PROJECT CUM TRAINING REPORT ON

AutoCAD & SolidWorks

Submitted by:-
Happy

Under the Guidance of

Mr. XX Er. Kumar

H.O.D., Coordinator,
Mechanical department (Institute of Training
Institute of Engineering & Technology & Development, Mohali)

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COLLEGE
City

DECLARATION

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I hereby declare that the project work entitled “AutoCAD & SolidWorks” is an authentic record of my
own work carried out at Institute of Training & Development, Mohali as requirements of Summer
Training for the award of degree of Mechanical Engineering, under the guidance of Sandeep Sodhi (HOD
Mechanical Dept.), during June 13, 2016 to July 29, 2016.

Mr. Happy

Date: July 21, 2016

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.

(HOD Mechanical Dept.) (Course Coordinator)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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This acknowledgement is intended to be thanks giving gesture to all those people who have been involved
directly or indirectly with my dissertation work.
First and foremost, I express my special thanks with gratitude and great respect to my valuable guide Er.
XXX for his keen interest in my training work, fruitful suggestions & valuable guidance with motivation
& constant encouragement to complete my major project work. I am also thankful to him for his great
patience, constructive criticism & useful suggestion apart from invaluable guidance.
I am also thankful to all the staff members of Institute of Training & Development, Mohali for their
support and encouragement thanks my all marvelous friends for extending their whole hearted support.
I would like to thank my family continuous support that kept my sprit up during the endeavor.

Mr. Happy

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Types of CAD

There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of CAD systems requires the
operator to think differently about how he or she will use them and he or she must design their virtual
components in a different manner for each.

There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source
programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and
placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required
during the creation of the final draft.

3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the
drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly
added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although
many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.

3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD) are created in a way
analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms,
cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or
cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models.
Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their
motion, or identify interference between components.

3D parametric solid modeling requires the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The
objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly
impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect
world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the
part, the operator needs to locate it from the center of the model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient
edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to
consider the consequences of his actions carefully.

Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric geometry without the
need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of direct modeling
functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer the correct relationships between
selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity) which makes the editing process less time and labour
intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of understanding the model’s design intent

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history. These kind of non-history based systems are called Explicit Modelers. The first Explicit
Modeling system was introduced to the world at the end of 80's by Hewlett-Packard under the name Solid
Designer. This CAD solution, which released many later versions, is now sold by PTC as "Co Create
Modeling"

Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to
represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits available for
these systems are ever increasing; including 3D piping and injection mould designing packages.

Mid-range software are integrating parametric solids more easily to the end user: integrating more
intuitive functions (Sketch Up), using the best of both 3D dumb solids and parametric characteristics
(Vector Works), making very real-view scenes in relative few steps (Cinema4D) or offering all-in-one
(form•Z).

Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic features into
designs (Catia, Generative Components). Freeform surface modeling is often combined with solids to
allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they
interface with the machine.

Effects using CAD

Beginning in the 1980s Computer-Aided Design programs reduced the need of draftsmen significantly
especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their affordability and ability to run on personal computers
also allowed engineers to do their own drafting work eliminating the need for entire departments. In
Today’s world most if not all students in universities do not learn drafting techniques because they are not
required to do so. The days of mechanical drawings are almost obsolete.[4] Universities such as New
Jersey Institute of Technology no longer require the use of protractors and compasses to create
mechanical drawings, instead there are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software such as Pro
Engineer or IDEAS-MS.

Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive, small and even
mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use their computational edge for
competitive purposes.[citation needed] Today, however, hardware and software costs have come down.
Even high-end packages work on less expensive platforms and some even support multiple platforms.

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The costs associated with CAD implementation now are more heavily weighted to the costs of training in
the use of these high level tools, the cost of integrating a CAD/CAM/CAE PLM using enterprise across
multi-CAD and multi-platform environments and the costs of modifying design work flows to exploit the
full advantage of CAD tools. CAD vendors have effectively lowered these training costs. These methods
can be split into three categories:

Improved and simplified user interfaces. This includes the availability of “role” specific tailor able user
interfaces through which commands are presented to users in a form appropriate to their function and
expertise.

Enhancements to application software:- One such example is improved design-in-context, through the
ability to model/edit a design component from within the context of a large, even multi-CAD, active
digital mock-up.

User oriented modeling options. This includes the ability to free the user from the need to understand the
design intent history of a complex intelligent model.

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2. SOFTWARES/TOOLS LEARNT
During training period till now we learnt and practiced different software’s of Autodesk like AutoCAD,
Inventor, Naviswork resp. Brief description of all these software’s is mentioned below

2.1 Autodesk AutoCAD : - AutoCAD is a software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design
(CAD) and drafting available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile web- and
cloud-based app, currently marketed as AutoCAD 360.

Developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc. AutoCAD was first released in December 1982, having been
purchased a year prior in its original form by Autodesk founder John Walker. The software is currently
marketed in its eighteenth generation.

As Autodesk’s flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous
microcomputer design program worldwide, with functions such as “polylines” and “curve fitting”. Prior to
the introduction of AutoCAD, most other CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers,
with each CAD operator (user) working at a graphical terminal or workstation.

AutoCAD is used across a range of industries, including architects, project managers and engineers, among
other professions, with 750 training centers established worldwide as of 1994.

There are various commands are used in AutoCAD for drawing work. Some of them are mentioned
below:-

Modify Commands

The modify tools are:-

 Erase
 Copy
 Mirror
 Offset
 Array
 Move
 Rotate
 Trim
 Extend
 Break at point
 Break
 Chamfer
 Fillet

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  Explode

DRAWING COMMANDS

 LINE
 POLYLINE
 CIRCLE
 ELLIPSE
 ARC
 POLYGON
 RECTANGLE
 SPLINE

SHORTCUTS OF COMMANDS

A ARC Draw an arc

AL ALIGN Align an object with another

AP APPLOAD Opens application load dialogue box

AR ARRAY Opens array dialogue box

AUDIT AUDIT Audit drawing for errors

AV DSVIEWER Opens ariel view of drawing

B BLOCK Opens block dialogue box

C CIRCLE Draw a circle

CO COPY Copy an object

CHA CHAMFER Chamfer between 2 non-parallel lines

COL COLOR Opens select color dialogue box

CUI Opens customise user interface dialogue

DI DIST Check a distance

DIV DIVIDE Inserts point node a set division

DO DONUT Draw a solid donut shape

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DV DVIEW Perspective view

E ERASE Erase a selection

EX EXTEND Extend a selection

F FILLET Draw an arc between 2 intersecting lines

FI FILTER Opens filter dialogue box

FLATTEN FLATTEN Converts 3D to 2D

H HATCH Opens hatch and gradient dialogue box

I INSERT Insert a block

IM IMAGE Launches image manager

J JOIN Joins 2 objects to form single object

L LINE Draw a line

LA LAYER Opens layer manager

LE QLEADER Draw a leader line (may need to adjust settings)

LEAD LEADER Leader line with annotation

LI LIST Display information about objects in a text window

LO - LAYOUT Creates a new layout tab

LTS LTScale Change the linetype scale

M MOVE Move a selection

MA MATCHPROPERTIES Match properties of an object

ME MEASURE Inserts point node at input distance

O OFFSET Offset a selection

OP OPTIONS Launches options dialogue box

P PAN Pan in drawing

PE POLYEDIT Edit a polyline

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PL PLINE Draw a polyline

PLOT PLOT Opens plot/print dialogue box

PO POINT Point marker or node - DDPTYPE to change

Point style

Below are the some drawings on which we have worked during software training:-

1.

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2.

3.

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2.2 Autodesk INVENTOR: - Autodesk Inventor is a design application developed by Autodesk Inc. USA.
Autodesk Inventor is Digital Prototyping software and can be used for part design, assembly design,
creation of presentation views of assemblies, and creation of associative engineering drawings of your part,
assembly and presentation files.

Autodesk Inventor is a 3D feature-based parametric modeling design application. Inventor is said to be

feature based because each modification that is made to a component is regarded as a feature. So in a
design workflow for a component, you would most likely make use of extrusion, swept, lofted, revolved,
threaded, hole, rib, fillet, shell, and chamfer features. If you are also experienced with surface modeling,
you would likely use features like sculpt, thicken, patch, and trim. These features that can be modified
anytime during the design process with Autodesk Inventor. This is also a big distinguishing factor between
Inventor and AutoCAD. In AutoCAD, it is difficult to edit modification made to a 3D model even with the
availability of the SHOWHIST and SOLIDHIST system variables. For instance, I can change the diameter
and/or depth of a hole that was created on a model at any time during the design stage.

Inventor is also said to be a parametric modeler because the sizes of these features and their relationship
with each other; the relationship of one part to another in an assembly; the forces, pressures, and moments
applied for stress analysis; and the forces, torques, velocity, and acceleration applied in dynamic
simulation environment are all parameters. These parameters are actively involved in controlling the shape
and behavior of the part or assembly being created, and during simulations and visualizations.

Autodesk Inventor is digital prototyping software. Digital prototyping provides engineers, designers,
manufacturers, salesmen, and marketers the ability to design, optimize, validate, simulate, and visualize
their designs digitally before it is built physically. Digital prototyping can also be defined as an integrated
process that involves the gathering of design data digitally to generate products (models and assemblies)
whose form, fit, and function can be tested, optimized and validated. With digital prototyping, you do not
start by building and testing a physical prototype, a workflow that is now regarded as being very expensive
and obsolete. Rather, you design the part or assembly in a computer, validate and optimize to reduce errors
and correct likely problems, and visualize the model to see how it will appear when it is physically built.
With digital prototyping, a designer can save the tremendous cost that is associated with the building of
physical prototypes.

In Inventor, one is able to design a part or component. After designing it, you can open the design model in
the Stress Analysis environment where you can apply real-life constraints (forces, moments, gravity, etc.)
on it to see if the component can withstand such loads. With the results, the designer is able to make
changes until the components meet the design specifications. Also, the designer can open his assembly
inside the Dynamic Simulation environment where he can apply joints between parts and forces to mimic
real-life situations. So the designer is able to see how his assembly with performance in real time with
respect to the applied parameters.

Most new users who are migrating from AutoCAD are usually confused at first and tend to misuse the
tools in Inventor. This is because they do not understand the difference between designing with Inventor

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and AutoCAD. For example, while AutoCAD makes use of precise sketches for 3D modeling, Inventor
makes use of parametric sketches. This means that the size and shape of the 3D model can be easily
modified by changing the size and shape of the underlying sketch. Inventor stores values like the length of
a line, the angle between two lines or the height of cylinder as parameters. It's also important to add that
such parametric models created with inventor will automatically update once the any dimension defining
its geometry is changed. Therefore Inventor could be said to be a dimension-driven parametric modeler.
Learn more about sketches, parameters, and constraints.

There is associativity between all Inventor files that make use of any other Inventor file. For example, if a
presentation file and drawing file are created based on a part file, the presentation file and drawing files
will update to reflect any changes made to the part file at any time.

Apart from being able to optimize and validate designs, Inventor Professional can be used for creation of
Weldment assemblies (that is assemblies containing parts that need to be joined together through welding
processes e.g. frames). Inventor has another environment for creation of photorealistic images called the
Inventor Studio. While the Presentation environment is used for creating exploded and animated views of
one’s assemblies (which can be used by maintenance engineers during the maintenance of the machine).
The Piping and Tubing environment is there to help you design your pipes and tubes faster and accurately.
Imagine the tubes behind your refrigerator, Inventor can help you design that. As if those weren't enough,
Inventor Professional also comes with an environment for Cable and Harness design. Now imagine all the
complex interconnection of cables and harnesses under the hood (bonnet) of a car, Inventor can design
those and still more.

Autodesk Inventor is customized to have only 3D mechanical design capabilities including standard part
design, plastic part design, sheet-metal part design, assembly design, and design visualization with
Inventor Studio, design documentation, design automation, and design presentation.

Autodesk Inventor Routed System Design is customized to have all the capabilities of the standard
Autodesk Inventor in addition to Cable and Harness design and Piping and Tubing designs.

Autodesk Inventor Tooling and Mold Design have all the capabilities of the standard Autodesk Inventor in
addition to Tooling and Mold designs.

Autodesk Inventor Simulation has all the capabilities of the standard Autodesk Inventor in addition to
design simulation and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).

In conclusion, Autodesk Inventor wields a lot of power. Though the software might have some limitations
(just has every other thing man does do), but the greatest limitation is in the user of the software. So
maximize the potentials in Autodesk Inventor and change your world.

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2-D Drawing

We started with very basics of inventor, and started with the 2-D sketching on inventor 2014.The pre
requirements required for inventor was to have knowledge of how to study a drawing. So we practiced
many drawings on inventor. Some of the snapshots are specified below:-

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3-D Modeling

After learning the concept of 2-D sketches we learnt how to do 3-D modeling in inventor 2014 by using
different features like extrude, revolve etc. and also sketched and converted many drawings into 3-D
models. Main exciting feature of inventor is that we can show the working of a model in inventor. Some of
the snapshots of 3-D models are shown below:-

Assembling:-

Inventor haves this phenomenal feature of assembling different parts together .So we can sketch parts
individually convert them into 3-D models and then assemble them using different constraints and fix them
together to make one single assembly. Some of the assemblies we made during practice session are
specified below.

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PRESSURE VESSEL

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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING:-

Arrangement drawings include information about the self-contained units that make up the system: table of
parts, fabrication and detail drawing, overall dimension, weight/mass, lifting points, and information
needed to construct, test, lift, transport, and install the equipment.

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2.3 SOLIDWORKS

SolidWorks (stylized as SOLIDWORKS), is a solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) and

computer-aided engineering (CAE) computer program that runs on Microsoft Windows. SolidWorks is
published by Dassault Systèmes.

According to the publisher, over 2 million engineers and designers at more than 165,000 companies used
SolidWorks as of 2013. Also according to the company, fiscal year 2011–12 revenue for SolidWorks
totaled $483 million.

SolidWorks Corporation was founded in December 1993 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology

graduate Jon Hirschtick. Hirschtick used $1 million he had made while a member of the MIT Blackjack
Team to set up the company. Initially based in Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, Hirschtick recruited a team
of engineers with the goal of building 3D CAD software that was easy-to-use, affordable, and available on
the Windows desktop. Operating later from Concord, Massachusetts, SolidWorks released its first product
SolidWorks 95, in November 1995. In 1997 Dassault, best known for its CATIA CAD software, acquired
SolidWorks for $310 million in stock.

SolidWorks currently markets several versions of the SolidWorks CAD software in addition to eDrawings,
a collaboration tool, and DraftSight, a 2D CAD product.

SolidWorks was headed by John McEleney from 2001 to July 2007 and Jeff Ray from 2007 to January
2011. The current CEO is Gian Paolo Bassi from Jan 2015. Gian Paolo Bassi replaces Bertrand Sicot, who
is promoted Vice President Sales of Dassault Systèmes’ Value Solutions sales channel.

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Modeling method

Screen shot captured from a SolidWorks top-down design approach

SolidWorks is a solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based approach to create models and
assemblies. The software is written on Parasolid-kernel.

Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.
Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric
parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical, etc. Numeric parameters can be
associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows them to capture design intent.

Design intent is how the creator of the part wants it to respond to changes and updates. For example, you
would want the hole at the top of a beverage can to stay at the top surface, regardless of the height or size
of the can. SolidWorks allows the user to specify that the hole is a feature on the top surface, and will then
honor their design intent no matter what height they later assign to the can.

Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part.
Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc.
This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part. Operation-based features are
not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part,
etc.

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 Screen shot captured from a SolidWorks top-down design approach

Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for
power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola),
and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations
are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity. The
parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other
way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other
parameters inside or outside of the sketch.

In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as
tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to sketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent
relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies.
SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which
allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train.

Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically generated from
the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances can then be easily added to the drawing as needed.
The drawing module includes most paper sizes and standards (ANSI, ISO, DIN, GOST, JIS, BSI and
SAC).

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File format

SolidWorks files (previous to version 2015) use the Microsoft Structured Storage file format. This means
that there are various files embedded within each SLDDRW (drawing files), SLDPRT (part files),
SLDASM (assembly files) file, including preview bitmaps and metadata sub-files. Various third-party
tools (see COM Structured Storage) can be used to extract these sub-files, although the subfiles in many
cases use proprietary binary file formats.

3-D Modeling

After learning the concept of 2-D sketches we learnt how to do 3-D modeling in SolidWorks 2010 by using
different features like extrude, revolve etc. and also sketched and converted many drawings into 3-D
models. Some of the snapshots of 3-D models are shown below:-

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Assembling:-

SolidWorks have this phenomenal feature of assembling different parts together .So we can sketch parts
individually convert them into 3-D models and then assemble them using different constraints and fix them
together to make one single assembly. Some of the assemblies we made during practice session are
specified below.

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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING:-

Arrangement drawings include information about the self-contained units that make up the system: table of
parts, fabrication and detail drawing, overall dimension, weight/mass, lifting points, and information
needed to construct, test, lift, transport, and install the equipment.

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4. PARTS OF A DRAWING

a. Title Block: The title block contains the drawing number and all the information required to identify the
part or assembly represented. Approved military prints will include the name and address of the
Government Agency or organization preparing the drawing, the scale, the drafting record, authentication,
and the date.
b. Revision Block: Each drawing has a revision block which is usually located in the upper right corner.
All changes to the drawing are noted in this block. Changes are dated and identified by a number or letter.
If a revision block is not used, a revised drawing may be shown by the addition of a letter to the original
number.
c. Drawing Number: All drawings are identified by a drawing number. If a print has more than one sheet
and each sheet has the same number, this information is included in the number block, indicating the sheet
number and the number of sheets in the series.
d. Reference Numbers and Dash Numbers: Reference numbers that appear in the title block refer to
other print numbers. When more than one detail is shown on a drawing, dashes and numbers are frequently
used. If two parts are to be shown in one detail drawing, both prints will have the same drawing number
plus a dash and an individual number such as 7873102-1 and 7873102-2.
e. Scale: The scale of the print is indicated in one of the spaces within the title block. It indicates the size
of the drawing as compared with the actual size of the part. Never measure a drawing--use dimensions.
The print may have been reduced in size from the original drawing.
f. Bill of Material: A special block or box on the drawing may contain a list of necessary stock to make an
assembly. It also indicates the type of stock, size, and specific amount required.

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5. CONSTRUCTION LINES

a. Full Lines: Full lines represent the visible edges or outlines of an object.

b. Hidden Lines: Hidden lines are made of short dashes which represent hidden edges of an object.
c. Center Lines: Center lines are made with alternating short and long dashes. A line through the center of
an object is called a center line.
d. Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting plane lines are dashed lines, generally of the same width as the full lines,
extending through the area being cut. Short solid wing lines at each end of the cutting line project at 90
degrees to that line and end in arrowheads which point in the direction of viewing. Capital letters or
numerals are placed just beyond the points of the arrows to designate the section.
e. Dimension Lines: Dimension lines are fine full lines ending in arrowheads. They are used to indicate
the measured distance between two points.

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f. Extension Lines: Extension lines are fine lines from the outside edges or intermediate points of a drawn
object. They indicate the limits of dimension lines.
g. Break Lines: Break lines are used to show a break in a drawing and are used when it is desired to
increase the scale of a drawing of uniform cross section while showing the true size by dimension lines.
There are two kinds of break lines: short break and long break. Short break lines are usually heavy, wavy,
semiparallel lines cutting off the object outline across a uniform section. Long break lines are long dash
parallel lines with each long dash in the line connected to the next by a "2" or sharp wave line.

6. Welding Symbols:

Welding cannot take its proper place as an engineering tool unless means are provided for conveying the
information from the designer to the workmen. Welding symbols provide the means of placing complete
welding information on drawings. The scheme for symbolic representation of welds on engineering
drawings used in this manual is consistent with the "third angle" method of projection.

The joint is the basis of reference for welding symbols. The reference line of the welding symbol (as
shown in figure) is used to designate the type of weld to be made, its location, dimensions, extent, contour,
and other supplementary information. Any welded joint indicated by a symbol will always have an arrow
side and another side. Accordingly, the terms arrow side, other side, and both sides are used herein to
locate the weld with respect to the joint.

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The tail of the symbol is used for designating the welding and cutting processes as well as the welding
specifications, procedures, or the supplementary information to be used in making the weld. If a welder
knows the size and type of weld, he has only part of the information necessary for making the weld. The
process, identification of filler metal that is to be used, whether or not peening or root chipping is required,
and other pertinent data must be related to the welder. The notation to be placed in the tail of the symbol
indicating these data is to be establishing by each user. If notations are not used, the tail of the symbol may
be omitted.

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7. References: -

 www.wikipedia.org
 www.autodesk.com
 www.solidworks.in

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