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702 9 Matrices and Determinants

4 2

   
advanced treatments of matrices. In Problems 51–54, find 4 0 2 0
the characteristic polynomial and the eigenvalues of each 53. 2 2 0 54. 1 1 0
matrix. 4 8 4 2 4 2
4 6
51. 52 1 52. 83 1 

SECTION 9-5 Properties of Determinants


• Discussion of Determinant Properties
• Summary of Determinant Properties

Determinants have a number of useful properties that can greatly reduce the labor in
evaluating determinants of order 3 or greater. These properties and their use are the
subject matter for this section.

• Discussion of We now state and discuss five general determinant properties in the form of theorems.
Determinant Because the proofs for the general cases of these theorems are involved and nota-
Properties tionally difficult, we will sketch only informal proofs for determinants of order 3. The
theorems, however, apply to determinants of any order.

Theorem 1 Multiplying a Row or Column by a Constant

If each element of any row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by a con-


stant k, the new determinant is k times the original.

Partial Proof Let Cij be the cofactor of aij. Then expanding by the first row, we have

 
ka11 ka12 ka13
a21 a22 a23  ka11C11  ka12C12  ka13C13
a31 a32 a33
 k(a11C11  a12C12  a13C13)

 
a11 a12 a13
 k a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

Theorem 1 also states that a factor common to all elements of a row (or column)
can be taken out as a factor of the determinant.
9-5 Properties of Determinants 703

EXAMPLE 1 Taking Out a Common Factor of a Column

  
6 1 3 3 1 3
2 7 2  2 1 7 2
4 5 0 2 5 0

where 2 is a common factor of the first column.

Matched Problem 1 Take out factors common to any row or any column:

 
3 2 1
6 3 9
1 0 5

EXPLORE-DISCUSS 1 (A) How are


   
a
c
b
d
and
ka
kc
kb
kd
related?

  
a b c ka kb kc
(B) How are d e f and kd ke kf related?
g h i kg kh ki

Theorem 2 Row or Column of Zeros

If every element in a row (or column) is 0, the value of the determinant is 0.

Theorem 2 is an immediate consequence of Theorem 1, and its proof is left as


an exercise. It is illustrated in the following example:

 
3 2 5
0 0 0 0
1 4 9

Theorem 3 Interchanging Rows or Columns

If two rows (or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the new deter-
minant is the negative of the original.
704 9 Matrices and Determinants

A proof of Theorem 3 even for a determinant of order 3 is notationally involved.


We suggest that you partially prove the theorem by direct expansion of the determi-
nants before and after the interchange of two rows (or columns). The theorem is
illustrated by the following example, where the second and third columns are
interchanged:

  
1 0 9 1 9 0
2 1 5   2 5 1
3 0 7 3 7 0

EXPLORE-DISCUSS 2 (A) What are the cofactors of each element in the first row of the following deter-
minant? What is the value of the determinant?

 
a b c
d e f
d e f

(B) What are the cofactors of each element in the second column of the follow-
ing determinant? What is the value of the determinant?

 
a b a
d e d
g h g

Theorem 4 Equal Rows or Columns

If the corresponding elements are equal in two rows (or columns), the value of
the determinant is 0.

Proof The general proof of Theorem 4 follows directly from Theorem 3. If we start with a
determinant D that has two rows (or columns) equal and we interchange the equal
rows (or columns), the new determinant will be the same as the original. But by
Theorem 3,

D  D

hence,

2D  0
D0

Theorem 5 Addition of Rows or Columns

If a multiple of any row (or column) of a determinant is added to any other row
(or column), the value of the determinant is not changed.
9-5 Properties of Determinants 705

Partial Proof If, in a general third-order determinant, we add a k multiple of the second column to
the first and then expand by the first column, we obtain (where Cij is the cofactor of
aij in the original determinant)

 
a11  ka12 a12 a13
a21  ka22 a22 a23  (a11  ka12)C11  (a21  ka22)C21  (a31  ka32)C31
a31  ka32 a32 a33
 (a11C11  a21C21  a31C31)  k(a12C11  a22C21  a32C31)

    
a11 a12 a13 a12 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13
 a21 a22 a23  k a22 a22 a23  a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33 a32 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33

The determinant following k is 0 because the first and second columns are equal.

Note the similarity in the process described in Theorem 5 to that used to obtain
row-equivalent matrices. We use this theorem to transform a determinant without 0
elements into one that contains a row or column with all elements 0 but one. The
transformed determinant can then be easily expanded by this row (or column). An
example best illustrates the process.

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating a Determinant

Evaluate the determinant

 
3 1 2
2 4 3
4 2 5

Solution We use Theorem 5 to obtain two 0’s in the first row, and then expand the determi-
nant by this row. To start, we replace the third column with the sum of it and 2 times
the second column to obtain a 0 in the a13 position:

  
3 1 2 3 1 0
2 4 3  2 4 5 2C1  C3 → C3*
4 2 5 4 2 1

Next, to obtain a 0 in the a11 position, we replace the first column with the sum of it
and 3 times the second column:

  
3 1 0 0 1 0
2 4 5  10 4 5 3C2  C1 → C1
4 2 1 2 2 1

Now it is an easy matter to expand this last determinant by the first row to obtain

*C1, C2, and C3 represent columns 1, 2, and 3, respectively.


706 9 Matrices and Determinants


0  (1) (1)12
 
10
2
5
1
 0  20

Matched Problem 2 Evaluate the following determinant by first using Theorem 5 to obtain 0’s in the a11
and a31 positions, and then expand by the first column.

 
3 10 5
1 6 3
2 3 4

• Summary of We now summarize the five determinant properties discussed above in Table 1 for
Determinant convenient reference. Even though these properties hold for determinants of any order,
Properties for simplicity, we illustrate each property in terms of second-order determinants.

TABLE 1 Summary of Determinant Properties


Property Examples

1. If each element of any row (or column) of a


determinant is multiplied by a constant k,   
2a 2b
c d
2
a
c
b
d 
  
the new determinant is k times the original.
a b 3a b
3 
c d 3c d
2. If every element in a row (or column) is 0,
the value of the determinant is 0.  
a
0
b
0
0

 
0
0
b
d
0

3. If two rows (or two columns) of a


determinant are interchanged, the new   
a
c
b
d

c
a
d
b 
   
determinant is the negative of the original.
a b b a

c d d c
4. If the corresponding elements are equal in
two rows (or columns), the value of the  
a
a
b
b
0

 
determinant is 0.
a a
0
c c
5. If a multiple of any row (or column) of a
determinant is added to any other row (or  
a
c
b
d

a
c  ka
b
d  kb 
  
column), the value of the determinant is not
a b a  kb b
changed. 
c d c  kd d

 
Answers to Matched Problems
3 2 1
1. 3 2 1 3 2. 44
1 0 5
9-5 Properties of Determinants 707

EXERCISE 9-5
A In Problems 21–24, transform each determinant into one
that contains a row (or column) with all elements 0 but one,
For each statement in Problems 1–10, identify the theorem if possible. Then expand the transformed determinant by this
from this section that justifies it. Do not evaluate.

   
row (or column).

1.
  
16 8
0 1
8
2
0
1
1   2.
1
0
9
6   
 3
1
0
3
2 21.
1
2
0
5
3
4 22.
1
2
2 0
1 10

  4
  1
 
4

   
2 1 1 3 12 1 5 2 1 3 5
3. 2  4. 4 
3 4 6 4 2 1 2 1 3 5 0 2 0 1

5.
 
3
2
0
0
0
 6.
5
0
7
0 
0
23. 1
2
1
1
2
1
24. 1
1
3
2
4
3

7.
  
5
8
1
0

1
0  
5
8
8.
6
0
9
1   

0
6
1
9
B

  
4 3 44 38 For each statement in Problems 25–30, identify the theorem
9. 

  
from this section that justifies it.
1 2 1 2

  
1 0 2 1 0 2
3 2 34 2
10.  25. 2 3 2 4  6 4 8
5 1 52 1

  
0 1 1 0 1 1
In Problems 11–14, Theorem 5 was used to transform the 8 0 1 2 0 1
determinant on the left to that on the right. Replace each 26. 12 1 0 4 3 1 0
letter x with an appropriate numeral to complete the

 
4 3 2 1 3 2
transformation.

     
1 2 0
1 3 1 x 1 3 1 3 27. 1 0 0
11.  12.  3
2 4 2

  
2 2 5 x 13

  
0 1 0
1 2 3 1 2 0 2 5 13 5 2 13
13. 2 1 4  2 1 10 28. 1 7 12   7 1 12

  
1 3 2 1 3 x

  
0 8 15 8 0 15
1 2 3 1 0 3 4 2 1 44 2 1
14. 2 1 4  2 x 4 29. 2 0 2  28 0 2
1 3 2 1 5 2 3 2 3 8 2

 
5 5

Given that 7 7 1
30. 3 3 11  0

  a
c
b
d
 10
2 2 0
In Problems 31–34, Theorem 5 was used to transform the
determinant on the left to that on the right. Replace each
use the properties of determinants discussed in this section letter x and y with an appropriate numeral to complete the
to evaluate each determinant in Problems 15–20.

      
transformation.
c d 2a 2b 2 1 1 0 0 1
15. 16.
a b c d 1 

   
31. 3 4 x 5 1
ac bd ab 2 3 y 2

  
b 1 2
17. 18.
c d cd d 1 0 1

   
3 1 0
a ab ac bd 32. 2 4 3  10 4 7
19. 20.
c cd a b 1 5 2 x 5 y
708 9 Matrices and Determinants

     
7 9 4 1 x 0 a1 b1 c1 a1  kc1 b1 c1
33. 2 3 1  2 3 1 48. a2 b2 c2  a2  kc2 b2 c2
4 2 a3  kc3

  
3 7 y 0 a3 b3 c3 b3 c3
5 2 3 x 0 1
49. Without expanding, explain why (2, 5) and (3, 4) satisfy
34. 3 1 2  3 1 2 the equation

 
4 3 5 5 0 y
In Problems 35–42, transform each determinant into one x y 1
that contains a row (or column) with all elements 0 but one, 2 5 1 0
if possible. Then expand the transformed determinant by this 3 4 1

   
row (or column).
50. Show that
1

 
1 5 3 5 1
35. 4 2 1 36. 2 3 1 x y 1

   
3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 0
5 2 3 5 3 6 1 2 1
37. 2 4 4 38. 1 1 4
1 6 is the equation of a line that passes through (2, 3) and

   
1 3 4 3
(1, 2).
3 4 1 2 3 1
39. 6 1 2 40. 5 4 7 51. Show that

     
9 2 3 4 6 2
x y 1
0 1 0 1 2 3 1 1 x1 y1 1 0
1 2 4 3 3 1 2 1 x2 y2 1
41. 42.
2 1 5 4 0 5 4 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 0 is the equation of a line that passes through (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2).

C 52. In analytic geometry it is shown that the area of a triangle


with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), and (x3, y3) is the absolute
Transform each determinant in Problems 43 and 44 into one value of

 
that contains a row (or column) with all elements 0 but one,
if possible. Then expand the transformed determinant by this x1 y1 1
1

   
row (or column). x2 y2 1
2
3 2 3 1 1 4 2 1 x3 y3 1
3 2 8 5 5 1 3 1
43. 44. Use this result to find the area of a triangle with vertices
2 1 3 1 2 1 2 3
(1, 4), (4, 8), and (1, 1).
4 5 4 3 3 3 3 3
53. What can we say about the three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), and
Problems 45–48 are representative cases of theorems dis- (x3, y3) if the following equation is true?

 
cussed in this section. Use cofactor expansions to verify
each statement directly, without reference to the theorem it x1 y1 1

 
represents.
x2 y2 1 0
a b a x3 y3 1
45. d e d 0
[Hint: See Problem 52.]

  
g h g
a b c a b c 54. If the three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), and (x3, y3) are all on the
46. kd ke kf  k d e f same line, what can we say about the value of the determi-
nant below?

    
g h i g h i
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 x1 y1 1
47. a2 b2 c2   b2 a2 c2 x2 y2 1
a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 c3 x3 y3 1

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