Fire Protection and Safety Facilities Specification

STAR RAFINERI A.S.
(STAR)
UNIT N° 000
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
GENERAL PROJECT 1/40
SPECIFICATION STAR SPECIFICATION N°
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY FACILITIES
Issue for
6 02MAY2013 A. Zwaan B. Khoshnoudi STAR FLUOR
Detailed Design
5 07JAN2013 issue for Design A. Zwaan B. Khoshnoudi STAR FLUOR
REV. ISSUE DATE REASON FOR ISSUE PREPARED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY COMPANY
STAR RAFINERI A.S. (STAR) UNIT N° 000
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Scope of Specification ......................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Scope of Facilities................................................................................................................ 4
2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5
3 REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................... 6
4 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 7
5 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 8
6 CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................................................. 11
7 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 13

7.1 Fire Water System ............................................................................................................. 13
7.1.1 Fire Water Supply .............................................................................................................. 14
7.1.2 Fire Water Storage............................................................................................................. 14
7.1.3 Fire Water Pumps .............................................................................................................. 15
7.1.4 Fire Water Mains................................................................................................................ 15
7.1.5 Fire Water Retention.......................................................................................................... 16
7.1.6 Fire Water Appliance Systems........................................................................................... 16
7.2 Foam Systems ................................................................................................................... 22
7.2.1 Fixed Foam Systems ......................................................................................................... 22
7.2.2 Mobile Foam Appliance ..................................................................................................... 23
7.3 Steam Systems .................................................................................................................. 23
7.4 Fire Suppression Systems ................................................................................................. 24
7.4.1 Fire Suppression in Enclosures ......................................................................................... 24
7.5 Mobile Fire Extinguishers................................................................................................... 24
7.5.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers ................................................................................................ 25
7.5.2 Wheeled Fire Extinguishers ............................................................................................... 26
7.6 Fire Trucks ......................................................................................................................... 26
7.7 Fire Station......................................................................................................................... 26
8 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION ............................................................................................ 27

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8.1 Flammable Gas, Fire and Smoke Detection ...................................................................... 27

8.1.1 Flammable Gas Detection ................................................................................................. 27
8.1.2 Fire Detection..................................................................................................................... 28
8.1.3 Smoke Detection................................................................................................................ 29
8.2 Toxic Gas Detection........................................................................................................... 29
8.3 Asphyxiation Atmospheres ................................................................................................ 30
9 ALARM SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................ 30
TABLE OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: FIRE PROTECTION SELECTION TABLE ................................................... 31

APPENDIX B: FIXED FIRE WATER SPRAY DISCHARGE DENSITY ................................ 37
APPENDIX C: TOXIC GAS, FLAMMABLE GAS, FIRE AND SMOKE DETECTION ........... 39
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
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1 SCOPE
1.1 Scope of Specification

This specification covers the Fire Protection and Safety Facilities for STRAS projects. This will
include the following:
 Detection of the release of:
 Flammable substances
 Toxic substances with immediate danger for live and health
 Initiate protective measures to prevent escalation or mitigate the consequences of:
 Fire
 Release of flammable substances
 Release of toxic substances
This specification does not include passive fire protection systems (refer to STGPS-N2 [1]).
Regarding the subject of this specification, for conflicting provisions the following order of
requirements shall prevail:
1. Authority Requirements (refer to 000-A-PE-0020008) [4],
2. Codes and Standards
3. Project Specifications
4. Basic Engineering Design Data
STAR personnel will provide the initial emergency response. During a major emergency
response, STAR shall cooperate with local fire brigade. Fire fighting equipment and connections
shall therefore compatible with local fire brigade. Contractor shall coordinate with fire brigade
regarding compatibility of equipment.
1.2 Scope of Facilities
This specification is applicable for STRAS projects. The scope of the Contractor is determined
by the Contract. The Contractor shall provide a fire protection and safety facilities according this
specification for all of the designated facilities as part of the Contract. Any deviation from this
specification shall be brought to attention of the Owner.
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2 INTRODUCTION
The new STAR Refinery includes process equipment, storage tanks, loading and unloading
facilities, electrical buildings (i.e. substations, RIB’s, MCC, etc.), Main Control Building and
general buildings. Processing hazardous substances can induce incidents. IP19 [5] provides
potential credible scenarios to be selected for the refinery. According to IP19 credible scenarios
for refineries should include:
 Unignited product release, including toxic substances.
 Pool fires
 Atmospheric storage tank fires:
 Vent fires
 Full surface fires
 Rim seal fires
 Spill-on-roof fires
 Bund fires
 Boil-over (Crude Storage Tanks)
 Jet fires
 Gas jet fires
 Liquid spray fires
 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
 Vapor cloud explosions (VCE)
 Flash fires
An assessment of the STRAS project shall identify all potential scenarios that can occur in the
facility. The identified scenarios shall be subject to this specification. The Fire Protection and
Safety Facilities specification shall address all possible scenarios and provides protective,
mitigating and repressive measures.
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3 REFERENCE
[1] STGPS-N2 Fire Proofing

[2] STGPS-S3 Sewer and Paving
[3] STGPS-J1 Instrumentation
[4] 000-A-PE-0020008 Authority Requirements and Technical Standards
[5] IP 19 Fire Precautions at Petroleum Refineries and Bulk Storage Installations
[6] API 521 Pressure-Relieving and Depressurization Systems, First Edition, 2007
[7] API 2001 Fire Protection in Refineries
[8] Binaların yangından korunması hakkında yönetmelik.
[9] STGPS-S16 Fire Fighting Trucks
[10] 530-A-PE-0170001 Basis of Design Fire Water Back-up System
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4 ABBREVIATIONS
AIT Auto-ignition Temperature

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
CCTV Closed Circuit TV
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
FGCP Fire and Gas Control Panel
FP Flash Point
FSSCP Fire Suppression System Control Panel
GPM Gallons per minute
H2 Hydrogen
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning system
IR Infrared
LFL Lower Flammability Level
LOS Line of Sight
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Lpm Liter per minute
MCC Motor Control Center
MCP Manual Call Point
OD Outer Diameter
PIV Post Indicator Valve
RIB Remote Instrument Building
VCE Vapor Cloud Explosion
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5 DEFINITIONS
Flammable gas is a gas that will burn in the normal concentrations of oxygen in the air. In this
specification, substances with an LFL exceeding 15 v% (e.g. anhydrous ammonia) are
considered a non-flammable gas.
Liquefied flammable gas is a flammable gas that is liquefied by either additional pressure or
refrigeration, or a combination of both.
Liquid is any material that has fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration asphalt when tested in
accordance with ASTM D 5, and categorized into Flammable and Combustible liquids, see
NFPA 30.
Flash Point in this specification refers to closed cup flash points of liquids determined according
NFPA 30.
Flammable Liquid (Class I liquid) is any liquid having a closed-cup flash point below 37.8°C and
having a Reid Vapor Pressure not exceeding 2.81 kg/cm².g at 37.8°C. Flammable liquids are
classified as follows:
 Class IA liquids: those liquids that have flash points below 22.8°C and boiling points below
37.8°C.
 Class IB liquids: those liquids that have flash points below 22.8°C and boiling points at or
above 37.8°C.
 Class IC liquids: those liquids that have flash points at or above 22.8°C but below 37.8°C.
Combustible Liquid is any liquid having a closed-cup flash point at or above 37.8°C.
Combustible liquids are classified as Class II or Class III as follows:
 Class II liquid: any liquid that has a flash point at or above 37.8°C and below 60°C.
 Class IIIA liquid: any liquid that has a flash point at or above 60°C, but below 93°C.
 Class IIIB liquid: any liquid that has a flash point at or above 93°C.
Fire Hazardous Fluids are defined as:
 Flammable liquids with a flash point (FP) below or equal to 55 °C;
 Flammable liquids with a flash point (FP) greater than 55 °C but handled at a temperature
above or within 8 °C of their flash point;
 Flammable or combustible liquids that are handled at a temperature greater than their auto-
ignition temperature or at a temperature greater than 315 °C, whichever is lower.
High Fire Potential Equipment The following equipment is considered to have a high fire
potential:
1. Fired heaters that process liquid or mixed-phase hydrocarbons, under the following
conditions:
o Operation at temperatures and flow rates that are capable of causing coking within the
tubes.
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o Operation at pressures and flow rates that are high enough to cause large spills before
the heater can be isolated.
o Charging of potentially corrosive fluids.
o Pumps with a rated capacity over 45 m3/hr that handle flammable liquids or combustible
liquids above or within 8°C of their flash point temperatures.
2. Reactors that operate at high pressure or might produce runaway exothermic reactions.
3. Compressors, together with related lube-oil systems.
4. Vessels, heat exchangers (including air cooled exchangers), and other equipment
containing flammable or combustible liquids over 315°C or their auto-ignition temperature,
whichever is less.
Credible Fire Scenario is considered one fire on a single fire at a time. The design of the fire
protection shall be based on this single fire scenario and includes the fire fighting activities for
the fire scenario itself and protection of all surrounding equipment/facilities included in the
relevant fire and radiation area to prevent escalation.
Fire-Scenario Envelope is the three-dimensional space into which fire-potential equipment can
release flammable or combustible fluids capable of burning long enough and with enough
intensity to cause substantial property damage. For liquid hydrocarbon fuels the fire-scenario
envelope is one that extends 7.5 meter horizontally, and 9 meter vertically, from the source of
liquid fuel. For pool or spill fires, the source is considered to be the periphery of the fire where
the periphery is defined by dikes, curbing, or drainage ditch. For pumps and compressors, the
horizontal distance shall be measured from the expected source of leakage (e.g. seals). For
other fire-hazardous equipment, the horizontal distance shall be measured from the edge of the
equipment.
Toxic substance is any fluid causing harm to human health. For this specification toxic
substance service means fluid containing:
1. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in excess of 50 ppmw or chemical bounded Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
with amine in excess of 500 ppmw
2. Carbon monoxide (CO) in excess of 500 ppmw
3. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) in excess of 50 ppmw
4. Ammonia (NH3) in excess of 200 ppmw
5. Benzene in excess of 1 w%
6. C7-C9 aromatics in excess of 25 w%
Hydrogen Service is defined for process equipment and piping containing fluids with partial
hydrogen in excess of 7.0 kg/cm².g.
Hot Hydrogen Service is defined for process equipment and piping with the following process
conditions:
 Temperature ≥ 350 °C, and:
 Partial Hydrogen pressure > 7.0 kg/cm².g.
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Fixed Foam System is a permanent, complete installation including the foam station, distribution
piping and foam discharge outlets.
Subsurface Foam Injection System is the discharge of foam into a tank near the tank bottom
(above the water layer) allowing the foam to travel through the product to the surface.
Semi Fixed Foam System is a permanent installation consisting of a foam discharge outlet
system connected to distribution piping which terminates at a safe distance. Mobile or portable
foam producing equipment must be transported to the terminal and connected to the distribution
piping. A foam maker may be part of the portable or permanently installed equipment
Fire Water Demand is the fire water required for fire fighting of a single credible fire scenario.
This includes the fire water demand of the fixed water spray systems plus the fire water required
for manual fire fighting (i.e. monitors, hydrants and hose reels). The fire water demand
calculations shall be based on:
 Process Area: Single Fire-Scenario Envelope sized on the constraints (e.g. curbs, drainage,
etc) of the area with a maximum of 232 m² [6]. Fire water demand is calculated to provide
simultaneously fire fighting, fire intensity control and exposure protection of process
equipment within the 12.5 kW/m² contour of the pool fire. Fire fighting is provided by at least
2 monitors from opposite direction and the manual operated water spray systems. At least
two hydrants are assumed to be in service and two hose reel stations inside the process
area. The fire water demand shall not be less than 720 m³/h.
 Tank Storage Area: The total fire water demand shall be calculated based on a full surface
fire of a fixed roof storage tank and a rim seal fire for external floating roof storage tanks.
Fire water is required for tank cooling and exposure protection of adjacent storage tanks
within the 12.5 kW/m² contour plus application of foam appliance provisions. Additional to
the fixed systems at least 4 hose streams, 2 monitors and a fire truck have to be considered
in service during a fire. A minimum fire water demand of 136 m³/h for any storage under fire
plus 227 m³/h for two adjacent storage tanks shall be guaranteed.
 Buildings: Fire water demand for fire fighting in of ordinary fires inside buildings shall be
based on the applicable NFPA fire codes. Fire water demand for non-hydrocarbon
processing buildings shall not be less than 136 m³/h.
Maximum Fire Water Demand is the fire water required for fire fighting the governing (i.e.
largest) credible fire scenario.
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6 CODES AND STANDARDS

Latest version shall apply based on the date of contract.
Standard Title
TS 4943 Safety Standards In Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Storage Tank Farms
Fire Protection of Buildings (available in Turkish only)
IP 19 Fire Precautions at Petroleum Refineries and Bulk Storage Installations
API 521 Pressure-Relieving and Depressurization Systems
API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API 2001 Fire Protection in Refineries
API 2021 Guide for Fighting Fires in and around Petroleum Storage
Guidelines for Application of Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the Petroleum
API 2030
Industry
Combustible Gas Detector Systems and Environmental Operational Factors
API 2031
Influencing their Performance
API 2218 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants
NFPA 10 Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11 Low Expansion Foam Systems
NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 Installation of Standard Pipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15 Water Spray Fixed Systems
NFPA 16 Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler Systems and Foam-Water Spray Systems
NFPA 17 Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 20 Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps
NFPA 22 Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
NFPA 24 Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code
NFPA 80 Fire Doors and Fire Windows
NFPA 101 Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures
NFPA 221 Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls
NFPA 230 Standard for fire Protection for Storage
NFPA 251 Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
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Standard Title
NFPA 325 Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids
NFPA 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
NFPA 1961 Fire Hose
NFPA 1963 Fire Hose Connections
NFPA 2001 Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code
UL/FM Underwriters Laboratories/Factory Mutual Test Certificate
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7 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

The objective of the fire protection system applied in all STAR projects is:
 Cooling fire engulfed plant and equipment
 Cooling plant and equipment exposed to heat radiation
 Fire control and/or extinguishment
 Prevention of fire escalation
 Prevention of ignition (e.g. applying foam on un-ignited flammable liquid spill)
Refer to Fire Protection Selection Table in Appendix A.
7.1 Fire Water System
The fire water system is the main refinery protection system. The fire water system contains the
following items:
1. Fire water supply
2. Fire water storage tanks
3. Fire water pumps
4. Fire water mains for fire water distribution
5. Fire water retention
6. Fire water appliance systems
o Hydrants
o Fire water manifold
o Monitors
o Water Spray Systems
o Hose Reels
o Standpipe systems and indoor hose reels
o Manual firefighting equipment
The fire water system is a dedicated system. No connections shall be made for non-fire
protection service. All equipment of the Fire Water System shall have FM/UL certificate or
approval, and approval for use shall be obtained from STAR, the local authorities and municipal
fire brigade.
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7.1.1 Fire Water Supply
7.1.1.1 Fire Water Supply to Fire Water Storage Tanks

Under normal circumstances the fire water supply from the outside of the Refinery shall be
sufficient to fill the fire water tanks in maximum 8 hours but not less than maximum fire water
demand.
7.1.1.2 Back-up Fire Water Supply
For emergency cases, when the normal fire water supply fails, a back-up system provides a
supply of sea water to the fire water system. The back-up fire water supply pumps shall comply
with the requirements of NFPA 20. The following requirements for the back-up fire water supply
systems apply:
1. Two (2) diesel driven pumps supply sea water for emergency back-up.
2. Pressure and capacity of the pumps are prescribed in the Basis of Design [10].
3. Each diesel driven pumps shall be rated the same capacity
4. The back-up fire water system shall be provided with protection against the intake of
particles, aquatic organisms, organic materials, debris, etc. to prevent plugging of water
spray nozzles.
5. The header of the fire water back-up pumps shall be isolated from the ring main with two
manual operated block valves.
6. Start-up and shutdown of the fire water back-up pumps shall be manual on a local control
panel.
7. A diesel storage tank shall be provided with sufficient capacity to enable 24 hours
emergency service of both diesel driven fire water back-up pumps.
7.1.2 Fire Water Storage
Fire water storage shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 22. The project specification is
based on a selection, derived from the standard. The following applies for the fire water storage
tank:
1. The effective volume of the stored fire water shall be sufficient to provide minimum 6 hours
for the maximum fire water demand.
2. The fire water storage tank(s) shall be a welded steel tank
3. The dimensions of the fire water storage tank(s) shall be compliant with the API 650
Standard.
4. The capacity of the storage tank(s) shall be approved by Owner.
5. The required quantity of fire water in the fire water storage tank(s) shall be the net volume
between the connection of the suction header of the fire water pumps and the tank overflow
system.
6. The fire water storage tank(s) shall be constructed based on the applicable earthquake
load.
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7. A biocide injection skid (including first fill) shall be supplied to treat the stored fire water and
prevent the growth of biological organisms.
7.1.3 Fire Water Pumps

Fire water pumps shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 20 and FM/UL certified. Multiple
fire water pumps shall be supplying the fire water system with fire water. The requirements
regarding the fire water pumps are as follows:
1. Separate strainers shall be provided in the suction of the fire water pumps to prevent
plugging of the fire water appliance.
2. The suction of the fire water header shall be raised at least 0.9 meter from the bottom of the
fire water storage tank to prevent plugging from bottom sludge.
3. At least three fire pumps are provided with a total capacity of 150% of the maximum fire
water demand;
4. Each pump shall be rated a same capacity.
5. The shutoff head of the pumps shall be less than 140% of the rated head.
6. For each two (2) diesel driven pumps there shall be one (1) electric driven pump.
7. The diesel driven pump will have an automatic pressure relief valve sized for the capacity of
the pump returning the flow to source (fire water storage tank). The pressure relief valve is
positioned before the check valve.
8. The diesel fuel storage tank is dedicated and has enough capacity to supply the fire water
pumps for 8 hours of emergency service.
9. The pressure in the fire water system is maintained by two (2) jockey pumps.
10. The minimum capacity of a jockey pump is 60 m³/h at a pressure above the actuation
pressure of the fire water pumps (i.e. 8.5 kg/cm².g).
11. A drop in pressure (> 1 kg/cm².g) in the fire water main which can not be restored by the
jockey pumps will automatically start the fire water pumps.
12. The preferred start-up sequence of the fire pumps is first the electric drivers and than the
diesel driven pump.
13. The fire water pumps can also be started by local push buttons and in the control room.
However the pumps can only be stopped by local push buttons in the fire pump station.
7.1.4 Fire Water Mains

The fire water mains shall be designed to deliver fire water to all the fire hazard areas from 2
opposite sides. The following requirements apply:
1. The mains will be looped around the fire hazard areas and have no dead ends.
2. The mains are routed underground along side of the plant roads.
3. If carbon steel is used the underground fire water mains shall be protected against
anodic/cathodic interference damage permitting the soil quality.
4. The size and type of underground pipe will be according NFPA 24.
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5. The maximum fluid velocity in the fire water main shall not exceed 3.5 m/s.
6. The pipe of the underground fire water mains is sized to provide the total fire water demand
to the fire hazard area such that the minimum residual pressure at the most elevated
hydrant farthest away from the fire pumps is 8.5 kg/cm².g.
7. The maximum residual pressure at individual equipment at elevated positions near the HC
Feed storage tanks shall not exceed 11.6 kg/cm²/g.
8. The use of pressure reducers for the lower areas of the refinery is only allowed after
approval of the local authorities and fire brigade.
9. Post Indicator Valves (PIV) will be installed at strategic points in the grid. There will be a
sufficient number of PIV’s to take out any section out of service without compromising the
fire water supply to an adjacent section. These PIV’s are less than 300 meter apart. The
PIV’s shall be located in concrete pits and they shall have stem extensions to be operable
from grade.
10. Flush out connections with 4” gate valves shall be provided on each section of distribution
system at locations farthest from the water supply.
11. A branch from the fire water main shall not provide fire water to more than four (4) of the
protection devices (e.g. Hydrant, fixed fire water system, monitor etc). The sizing of the
branch depends on the fire water demand but shall not be less than six (6) inches.
12. Drains and vents shall be provided to drain the fire water mains for maintenance purposes.
7.1.5 Fire Water Retention

The requirements for the collection, retention and discharge of fire water runoff are provided in
specification STGPS-S3 Sewer and Paving [2].
7.1.6 Fire Water Appliance Systems
7.1.6.1 Hydrants
Hydrants shall be located all around the protected areas and connected to the ring main. The
fire water mains looped around the area shall be a minimum size of 10” pipe to provide for future
plant expansion, except 6”pipe may be used for cross ties and in supplying individual hydrants.
Hydrants shall meet the following requirements:
1. Hydrants shall be DN 6” dry barrel type and complete with 3 ball valves DN 2-½“ outlets with
male couplings and a 4” pumper connection for fire trucks (type connections requires
conformation by the local fire department).
2. Hydrants shall be of the self draining type and all connections shall be complete with caps
and chains.
3. The design pressure of the hydrant shall be sufficient to withstand the maximum pressure
delivered in the connected fire water main.
4. The flow rate to be considered for design purposes is 57 m³/h minimum for each 2-½“ outlet
at a pressure of 8.5 kg/cm².g . Four (4) hoses shall be considered in service for each fire
scenario.
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5. Hydrants surrounding the Process areas and Loading/Unloading facilities are preferably
combined with monitors (see section Monitors).
6. Hydrants shall be located near the side of roadways and access ways accessible for fire
fighting trucks.
7. The distance between hydrant and road shall not exceed 1.5 meters.
8. Guards around the hydrant shall prevent damage to the hydrant against external impact.
The guards shall be located in such a way that operation of the hydrant is not hampered.
9. The approximate spacing between the nearest fire risk and the hydrant shall be minimum 15
meters.
10. Spacing between hydrants protecting the same area shall not exceed:
o Process areas 30 meters
o Tank Storage areas 30 meters or two Hydrants will service for each tank with maximum
of 40 meters of fire hose.
o Loading/Unloading facilities 30 meters
o Buildings 100 meters.
11. For every two hydrants a Hose storage box shall be provided. The Hose storage box shall
be painted red and shall be suitable for outdoor use. The Hose storage box shall be located
strategically near one of the hydrants. The Hose storage box will be furnished with:
o Two (2) 1-½“ and two (2) 2-½“ adjustable fog to straight stream nozzles.
o Two (2) 20 m of 1-½“ fire hose and two (2) 20 m of 2-½“ fire hose
o Fire hose shall meet the following requirements:
 Nylon weave impregnated with PVC nitrile compound.
 Minimum 20.6 barg acceptance test pressure rating.
 NST alloy male and NST alloy female swivel hose couplings, both expansion ring
rocker lug type.
 Red color hose.
o Four (4) 2-½“ female to 1-½“ male hose adapters.
o Two (2) gated connection, one 2-½“ female swivel inlet and two (2) 1-½“ male hose
outlets with quarter-turn shutoff valve on each 1-½“ hose outlet.
o Four (4) universal hose spanner wrench for 1-½“ and 2-½“ hoses.
o Two (2) 20 foam canisters of AFFF foam concentrate.
o Two (2) pick-up tubes for foam proportioning.
7.1.6.2 Fire Water Manifold

Fire water manifolds (branched from the fire water main) shall be provided on selected strategic
locations. The requirements for the fire water manifolds are:
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1. Connected to the fire water ring main and located aboveground on Owner selected
locations near storage and process areas inside plant.
2. Four (4) DN 4” quarter turn ball valves shall be supplied on the fire water manifold;
3. Four 4” pumper connections shall be provided (type connections requires conformation by
the local fire department).
4. Fire water manifolds shall be located near the side of roadways and access ways
accessible for fire fighting trucks.
5. The distance between fire water manifold and road shall not exceed 1.5 meters.
6. Guards around the fire water manifold shall prevent damage to the hydrant against external
impact. The guards shall be located in such a way that operation of the fire water manifold is
not hampered.
7. The fire water flow rate considered for design purposes is 300 m³/h at a pressure of 8.5
kg/cm².g. One fire water truck shall be considered in service and connected to the fire water
manifold in each fire scenario.
8. The above ground portion of the feeding line which is permanently flooded, including
manifold and valves shall be equipped with suitable facilities to avoid freezing.
7.1.6.3 Monitors
Fixed monitors are the main fire water fighting equipment around process areas and
loading/unloading facilities. The requirements for fixed monitors are:
1. Preferably monitors are combined with hydrants. Monitor type and connections requires
conformation by the local fire department.
2. The location of the fire monitors will be such that the equipment being protected has an
overall adequate coverage from at least 2 opposite sides.
3. Fixed monitors shall be placed at a minimum of 15 meter horizontal distance from protected
process equipment. For elevated monitors remote control of the elevated monitor shall be at
least 15 meters distance of the protected equipment.
4. The equipment to be protected shall be limited to 12 meter height from ground level or from
floor level which can form a liquid pool fire, or 3 meter above normal liquid level of vessel,
whichever is higher.
5. All portions of possible fire are within 30 meters of a fire monitor.
6. Each fire monitor has a 6” pipe riser and a 4” NPS shutoff valve just below the monitor base.
7. Adjustable nozzle (full fog to straight stream) shall be provided.
8. Monitors shall be capable of 360°of horizontal motion and 90°of vertical motion (75° above
horizontal and 15° below horizontal). Monitors shall have the capability to be locked in
position.
9. Where necessary remote controlled elevated monitors shall be provided to provide
protection of high columns or vessels. The remote control of the elevated monitor shall be at
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least 15 meters horizontal distance from the edge of a potential pool fire from the protected
equipment.
10. Only elevated fire monitors are stand alone. All others will be combined Hydrant/Monitors.
11. The flow rate to be considered for design purposes is 170 m³/h at a pressure of 8.5 kg/cm²g.
A minimum of 2 monitors shall be considered to be in service for each fire scenario.
Maximum number of monitors in service will be as required by fire fighting activities.
12. When specific information of monitor nozzle is not available, a reach of 30 m for jet and 25
m for fog can be used for spacing fire monitors.
13. Where applicable the fire monitor shall be equipped with an adjustable foam nozzle plus
drum pick up valve for 3 – 6% proportioning.
7.1.6.4 Water Spray Systems

Water spray systems are provided for exposure protection of vulnerable process equipment and
tanks storage to prevent fire escalation. The water spray system has to comply with the NFPA
15 code. The sizing of the pipes and the number of and spacing between the required spray
nozzles depends on protected equipment and plant lay-out. When fixed water spray systems are
applied the required fire water demand is provided in Appendix B. The residual pressure
measured at the base of the protection device (e.g. riser of water spray system) shall not be less
than 8.5 kg/cm².g. Each section of the fixed fire water system shall have an isolation valve and
a drain valve to empty the system. Applied water spray systems are:
1. Manual Operated Fixed Water Spray System
2. Semi Automatic Deluge System
3. Automatic Deluge System
All systems are almost similar and only differ on the initiation of the system.
Manual Operated Fixed Water Spray System
The manual operated fixed water spray system has to comply with the following requirements
based on requirements of NFPA 15. For implementation the following selections within NFPA 15
shall be applicable:
1. Permanently connected to the fire water distribution system.
2. The design pressure of the water spray system is in accordance with the maximum
pressure in the fire water main.
3. The water spray system is designed as a dry system.
4. The water spray system consists of open water spray nozzles.
5. The actuation deluge valve is located at least 15 meter from the protected fire area.
6. The actuation deluge valve shall not be a quick acting valve (e.g. ball valve or butterfly) to
prevent piping dislocation caused by water hammer.
7. The operation of the valve must be possible during a fire in the protected area. If heat
radiation exceeds the 5 kW/m² a concrete shield shall be provided to ensure opening of the
valve.
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manifold and deluge valves shall be equipped with suitable facilities to avoid freezing.
9. Pumps transferring hydrocarbon heated at or above their Auto-ignition Temperature (AIT) or
when obstructions inside congested areas prevent adequate coverage by monitors. The
fixed water spray system for such pumps shall follow below design requirements:
o Water spray coverage shall extend 0.6 m beyond the pump foundation pedestal around
the perimeter.
o Water spray coverage shall also include the suction and discharge valves. A spray
nozzle may be arranged to discharge directly on each pump inboard/outboard seal as
needed. The nozzle shall be located approximately 0.6 – 0.9 m from the seal.
Semi Automatic Deluge System

Configuration of the Semi Automatic Deluge is similar to the manual operated water spray
system with the following exceptions:
1. The actuation deluge valve is located at least 15 meters from the protected fire area.
2. The valve is actuated from a local board mounted push-button near the side of the road at
the egress route out of the area.
3. LPG loading racks shall be protected using semi automatic deluge systems. The
requirement for these water spray system are:
o Nozzles are located to cover the tank of the truck and floor under the vehicle
o In case of an emergency the semi automatic fire protection system of the affected
loading rack is actuated plus the system on either side of the adjacent loading rack.
Automatic Deluge System

Configuration of the Automatic Deluge System is similar to the manual operated fixed water
spray system. In addition the following applies:
1. The actuation deluge valve is located at least 15 meters from the protected fire area.
2. The valve is automatically activated after initiation of the fire detection, guarding the
protected equipment (Refer to section 8.1.2).
3. An alarm shall be annunciated in the Central Control Building and Fire Station after
activation of the Automatic Deluge System.
7.1.6.5 Hose Reels

Hose reel Stations shall be strategically installed in the high fire hazard areas. Hose Reels
provide instantaneous fire fighting capacity for small incipient fires. A Hose Reel Station will
meet the following requirements:
1. Installed along the main racks of all the units inside the Process area;
2. Hose reels shall be permanently connected to the fire water supply;
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3. The water supply to each hose reel will be provided with a valve and bleed to take the hose
reel out of service for maintenance without blocking other hose reels connected to the same
branch of the fire water main.
4. The hose reels shall be located such that each major fire risk area can be covered by at
least two hose reels.
5. The distance between hose reel and fire risk area shall not be less than 6 meters.
6. The slope of the pavement is such that the spill is drained away from the hose reel.
7. Hose reels shall be vertical type and mounted with suitable supporting structures
8. Provided with a 20 meter 1” non collapsible fire hose and adjustable fog to straight stream
nozzle.
9. The flow rate to be considered for design purposes is 5.7 m³/h at a pressure of 8.5 kg/cm².g.
Two fire hose reels shall be considered in service for each fire scenario in the designated
protection areas.
10. For calculation purposes the reach of the hose stream shall be 5 meter from the nozzle.
manifold and deluge valves shall be equipped with suitable facilities to avoid freezing.
7.1.6.6 Standpipes and Indoor Hose Reels

All occupied buildings shall be provided with standpipe and indoor hose reel system. A Class II
system according NFPA 14 shall be used and sized for a minimum flow of 22.8 m³/hour at 8.5
kg/cm²g. The Standpipes are distributed over the buildings and eventually the different stories of
the building according the requirements of NFPA 14. Exceptions from the NFPA 14 code applied
for the project are:
1. The hose reels inside offices and laboratories are connected to the fire water distribution
water supply system of the building
2. The minimum pressure shall not be less than is 8.5 kg/cm².g based on the pressure
delivered from the fire water supply to the building.
3. Hose reels for indoor use in all other buildings are connected to the standpipe system
4. The water supply to each hose reel will be provided with a valve to take the hose reel out of
service for maintenance.
5. The hose reels are provided with a 15 - 30 meter 1” non collapsible fire hose and adjustable
fog to straight stream nozzle.
6. The number and spacing between the hose reels shall be such that all portions of each
storey of the building within 5 meters of the nozzle attached to the full stretch of the hose.
7.1.6.7 Manual firefighting equipment

Manual firefighting equipment shall be provided inside buildings to assist occupants
extinguishing incipient fires. Where fully operational hose reels are not provided a fire hose
cabinet shall be supplied. The fire hose cabinet shall be furnished with:
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1. Two lengths of folded fire hose with connections suitable for the standpipe system (see
previous paragraph).
2. Two (2) attached adjustable fog to straight stream nozzles.
7.2 Foam Systems

Foam is an effective agent for extinguishing pool fires. Foam is not effective against burning
liquids running down process vessels and light hydrocarbons having a boiling point below
ambient temperatures. The appliance of foam can be divided in:
1. Semi-fixed foam systems
2. Fixed foam systems
3. Mobile foam appliance
Fixed foam systems are applied for storage tanks, which require fast response to prevent fire
escalation. Mobil foam appliance provides the flexibility needed and appeals to the fire fighting
capacity of the emergency response teams.
7.2.1 Fixed Foam Systems
Fixed foam systems are applied according NFPA 11. To provide guidance for the selection of
the foam systems to be applied in the refinery the following Table shall be used:
Table 7-1: Foam appliance selection table for atmospheric storage tanks
Tank Diameter Type of Tank Content Foam System
[m]
OD < 9 All Class I, II or Class III liquids heated Foam monitors
at or within 25 °C of their FP
9 ≤ OD < 36 All Class I, II or Class III liquids heated Semi fixed foam
at or within 25 °C of their FP system
OD ≥ 36 Fixed Roof Tank Class IB. IC, II or Class III liquids Subsurface foam
heated at or within 25 °C of their injection system
FP, and:
 Heated below 95 °C, or
 Viscosity < 100 cSt, or
 Non water miscible, or
 Non-Polar substance
All other Class I, II or Class III Fixed foam system
liquids heated at or within 25 °C of
their FP
Internal Floating Class I, II or Class III liquids heated Fixed foam system
Roof Tank at or within 25 °C of their FP.
External Floating Class I, II or Class III liquids heated Fixed foam system
Roof Tank at or within 25 °C of their FP.
The following provisions shall be applied for foam systems:
1. The applied foam shall be suitable for the fluid inside the protected system
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2. The fixed foam discharge outlets are Type II according NFPA 11.
3. Number of fixed foam discharge outlets in accordance with NFPA 11.
Fixed foam discharge outlets for tank storage bunds are not provided. A full surface tank bund
fire should normally not be considered for the water quantity calculation, since experience
indicates that such bund fires are not likely to occur with well maintained and operated storage
tanks.
7.2.2 Mobile Foam Appliance
The fire station (see 7.7) is furnished with mobile foam appliance systems. Mobile foam
appliance systems provide the emergency response teams with flexibility regarding the
approach of a fire. In case of a fire the mobile foam appliance system is transported to the
location with the fire truck. The fire truck contains a supply of foam and is furnished with a foam
proportioning system (see 7.6). The mobile foam system shall:
1. Suitable to be connected with a fire hose to a hydrant or fire water truck.
2. Hose couplings to be used to connect mobile foam monitor to the hydrant requires approval
and conformation by the local fire department.
3. The design pressure of the mobile foam appliance system shall be sufficient to withstand
the maximum pressure delivered in the connected fire water main.
4. In case of increased pressure is too much to stabilize the mobile foam monitor, pressure
reducers may be used.
5. The flow rate to be considered for design purposes is 57 m³/h minimum for each 2-½“
connection at a pressure of 8.5 kg/cm².g .
6. For calculation purposes a range of 30 meters can be assumed.
7.3 Steam Systems

Steam lances, steam hose reels and fixed steam rings shall be provided to extinguish jet fires
from process equipment and piping in hot hydrogen service. Steam lances are preferred for jet
fires at grade level while steam hose reels are preferred to extinguish jet fires at elevated
locations. For the steam extinguishing system the following requirements are applicable:
1. In process units at grade with equipment in hydrogen service 1” steam lances shall be
provided.
2. Steam hose reels shall be provided to cover elevated locations that require steam
extinguishment. Steam hose reels shall be mounted with suitable supporting structures.
3. The steam lance and hose reels shall be supplied from the LP steam system.
4. Sufficient lances or hose reels shall be provided to cover all main exchangers with at least
on steam lance or nozzle.
5. Fixed steam rings shall be provided around flanges in excess of 10” in combined hot
hydrogen and hydrocarbon service.
6. Furnaces shall be provided with a system of smothering steam lines to control fires inside
the furnace. Separate smothering steam lines, operable at a safe distance from the hazard,
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are to be installed in each radiant section of heaters, in individual header boxes and in the
air duct downstream of the damper or air pre-heater.
7.4 Fire Suppression Systems
7.4.1 Fire Suppression in Enclosures

Automatic fire suppression system shall be based on the requirements of NFPA 2001. The
extinguishing agent applied is FM200, Inergen, or equivalent clean agent. Inert gases like CO2
are not to be used for occupied buildings. The following requirements for the fire suppression
system are applicable:
1. The fire suppression system is activated by smoke detectors (2oo2) inside the protected
area:
2. There is a sequence after the detection of smoke from an incipient fire:
o When the first smoke detector is activated it will sound an alarm on the FGCP and
FSSCP. It will shutdown the HVAC system and closes the dampers in the ventilation
ducts to reduce the air supply to the affected area.
o When the second smoke detector is activate the clean gas supply to the isolated
building after 30 seconds or sooner if the manual push button is activated at the
entrance of the building.
3. The protected area is flooded with the fire suppressing gas agent. The release of the
suppressing gas agent will be signaled to the Fire and Gas Control Panel (FGCP) and Fire
Suppression System Control Panel (FSSCP).
4. The fire suppression can also be activated by a push button on the FGCP in the control
room or near the entrance of the building.
5. The activation of the fire suppression system can be manually aborted by a push button in
the egress route of the building in case of a witnessed malfunctioning of the detection
system.
7.5 Mobile Fire Extinguishers

Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers are the main protection against small incipient fires.
Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers are effective putting out an incipient fire and prevent
escalation. However they can not control a fire and when the ignition source is not removed the
fire will start again. Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers have to comply with the
requirements of NFPA 10. Type of fire extinguishers depends on the protected area of use. The
following Table applies for the selection of portable and wheeled fire extinguishers.
Table 7-2: Selection table for portable and wheeled fire extinguishers
Class of Fire Description Type of Agent
A Class A fire is a fire involving ordinary Dry powder
combustible such as wood, paper, cloth,
rubber and plastics.
B Class B fire is a fire involving Flammable or Dry powder, or
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Class of Fire Description Type of Agent

Combustible liquid, oil, greases, tar and CO2 in enclosed areas
flammable gas
C Class C fire is a fire involving live electrical CO2
equipment.
D Class D fires are fires in combustible metals, Suitable for Class D
such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, Fires
sodium, lithium, and potassium.
K Class K fires are fires in cooking appliances Wet chemical
that involve combustible cooking media
(vegetable or animal oils and fats).
Mobile fire extinguishers are provided as:
 Portable fire extinguishers.
 Wheeled fire extinguishers.
7.5.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable fire extinguisher shall be of any commercial available type suitable to extinguish
classified fire. Additional requirements regarding the fire extinguishers:
1. Portable fire extinguishers shall have a capacity of 12 kg of dry powder or 6 kg of CO2
extinguishing agent
2. Be equipped with a short flexible hose complete with nozzle which will include means of
control for the discharge rate of the agent
3. Have a minimum discharge duration of 15 seconds
4. Have a effective horizontal range of 6 meter
5. One portable fire extinguishers shall be provided for:
o Every 250 m² of process area
o Every 280 m² of office and corridor space
o Every 100 m² inside the laboratory
o Within 9 meters of travel distance from protected equipment as per Appendix A.
6. The travel distance from protected area to the fire extinguisher shall be less than 15 meters.
7. The fire extinguisher shall be mounted on a proprietary hanger attached to a structural steel
vertical I beam or to the face of suitable wall (top of extinguisher 1.2 m from standing level).
8. The fire extinguisher shall be located in an easily accessible area.
9. The fire extinguisher in outdoor conditions shall be placed in a cabinet.
10. The cabinet shall be painted red.
11. The location of the portable fire extinguisher shall be clearly indicated with the required
signage.
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12. Fill change table to be provided on extinguisher.
7.5.2 Wheeled Fire Extinguishers

Wheeled fire extinguishers are provided according Appendix A of this document. Additional
requirements regarding the wheeled fir extinguishers:
1. Wheeled fire extinguishers shall have a capacity of at least 50 kg of dry powder or 30 kg of
CO2 extinguishing agent.
2. The wheeled fire extinguishers shall be located in an accessible area near the protected
area.
3. Have a minimum discharge duration of 50 seconds
4. Have a effective horizontal range of 13 meter
5. The wheeled fire extinguisher is protected by a suitable identified, heavy-duty soft vinyl or
vinyl-coated canvas cover (color red).
6. Fill change table to be provided on extinguisher.
7.6 Fire Trucks
Fire trucks onsite the refinery have to comply with the requirements of STGPS-S16 Fire Fighting
Trucks [9]. Contractor shall provide one (1) fire fighting truck Type 2.
7.7 Fire Station
The refinery shall be furnished with a fire station to provide storage for fire fighting equipment for
emergency response teams. The fire station shall have the following:
1. Fire station will provide space for a minimum of two fire trucks, an ambulance, and
emergency equipment, sufficient fire fighter clothing, and repair facilities. The fire trucks are
capable of delivering water, dry chemicals, and foam.
2. Equipment and tools to supply those mounted on the trucks is stored at the fire station for
ready access during an emergency.
3. In addition to the initial charge of foam concentrate on the fire trucks, a one hundred percent
spare charge is available in the fire station in 200 liter drums. The foam is also a warehouse
standard stock item.
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8 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION

Chapter XIII of STGPS-J1 [3] covers the provisions for the fire and gas detection system,
regarding the instrumentation and system requirements. This chapter covers the application and
coverage of the applied fire and gas detection. Wherever conflicting requirements occur, the
most stringent requirement shall be applied.
8.1 Flammable Gas, Fire and Smoke Detection
The objective of the detection is to alert the operator and initiate preventive or mitigation
measures to prevent escalation of the incident. The selection of the applied fire, gas or smoke
detection depends on the protected area. Appendix C shall be used as a guideline for detector
selection.
8.1.1 Flammable Gas Detection
The purpose of flammable gas detection is to detect accumulated gas after a major accidental
release, travelling to a potential ignition source and enable the operator the shutdown and
isolate the source of release. Flammable gas detection shall be located near potential release
sources of flammable gasses. The flammable gas detectors shall be positioned strategically and
properly mounted. The position shall be determined after the performance a of dispersion model,
where conditions like the pressure, temperature, buoyancy, molecular weight of the released
gas and the congestion of the protected area are taken into consideration. Special attention shall
be given to potential releases and detection of lighter than air Hydrogen. The order of preference
for flammable gas detection shall be:
1. Line of Sight (“open path”) detectors
2. IR absorption type detectors
3. Catalytic gas detector
4. Acoustic leakage detectors
8.1.1.1 Line of Sight (“Open Path”) Detectors

Line of Sight (LOS) gas detectors are ideally suited for detecting gas accumulations or gas cloud
migration in open facilities. They are preferred over point type gas detectors for this purpose.
8.1.1.2 IR Absorption Type Detectors
Where point IR gas detectors are chosen, 20 % LFL and 60 % LFL should be used as
respective thresholds to indicate Low/High level gas. Where a single detection threshold is used
as an alarm function, this should be set at 50 % LFL. Infrared type gas detectors respond to a
limited group of hydrocarbons, and may therefore not cover all situations. For example, infrared
detectors cannot be used to detect Hydrogen.
8.1.1.3 Catalytic Gas Detectors
Catalytic gas detectors can provide reliable detection providing environmental conditions are not
challenging and stoichiometric conditions (the gas concentration is between the lower and upper
flammable limits) exist. The latter is necessary because catalytic detectors determine gas
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concentration through oxidization which results in heat. It follows that catalytic gas detectors
under-read in the low oxygen atmospheres which exist with gas rich releases. Some catalysts
are vulnerable for poisoning by contaminant like sulfur. This type of catalysts diction shall not be
used unless approved by Owner. This characteristic makes catalytic gas detectors difficult to
site.
8.1.1.4 Acoustic Leak Detection
Acoustic leak detection can be used to detect leakage in high pressure gas lines and equipment.
The advantage of the acoustic leak detection is their independency of the dispersion conditions
surrounding the leak. A disadvantage is the nuisance alarm due to the intended release of
pressurized gasses (e.g. pressure relief valves, instrument air release, etc.) near the location of
the detector. Therefore acoustic leak detection shall not initiate ESD systems.
8.1.2 Fire Detection
Fire detection is provided to alert the operator of an incipient fire and to initiate action to prevent
fire escalation. Type and coverage of fire detection is depending on their specific properties and
their specific field of application. For fire detector selection the type of fire (e.g. pool fire, jet fire,
etc.) needs to be considered. Fire detector mapping is required to ensure sufficient coverage
and reveal possible obstructions between potential fire and detector. The following fire detectors
can be selected in order of preference:
 Visual detection by personnel (with manual call points)
 Infrared (IR) flame detectors
 CCTV flame detectors
Other types of detectors may be considered for specific applications, such as Heat detectors, for
example:
 Frangible bulbs;
 Fusible alloy links or plugs;
 Heat sensitive cable;
 Fire detection tubing.
Ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors shall only be employed, following approval by the Owner, in
restricted high temperature applications e.g. inside turbine acoustic enclosures.
The signals from the detectors are collected according the specifications as covered in Chapter
XIII of STGPS-J1 [3] and separated from the DCS system.
8.1.2.1 Manual Call Point
Manual call points have to comply with the requirements in NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code.
Manual call points shall be installed where there will be sufficient attendance by personnel. For
remote locations, manual call points shall not be the only means to alert the operator in case of
an incipient fire. Manual call points will be located near the egress route from the fire-scenario
envelope of the protected system. Manual call point will be clearly visible, easily accessible
without obstructions and provided with clear signage to indicate the location.
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8.1.2.2 Infrared Flame Detectors

Infrared flame detectors shall be used to protect critical equipment. The position of the infrared
flame detectors shall be such that a fire of 50 kW shall be detected anywhere in the fire-scenario
envelope by at least 2 detectors. In case of automatic initiation of fire protection devices or
shutdown the installation the infrared detectors shall be part of a 2oo2 voting system.
8.1.2.3 CCTV Flame Detectors
Combined CCTV surveillance cameras and flame detection are used to cover a large area or
remote locations. CCTV cameras shall not be used to initiate automatic fire protection systems
or emergency shutdown of the protected installation.
8.1.2.4 Other Fire Detection Systems
The following fire detection systems can be used to protect specific equipment. The use of these
fire detection systems depend on the protected equipment and the specific properties of the
system.
 Frangible bulbs;
 Fusible alloy links or plugs;
 Heat sensitive cable;
 Fire detection tubing.
All detection systems shall be connected to the fire and gas system.
8.1.3 Smoke Detection
Smoke detection is the preferred means of fire detection inside enclosures and buildings. Two
types of smoke detection can be used:
 Optical smoke detection
 Ultra-High sensitive smoke detection
Ionization type smoke detection shall preferably not be used.
8.1.3.1 Optical Smoke Detectors
Optical smoke detection spacing and installation shall be done according the requirements of
NFPA 72.
8.1.3.2 Ultra-High Sensitive Smoke Detectors
Ultra-high sensitive smoke detection picks up incipient fires in an early stage of an incipient fire.
Ultra-High Sensitive Smoke Detection is therefore ideal to detect fires in control room, switch
gear rooms, computer rooms, electrical and system cabinets.
8.2 Toxic Gas Detection
Release of toxic gases, e.g., Carbon monoxide or Hydrogen sulfide, into the atmosphere will
generally create a health hazard rather than an explosive hazard. Generally the concentrations
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at which toxic gases need to be detected are far lower than for flammable gas detection.
Flammable gas detectors shall therefore not be used for the detection of toxic gas, even if the
latter coexists with a flammable gas of a different compound, e.g. H2S in conjunction with a
hydrocarbon mixture. The selection of the type send to detect hazardous concentrations shall be
based on the possible dispersion of the released toxic substances, the specific conditions in the
protected area and the properties of the toxic gas detection. The set-points of the alarms require
Owner approval.
8.3 Asphyxiation Atmospheres
In enclosures or rooms with pressurized gas the oxygen may be displaced due to leakage of the
gas. Low oxygen content of the room may asphyxiate humans after entering the enclosure or
room. Therefore enclosures and rooms that require operator attendance and suspect to low
oxygen concentrations shall be furnished with an oxygen measurement located in a strategic
location. A beacon near the entrance of the enclosure or room shall alarm the operator in case
of low oxygen concentration.
9 ALARM SYSTEMS
Refer to Chapter XIII of STGPS-J1 [3] for Alarm Systems.
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APPENDIX A: FIRE PROTECTION SELECTION TABLE
Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance
Process Area
General Hydrants/Monitors
Fire Water Manifolds Location to be indicated by Owner
Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Wheeled Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Vessel/Columns/Reactors Fixed Water Spray Remote inaccessible location
Automatic Deluge Inside Process area, and,
Containing ≥ 5 m³ C4 and lighter (Prevent
BLEVE)
ISBL Pipe Rack Fixed Water Spray Inside Fire Scenario Envelope area, and
supported pipes are:
In flare line service, or
Used for emergency depressurization, or
Transfer toxic substances, or
Collapse of the pipe (or structure) will cause
damage to the nozzles of process equipment,
or
In essential utility service required for safe
shutdown
ISBL Cable Trays Fixed Water Spray Inside Fire Scenario Envelope area, and,
Not fire proofed, and,
Cable in essential emergency service.
Air Fin Coolers Semi Automatic Deluge Coolers in Hydrocarbon service
Pumps Fixed Water Spray Pumps transferring hydrocarbons heated at or
above their AIT, and,
Obstructions prevent coverage by monitor,
except for,
Canned pumps, or
Seal-less pumps
Heat Exchangers Fixed Water Spray Containing ≥ 5 m³ C4 and lighter
Heat Exchangers_ at Steam Lances Heat Exchangers in hot hydrogen service
grade
Heat Exchangers_ Steam Hose Reels Heat Exchangers in hot hydrogen service
elevated
Flanges and joints Steam Rings Pipe lines and equipment in hot hydrogen
service, and
Flanges in excess of 10”
Compressor Semi Automatic Deluge Compressor handling flammable gasses
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Portable Fire Nearby compressor

Extinguishers
Furnace Smothering Steam Furnaces with tubes in hydrocarbon service
Injection
Storage Area
General Hydrants
Fire Water Manifolds Location to be indicated by Owner. Can be
considered instead of a hydrant.
Monitors Diameter ≤ 9 meter, and
Storage tank containing Class I, Class II and
Class III liquids heated at or within 25 °C of
their FP, or
Receiving heat radiation from adjacent
credible fire scenario in excess of 12.5 kW/m².
Wheeled Fire Entrance of the bunded area
Extinguisher
Atmospheric Storage
Fixed Roof Tank Fixed Water Spray Diameter > 9 meter, and
(Exposure Protection) Storage tank containing Class I, Class II and
their FP, or
Foam Appliance Refer to Table 7-1.
(Extinguishment)
External Floating Roof Fixed Water Spray Diameter > 9 meter, and
Tank (Exposure Protection) Storage tank containing Class I, Class II and
their FP, or
Foam Appliance Refer to Table 7-1. For Rim Seal area only
(Extinguishment) (when foam barriers are applied)
Internal Floating Fixed Fixed Water Spray Diameter > 9 meter, and
Roof Tank (Exposure Protection)
Storage tank containing Class I, Class II and
their FP, or
Foam Appliance Refer to Table 7-1, For Rim Seal area only
(Extinguishment) (when foam barriers are applied and inner
floater is non combustible material)
Bund Hydrants/Monitors
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Fire water manifolds Location to be indicated by Owner. Can be

considered instead of a hydrant.
Mobil foam appliance Foam proportioning by fire truck
Pressurized Storage
General Monitors
Spheres Automatic Deluge All spheres
Horizontal Vessel Automatic Deluge All pressurized horizontal storage vessels
Pump Area Hose Reels At least 2 from opposite sides
Fixed Water Spray Pumps transferring hydrocarbons heated at or
above their AIT, and,
Obstructions prevent coverage by monitor,
except for,
Canned pumps, or
Seal-less pumps
Unloading/Loading
General Hydrants At least two provided
Hose Reels
Portable Fire
Extinguisher
Wheeled Fire For each lane of loading/unloading rack
Extinguisher
Semi Automatic Deluge Facilities for unloading/loading LPG or C4 and
System lighter
Monitors Facility handling products except LPG and C4
and lighter
Foam Monitors Transfer of Fire Hazardous Fluid with
exception of LPG and C4 and lighter
OSBL Facilities
OSBL Pipe Racks Monitors Located within Fire Scenario Envelope, and
not fire proofed
Belt Conveyor Fixed water spray system Transport of combustible solids
Jetties
General Fire Water Supply Self providing fire water pumps for the jetty
may be considered
Fire Water Main Single pipe line connection with onshore
isolation valve is allowed
Fire water main on jetty can be a dry system
Remote activation of the jetty fire water
pumps shall be incorporated
Provisions for flushing with potable water shall
be included
Hydrants Onshore near the entrance of the jetty
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
Elevated Remote For fire fighting onboard fires. For applying

Operated Monitors fire water to the ship’s manifold and gangway
Monitors shall be a dry system, and
Monitors actuated by opening one single
valve, located in a safe area or activation of
an automatic deluge valve from a remote safe
location. Control of elevated monitors shall be
remote joystick from a safe location outside
the 3 kW/m² heat radiation zone, preferably
inside the harbor control building. If heat
exposure is possible, the remote control shall
be protected with a concrete shield.
Fixed water spray Protects jetty manifold, and
system Process equipment on the jetty, and
Static part of the loading arm, and
Sumps under the jetty potentially containing
hydrocarbons, and
Fixed water spray system actuated by
opening one single valve, located in a safe
area or activation of an automatic valve from
a remote safe location
Foam appliance Foam Proportioning One foam proportioning per Jetty
System
Fixed Foam System
Buildings
Substations Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Wheeled Fire
Extinguisher
Main Switch Gear Automatic Fire
Suppression
Oil Transformers Fixed Water Monitors
Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Wheeled Fire
Extinguisher
Fixed Water Spray Oil transformer not accessible or monitor
System stream obstructed
Analyzer Houses Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Remote Instrument Portable Fire
Building Extinguishers
Floating Floor Automatic Fire Floating floor used for cables
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
Suppression
Rack rooms Automatic Fire
Suppression
Central Control Room
General Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels In office area only (not inside rooms
containing electrical equipment)
Fire Hose Cabinets As back-up for standpipe system
Floating Floor Automatic Fire
Suppression
UPS Room floating floor Automatic Fire
Suppression
Offices Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Stand Pipe All occupied buildings
Operator Building
General Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels In office area only (not inside rooms
containing electrical equipment)
Electrical Room Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Floating Floor Automatic Fire Floating floor used for cables
Suppression
Offices Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Warehouse
General Warehouse Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Stand Pipe
Semi Automatic Deluge Warehouse Area > 250 m², and
System Storage of combustible materials
Chemical Warehouse Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Stand Pipe
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
Semi Automatic Deluge Warehouse Area > 250 m²

System
Other Buildings
Temporary Hazardous Portable Fire
Waste Storage Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Fire Hose Cabinets
Hydrants Along road surrounding the building
Wheeled Fire Provided in each compartment
Extinguisher
Workshop Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Laboratory Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Hose Reels
Guard House Portable Fire
Extinguishers
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
APPENDIX B: FIXED FIRE WATER SPRAY DISCHARGE DENSITY
Protected Object Water Spray Conditions

Density
[lpm/m²]
Process Vessel / 10.2 Total surface area. When a freestanding column or
Column vertical vessel height exceeds 12 m from grade, water
spray shall be applied up to a height of 12 m from grade,
or 3 m above normal liquid level of the protected
equipment, whichever is more stringent.
4.1 Vessel skirts either inside and outside exposed vessel
Air Fin Coolers 10.2 Total surface area of headers and on bays bottom
surface area
Heat Exchangers 10.2
Pumps 20.4 Area of the pump base including surrounding area for at
width of at least 0.6 meters
Compressor 20.4 Area of the Compressor base and for the surrounding
area for a width of at least 1.5 meters. Spray shall also
cover compressor casing, associated piping and valving,
gearbox, lube oil console skid and other auxiliary
equipment
Oil Transformers 10.2 Entire surface of the oil transformer
6.1 Over the non-absorbing ground surface of the curbed
area
Cable Trays 12.2 Projected horizontal plane area
Belt Conveyors 10.2 Including drive unit and belt itself
Steel structures 4.1 Load bearing horizontal steel; if not provided with fire
proofing
10.2 Load bearing vertical steel; if not provided with fire
proofing
Pipe Rack 8.2 Underside lowest level
6.1 Underside alternate level
Atmospheric Fixed Roof 1.7 Total tank fixed roof surface area
Tanks 17 (lpm/m), or, Tank circumference via top ring at the roof shell weld and
via similar rings under any wind girder on the top half of
the shell
10.2 Over the top half of the shell surface considering 50% of
filling
Foam Appliance 6.5 Foam protection provided by monitors.
4.1 Fixed and Semi-Fixed systems over the entire surface of
the liquid inside the storage tank
Internal Floating Roof 1.7 Total tank fixed roof surface area
Tank 17 (lpm/m), or, Tank circumference via top ring at the roof shell weld and
via similar rings under any wind girder on the top half of
the shell
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
Protected Object Water Spray Conditions

Density
[lpm/m²]
filling
Foam Appliance 4.1 For the area between foam barrier and shell for non
combustible (ferrous or GRE) inner floater, or:
Over the entire surface of the liquid for non-ferrous or
non-GRE inner floater
External Floating Roof 17 (lpm/m), or, Tank circumference via top ring at the roof shell weld and
Tanks via similar rings under any wind girder on the top half of
the shell
filling
Foam Appliance 4.1 For the area between foam barrier and shell of the tank
Bund None A full surface tank bund fire is not considered for the
water quantity calculation, since experience indicates that
such bund fires are not likely to occur with well
maintained and operated storage tanks
Pressurized storage 10.2 Total surface area, including lower half of the vessel for
not mounded storage
10.2 Near relief valve and piping connections for mounded
vessels
Loading/Unloading 10.2 Surface under the tank truck plus half of the adjacent
Racks loading/unloading racks on either side
Foam Appliance 10.2 Provided by foam monitors with foam pick-up valve
Jetty structures 20.4 Jetty structures, support legs, manifolds and gangways
Chemical Warehouse 15.0 Based on NFPA 13 classification Extra 2. In case of
multiple stacked racks, spray nozzle configuration
according NFPA 13.
General Warehouse 12.2 Based on NFPA 13 classification Ordinary 2. In case of
multiple stacked racks, spray nozzle configuration
according NFPA 13.
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
APPENDIX C: TOXIC GAS, FLAMMABLE GAS, FIRE AND SMOKE DETECTION
Protected Area Detection Applied detection Pre-condition for selection

Process Area General Manual Call Point
Flammable Gas Point Source detection Near the following potential release
Detection sources
 Compressors in hydrocarbon and
hydrogen service
 Process heaters in hydrocarbon
and hydrogen service
 Pumps in C4 and lighter service
 Process equipment in Fire
Hazard Fluid service
 Enclosures of equipment in Fire
Hazard Fluid service
 Pitts below grade
Acoustic Gas Detectors Near high pressure (p > 10
kg/cm².g) flammable gas pipes or
equipment
Line of Sight As alternative for Point Source
Detection
Fire Detection IR Flame Detector, or Near High Fire Potential Equipment
Other Fire Detectors Inside potential fire-scenario
envelopes
Toxic Gas Electro-Chemical Cell Near potential release sources of
Detection toxic substances
Oxygen Electro-Chemical Cell Inside regular entered enclosures
Detection with potential inside gas leakage
Storage Area General Manual Call Point
Flammable Gas Line of Sight Pressurized Storage Area, and
Detection Storage tanks in containing Fire
Hazardous Fluids
Fire Detection Heat Sensitive Cable Rim seal of internal floating roof
storage tanks
Fire Detection Combined CCTV
cameras
Pump Stations General Manual Call Point
Flammable Gas Line of Sight Pumps in Fire Hazard Fluid service
Detection
Fire Detection IR Flame Detectors For initiation of semi automatic
deluge systems
Combined CCTV For area surveillance
cameras
AEGEAN REFINERY
PROJECT (ARP) SH/OF
STGPS S4
REV 2 3 4 5 6
Protected Area Detection Applied detection Pre-condition for selection

Other Fire Detectors Single pumps provided with semi
automatic deluge system
Toxic Gas Electro-Chemical Cell Near potential release sources of
Detection toxic substances
Oxygen Electro-Chemical Cell Inside regular entered enclosures
Detection
Loading/Unloading General Manual Call Point Assumed operator attendance
during loading/unloading
Conveyor Belt General Manual Call Point
Fire Detection Heat Detectors Covered conveyor belts
Buildings General Manual Call Point
Flammable Gas Point Source Detection Inside air intake HVAC system
Detection Hydrogen Detectors Inside Battery Rooms for charging
wet batteries
Toxic Gas Point Source Detection Inside air intake HVAC system
Detection
Fire Detection Optical Smoke Detectors General surveillance, and
Below floating floors
Ultra-High Sensitive Inside enclosures and rooms
Smoke Detectors containing electrical equipment
Heat Detectors Enclosed rooms with heat sources
like boilers
Indoor Transformers

Fire Protection and Safety Facilities Specification

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STAR RAFINERI A.S.

FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY FACILITIES

6 CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................................................. 11

7 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 13

8 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION ............................................................................................ 27

8.1 Flammable Gas, Fire and Smoke Detection ...................................................................... 27

9 ALARM SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................ 30

APPENDIX A: FIRE PROTECTION SELECTION TABLE ................................................... 31

1.1 Scope of Specification

[1] STGPS-N2 Fire Proofing

AIT Auto-ignition Temperature

6 CODES AND STANDARDS

7 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

7.1.1 Fire Water Supply

7.1.1.1 Fire Water Supply to Fire Water Storage Tanks

7.1.3 Fire Water Pumps

7.1.4 Fire Water Mains

7.1.5 Fire Water Retention

7.1.6.2 Fire Water Manifold

7.1.6.4 Water Spray Systems

Semi Automatic Deluge System

Automatic Deluge System

7.1.6.5 Hose Reels

7.1.6.6 Standpipes and Indoor Hose Reels

7.1.6.7 Manual firefighting equipment

7.2 Foam Systems

7.3 Steam Systems

7.4 Fire Suppression Systems

7.4.1 Fire Suppression in Enclosures

7.5 Mobile Fire Extinguishers

Class of Fire Description Type of Agent

7.5.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers

12. Fill change table to be provided on extinguisher.

7.5.2 Wheeled Fire Extinguishers

8 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION

8.1.1.1 Line of Sight (“Open Path”) Detectors

8.1.2.2 Infrared Flame Detectors

APPENDIX A: FIRE PROTECTION SELECTION TABLE

Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance

Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance

Portable Fire Nearby compressor

Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance

Fire water manifolds Location to be indicated by Owner. Can be

Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance

Elevated Remote For fire fighting onboard fires. For applying

Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance

Area System Pre-Condition for Appliance

Semi Automatic Deluge Warehouse Area > 250 m²

APPENDIX B: FIXED FIRE WATER SPRAY DISCHARGE DENSITY

Protected Object Water Spray Conditions

Protected Object Water Spray Conditions

APPENDIX C: TOXIC GAS, FLAMMABLE GAS, FIRE AND SMOKE DETECTION

Protected Area Detection Applied detection Pre-condition for selection

Protected Area Detection Applied detection Pre-condition for selection

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