Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
D
Detonation D
E A combustion wave propagating at supersonic velocity relative E
Advanced Combustion T T
O to the unburnt gas immediately ahead of the flame. O
MMJ 1443 N N
A A
T
I
Explosion T
I
O An event leading to a rapid increase of pressure. O
Assoc. Prof . Dr Mazlan Abdul Wahid N N
S S
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
3
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
1
Detonation Detonation
When a tube which is filled with combustible mixture is
FKM FKM A detonation is defined as a combustion wave propagating at
closed at one end and ignited there, a combustion wave
supersonic velocity relative to the unburned gas immediately
will propagate and the propagation will undergoes a
ahead of the flame, i.e., the detonation velocity, D, is larger
transition from subsonic to supersonic speeds.
speeds than the speed of sound, C, in the unburned gas
The supersonic wave is called detonation.
detonation The shock wave and the combustion wave are in this case
coupled
In detonation: D
Shock wave
E • a fully developed compression wave of large amplitude,
•the heat conduction and diffusion of radicals do not T
across which density, pressure, and particle velocity change
D
O E
controlled the velocity; rather, N
drastically T
A O
•the shock wave structure of the developed supersonic T • shock wave propagates at supersonic velocity relative to the N
I A
wave raises the temperature and pressure substantially to O gas immediately ahead of the shock …the gas ahead is T
N
cause explosion reaction and energy release that sustain S
undisturbed by the shock. I
O
the wave propagation. N
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005
•Chapman and Jouguet were the first to present a theory describing this
supersonic combustion wave, propagating at a unique velocity.
•The C-J (Chapman-Jouguet) theory (Fickett and Davis, 1979) treats the
detonation wave as a discontinuity with infinite reaction rate.
•The conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy across the
D
one-dimensional wave gives a unique solution for the detonation velocity E
D (CJ-velocity) and the state of combustion products immediately behind T
E O
T
the detonation wave. N
O A
N T
•Based on the CJ-theory it is possible to calculate detonation velocity, I
A
T detonation pressure etc. if the gas mixture is known. O
I N
O S
N
•The CJ-theory does not require any information about the chemical
reaction rate (i.e. chemical kinetics).
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
2
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL SHOCKS, DETONATIONS, AND DEFLAGRATIONS
D • Normal shock property ratios are qualitatively similar to those of detonations and of D
E same magnitude E
T – EXCEPT that for detonation downstream velocity is sonic T
O O
N
• Mach number increases across flame for deflagrations N
A – Mach number is very small and thus is not a very useful parameter to A
T characterize a deflagration T
I • Velocity increases substantially and density drops substantially across a deflagration I
O – Effects are opposite in direction as compared with detonations or shock waves O
N • Pressure is essentially constant across a deflagration (actually decreases slightly), N
S while detonation has high pressure downstream of propagating wave S
• Characteristic shared by shock, detonation, and deflagration is large temperature
increase across wave
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
2. Constant area
E
T
ρ2 ρ1 E
T
O O
3. Ideal gas N N
4. Constant and equal specific heats A
P2 − P1 Written in terms of specific volume, v = 1/ρ A
5. No body forces
T
= − m& ′′2 T
I
O v2 − v1 I
O
6. Adiabatic N N
S Solve for P for fixed P1, v1 and mass flux as function of S
P = − m& ′′2 v2 + P1 + m& ′′2 v1 specific volume at state 2
Line of constant slope, plot on P-V graph
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
3
RAYLEIGH LINES GOVERNING EQUATIONS: INCLUDING ENERGY
m& ′′ = ρ1u1 = ρ 2u2 Continuity
2 2
u u Energy conservation
h1 + = h2 +
1 2
2 2
h(T ) = ∑ Yi hof ,i + c P (T − Tref )
Pressure
RANKINE-HUGONIOT CURVE
FKM FKM
Pressure
D D
E E
T T
O O
N N
A A
T T
I Specific volume I
O O
N • Rankine-Hugoniot curve for fixed P1, v1, and q N
S S
• Curve does not pass through ‘origin’
• Dashed lines passing through point A are Rayleigh lines
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
4
COMMENTS: RANKINE-HUGONIOT CURVE
• Plot P as function of v for fixed P1, v1 and q ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
– Point A(P1, v1) is called origin of Rankine-Hugoniot curve
• Upper branch: points lying above B
FKM FKM
• Lower branch: points lying below C • Strong detonations are mathematically possible on Hugoniot curve, but difficult to
• Any real process going from state 1 → 2 must satisfy Rayleigh relation and Hugoniot relation, produce in reality
so no points between B and C are physically possible
• Weak detonations also require special conditions to occur, i.e., very rapid reactions rates
• For upper branch there is a limiting Rayleigh line that is tangent to Hugoniot line, point D
– Called upper Chapman-Jouget point • Real detonations are not 1-D, however
• For lower branch there is a limiting Rayleigh line that is tangent to Hugoniot line, point E – Conditions at upper C-J point reasonably approximate those associated with actual
– Called lower Chapman-Jouget point detonations
• Four limiting Rayleigh lines A-D, A-B, A-C, and A-E divide Hugoniot curve into 5 segments – At upper C-J point, velocity of burned gases relative to traveling detonation wave is
– Above D sonic
• Strong detonations
D D
• Subsonic burned gas velocity (M2 < 1) E • Deflagrations also map onto Hugoniot curve E
– D-B T T
• Weak detonations – Point just below C is representative of conditions in burned gases behind a 1-D
O O
• Supersonic burned gas velocity (M2 > 1) N
flame N
– B-C A – Note that pressure decreases slightly from unburned state A
• Physically impossible T – Physically impossible region includes point C, since corresponds to zero mass flow T
I I
– C-E
O O
• Weak deflagrations N • ρuSL)
Typical flame speeds, SL, for HC-air mixtures are less than 1 m/s, so mass fluxes (ρ N
• Subsonic burned gas velocity (M2 < 1) S S
also small
– Below E
• Strong deflagrations
• Supersonic burned gas velocity (M2 > 1)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
FKM FKM The three separates regions are further divided into several more regions by
ρ1)
Plotted in the figure is the initial point (p1,1/ρ
•
and horizontal and
vertical lines are drawn through it. This divide the curve into three regions.
ρ1)
plotting two tangents through the initial point (p1,1/ρ
•
•Regions I and II - Detonation
Horizontal – constant p •Regions III and IV - Deflagration
Vertical – constant 1/ ρ •Region V - no solution
D D
E E
T T
O O
N N
A A
T T
I I
Detonation • O
N Detonation • O
N
S S
Deflagration Deflagration
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
5
Based on 1-D conservation The Hugoniot Curve
equations:
FKM • Continuity FKM
• Momentum Different q
• Energy produces different For strong detonations, postshock disturbances would
curve catch up to the front. For weak detonations, postshock
This particular disturbances would fall behind.
•External heat, one is for reacting
system To obtain CJ point, set tangents of Rayleigh line and
diffusion Hugoniot curve equal to each other. This yields: or, if P2
Hugoniot Curve q > 0 D
is negligible compared to P1, Only the CJ point will allow D
are neglected E E
T us to have a steady state behind the front. T
• Steady-state O O
N Combining with Hugoniot relation yields the Chapman- N
A A
T
Jouguet velocity: Note that as Q = 0, CJ without T
I reactions, we can have shocks of and strength. I
Detonation O O
N N
S S
Deflagration
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
ρ2 1 γ +1 c q
2
6
ZND Detonation Theory
FKM •During World War II, Zeldovich, Döring and von Neumann improved the FKM
CJ-model by taking the reaction rate into account. ZND Theory
•The ZND-model describes the detonation wave as a shock wave
immediately followed by a reaction zone (i.e. flame). The thickness of this
zone is given by the reaction rate.
•The ZND-theory gives the same detonation velocities and pressures as the
CJ-theory, the only difference between the two models is the thickness of D D
the wave. E E
T T
O O
•An actual detonation is a three-dimensional shock wave followed by a N N
A A
reaction zone. The leading shock consists of curved shock segments. At T T
the detachment lines between these shock segments, the shock wave I I
interacts in a Mach stem configuration. A two-dimensional illustration O O
N N
of the actual structure is given in the figure shown next page. S
ZND structure and pattern of an actual structure of a detonation front. The S
characteristic length scale of the cell pattern, the cell size, λ, is shown in
the figure.
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
• Thickness of actual shock waves is of order of a few molecular mean free paths
– Recall from chemical kinetics that probability of reaction occurring during a
collision of reactive molecules is typically much less than unity
– Inside shock wave only a few collisions, so reactive collisions become rare
events
– Little or no chemical reactions occur in this zone
• A reaction zone follows shock and must be considerably thicker D D
E E
• Simplified 1-D picture was developed independently by Zeldovich, Neumann, and T T
Döring, and is known as ZND model of detonation structure O O
N N
– Real detonations do not globally conform to this model (conceptually very A A
useful) T T
– Usually several shock fronts interacting in traveling detonation wave resulting I I
in transverse oblique shock structure O O
– Detailed nature of transverse wave structure is highly dependent on geometry N N
of confining tube S S
• State point 1: upstream conditions
• Transverse detonation structure couples with acoustic modes of tube • State point 2’: conditions at end of leading normal shock
– For unconfined detonations (spherical), transverse structure is random
27 •28 State point 2: upper Chapman-Jouguet point, D
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
7
What is Explosion?
FKM FKM
• Explosion may be defined by combustion of ‘premixed’
combustible mixture (gas cloud) , causing rapid increase
in pressure
EXPLOSION
Events both before and after gas explosion process BLEVE
FKM FKM
• Acronym for Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour
Explosion
• The BLEVE is an explosion due to flashing of liquids
when a vessel with a high vapour pressure substance
fails
D D
E E
T T
O O
N N
A A
T T
I I
O O
N N
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005
8
Confined Gas Explosions Partially--Confined Gas Explosions
Partially
FKM FKM • Partly confined explosions occur when a fuel is
• Confined gas explosions are explosions within tanks, accidentally released inside a building which is partly open
process equipment, pipes, in culverts, sewage systems, - Typical cases are compressor rooms and offshore
closed rooms and in underground installations. Confined
modules - The building will confine the explosion and the
explosions are also called internal explosions.
explosion pressure can only be relieved through the
explosion vent areas, i.e. open areas in the walls or light
relief walls that open quickly at low overpressure
D D
E E
T T
O O
N N
A A
T T
I I
O O
Explosion within a tank. N N
Gas explosion in a partly confined area with process equipment
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005
D D
E E
T T
O O
N N
A A
T T
I I
O O
Gas explosion in a process area. N N
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005
9
FKM FKM
D D
E E
T T
O O
N N
A A
T T
I I
O O
N N
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005
Gas accidents
FKM FKM
D
E
D T
E O
T N
O A
N T
A I
T O
I N
O S
N
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion Process - Mazlan 2005 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
10
Gas Accident Reports
FKM FKM N Year Type of Accident Causes Type of installation Consequences
o
1 1993 leakage Evacuation job by External piping Pipe leaking
contractor (underground) (no injured report)
-Wangsa Maju, Kuala
Lumpur
2 1993 Leakage & Land slide Residential building Building Shaking
Explosion -Flat Gombak, Kuala
Lumpur
3 1993 Fire (on storage Cigarette bud Residential storage Tank roof fired
roof) -Bangsa Kondominium
D D
E 4 1994 Leakage Evacuation job by External pipe (underground) Leaking pipe E
contractor -Tmn. Tun Dr. Ismail, Kuala
T Lumpur
T
O O
N 5 1994 Leakage and Consumers’ careless N
A Explosion A
T 6 1994 Leakage and Cylinder GPC Selling (balloon) Four people lost one of T
I explosion modification -Pasar Malam, Kpg. Pandan their feet I
O 7 1994 Leakage Evacuation job by External pipe (underground) Leaking pipe
O
N contractor N
S S
8 1994 Leakage & Leaking at clip joint Restaurant 2 injured
explosion -Wisma Stephen, Jln. Raja (50% burned)
Chulan, Kuala Lumpur
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Combustion – Dr Mazlan 2011
Explosion Limits
Perform an experiment where a fuel-oxygen mixture is injected into a preheated
FKM No Year Type of accident Causes Type of installation Consequences FKM spherical vessel and monitor the vessel pressure.
11 1995 Leakage Leaking at water heater in Residential 1 death
bathroom
12 1995 Leakage & Fire Consumer careless; Residential Victim was 90% burnt P
H2-O2
Improper valve shutting -Condominium Wangsa
Maju,Kuala Lumpur P
13 1997 Leakage & Fire Hose leaking Condominium 2 injured Vacuum
11
Prof. Frank K. Lu (franklu@uta.edu) Phone: 817-272-
Hybrid Pulsed Detonation Engine (PDE) for Electric Power Albert Ortiz (aortiz@uta.edu) 2603
Explosion Limits Generation Philip Panicker
(philipkpanicker@uta.edu)
Prof. Don Wilson (wilson@uta.edu) Fax: 817-272-
Based on US Patent Application No. 10/746,863
5010
If you repeat the experiment for different fill pressures and plot all the results on a What is a Pulsed Detonation
How a PDE Works Turbo-Jet Engines vs. PDEs Hybrid PDEs
Engine?
FKM pressure-temperature curve one can define an explosion limit curve. •Pulsed Detonation Engine (PDE) is a revolutionary
engine that uses detonation to combust the fuel.
•It operates in a cyclical and intermittent fashion.
•Detonation is a more rapid and efficient form of
The shape of this limit curve can be explained by the temperature and pressure combustion, as opposed to deflagration.
•PDEs do not need heavy multi-stage compressors.
dependencies of the H2-O2 elementary reactions. •Thus PDEs can reduce weight, costs and improve
fuel efficiency of propulsion systems dramatically. •Turbo-Jet engines (and rockets) use Deflagration to
•PDEs can operate from Mach 0 to about 5 and can burn its fuel and to generate the energy for thrust.
be used in supersonic or hypersonic vehicles. •Turbo-jets follow the Brayton cycle (constant
•PDEs can be applied for ground based or aircraft pressure).
based electric power generation. •PDEs are similar to the Humphrey cycle (constant
•PDE can run on gaseous or liquid fuels, e.g. volume).
Hydrogen, Propane (Natural Gas), Coal Gas, •Turbo-jets need heavy compressors to compress air
Kerosene, Diesel, Jet Fuel, etc. before mixing with fuel and burning.
•(The US has vast reserves of Natural Gas and •In PDEs the detonation wave does the heavy work.
Coal.) Therefore, no need for compressors.
12