 of 41), treqaely faslure in ectpeciy, BE EEGLLing cne's duty tard the parents. My greatest ristake wos x ding anything for ay farts! ot belly. "ot teal tomy parent (ibid #6). ‘n bopes forthe fre, the largest respons category for stat Wetnmese children lode fore bow hope for sm thang good for stmene lee (21 of 47), usally something fr ale Eathien, tere of Ue US. children able 2 requnce wich132 A eee ee ee ae ee ee ay ono alps ee ee pace eee fora os ements tte aS ee : a et ee ee ne ae eee ere ree aes egos ee eee See ee eee ae ces eee eee ean oer eaag tee ao eae Oe aera len ea Ce re de Sart tis mat Cue Oy Se ee ee age eg eee eg an ne ee Geet ic aa ee ae geo ee ree meee art acne oe eee a ee ae een ee ge rl ge epee eep ee ™ ee ™ FE ee ac aa snes Sore eee ae eg eerees ae — “This tight Linkage of da and hidy in childhood, I would sug eae seme anf oe oom ee ee ee ee eae oe rr owe eecaren ane eet een hy potae‘od Colitis See ee ete rere eee een ee eas 133 ee sgn nos rt te ie ee eee Pee Oa eee a oe Be ar a Ne a cos Ss coat cca ce ee ee sg tae eee eee ee ey emi! 8 ee a reepof Foe mas grom fed een creat by cxbers Jang Oe oe Uy vere sare a cnplox irrigation syste sch SE Gretued ener centuries, The sds Fe plant gies ae 1a ese ease Uy ta teen celta, total, ond posed iy cold geeraricns, He oke frase fron ond cn the "tens parte ong Yefore he a bar. AC © ross and sme vel, far beer erely Diclpical pestis 1s SSP gga debt to con's centre, both Ge partial fron eek Donulated in Ue saee of faily ap all the previous AiGbitens of Ue ltd gen ach ene Lived who vere ereageat= ap the save of allage oo maser Shan yay ext, the Frit, ember the preen who planta sie tee” lo abo 1B cry Win Nae 1987: 2, Bis citron proverb ne up te attitue instill Ip cailtven tron thes earliest years. The syibolic veniders Ute debe were legen in a rural vilogee One eure ts luteal inte follodag excerpt from a short sry ecitlad whe Pie cn the Re aoa thon inane of tome ich ae fume) 8 87 Teds ero sce in face sothiog opeciat about ity Bt er gane wo had ited east the retieae the pier Go eer und was tntinately Tinted to dafiy 1foy a Sort Sp Wladog ce se pole ould discem two wy of Sife Ven Ewes a 11tto boyy th phar on We pond a oe ete contend of uct three ol aro tre tnt Tater Copetber om end esting oe the Ba and ho ober eh Fela ap by tanbo uenfotaing planes dow in the tse Crome Ze wa tat per recede core of PY134 {father and his father before hin, constantly Being mie fete more attract 1itle fore ery oy Geer the stone nowtar wo teed for pounding rieo” bey fo worn it got a tole in it and iE hed to De ripen, by a nov ena, with grinte a Groane my gemdather weit Pick tp the 61d star and lay it ont to te eget te fod. “here be wld place It upside don 2 sth Srstcps baking it utier to clin up cake o& dom tt She fice." mally took fiteen oe tety YOOEF to wae a To ao aa. enotmr stops Wy orantather Lived ia he have the plesoure of pending one of thse mortars by the edge of the ne camped, co st the wd of tho. pod my Kater sachs Syorelause aaiiton, lower and sorter than the in Cite in» noreal mmor. The ew scctie: Dd the at ‘ventage of gemntting coe onaily to put cut oro's tend Gnd reach the surface of the water during the Gry senso, Vi ose wile afr eat my ter bat a a ay to ix pte piety putting ew plank on topr mest dep ond rough side ow Nien te Rew lr ww complet fam hie south peed to te pod with ia Pipe sta could ter go wrong with Ab, From mening’ ei1L nit, Sn nad seen ont, one old ays Poe the sd Sr aplaching, pounding, thmplng, pouring-avery task ‘a to Ines 201-160 : ‘he dt coe cl to the ancetors for ir ahs effort for the thoumnle of ways in hich they bod over the years male 135 ine hone ond the village constantly tecone a 2ittle mice attract Bee Little wore convenient, sas enor. Bit, especially AS die mare, prosperous, thls’ sas erly part. of the debt. By Sing upright, moral vee, by obeying iil anamitting ethical Weeptsy te aestors ee ocmulated merit, a spiritual poter- GMhch could be trunaitted to their descendants ist Like Gl or neney. This terit—a veritable accomt vith’ the ands Wis es meh a part of the lung, ongoing family heritage Dike their reptation, tir lanls, their altars, their ponds Siatpers, old Line pote, nd senbership in the village ‘Ne tradition Vietoanese belied in a universal, order wish pensive soral justice, as seen above in the tales in ‘iin 's dutifi youger brother was rome! and a grecdy older Mother wos punished by intervention frop the spirit sorld, If evil is ney evil ofl] be returned” Gc gid de bane Nauén iy Nove 19677 Tly Nowen Dinh Iba 197A: 2). Bot it vas often te the fandly rother than the ‘inividwl level tat, the scales of justice became balavocd. "IE the father ests salty food in fis Lifetine, the children sail, exerigpce thirst. in theirs" (CE cin dy con Kade matics Nguyen Vin Nope 1957: 124), feple did not abeys pet what hey deoenved so mich as Wat elt family deserved. This is clearly pointed out in a folktale ‘Zena doy tured ite bead to look at Pity sagged ste Pally Sn aniled. Bot wien other pocplo want by, the stone doy fala qo ettenticn to then. One day the boy etopped end eked the stone dogs "iy do you sag Your tail am smile ie m? Lote of other people oo by every Gay and you never even look at thee "Pie tone dog. anid: "o's the coly ane sho 18 going took of heavens X smile and vay) tail because I" hagey on the boy tard thie, St gate him feel good. Tat night he told hie paranta what the dog fad eaid, The boy" Tathor thought thie wld make hina big shot in the vi2~ Tages All of a sudden the Boy's father begun to act Like hee mae batter than werjody else. fe became 8 bully.136 ing amy ma match at my by" i tb Sate en he stn So ns pig a sae the boy. It idee smile ay sores Tt ALdn't even ta fea had teak Sin te any et to te fm any moe, ie Xo semetnsng wang?” . "oy" the stone dog replete "ot Oidn*t do anything, "Ti boy felt very ead, teen be wont one, De told Ale parents whit the stone doy tad anid, ie boy's father frag any nove, He stopoad tying to push pecgle aroun But. aure crought ‘the bey failed his amination. He me overt toy al fe stihl ad, bot he still failed, Pioally the Boy's f5ther sacl Me baad. tne at last ff Ba way to help people, Gre day the Boy waa waking fost the stone dog afd the stone dog tamed es besd to toy could cpm hie maith © aay anything, he stone op "he boy did pane the ctanination. As matter of fact, hie got the Nighest score, Wan be returned to his village, ait the people mere happy for hime Bot the tne doy had Sisappesced.Couyén Van Mp0 1955, Vol, J 218-120) Sie _ Nam 1966, WoL, Be 77) So too, if a mon's dnghter were talen seriously 211, he goring 10) and erro, 137 dun to the Favor we ose cur ancestors, ths oy ay dager au atuy nal cehrit's harks to the WeSeing passe on Js Neely or ancencora or "witout the accumlated erit from A oocors, only, the saints could have belpele..” ibidsy a we ancestors resuined active participants in fantly 1:Fe, ‘aimnishing wiekesiens ao fools Sncaureging, virtue and wisdom, nl working os best as a old from the rethervorid to cantime co contribute to er Sticbelng of the family. They vere believed still tD play Be Merely a passive Wut ala an active role So satching ovr Wa Grolsting their descents, Amg other things, they vere oa nly telicved to oppear in drome to var of approachine eanties which might be avoided (BSo Duy Anh 1961; 294). In gm great stress or when faced with a dilemma of perples Gyre difficult situntion, som Vietnamese my even talk to a (doa Early renter. Ore dnformnt fs told me that in sic rents flashes ‘of insight or siden clarity of hawt are ‘a ssl, ‘tie notion of ancestral assistance vs enbetda in early ad wetl-brow myth and history. The first. Vietmmnese dimasty, cae St the Ting Kings of Win Larg, sna baliewsl to be descend fe he Dragon Lord of the Lac (Lac Long Qn). When King tie 1s his great-granlfather: Bie Gee day he famed noence and prayed. i placed Sing tod, ala at cooe there waa a lot of thunder and Tigteing: She oky seen £0 be en £110, The ground shook. ethat secre an old wan setely appanrc out of mabe roney fect tall. Be fad a tig belly and Darl as white Se econ alone in Oe mite of the road, He a Tih lng ith oie ike ears right lene: "Darn it! Our parents ond ancestors were goal people who did good works. ity ould our daughter be a victim Of this terrible Glamoe?” (én Ging Hoan 1067, Chapter DX). Ven she ‘apaared to be recovering, ho could sys "t's all ov andinaty mane He mitt Dave cape from eave. Peete