Design and Analysis ‘A Researcher’s Handbook Fourth Edition Geottrey Keppel ‘Thomas D. Wiekens Unversity of Cokforna, BerkleySES nee eee ‘Som bege kes aniea Serres tere meta ett gor So oe omens eae SS aero Re bcteee aa ‘SBN 0-23-535901-5 To Sheila and LuciaContents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 perimental Deen {1 Vestn Expert Rear 12 Coal n Kaptain ointna a Gee V4 he Base Expert Des 11 SINGLE-FACTOR EXPERIMENTS 2. Soares of Varaty apd Sums of Squares 2a The Loge of typrtns Ting 2 The Compo Devinn 22 Seow o Sqoue Defiing ca 24 Sinn of Sqr: Computational ons 48 Variance Hetinates and the P Ratio 3. “Goma Se 5 Br types Tein LA Cpe Neer apie 35 Uocq Spl Sie 4 AnsitealComparions Among Means ‘ty MeN be aio Gonprtone 2 An Eeangs of Panel Carns ‘Sina isang rset Ms et nc het + Otogeal Gntste {6 Ganpont Cora Diced en Try {17 Gamporng Tov Mow Meus gagaseees greased 5 Anaae of head “Aaa of incr Te 52 Atal of QudrtieTr 53, MgkeOrar od Cops 4 Throeal Predtno end Cononenie 55 Phoning a rend Ane 56 Mousa Tent Amba 6. Stnuanaon Compsrnon Sy "Ree ei pete 3 Rowtel Serof Cnts Beinn ia Thestauea Mode 1H Vide Burton tmp 175, Coss wh teres Vines 4 ct sa, Power and Sample ie 1 Dowoe Moe ot et an 52 ‘ie Sem nh Ppa 3 Rome and San Se 83. Deming Pree 9 Uatng Staaten Stee 22 An Beamon 83 Mt Cantos, and Are IT TWO-WAY FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS 101 rato Por 102 The Gey of terion 103 The etalon of act 1 193104 Smee ft epee Vr 11 The Overall PwosFctor Anas 12 Compaen nthe To’ Ani 113 A Numer Eames HA Te Sina oe 1a Meng Bit Sw 17 Sample So Power 12 Mala Bate ad Spa Ets 12. ener Di 123 leigh el 124 Tein the Spl Eta 5 Soe ee 121 Gatling Fane ype re tose 18 The Anais of tration Components 131 type lton Conger 182 Aung inertia Cote 123 Onto! retin Censrarte 133 Gara Ouse ct Sree The Sate Nea Tipe rr IV THE GENERAL LINEAR MODEL 141 Te Gra Linear Mose 163 Aree Grup od Kina 144 Con and Oke Anita Ans 163 SattytoAmtptne 15 The Amaya of Covariance 181 En Ue Ren cowrents BEQSEEEEE ZERGEREEE gee 153 Adj Meas 185 Aspen ofthe Ani of Corina 6 Hocking the Anat af Care 1 Pressing Comsat idee 138 Hes Sa, Power a Sule Sie Boece V_WITHINSUBJECT DESIGNS 18 The Sago aor Win Set Den 163 foe Sar ad Foe 464 Como Aa rr wii ue iene i feet SR Seg peer eeteer ee puis ree. as 18 The Two-Facor Witln Sect Design 181 The Owl Ana. 182 Camas and Ota Aa nics 165 Asuna athe Sasa Med 183 Bs Seal Sanie Se 19-The Mica Ds: Overall Analyt 18.1 The Oval Anau 192 Satta Ma ot Acumptos 183 Th Mlrte Arann 194 Miniog Dae nd Use Sale Sis 185 Bis Se aol Soper Cnc 20 The Mixed Design: Anaiical Analyses ‘AL Analy othe ete Se Pa £22 Andy ft Withee Por 103 Anas Ion he rin Bacco Sene8 Sstfak egesese seeggses essed £VI_ HIGHER FACTORIAL DESIGNS ‘AND OTHER EXTENSIONS. 21 The Overall Thee Factor Desi 211 Gop to Toy Din 212 The Tiree ny Inert 3213 Computational Proce 24 et San Spe Sin nd omer 22 The Theo Way Anata! Anata 11 Oversen othe Amite Aone 222 Apes ieling te Cal Sse 12. ee cd on po eos 224 Thrace merc Componae 2B Guiry Paco terme £28 Ba tir Ds 25 Within Suect and nad Designs i Vaan of Tire acter Bese 182 The Owl Asai 13.4 Two Bamps ofa Ds 534 Anica Anim inthe A BC 8 Desig 235 Ania! Anan Mo Dns 24 Random Factors and Generalization U1 Satta Geoaton gr es Poir 242 Random Pre nd te at 343 Bron Teme Raion Fctr Ds 344 Des Comes with Ran Pairs 25 Noted actors 252 Ami th td Do 5363 Cronin Nenad Fc ih Anne ate 24 Paoning 2 Sy wi Rao Pace 28 Higher-Order Designs 31 Maker Experiment i the Bebra See 252 Anan thre De e868 8 eegeee8 £29 § eaecesd S888 SSREEE EggeEs conrents A Stated moh 182 Gina Vu ote tate [AC Gia Wm tS Br Ss [NS Gil Vl oft Stes Rete NF Rome cone eterno Sj Index 8 § @ egegsgs3Preface ‘Tae orth iio of Designo Anal the ro of olin hat Bsa "Semi yur open TN ring cy ‘Sector dg nd stl sat oth par TDM wa inate isin i he rer nono att eng rate in rane oe UCLA and conbrng abtaninly to the nc thd ions, Ou ek horton ae rim tetra enon for canoe oar ‘orca, cd ny eb We wen ‘Sra ean he pte a teed dh new aia a emai cd acs ape aed to ae senna ate lye nd the sce ge te ea ‘Sayin eompare ie erm et fo ere te ‘aor Meta we ening oneal ifn, hone, te mle ees ut ayn wo tse an tt eM ot ‘ome a he uy fh any sane nthe rate, {Sh Seavey oth wn plasingw uy when inten ree ‘Keun we te nr th ote bak to thems “Teal pr el nr etainwen dacin the oaion oc Sritinn caning tmtano ieee Weta ce Sey nine i i rg cd ‘Suro ado varity. By the te rect wl be ‘Rictopa te pr eer sod spy tem oh sa an oper We cour the map tsps won yea! monarch sd ret, ‘it mead empl th ses prorat othe, Whe pole, we net ‘lsum teste ft sas ero ee ra ‘hen to ial amps tn eden sal, we beth ve Tite meet Em nd eHow thy net experimental reco ‘Teste pote wang the fa eat win oun ere tes iy ni ah nl ob “Rroretsbeck ‘Ts prea mt nm te tthe aod erate or going rst eel what to aa ner ‘nme ba ro ar ite tn rn mal se nil bce, We ‘Sine ia doom of atta rene, we i auton ‘tena lett Wei uu tala ur uc emis rerace zi} face ot hat ow hn and capt ho dat Oa ee Inst le ae to th quia toe prt onal ec in ‘pie, esac 0 ht we can eerie bot the atl say sa Ith nae sre a os nia “ih we ve toca hs bak 9 et wea sn a ‘rpetola fon wh ones teal trl set ow ne so ‘ever an ep than, Wel oo pe) tht many four alr i ‘Shokan the hana ofr ed il noone e y tng ‘Beant of vara With th apa nmin ho ne exe tg ofthe lel ao to edie nd. pc ta so hen pono “Pat Ve pasar gi ti il es ol coe {te eae ad oe pt merc experienc "There eon fh tok capan th cpa ane of thea: ysl vatie Sic they wee wien, theses ef amp ra at ‘rat nnd Cte piste ad spb pcag ite ye Fs ar abe peron cmp witha ates A sae tow wil we compte ir yma ane We hve cert eo th ‘to ofthe ea osm te gy Than wo at od Chapt 9 ‘Spur patna we beetle on etme fal ‘Sess td the snr of cvs (Chaps aT) emp he ‘Supa bas of he toe Ose tate! oft mtr ds ae “kei teem sted ob omar isco Toca are ‘etre tye af wn rte Os th ae ‘hd, we ae ou des tact nl hv ed inpatient ate pa, ‘Sot ad hag to eu fr nto or ocaien tae gao cig A scion on omer acy eat ly eee ‘Sy of sine, Wengen hts tracer pon ur esa ‘ith ample ef water mpage aly wal ‘oteihawtng th nprane cf hcp eels tht a ay hth tcl tds camer ny he os band owing oye “TSC pln fom uh oceans and den ton Wht ‘perience withthe acta samp (at tse eg), es ‘SRE eb he he hw tl yt oon sana! tao to mee and msonmocate tana urns the dt With te ter Mest tte andra the ecu wly area int the aa een yf pcg, ae hem pep sit ered of prt pp en yt te lp ‘in exyerinataldsgn nd atst! tn ser eoue nrcoe ‘igh tt jt te Sect nd te cr digs (Cape 19 an 162, ‘Toe mal we cnr ses wht lens sents ld mar ne1 Experimental Design An eerie eo carly wont md ease la fr dt cae ‘evn anaes odio ae cee ew tn ara tae th tating iano Aa apropos wtb. Te ‘Godin ar admiral ats nse th sre ire ‘ser ec be nung atte othe iene smn oe ue ‘stn ncn. Tn sy weg epee pr tina of ‘tot Thc de rani inp nar of esac ty spots wil bo ania threat he roman oh oak We wl ‘Sonar hoaghow he repent pons f eprint dg ig wth ‘Sires fh fal atc rear. 1.1_Variables in Experimental Research ‘Te ae nen a experiment te nl: Die eats ae ‘nated to let joe ef jae opal to th ae sj) oso fest ttl ar winger fhe ‘atm Iara, mew nec heise ee ‘The Independent Varlablo 1a the snp eaperinct, «rch tn 0 ea og fet arts tit ley roel the grape ret oe opr ‘toed by the mcr, rsh a ing ate ys petit ‘Do, bt iy is eden reeting hrc ha aad ‘lect lifer ee rae le the independent ‘tlle Oto tha groupe ve ben Std, ame rm bale sare ‘Sinem rh bec The rmeth ut cass ew he ge ae {Cts mre sor depends om te rnp caantan Ne e1 t ‘pei tii be sc ang rt test "Kia camp jy we ba gl coniton costing SATIATED ADULT RATS pen FOOD rvad fr slings HARD san pores isc cal ft theatres wl uk teri {item he pprta od the apron ae of ig and ‘War on ne nce fn sug spe th gl vain”, peed dhe tn Wetan ne eng son hr ine pte (earn characte ial te ped it wc he ere Norval acon cnn 'SATIATED ADULT RATS pen FOOD revel sting an EASY a Along hi ol nom the an olan we thelr of {ernst som the purges of tearing to eae ne ‘cnr te teste cue Mv ily, tel dase ‘omen tet odie the iy of the me a ny ence ere ‘nce the to omdios vil cable othe paar ieee Cad ea a) ieay he nspedent vara, he pf enone ‘inti oo expen, Weed ba cated slo to-go exes ‘Soy ty wvng se of eer eel nue beng oie stat, [Shea the ete ight be bot sl tr, aed tl anser inetd compacts sng epee ge aang tac, sp we ‘is Son on xen nh i pe mn oe epee em {a hanson so ie, Ti ke of nil wold iad you set ‘Sol rly da wel tame een yng at mca fine “Types of dependent Vibes ee flo cay depends vari it diet type We wl ces "hae ceo el te mantel nat th an "Tics ype ct anpulatn,qualatve ndapendent rab exten teal indepondeot varnish ge ins isu ny tent esr thing etn ee ie nd se ‘etapa of goa asp are So th st ena ae ‘ar oampare meaner ade When the quate dopo ae noi more Unf coin, ean bv clan tne (gon expermons ihn te sheaf hare experiment Seppe a0 per ‘tots dion to ty the nc af fe res th pelo arin. Bren gtd td nd maw si oi ts * Conon 2 water ror fr ving th my A cigar tee onions 14nd? on the late fic of nd4 CHAPTER. EXPERMENTAL DESIGN feu he ton fat the find era A npn etn contin ands prin rerio ea of tain dt the ‘er er Mat eprint ian uta nen aie an Be jot a ot fell, mel eprint tape wil do eal Ege “htc ope of masisnion, qunatative independent variables 0 com ito inva, os ice ep en irc fie hing ie Vr of hr lyn a cnn tig ls feet ber od a {tems Th ats sf qa npr eal lon ‘Teco fem thre priced yeas mine, Hero ce ‘Sri on th oral lente he mt fi ns ie ‘Sede ican The pe of tsa nts street hae Tien: Spit he doesn mae the ur oars foo dnt nd tin il tng he legato rs il Ia. ae oder ch lana Prema li nc Ferman wesley Bt wl ae ec esi {Ste mur of ous ceo il tae temo ef ot St th sel ‘crn? Wil ry tgh se eration ato pore perme? Specie fevcfie tao asad sop asa pret dentin os {Eee on ath) puis, We il dese Cpe TRS Spe eigen ble canted en racy ee eet ten he lero chr ay ne e boc ‘rics reeset elo ow eatin variables, wet {orlable orgie lables tl indvieai-aernervrabeeExupier {Tak opect tyne he ctf sal damage ren fn ean ‘ewig al th int of pie on hag arte pcene Chatto ‘Sti areata ty ance nang ae on sae mata nen, [Rina otha sat dure toe pert se te ie theta othe “enzct roly te he tel ohe expriete {ives crn he nepnot arethe ny tr fi Sate tha cic ai ion i chan Sinton rae ele, te bjt may al ir steno B ‘hou to poop carters tert tbe Cuttin ware “Tn he {Stas it can earings lento var ar wae tha ase ear a a li Tai nr ‘hig de mothe tno yore ema sl ale abet ie fn ‘Sty meson cau expel peyote tA rere en Find ot ool tae ier ons puta wri, a cn ty ‘ny wlth he any iow en th sexe nse th ec, cede tnt For ec, ornate eel a oe fe he nese syn do die tra, aah ear a ‘ne tees foo ie rg intel et ‘Xt ie stb mach como wh abril parc, two fet tenets ne capare ny nse rite eompoen nea ‘ie Terese ead otal erin ou (he Eta he ‘fy ad tse mayer vin er oon tha the rc ao ‘iret porto igh may eae alll ye ore, ch tite eon wena tayo ates ape ‘Stossel qual-eperimenteenonrandomined experiments. [era parrchr mut yt etn ht the gop do ha ier Wee Tek rms hv ay be a a he al or, ‘The Dependent Variable Soyo w be compel ie it tg a april th ‘lps fsa oto he hace othe jt the selon of ‘engi: emer ii oh pt ohare “ith det ory nl erent 2 el ty tre emf erg ner os propa ea ‘MTundontnte stn oa smc th oo et ‘Aine rT fect fe spunea be mse by he tec 1 Tithe some the pp th et toi Uy Ch ee {Shy the Che ty Hd we sing to hr rents ck tb ‘Seep ic mgunet hy ld emer nd Bah he ‘Sestiiasmeoares ose! sent wtf ter andes © ‘ir cel epee ar Trearhor mart Sec wich (ee) ‘flict. Vey en teeny me los mere ore ‘Somple daca pn th lumenal ths bok TATED ke manatee bk salty aed ‘pene asta he at pat wl ate once ay. "Nerf pdt ie ste ete yt ogy ti, A ‘ore save ay ibe ene se os tothe mim pole iran» cling flees ow may mje ie srl othe ‘Sinan pute tr The maton pond ye stone eles he wey fe depend rie. Supene Sr ei at et ‘Saya 1 md ai sere eo ee, di od ED Onan elt the rap sl an 98 words pce ‘acy he iw mon rss npr alban eh ot ‘Geir tw clone ate tha a 10 waa haw om. CHAPTER 1. EXPERIMENTAL EIEN fatness, Te rere sold a ght fwd mor ile ts hatte wwe nt ne ote pra Nalnance Variables nay vonarth ttn tee ar many tr hat ns he a fh de aie ar han ana Thar intr ste Ilse wvlbln They com theses Yo ifr, bt ty ners inept For eran oth eprint wih be ad ale ‘ort sats han ther, and ts eo sing ay be {ese andre mae ward an Fn th dy. The rie ced wait ose ther roach, nb ol mpi em use a (hep fr th yo ns he sgt ne "pete fn alr an ta we of eck lt iy ‘geet eta ot tte eon mat ee foe ig thy ar thes eS th tenn, Te we ‘cperimutr sold tet Seon, se ay hr we tat aia {oneness etna ete Wl ice {the ast te sone bare wher ean tls Sh ny be A ‘one © sy digo exis the et tho epee aise ht fel For cme nti the pa he ‘Sie eco rma raj a oto De ang te ‘Re rom contin eu ming fat are he ‘vei Te vate tne of day coe it he peri {raiment The ofan an hve sconce Ita et {x sumple seat erent Prac may merit thi male ty ern Ifthe abet ae a lay irons ‘ya ci ifeet yps spe! tle a aoe ‘Sapir, enue oth lity om camp wii tr pen Ss ‘Sieh te eve thefndusnr on rma strand ih ‘eindeden asd an be one, yi 9 eli tt of mn i, Ra at 1 Asoc nb can be id os ema thon xperinet, ‘ty rami al sie th sae of ay. 2. Kian rae my be counterbalanced ican lf ae elec ech ction my by Fn oh othe ies ‘ech trata et each ane 8 Rane write yb nda i he ag a exp aco, ae «Re Gumi aip tw he ce vil ane npn ‘te ae ay be tel randomlatan. Fach sje only ‘ne oe contin ae ay of coking ‘We wil du ll tan ape, putty anda sity "ay wy tie anna pote vie, of ho tert Tama el ra hcg ed tr 12, CONTROLIN EXPERNENTATION ’ ‘cape. Anindex fhe hl rere th tty wth wih he cee. ‘ely cma xpath wl You se te metry oa ‘stave wl 0 Soy wept fang ay 1.2 Control in Experimentation (ur gal in ination oe vying at be enperigetalcnns SS ive suing rt, a ‘Spey somata Nasser la in ree co ary, le apart ‘Som ryt fh ede mre We ean take un mee ie ‘et ifs and mab the groper cpa oath eet ene We bet ede sc Saga to inte my cos ong eins so Hl wap mse he Coated by Devin Cone bth uno dn wine cl te pate {he lf ou dios wate wars To tart fy eta tren Ini be bi cota wna the ef Seep Al the ating can (he ttn san ta inthe sane eprint tse een, ‘nd wh th some eq ad tng cers Cota ef te tw {ie cris hough tnt tice See ceed eel ‘cosa Come the cael dvs ha a ct el vr et of {ie comnmotsmtatAthermartet oe ot see whe cn the temper tb em te ee iin A coed om el (ge aa wie anya amperes daring the oe on experimen (hae conrad omy alten rive sl pent Hwee, hr eon "Piste sc Ca iy ld co sora ett ons? Seti tn pi ah bt i th a aa me al hse {tal fit In th wy ae ane et pl oa eis ‘ey, gy tng Us compara‘ ee iat, ere Fons ila name si eae amt pve mae tan eee. Cea [nop ris Sse Shain th mb tht snot os Mt Sirsa a tet ne {pet wate rane meet Me ay, wae yh no! vn the oars et ect ang pele {ttn beta ro athe rea hw hing or ee “ite opened cron wn hh seri Cape 2 ‘Spun or sue sje be el sly once il ito ma he ong esr young the besten ts sel oe ance SEIS hen aging eal sro mec om ck sch ‘Stel ap hs presto tin ame i F. ‘Sutin fs ih, se doh lay sree® ‘CHAPTER 1. EXPERMENTAL DES itn» Sok, ‘The opto foci pedo having wa 1 Say the IRbjet, ade sclestn cr ower, dt hk a al datos feta ed ing Cnantn sue chm nde ge ly Spent aly ere thee | Prey dni the sycamore bg ma toe ag hone outa, Howey, lett the ar ny saree ht aren ‘elie tht we emcee Stent os an ah ct ‘hth pain or diy or ha me it oe ate pach Contra by Radin “er tao spy he a ing ine {cea ona ph sey i ft Sv pay ach Ss eetnea oe he peers bs ‘nly ip ign ce ise a ey ‘ime a in ne ip se em eee ‘cine rk ms Cow fname we {ot et a yen “Sonn ss “ap Est “Sip 1 wb Ca’ Te ews ta nek ek ‘hla har ene a ea a a Sd le utara teen a lan ‘ett Tey rope dats adi ee ‘Sich altel ey a to ae Car pnw en eta ad hat srt lb nl ae ie tn eel Se ten SOC Net tres at Crue as Sette rae oh Sovteia) Ae tot 9 crise in Stas ESS as tah nd ere pe Te et ‘of me a rt of tg eal ar hg il ‘ye eis kw tenn eae eel ‘Say rs ewe nga en a sen i es a ne ite tf min mine at a cage! Toe pa hog enon et il a Stet ee ots ses el eee a ‘Sater te asa es epee ‘he ne fom te ate Shoring it theron wl a i en the ete we pon of oe wes ys ‘nar prt nts il ite el cen Set trot ie eo a tects an es Tease eat nn err he me svtincntnintoact Panne sme ope at 13, POPULATIONS AND GENERALIZING 5 xetinet wl ie witout of ctr tei, emetic. ‘SBiose mitt pean rng ed como ther, Mayo hae wil ‘Sos he tba bing a Csr os of then, anu pe ‘Spec wh at When wendy ng bec toh ei cna xpress eyo be ed oa een Xonar Tsuen joe with minal oe modente mous ‘owas ‘Tiouprandmietn, es tht th ng rn the at ‘Sloskow ogc us et tsi Mere te me agent ‘Soieeequly walt eet ifres meng joc Ala cota nthe ‘ii ati llc ny ar aoe ‘econ Sr all ses variables sujet ln, tit “pum ni we tt rndnleon ea newer We ea cel ume octopuses rte nang ery ae ‘aha Sime neal lies one he rap ee to ah a ‘Sone il ree Ie macy squat i pd metal eats ‘Goes among jc Hoyee the ft trodes ea ak ‘Tamron Sones ml Oslo atte sad mee te sn of oe (Encomertnd ecrm ate ton nnn oh nao pres ‘hat we doom nth ook were soy ta oo ths pee. 1.8. Populations and Generaixing ‘Onlin ow tend at of ing ond he object th eta ib {Sy natal xenon, Weare ot spiel ee ah poems ef ‘vk rial meen car expe, bat perme rene {tae oui be sate fm och Ir gona sia Tis, ‘own whe poplation, maybe bert tala dete o ee [ime The jc ne cal tt es atop eh pop The ik {owen uel pp pede on tow te sap a ate ba ‘Toe matial moda we ene Section 7.1 pce oto cane ome {fon random sample ra ea aves pops ser sesh ene (Tie pen opty ly twp sla a eal tobe ‘Sed och Ganon, Th sot fone an re he pope ‘Miter he hace tht a be et tc. Whe th poet ets te ete in we obtener cpu wt me ‘dic teat ppt Baoan ty Jo ot Rings ado he ‘Spe ane eerie oC poplin | “We stewtie tr ue odo mami population a sata steal tat wre sien tn Th tbr nt a en et ‘a nea hye mae sprit del wo wp of ones the ‘Noulortalen he dopo olay eth att we ater bene ar ‘Serna withers Alou he ee apart of pan {aloe tte ty ae ot ann Unir ae dcumtane we ae ‘ce rn of ur ues on mont eos Hv to a wg feo capone tml sation apy to ape fto ‘CHAPTER 1. EXPERIMENTAL DIC lt a le wl po tt at Bh lt at ar wa he att ethos lo uo geal fem ou sap nati pneatons, Forex, ring ste ae! a og: rien os pps fy aes fen at fats. Cone hs, it ih ie an obj ae meses " nt yt en wi ie eid ‘Sty nd en winced the cn tert math pola at yor mbjoge ae ose,‘ we man ple tt yon gt rea lhe cer on lye re cy me fae Tole diet mips os wi ceare i anny inspite. Yost py hn J ee 1A The Basic Experimental Designs Tea ain plo to wine dns om the snl =p i gig ni in Oe ms, re il pvc sone pert de ge 14, THE BASIC EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS a” ye ft deo eaten enone Betwven jet ene espe ‘ren nes Pa I ar we np re of tes ch mje ces in uy te snt. By sng the sana ney eee cetera acy See ean er rans i ae a Si ee ares ac fe ae acres aoe SOS Te eee erin ma nee fap plier Semmes Src eens is cakes mens uaa ri a/c Soweto ‘at all vole ape some betwoen-subjectsfactors—diferent wamplew are used at each So arias nee ack wea Tice t nae aegn Retin ee ara sired fen favaPart IT SINGLE-FACTOR EXPERIMENTS -Atwo,zoe expert war lin Chapter titrate the eprint med ‘Aoe tim th yp of xpi wa th mal eg he er : oer ch ual np ale ee see by oe Ut aire and we Saye whi ‘5 mre nent vals mated cnc san xe, "Th maf rn nino the op of he ep tt 0 pou Sn can yin tn pet tsb fs nde e- ee in af th asi tee vas i the etal nd chang i beastly, mou ‘evs so ct tai, ot torte eit ‘Sy eoptcto ee sae dg ae ott Sc To ly Ts Parl we wal orth any of prez wie har le eta tebe brc cine quinine o quiet "The pel pape fhe scar ett ase ‘ample Sap fur nea In coset gy wa ed Se fare the ete an i nt she ad prea ‘tonto ect ya nd bo te th th ete Kaw mh sso Ey at? One poe ‘ ‘te 1S Seopa sompriane a ifr Ingo experiment Tt the wal ‘eg ra, rai wr th oth eigen Thi ‘onleamost sisson Mere, teal be coed it tech ing chat of nt a een me comps cele idoymaet expan on grou ie dre or wi ou {SESke ett be st nner omparuonn we tt Fal SP sata to gen ret. Wien eee 1 {SX Shae tlre betes nul op ht ere Ae and sek veto “edgier, ene, alee of since allo enarc cier saan nese esac, Witon ag o he as e Ase pence ny erento oe ee to ma eto RE Etec ve be tre re tea, aap wl the ee ete mu il be wore to ents nel aes "Hah st ee he age bekid the amas of variance wn he oy seat cng te tte tins no abet exes 2 Sources of Variability and Sums of Squares ‘eit einer daunting and anil expres wha anol fangs weary eerie Sapper sou hve devo proce sa ou ‘inthe ron orn en entra. ou ttn tt pol ws oat rte, thy rn ho tr deme ts ng AN ot Scr tn ths proce wrt oon ow Un ie il mae Competing ce hn sty or anny ote tency ou “oa cleo ge poles oS Ao se sth et ie he ses ay oe hanya hye a. To tas Sain er ot ata acompte te petro pop terme ap noosa ‘Sy py td oo hele me ‘Se out oft ayo one oak xh aa {Stave fuctin pavers: Paorng sy psa ia psec tie set fatto barn ee rot fh et dy Yor xe tat 1% js sed tat se yu wo he he {etre ay pcb sand thr ct nal oe of receipe rel lr cleelp yer] thefts. A pace at hse at rly tvwalig To ae toon th mabe (some he eh) and ang that tte an ‘Sebati, webct onal itn te fo en, Wnts a tocar el sma ty at be ed “Te rw eur wth «pte ie cane on te tl maker of ft scaly ech se, Gareth ers song te te Figen ‘Some arepceati td tnt hitogran Te sers CHAPTER SOURCES OF VARIABILITY AND SUMS OF SQUARES “be 2: Real of 20 ht Wy he 32 mbes be sw rope «ory aan acc Sancta nd rae indi ty 1m napet ote re ry 2 arsine arnt oft mor of et pap (he ental or X a) nd ch the bf ac hat coe ‘eal ig om to Foret abet tl se tad pce he ‘Seo eon the seca For xp, the sue ate ene om ‘eee ct, the pt bar hsv aks toe he. Oar ly ‘fom tee Mogan, wher ch dha bgp ens (tnt, ow mh yen ot ro tht eer ado hh ae ‘io gape lp Lie eey sary rena, howe the play ‘pincer thr Heh ol Pra oe Iva jee pte, the iy he det see Patra hey ones ve aed, "Teno nt npn cern ae ditto of wan Pig 2.1 cuca oy porn xt hacer pron “few nat je ar son fh art Sn ‘is caro he tien ae emmy mar! Ce sting ‘ida we he cei, nora team ry raging the Soe ‘Pettit rthnetel msn ce mean be a Fr a ocr {sth the man the mee of ce You wl eal hat th fae {Boy wc we wil Sent by he ee Y tht ne Su! ya (pall hese and ding ye mer eect Tha ot poe lSteccstlsH i peereananerae ‘The lee 25 ft ing the xen oar “a an you sow cnet? Wa te pl ery ay mop rhe ‘ates diene on oe! Uetantey, ou conte Tipton» CGHAPTER2. SOURCES OF VARMBLITY AND SUNS OF SQUARES ha he ada aie of abject te to coos dosnt lly canta th ines iar aio ht by dr not aly et ows ere "ier ote experimen Specialy the ober ence btn fe {pou sc rnd any Uy the anal dices herent ta ‘ern mn ya cet ctr tng tn eon ‘The dase continu mow whee th inn tren the tae ‘is sino pc to chane” Wel cme eel rs, ‘ito son te String pen 2A The Logie of Hypothets Testing (Generaly avert rains tl Sang the prance tbe wbjets inte dilaws tates tim ten, he ak alo ‘Ea free shen th hae ae wo haw mo Bun tat a he ‘Spernee scot wine sing some spec ect goe r am l Gham tom's gente) eno tall sn pc mg ae perl exp, ery tar os pra ac (TRepr rads we sump fn cheep vee, einer {iettpeimetal cots tl la rc sis theo poplin ‘hiro tin ome" re to ths evap populitios 8 ‘Sanpete a et pepaaton, Saary ‘Tecipn ell fone dae ample me ee ete, sa as ‘Sed toma ce sbertne tn he pointed parameters inc, wil we Han xo gears a Ge te Ethie cn vee haha the eet oon ort saga corn on ie tae pepe Siai, eel nthe ‘See cai fen th ire up osteo ote fone ore Farum We ow ea oa the Erna prc lpg ating, vs wr anda he ranch pata ‘Tella bypass ish en eaten i oa ata Stata Hypotioes ‘Arocha ty geal tte sont te snd tare othe ‘i ht tree ttn at a eprint Typcl, at tt a, _e ype sheets wl pce es St ‘pothae com fet preci pts aot yt the ‘Skene. Wena em vo tia pte hte ‘Stuy xt or ecmpabttnt ow i ete atts "hcg apo ind haan ase the i gtr prt (ih hy ‘pl pmb a pd pounced "en in he les ome popaline inane iets heh nas ie ‘ecto to aig tat mo teat! tae prose i th poplin 24, THELOGIC OF HYPOTHESS TESTING » Most ache ei tht he mil opi aly UA ey rt sve apenas ao, vit ny bello gi ‘omy te, the pti lat ns as wy anos wold Wet to ate What nude aly moan by to ml phos at of dian ‘S sty smal to be ore! feo aan too ob etd thei wt et Hone wl comin eto th a ‘Sam peng tear fest fron easing ‘ayo ae tcl "Wien he cal enon! om he ten gape to devint oe ‘to seed ty Ul psi, eed i cro th i ad ‘put alternative bypass, The sheath pa ‘Soar er tht ney wh al byte ly {he eran hype atr tat tale othe perf Se ile ‘som palin rental eal Spay, ‘dco ont Hp sxe fH, hh, ene, sates sop fe npc sal scar pa Ot th te te ‘ey da pd yl pe Sen a be gh of ep Sper he eh ‘Spotban As sow win Sco reef sl lop et le ‘Depending ct an at in wlth oun a equ of thn {eatin popanon manson can salsa srr see hie eae "ting raining Hy Wo wl be mac mae toy shot he Brperital Berar Forse et gti me tnt Dance ins eee see re eS nae ee ee eae oan Saivenconse seen SERS cee ceelens no om achat nape nS eae ese eed esreaea 7 Pen te nT pnt ma ot ed Coen nthe Mecoeerraroncs + Hema wre Tico ei ant is, pr a a ep nd aa at» CHAPTER 2. SOURCES OF VARIGIITY AND SUMS OF SQUARES + Bt svat. Ti copa al chang aide the bic at ‘cry manent then Ween ce the Cae nyt th ting nvm” Ante eral ome ‘ensrement err. theft hme sire ry | prs Foren a xprimetrtinng me hv ml be ater doer a ring ath a a ard femora the eat cd may at lat tec ea qv oon ag ‘iis tsa meen ere Anter pect by aie fenton nh cil tne wine A enerinralpart ‘Sn be cnt oti the ume ttm nh me, ‘Siprnenter cnn entra ena tn ence alg ‘introns, he eprint tention) Tr eey lee Pray te re memento rately ‘somes oberon eel th nortry to snary wees ‘te pts that ext rhe ett ty Ge bj cee mp {ofall te open Bat mene jac re aio ete ‘og iy ert mayen ato he tstmet oT ace diana of he etc ace perinatal ror and Treatment ets Spon on nae imate th ott whh the dilece you aac ot ste hs opt hat hn ta th et poate re ‘Sl Cor the rf ojo aoe a th ent emo I ‘Sin cxptiment all sour o onc uit ww manne shove el ‘Settote tot mbjut care, peng irene pearance ane te ‘Shar nt uments Th ity fete lay sri ie ats, a tak a ean ca Fea te ppm alt with he net cone ‘Steg. Would ou erp the sone ma you ners to ea? Cally ‘oT var dni ft ce union to tre man tr {Sho be drt the mans wl ely be cl gu. Ie anpl ma aye ay rey tn nn nie Seat ay ich cv th ies ‘bjt nitinol Sond al ee pad ros Poe "mmr ener ain wha a bape andy sacging hj to 21 THELOGC OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING ” meson nage yn wes of ert alan ot prety as ut cde Ine inl pats ee are “sth spl a il Ue pe of expr er™ "Soa urdu a one th eh th mal tothe ‘run Herr inc sage hope tht ll bea Sapone er a el ‘Seer among She mo he tae poplin. We wil rt ese ‘ems w treatment fects, pone or ing aes ‘fab among te ae tm fn ers hs tha he ‘ie lem eto the tench pop ett eae Ue Sits th eee wn." ‘Thre tha tha al yp fe is Xu we to np he cnn ee 308 wl mcg esas pra “nye at he sat he me a ue ee ssa in nd Hosen opiate ol Sep ten Hee a eet fi) erage ‘Shire Weald nlite ps dee ete Be eu ny geet,2 ‘CHAPTER2, SOURCES OF VARIABILITY AND SUIS OF SQUARES poet ain val ht gaa hn LD when ye radon that ‘nwo ne tan nc My Siar Th nyc ae ater stein mat gos nh tal peti coma Erie doo ein etn ing cao the al ete tt ado the hace ret ciel “plc inh aperes eoaiay otaga TEASE ce lng jt fen expt era sow, hey et ‘gp shy gh ot et I a che 22 The Component Deviations Inthe elder of hi cpr, yo wil ve how de sr tin of ity ‘gee srs ge ts usene oop eae wih ete ‘itu operation Ie he ethernet natin tt heal tiem drug need prio One sow ef ane servo 8 ‘stl oti sd rns le nen of tl dg ced ran [ron covelthe dy adhd ep po the ie We i ae tote Fn vi pny a tr A tote tne ef tor 4 (he ‘Sl ind nd he wo acts) ll yaad, pect {ts ne wd toe rb em 2 peal Strate land only eign len be tech th i tr One to ae eng ‘ter det po, a ay ar an ey 10 te ep at (Bisse as ermine caren of pase The nape ee heme ft meee seedy enc We wl dc oe (gh boy the Be growp ty Ya, we isd abet pcos “Shep a thet poh wee oa. wees wl ‘ete wre ar Yy whee de eel dh gy “fe 2 points oh putea experi fw Y sae foc ca atta tendon eran in Ue oO it te ‘Systeme th oa frat of we We dente he ou eh {ble 22: Compre rs fr tee rupee wn rc ar sericea ors pct 122, THE COMPONENT DEVETIONS a % ‘ ® [ete Pl 2: Phar apraenaton oh compe vation ty P wth «mnt sip ode th ys geal a FF ‘hae dt, the thw oat we = 15 ¥5 = ual ~a.Toe p aa o a tie od ny tg he ep i ts tn nae (tes Actes lr ‘Tey sah fen epee, tab eld eso Isto poy a the stm af Fg 22 wt dts ‘tin rv ome Yon = ent nthe rand en Fr = 0c Tie Now smite ta lin don thc pup nti fat fy = 6 Pom te Ege, cinta the Svan Yan =F me 1 fo components Oe compere th dein the oe te ‘Pad east Ft campo en th il Tee component {Sedevino te cre an oe erm ws ar ei SSH ce at tl ey rt (Via Fe) = Pa) 4 as leah wiht tn Sone ee Ysa ~Fr cate otal deviation. yf ec the batwoergroe deviation! ig Tele the win groupe deviation, ele oh di pt ae th sta sane tes inter ee ae ‘eymbals in the deviations above, we obtain " w)+-6,” ‘OHPTER2. SOURCES OF VARABITY AND SUMS OF SQUARES amy 404-8 wl | © 4 w wef] © + @ mle] o 14 mle] @ toc mio] @ + mele] co + me) tr] + @ we) a} + a ve| » | ‘o +o ea] T | co + wa| 2] co + on | a | @ i @ |e | co to x | a | ‘o too mel | +a 23 Sums of Squares: Defining Formulas ‘oeclat the ml tpt nesary traf th ep an ‘ring deve more ef qui, vance. Fo ht ‘Roh eel om linge ctngston of fe cing leat ‘io vay hsm, tee a tious ve ‘Site analy of wrimon Aca bomen an egy te ae ‘Satin foe han, Mare mn a o hn the ne vn Som the mens 6 isso eo “€ “The qty in he meri nm ofthe squared deviations from the ‘men uel encod To sum af squares and sve SSH mach te 25, SUMS OF SQUARES DEINING FORMULAS Fa ego whi he somber. et ante Whe the 0 “i i hn on rr ea Tay (su te me Yo oc ma the ty a th ao the ‘Sued dvatins (oul vans) sn On tee hae we the ters ina et edie, hy peat tbe men the siti piesa A he ead nth th dies ‘themeon an he Se ew toh ee “The au eth dominator degree of ado, dete ei the _muner of ha he ovine hye ees Te io ‘es fon aly ens etc wt ct fw hat ‘he mmber of quinn ae ig, We lms vated the Sees ‘teen te et chap," wow hth he senna enon iin pel etn 2. Yo lal ‘tat the dviton ach jc en te grand hep cs ‘iid nbtwes ore pro sds wegen. Asda le Tati ef we sre tre devo sc jan he the one ovr alle he blower, Ti rsp ante amivusctvatanme sey veers sen SS = Smee SS ey ‘Tana no the mica sample fre Tabe 23, tog 21 ra, “The seo ofthe ogre devia fa 16 ijt fom ay te oo ‘Seis ind hy moming lth sae vat oth ds ‘pony mara Fy a th ce ying a eed etn ets Fn tnt rope np sme” Now we rae mo eo a ‘Toul Sum of Squares ‘he tenga i he tala af we Sp rth tl evn, lt fl or ilar 1) Sm he and an ‘ie 5 dy ning el di be eh et moi $8 D0%y Fe aa) se you mndonbty ot ca Gh ter sig, Sac "te so = Ton o_o rel hm il id ig ‘Slain $57 rte smc emune were ong ang eh ‘tbe ttl eves pote Tae 23 85 = Sy Teh tg a, ‘Between-Group Sum of Squares ‘oun Fg 22th one fhe compensa jet tl dein te deviate th sats group fo thn ad tw.) Fe Wn ge ‘scone sd sum oe eur al teste nh egies wllea CHAPTER 2. SOURCES OF VARIABILITY ANO SUMS OF SQUARES ht the betwee aren uf gun We il srt equity $4, ing ht co One ih a ce A sh eee er ‘A mor compnct wp toegestaan th fit at he etme ry deat sun i lt on ep. nh came, (ie ormtinis Siocon =f fray and“ fray Nevan mut hoe the beter (Boy vty the rel eine yt wanda ats (Bo ny and am he rs pos as S84 =i Fe) + Fa Fa fg the on nto, cm ‘en sp al bare he n(n oar we apn Sson STAT to lc the ona tayo he ton. St tee at he ans to th my 35, =0 36 Fe es ror mal ean hi oma ge these abe wees shoe 154 = (F(A + (P| = ARS 1) = 6)2) = 20 Within Grosps Sum of Squares ‘Pond mmf nur thn whl an ey, ote by S84. The ‘Mig ora" wn A eh np tine Sein ith th ton Slo a sonny gas wt tron rug), InP 23, ‘ho terre YT tp ine SL ha 8 Ss fare fr ch poy ng he kro ates, Tale 23, Sanna ee, Soya BPP LE 5 =m, Sun PHP HOLE Hem teletext ee Ou Sen pte, too te ‘Respro ae of ne» poo own pooling "Sn SSrang Sea FSB ay ae 1 he rm ogi the pod a fue S894 = 0% 8 es) ‘ue he maton ex ne te ata he 24 Sums of Squares: Competatonsl Formulas ‘tithe denn omer tb ho ma of quer the ge ‘tthe compen ens erie; they tee! aon ‘tte tse eter rang eas ak Sveralet nts, bt mh spr o we 124 SUMS OF SQUARES: COMPUTATIONAL FORMULAS ” Notation ec rein ei mn nd ay ws hn at ‘alae Te ep of sy nate exes meme {he ent pets nt mt op of nea el ne Se, ‘Tho stam ne on th bok Sed pel ota i noo ‘ty fur nthe nae of ri ism opp Path owt a ema west ena th a what ets ene & sr rag {att ati nl an vce the Sn oh od ‘Spe semaine ln sme te te, Palys te camo peo th lets et ds appar Quin that we the ‘Ste tng ae died th se wyAs som wl ong te Heck ‘ein cote with goal ashe het pet ty al he ‘ig we wl cml. You wl came tape te the ten mae {dior et oe alse a mae pent ene {otal a etal coe. Th ym coe ean spent operat pa ao dato mle thi iar dig th iene grog: we St Stee ae une then! rere tern hada) ua theses ok ‘tata contin (he teatment ums resin noel) dhe com ‘fallen or mre (grad or ron otal, "The Individual Score. Ech jn rou with ange naa lve se es ptm he se A {a tae oe o bert dag! hepa eor Ys wi ees ‘eine te tj mambo en Et ad the aap esc) il st i es ata et a a Neth i # snd the ajo an th gp Tbe 2 We hs ett th amor om T2210 man) tbe ‘ts fm tof Tie 23 neh td cra fo ae ‘eal ars of ett at fos aw oe ne spy hr me ‘aoe dw nit oy ur al wy vl went of ‘The Treatment Sums Ou staph fh es ‘och ote sete rn, Tht tra rotons, tnd Up contac nee at ty et ote sete a (ete with siti he esr est in To dea ‘cant ner ne te the erp) wtn Fete ie {Hoon Tale enn we re ada AateT+8+10y1—9%,* CGIAPTER2. SOURCES OF VARIABILITY AND SUNS OF SQUARES ‘be 2.4 An tration of the notation ten ‘wn att oot rte Fh ig ct tyne of stan te et SPs camer pet sample ar poy Ae ms aa as) 1 no aie rat met, stems a, Taine eed ona ‘nme ofthe bon, the ie th spent in al ng wh se sete the maple stan wy nad ‘eeCrad am, Thepund em enfant eit, eu eciaty Spany ny Se ir 9 DER SUy Es Spe mane keene rss PazKeDa, ‘etn mmm Fed a Ye? Renraar erie pela! oe ea tea coastal ce gs oer tigentegaae wid ut geme eae Ese rains hetete wtmne ot nna per oct ant reagan are ome imi Sateoees ‘ med, an un me Te 24 she T2894 18 = 18h 6 = 3 mone ae a we 224 SUMS OF SQUARES: COMPUTATIONAL FORMULAS » Brace Terms Buco thst oi eo eae sina pci qin hat we al rhe tram ic yeu elie nk they wes ei bese rt) [ete sof ee haps ag of ing tee eas ers nt thy pert ng the ding or th sof ‘are, do we expe yor apace th pre fag ale ‘Sacer ne sa (win tan ne ak theta cig tere pal (oe an) oe ‘etn eee Grins gas ty prs IE ee tt ie tn nt ca rl pl td Fe {i ern be wnt ace apy ‘ecb ere wrt es ed ‘ang Sumani rst er a ing pe 1 ura mtn ett A E Siete se ing act pe, 5 ily Se mie ee ch cpt Leo aot cere, em eer cok Lama ce ‘Evcwsir ris Ww ero hy thr mf nr Esher te (inh ted yn ean ope Tn Ree tra ity 4 Et pen pt en ‘sn ete ye tt (ae mI iy he ci ep tr ih td Cm) OBS any Sm ‘Wocan combine be se ep te eral ras cet term: mE 2a) w=24, eo) m=. (210)» CRAPTER2. SOURCES OF VARIABILITY AND SUMS OF SQUARES Vilag Mons, Stine i nei 1 cleat act ts fe nec ea ft You wl md this pont ou wa fo om ‘ts oan aly ef se om sm cs abled at You, ere, ‘Rte the sdk noe ade oe i he rca ter Bu ‘tr eo went ety ith mee “rc erm oreo ellen sexy he a hp ad snot pt tt he eal ep iat oat iin =05¥, en In=emp en “The rr [Pn ot aa eo 6 ech (Ong the mana poe in Tae [A= )0e 46+) = G0) =17100, n= xs) = aja. = 1200. Sums of Squares ‘A at erin wet he rc dt ht oe ‘ie al Signy sean yan tro i on eta Be Sin Stone nthe dee rms Seton 93, Spey, the ‘Suiumt nr ston the Goan “Yr, an hoeptatina on te yom hee rms 0 in th mane may m- 21s) ‘hn etmet um ag 8, ed te devin fh nat meas {fm tn an mea Fy and ng thn cette sae 3545 (41-1N aus ny eh withing am of squares i tae om the devon of nial ‘Smet dom ert tna a yd oh copa Sau = N= caw Saotting he al he ae ers th nd ne as ae tole the te a ee 190-109 = 2000, exercises A Comment oa eat, we il ea alo etl patton wen of he Sr case thy et a a be erated np me a Hower, you sould ster hat ye oqo the deiner, ‘rach show more ct thn bee! the seo sane overly Jnl te tht te conga frase cy th me es ns {Soe obtain wis ib ening frm Te ol ane rent ae ‘nto rong rnd! naling he ete de red ‘stone manned in ogi the Svan creo fw aed ‘ming terete bee ea omen so nen eig tbs frm» ot ponte ote advance hw may plane yon ed ‘ry your eats ea a ene he ine at he rc Sed digenen Hod hs yor tasks have cary ten ou aed {0 gota to th tt ery re aren your eit fo cup Sosa $= 178.1783 a th dae ene aly og fo ive hwn whol oe re of ec. on mg fd tat ere ee ‘eubtonsgve 85, 8 7306. wc an apesiy erat ‘ou: Wr filo ie emai ou cx 1 Cae te fhe are tha ud er ch © Clete he us of rfc of he sure of ly somaya ‘ed he anise run th in Sy Sand See tn Isat fr Pie 3 tm Chagter 3nd bi In Caper 2.3. Cine he ere om the menory eprint we pete Tae 21 th eeinnng of hr per Unig te tal nero fs eal te a ‘ne te Sy, S8gq, wt Sp Cala the mame toe qua ing he ‘rstmst mat th und mean tah,3 Variance Estimates and the F Ratio ‘We ray compete the ans of lace, ‘The remington ae MS when to llns ag har eto ciel ae semen Cherny we wil pone heels ty te te SB rina cpr org manne ot ow petit ts zee We icc dering bat down th ees ‘84 Completing the Anaya os ace ia nn serine ny eee ok oli ss tum Ts sini nae nt Beata aniany the oo mponee uf eae re Nerd Ko muti of mage, my led ft al wa Sees bu by ting the mom foun ye degree of ‘ecm ene ft inn ww loa ext. Tne MS = SS an semmryfte p a sea Gam et sa mark Mw oem 24 COMPLETING THE ANALYSIS 5 Degoer of Freedom, They cn sid with» um eqn conepnd to themunlee st Teen prema Cntr ioeabesan alg ~ Gomer ep tn gl se 1 ate he ppnon ‘an ft wait inet potion rnc we wl ne matt 5 Ee ay pe hp in Tet anbe's cont sample. Spe we hr luratini ox ‘ciate tint oe erie te or he wars. Te seg en ‘or exit fee poplin mea” With fie cee ant pope, ‘Rea tint! to eT hw math nde cat et ete {he ppl rac "Th awe te ber sero tn re et ‘arya to tak cn a alae whan. ths ap the Eo area tl unto eration, Tie ew te of end ‘Su athogh we see sot my a fr at or ace, Bal ‘te dered ote of mam Mere special te al am of a ‘ves toa 35, m0 ha the mpl an PA wn re a ‘Sie he hoe eter nan aad by baton ‘Se popaion meus poses cmtut on th vl tat th mre wf ale [ual i comping the Ses of feo any ma of cs ‘= (ner indepen sera) eve o option tit), ea “Te dc ffm end vith ech fan in ania of ‘cane re red ne uth om 0 Tale 31 Wea is the ‘Solin: Eqmoa $2. Tor for A, tree ease erent ot Se ae pnb ye gn wr ro edge fon ga ea gh te ino oat te py Sloe) an eva a Sea om tty i mi ye opr Sang tee ae banger “dua=— ay tr Sth an rts Bw dl on at by ‘Seale foam adie sa tet cite ech, vet hes mind wh eon Snes n= He lea Setting the ale th ead (0-1) +4i0—1ey [CHAPTER VARANCE ESTIMATES AND THE F RATIO. Mean Squares ‘soe heathen cin itn ld ms see Ss) apa hewn a af Tne 31." sue Sr het ‘Semper oe of ance iy Bqno 3 Mie SSE and aig = BE as “The it man gut cman te sbi poeo of att ets pa eee {laste seedy winter mace doe ‘Avs umpc th exprient eee t Chae 2in wih = 3 moa ctinng n= hyper ta wend oe ‘ogre pa adr gem met frag enpeson Using he tn fom ue 24 (28) we tod 854 21010 and Sogy = 1000. Sone a qntem 35, ne tn SSau 18000 Mea a=)” BIS ‘Condens Inter frTretmnt Means coe we wee io sn mut amps the ani f vara, wo wl ‘Se ort stabs pub rang oe mel poplin enn oe, ‘Sceltence interval “rng ae dm che 0a interest Tier eg a {eal Snmnctie ie ppaaon em Bit the pore ne wl she ag ie we WA cel cing cones ~ (180) pce. ‘By eoung al betwen 1, we cen oto ager mete [tang rts To ese mero adc ayo ‘ole orn star 8 thn we welts income rs any) repre tte ln wt te teat me ‘Sith apps ti otet of ay th spur pugee, We wil cs the ‘aera of ane ners utr i tet ape 73 “Pantone trl ype vas en bythe fala Fits, Sm SF thay ao hey F the ma of the tet oe ‘om Ain be hn mre, 131, COMPLETING THE ANALYSS = ‘ip alot odo ah stm data Fn ton oy. ‘Weobuan thsi ing the Menard tin oat reap) te ae et ul ie ve as) ‘Whee cnn al have he sae va amp we wl cme in ‘Caper amet as ete ie hy agit oe al at (pea Us thse, sti hn stand ere en by ‘he mera of his ti he wit gop ansqe 4Sa oe the vel ‘i he teal to mens af he dol wane the een {oem Whee the aap fon wr etn he sap a ‘Ses sol athens sree we rey out etna, we ay ‘td lu, in Eto "an ei ei ete tw ote ners te gonp eeg rag eto caret mr empl th et ng on ott a ‘rth enon the ae ro nd thems ang oe bed the pk ‘tigrape ace. Equine ht wee he quer Ed ‘Suber pup mean he ean ea oe ed SSS tantra = 278 om he leo the ttn a pede ‘AZ attin tron oh rv he =f th ln ne = 08 Te Serovar ee ton 33) we al Ue tre ‘Ata td poop (ng th ease Tate 2 0 a0). (CRITI IB sag ‘Thom ning gst 5, he andar ror fhe mena aiT ve 7 3a rom Buon 2.4 e cain the wo ni of th 9 perc os inter Bytom Son St 90 rays) uy 40-4 2T\LAT,* (CHAPTER. VARANCE ESTIMATES ANO THE F RATIO eatin ie mnt in a, Howes fw ew ‘Scio eaunn et awn saeco tire ‘Steno amy sero tn he kl wt ne tae Bn SEE 38 Nene ete gop mean f= 9 Th a of ‘AE ee aed se eas lg der of eo {inns this ok wate y= alent) = (863) = Tal ‘pee 2m ad t= 2 ye mie in to ge et rer of ha ma gen (Sat = 8 = van ur mE 34, wt hw et of th pest nice nea Tylon Son ST 40 0 218)1.7)

05 thes man Me [West o empha hat bowen rept att eu sol se erga efor he sta of an eager. ay peng tli opt sang ths dana at See rcs ae pet ‘amoung eign ee! bere ro he eo expt inert tel, loving en oer the nto at eee sna scan or “hat” Dang wry pti i “hace tl atacand ole th ly pa the oly tht net ret rt the or il be opted te ‘Soy Al thatthe xt ety pore quite maf een ‘ois bel iypanse Ie shal ot bes py er te seh ‘atm et re pebaly oe unl nto sl io ply (iat te ec nly thre” Comment Dimon wth pth ting a el ex sae th ot wat Inter te ty Te santa (ad tend) cn temper erate the tpi Sue naa spp pss hrs i eh ete ans cement he recta tae” om the ‘roa ako These rca fo cre prensa Sina eee somiaeanenencwiniome Seri ahe aire ree eenebors 212 |ALUATING THE FRAT 6 ing dit ptt he ae an: Why eth ail pti stow tow ht irre ad at wt ile ei soa ly ‘at ory tran plato Why 8 scan el te al Poth nga rings el ope” Cell ae el re testing npn hat he trary cn, Should mt see ‘oer jm on sof whip = itn singe Bo IE Rotor obi ve with ich al hype esting on eh 1) mimeo ay arts eatin pe eal wih Fcc {Stra ote ar othe ore test inte he py ta ot ens rn, hngh tee of he ‘We Soe tat te snc al detandigs sald at te the ol age hyp eng Any pone ha te ited at a ‘il lemon at ate ta tm oo oe rth bed ‘ryt, fw esp fo gusto td om Ts pcan iment when tin aera totam Jot oe What ewe Fdnorataby tte he npr fn fon ese oa ‘R's pvt feo ot fm wag reg ae ths {hy el ea ergo ie es ay {spr he ew eon Sat al put tient atl nema tore thas oem ot te ny ong tat alo do th eperine The ete al hpi i set ange it in ty. One pha ‘Srey ung pg tof pte te cae inka sea ee ‘hi pnt cos ea hypoth tah tm a ice arma and Ce hah we ny be apie ‘aus whan report oe, the peters of es wf eid ie ‘ir weatnding Perhaps tec ne sng ee pre sae ‘i expec peta ot ty om as ie thw andr pra ‘na rome bypothns war pity nee Te ck ci al ns tet ot hn po, “Tole ou dun of eal ting, ore gst tt wo 1. Nov ih of ou data lt he, with mano arnt and ety ‘he tae sale ural 3) Ho mach aera oar fi Keg an ou ha our aba 2 Renter hts lal pts re inenting o ae ot ats th perineal ‘Spl nd that arto wht ey are 8. Renata th ml ypu tet ony sve norman ath isang peatins ue ole pal ow ie Do ot oiesistance ft with thine nt th poly tn ante ty {So ptt (cs oper ross Cagle 8) ‘Wien you nd gan wat mens he flat met strep) ase mneitond thtet cnr ary pate (Chapt and 3) rp ‘eer that tres ustaning an eecntal Pos ich ‘ay stands ae b th ede ad rls the a 8. Errors in Hypothesis Testing “The proce ofall in pth ting do ot uct hat he cn le ‘il produc sce infer, pin f water ee oe he al Tats othe se tsa th sae a th al ‘Mint ik te pe fed tnt, ne trey a the ype of eas we al a “Te pe lero sone ate fa nee ae defn abe ‘a3 Thre ae wo san at “oly” ay seni th fhe ai ta he opin tent me ae ea! pe oh a me Up) And tre ae to oe aay a, eres ‘conan in wi mah Cres ei) a gwen Dis am ee a) et pope ‘Terre sem omphenentay cats ih wo mab ane 1) se seh ot an ed) a iy Sut arn, entire a Type eee a ‘ion, bet we ert ets Th pati og one ans Tete irate wo er oferer ing to aentios f he F aiie ‘tus appet pln gue 2 ow the he no Fen {pets eto te ote ce the popuaton meas The rpm ef etn the rng he sec extending th A {teeta a Fe mod by he ete oe Fig. The ad te drt carve epee he ay ang Type Ler, he ‘ital ioe me tein alt Te made eat he et {rane the pty of anys carlo a at a. ‘Tho inves prs pee tan oe cra eran 3 ERRORS IN eYPOTHESIS TESTING o ‘ibe 23:1 owe types ere in pte ttn ein tite tt Bs sn samt form [rs en im | OS SHEE [TSS ren th ml hypoth fee he poplin me a as a se ‘il an anon te are re The casn weve ut ‘Sin F on nich we aed mpg 10. 8 oa pro od ‘rete thn th cto. The rtm 3 deter om ‘SEetttoe ‘Th rll of Prema a ml dred the el {rt to dient oe ed sap the nah ‘Bang he oft warn erie f the ern ae ae etn tte ul ent the tf Fy eon the pou of wai Type ‘cero he adel at gi fF poe oe py cael ‘ting he ml peti eye ng il at nea a ‘tien a spec ne. The power of nthe ably ee nts spi acai opis se he pa a TA she al apt a nh! he en ie ss Fe coh ot ey oon Dee a a) i ho a yg Ha he i the ee seni tee. spots aia such pot mp ed Se malt he tt of Chg en recut te rat Pw mein hn oe ‘Sinem est mae ou dein ne af ct eee We cn ae oii hhc a an rrr tn een Sh pele mi age oi lg ‘Sas =) we wil oa kat al he eke en wie ‘nip so, Bat mins ori nt a pei “hte he ltt Bente ser ote Type ec ‘What ont Type ces? Oy wn octet tainon si t—_ ‘setting 3, spe we reed 010 Da 0 tt ‘eo tana athe a tl rest std a the te ES ali yr iin gt ees* (CHAPTER 3. VARIANCE ESTIMATES AND THE RATIO ‘Tha hanes at pte lc on he hdd ea in he Dot an 1 ‘Bint te ren npc hia na at sang ur een‘ a Ty ls on oceans ate Une ms iene a Typ ee” Dray eer at Str bce ten to pe eer When limpet dace i may be iia co Ty ry ot the ta trounce Dat wna weve owl Tye ar npn (Set sto esr Sg te ih a ag wy 1 ting ost ore ype er on aces the icon ra A ne tc har giant rt i he powered ao isa we willoier how power experts at ‘hee the tine, il fu mtn owl wget dee Typ ese (or nse pow) Ooe aint nn at ‘eaten! confi, td the te to eer rare th ee a “Toa ern oth pti ners he ny wh hc ee {te sma, an ease fhe dae oh we a te fee sl ‘An Bria Matraion of Type Tad Type Eros We bv fed that tue td aig of Type Land Typ eu af ome er wh on emptor Conc oe {he fo mena ca td il i ral ra 0, we gt ep he ‘ery th ot ern eae essay Ch th lA oc ‘ony net 1 petals of 0 eto gone a a opel ‘lane Beton th. met ae sans bt ow me ‘al bt noe ty mt stant Sie ema dies Ciao Sound eens. Ine oso, he nr {leone een he eo ope email mal heme ht et ta de only 30-480 =, Th dn gn he oe to te wri: Wis mare dpc een he we ete do he ‘et el, he iene oe ota ot wh the eps {M15 sans mre canine,‘ a Sms of ele ge ‘ea Toe not guns oqnty of eo sapere at i Poe “Speech ayn the ng EE SRS sree fs ee) 3. ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING ° ‘tle, Re sig mpi rtd roy aging 30 I BRA re inte ean sl Fy Homan he Pt eee toe saint? Bese twa the eadats od hg ta the {potent we wl expat tn poutine a ia so esl st Wis © pec piece tet we shal apr sme tes ea hee #0 be gtast"nar pin, (0516) =" Te Fite pce te sala of F(8) = 20 By Oe rnc Ps ae ean (hn ots 5 nt) te clo to at we wl apr Taser te ‘rome facing teal pate wed tS pelo fa ling tee ation och et eed a tnt er ith er dt ain toch amen tn ond oy ew te wal ysis i inthe ir piece tment sug aie pepe Win ithe Fite vated on he at el” Aa parton these {en in the ead ya Te 3. swe ttt be fe ‘ae ned we we pet Taya ea lal Ea ae of "Sal Howe, wit al 16 oth acing en fem0 COUMPTER. VARANCE ESTIMATES AND THE RATIO ‘rete he mb io oor hat owe = 0/46 0396 and. P(Tpe tl et) = 29/65 = 06 trv toe ye leet it prod» ei aut Fine nen Cons sea 2. Rao ent ga nna 3 amo theet rup whch mot pet ed herent ee 3 ‘ete set towel he ce op CF 00), I act ne a ae ‘cut Foe errr en, tc te ear soc ‘iio gat worl agun the Wea lr the ens ead {Scr cere We ca seta emily rome seta ‘Seaton tie pscng are ain Fe Comer abe 35 when ot ‘ie reel 335. a oth nd ep. fa ea ‘hom cid wth th pie i wo th seed eet oF in nn ry i me vb “Thespesia ow he caer rat nt yr sie nt Type Lee Type leer A en pert ste ee SE tou tras pend on ov tra eget appl ote Tre ttt cc her mde pert. is ated {ow th manping ttn to aan at hn wee mayen i thong ron themes wee asthe hn popntna opemens hat Iscety ce wo al pot “Toecemunaratio arate aoa inpertant pct hpi ting: The ‘Sj ch sas ht ed it hea ea teed of The ‘het fn wince when nl opens wa ren ‘su rng tien os mhig Ge we chang: Ont the ‘fod ber al ntl ea bce Ths ‘a yor rth aay fa Te Hera ge mer ead wa ‘Stace ty bo i th prc aerate oh apa ine San est op pre 34 A Complete Numeral Example Now that wrecked atch step et uc aay of since, ek {eng mineral econ ft of Spe an of roars ‘Mirtle ce ofp depron he yo sje to pr 8 ‘nn ne ch hey ated oes morn ata to,They ran ‘Dhowc te aboar inh larry shay vel hen ‘tt Tce = cote tety 1,2 and 38 hay wot a, ‘Shs welt te ke he wa of he xin ieee ‘tt 36 Nomi arr hc ak yd mc Sum (4) 08 1813993 Ma) 26500 778 stam ate Ray sum cteqae (EG) 2082 GB 8s ‘Sinecénqars() ih00 SANS TOO Te Depertieioald) 3g ag ‘erme(i) 51200 RS 200388 Sudverr oom oy) ast) Sasa 8 ‘Tey ae oreo ember fi o tobi on waar ag {Dinter The mr ech i a pe ae 3 ‘Xt ring th re no sou m1 cay cami te a, Sool rotons that ig tS epee, In Chap ‘wl ema in ant ow wi he nt rae be eos wt check rho an acs how yong ge wth any eae ‘Stk on, Temper ware pec, ne mo Chapa 9 re ‘er bl here for he mse, ust ts ht $s our at Eee tat ight hve ben nce reo. Neting stan oot he ex yo uma he data Ath bon Te 3a ber otal sans ist nin the an nd aera meas ay the ‘Bou Atoug mw ei wil be fn fo Seay ‘Esti, unm erento he alent Si of wes (85) = 99 — An, Dears of eda (= Vass) = 8/4, Sanda deviation) = VE Standard ee of (4) = 1/V% Beceem2 CGAPTER 2. VARANCE ESTIMATES ANO THE RATIO ‘on can weil te aeons in Table 35. They a ho uy aban en ‘Se oe i un tan Yul iweb ‘Sto tice sd er i mens bdo Mga (Eatin $4), ‘One ose tie hr summary faa, ol ho ya ae nein Fgue 34 Tw wri line 2h plane error bars end ‘wu and Soma y one ana eoftnmeTi eing ‘Siew eth rich oan tint" Now eae Sn enna tard Srey ieesing oto eptere, Hee we et tera abet (ah nen te tht nous fp into. The ‘are wan ree he salty ih te sna deat, ky rye eee in Seton 7 te sn of de to smal aay mp ‘eh notin Aer ting ot a au nr, a Ye sao Te wg he ae ae mr! iTable 18, The wpe tl ofthe tae deta te operate tng eat er [ld he Some tat po ees ole se of ne om are sca em ie ee re Rear ESR ST Tiga ee Ppt ose ee me ‘SEXIVon i usar neon me iene 34. A COMPLETE NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ® {De tS fhe a a oe he MaEyg a3 2 tase? ano ay EAE 108+ 20 et 6.4120 27" aia mE Seay of te aa ince Sour 8S gh ’ ‘Sect 24 op. 3), we cab th ret notin the ma es 584= 4) ~(1]~ 36986500 sor. 90 = 3314250, ‘S5g4 =~} = 3872 1608600 = 10850, Sr=(¥| fanaa = 8790 Wo chad or eke by amiga hey a wp prop. The vam of he ‘wen ad pou sae of sa nt tal n saes ss SS + S84 = 33142504 1805500 = 5,119.10 = 85. ‘herein fh ant sh a abe 1. The ref ne yi it a tn le 3 Pde of eco seed fs lige =efo2)= pont = 010) Weal tc te alas ying “dy dan = 3412-18 = he ‘he beep and witnsrga man wae med ying th ‘enn sof ety he eepenig deo fea, Spicy, ‘Ss, Sats nan,o CGHAPTER. VARANCE ESTIMATES ANO THE RATIO "The Pati aed by ving the St men age by the eon ‘Tes eh he pear tri thm tale, Wei ame ‘tat thea lel hasten tp = re te tar of th xe Te {enter aia the Fw het cel mle of Pa 8 aad ‘doe "had n= 2s The Fale Spode A ge el) = ike Fines = deh vw ee tl yt a cncade {hae node yr eran an let. The ro fhe tia at ‘ade an tr nn uma bi in Stn 2 (ue p28), Jou su hat the wth groupe sn of we dost hsm of he nil same fae fr Ue ata on a Soe Secnny Tw wih ponpe man mre, on Sct to besser! ompate or poled tone of en Mae aay thot mt sy ta ih dg rym eee ‘Sine fhe spre pope Msg = ©, 9) ‘Asonexmpl, enol the erg wih gos aiane with vain pomied ness — ‘hi woe eee aoe weaned wth he tard faa, Viet ‘Seto a sh vg th ou ins pha the Yt Ua at (pesos un emt of prints ser ach tn, tht te ‘States ae smd opie mea etme expen err 35 Unequal Sample Sizes ‘Mot expr plated be ae mbar agd cah ‘Sat urn ‘Tete wet wy to rel gins a pres {atc ett non contr eu tothe aaa asta. are ‘far expertly uly equ Maro ne dca Cpr 7, ‘es sem ylceypohons amchtn wh ltn the mine ‘hog the ano rte Tome, sangsoo vaca of esas. Paha oecher ssc nt mmo fj the tne nin ether iret ‘= tren gouge ar en wa ha py fle nn op at a eo ‘hear Aner eum of ungated aig acs nom ‘oe emampl the renrhe ay have alle rl cae, stn, thet ic pow tthe me tata dt y lac eae ah See pea, ey hr tly sels sis Sry oe ‘Sin guerre dng os essing ro of niin ho hate 25 UNEQUAL SAMPLESZES Stl ae ate fl einen fice et ‘Sey nou soa gupnit nb et ei om ‘iting te tou fw eprint, hgh nperonter ten along sit, eth ale bjt to compen thn equ ote ny Yt ‘Sone ore at muy fa ns spay the wf ets ae te Sete po, its nr a ove cn ye fan pe of interpeatin, Bomeer, mt arcsec ‘einige twp ate ie we tar ot th sig pode, Anais of Variance Acuna fhe ann fw se cope, Thre ese ‘ego canis ow des mar end soa fe Cape ome ta ingeatr Sig the rc fel gue de ‘cms tue Te spac me ear eg sp may ged ‘Seal up iho cng i te rs eile pt i of ee stone ween cnn Th tl mgs = Fy, i and ‘aan F) the san of a i se = Be aw) am Jit in be ogame cae, etl uo age peo io « ame pin a wn rT ing ae ce $54= Delle an S594 = D0 Pa fam $5 = 0% Fa aw ‘he pinay dace even th fra sd et ap ot ith ‘Seal tapi sa bine ral re See ae a 3S Ee 45), Wah enoqua sunpo tes ok ard Sev be ted y my a a Ss men “cera sng th un fee ao rege ct gl am isan oer et (Firemans a maz« ‘CHAPTER. VARANCE ESTIMATES AND THE F RATIO "The trace rm [7] nchange i we eal a Yan with sal sn. More socal th fa tog [7 wth ue cron me m= % aod =n ‘Dat hee em [sl in mr werd at ober eggs ee gi iio go ocr be ac ee ‘mnt a a ee Rua emer Sa tn npr Tk obotemnisme me eeeprcinsmas De siiieinentnay rmomctaronrarta Samos en si her a feng Fy predate some anne With ‘Sto mpl sie thax Sos ae et. Hee an othe {Sow tetany mane (740008) 1.00 Taso the pesinry oyun od wing, ive ao ide nT ‘ie 3th esl i ee aera he ope nay ay ‘abet maser the dening ela Eton 12 54 = (9{0~ TI? + 6100 ~T76} + (9150— 10)" (a) 709? + zany + y—2000* 420964 09 = 2a, ic hs 2 a Tle 7, ep fr diag or, We emp Sete ing een yo Fin Ts a SS ME arse and yy = SA = MG Ta S80 a 0 ESE EE eat enn et ea en [a= Ef = 9? +000? soso" =e 4emer OHO, r= oni? =e 235 UNEQUAL SAMPLE sizes e {Tbe 37 A ona ane a ae with snag sam 4) samples) aw ow am sae 2) ‘Soar 8y) apes 9 rere hema Sorry of the pa of ince a [-Biaaw 2 Sis oe sa_| lassi 10 “2a ‘TPB With on = 1 = 2a an = a 0 alae alga ‘Wil cal sal sn, the or ere Soy ay Be cle ly y sani tis» ony mince Semen with Eton 3. Tet tee wih taal spl sine eer, neste ch oy cn ote “sya in ropa og ofc Ea pee « peter none Mig th do sae ape We cn, bower, ae My by aang {he nl within oe (a id In Eaton 4) ad« (CHAPTER VARANCE ESTIMATES ANO THE RATIO ing tte sam he ef om. st, av ie ig ESS 240 Se - Sies 200. an Comment ‘heel we hn yea wily oman y plod mada ‘aie other pense st state soe gan. Other proces hae eee pope, howe that lh the win paleo ‘Sul gmp Gos poray omer he sump er te hat alae ‘Eral one won elt 58; nth op abet tre the ‘re pp pope sl a sper are he ae, wl a ce he ‘rots bce cy he as pe oa the end we he eed, 80 tie carey aorta scm the tions ile in coding eae nya of lace steel oe ae ot leet om he tee apc Tis ‘nly oul ot tae the ne at Sao feu ee ee Sette rc nese the inns ire niet vos {he cum ee ae wae cal Nae of sepa, pry istered. We wl rear to hme mats sere Exercises 2.4, Fld he teva of P rte lowing statin (0) bina) waa Wire e=Tn=5a= badd amhn=hem 0h 3.2 nan oxen comping te le of ari owing Ini, te enter of Sto han 0'Pau nr muted thwe pape af mit ‘ngs wnt cha a tt ta) i ere Cai as rad devi oh 1 tat port tetra thas fe he os (Ug {he poed nad cre nor eaten) 4, Lee mien eon he ren What 3 abe toot? Soe out ete or Pro 3a Chae 8 23. Sipe ha bun out he snail a Table 4, wat wuld Soc hope othe snr erate th ome? Win f= 344s ue wil want reer prt of smc soi tar {oS sm oth to ot oe nal oe Th lily ‘Sop jou ave wae the toate ae snd sone mene a {i tapetinet rene a he 3 (3) ry a a ly 1 fine cit (12 rs nd 0). Petro nao ane ‘mde ce rape ng oi he ie ad sr vation $25, Come he ling me of ee Cae the mtn an sta eit fi ach fe op 1 Pere on ate of arta th ate Wine san yon olde fon hes 3.6. Compartir Pb Chae 27. An exprinet is odd with n= ues in nh of he = 6 ee lite Int ling ab the mena we ie se oad i ae ‘Swed Ye eh 2% Les sig 25 oe o-Ps a a sta ul ane Cottier ens rr i pan a, (Uo be ‘eine he poe ad ar) 2. hn ape cn sh el i enn wh mor Sa rn wine nec fs Schoen’ fe ee at a ‘pesto pn al any see tis (ts ape) amo es fing a ft Se ae a py nee {re ae rnning a ya ned Sa ‘Sgn dl uy sp en ha ae elle «Pet sn aly ac the dt 4 ite tn 8 pe sons rl he ch yang ts op4 ~~ analytical Comparisons Among Treatment Means tah alse Fit st ny Smet Scene eal py wien en ae at ah a cl al ct nal i a ‘ane ae a ‘nen ae oie |. THE NEED FOR ANALYTICAL COMPARESONS a "The Compost Nature of $4 ‘ern cn huey ae 23, 3) me 854= 95 — Fak. “A lel ott oe th auton owe it $54 ie aed seo as eof cto A, ah mation vel se iret Bund Fees le 1) te pt). “ost, oe min pmo Te 24 (28). The we he ser of ay Aad n= ls pr ou The the ata wee F = 18 Ho tant 0 Te a aly tee igs dew, far ca BM, TT ond Taf $54~ Has? + 08-97 + 6-971 = haan? 64-37 = 0. “Thies beta oh eae Chater 2 th ei “has, in-game ss oe dirs teh th “erent pee sae Aether tna ition soak GES fo tram tot Soy a campos, an Palh ‘st on ote th fo tattle om tora et, Temi st ta naame tht ty Pri wes he ed {lor Ta et unas tesa seine ie nag he Fane eect tant fen ome ee fees beet ‘The Onalbor FTet ‘Tint ren gn wt nena st lr {Crem tit thre ict ede foretell pests el iy enn a aed ong the sc erated ‘teeter Nol ne ml tape Why san ny tbe he ‘Deiiteeaes con be ud to be chance iene” Income nga! Fwy edema eter anf he by aseig he rma hypatniwe ct int iferenes aong hat ea ont pr Dt ies ae el wc eo ‘Th sera ops eat nde at Be ot cn. ayers for ample ne raining the ling fot 8, 480,810, 20, thn thn Frown te ence nye ott) Who ‘ecient he or pions ot il to one te, ‘ilgili pera iene amon the man An tpt of th Sin menus tht he ete 8 pend cle thee fer ng vie ome it esd ht 8 devine ray ane CGHAPTER 4. ANALYTICAL COMPARISONS AMONG WEANS ne ou eae co a Plano Complsone Maat soc’ begs withthe Smif oo ech pti ‘set hoe how bea be nent chad ch et ie ‘Stmremmipnte, Experiment oat he pth Wo ily it eto ng an epee tat ponent {eet rota both Tats oigied os ito tha stone ae tn! aie toe et xprananelacytepen he ary fo pes. Te gna he ms tt a ll aC ty {te pct ect tnt acs ema ply te tne then Coy sly the sorrch pote md Sag ert thas ‘Tiras en be xem yt pct cgarns tan he up wane, (Seo orn earch sin Aayou wile Cap ts la ‘SSpen ely evened dy itt race othe aero ‘otasitemoe tt conan Fat 42 An Bxample of Ped Comparisons ‘Wilander ering prepared 1 on (6). a ay ttt meet ial Sak Sesh td wd hs bed ih a eel, {ES etl omy eth rg ie nfs thc 15 Sosatt nen ing dtu in eel hilo am mmo for tn in apy we wal ie mem opts eran tne wpe prin ee, we har ied te wai nd ‘SIDE io oy compo ee rete we mart wihty he mena yo neat fr 0 enc. Tay Mdonen petted in cuted can, th mend a wl prod te chee i ny fhe mary Semen. odo ytd yt ‘Sond wale wth tery compete con Saori: Heth renin er wae ah ‘Spc Aen coon and 8 a € bn TcOons ay prey weve to rt in of ated irene in edged to rv eta the pe {erie wan he tee optet eps of anny, Sen an [umd compre poi nds pent heer rin {Ried Titi wo coputon corn her neronen or sl oon (Gi) wth wot reno xp oti, Te ft caption {ony hata byt yaar nine Ue gp ot ‘cmp Byer tny ndn tboenn te wpe acne SSE nth een ot red (on baer mew prarmac fto fas i Fr hed ompcio, Spaces eee ero dns nla bya 4.2 AWEXAMPLE OF PLANNED COMPARISONS “ ‘leis A example of and compar or the MGonen (98) race wt comnnt Aseh n pet o e 1S neon Tl cra eee 9 xine cook egartos 3 «const yn Bh cnn 2eNe"Tcens wh Anwar with B ‘Bi pen oll toed beter emery, Copan ont TELE Rete av t,t ce ater hal See samt tee wh Beane we po be ey ot ery pi omar TRS Bor ne hae decom A camper been 2 0, sr erate nt aren oar Ase Boia conption ‘Sie sm ep tec eta Bd Teste Ny demure te snl Powe of exprietae ‘orth ie cting a xml tht yi el Seed compro Cn ed ely Wee aoc ta ‘Gras betes pi cote ray vale bps Some ‘esc ie lee ir, as we el ‘Se icpenaa tees ofing tae pel compart i ae 7 Sea ec cots ne pone priest cers atl Sang ER Sans cs compen cape lyme lt Hae sending