1.

0 Background

The Kandy South Water Treatment Plant (KSWTP) was appointed on 29th January 2010 at a
cost of 72.34 million US$. The principle duty of this plant is to Treat crude water separated
from the Mahaweli Ganga River and supply the Treated water to 15 repositories situated in
South Kandy Metropolitan zone. This plant is intended to deliver 35,000 m3/d of drinking
water consenting to the SLS guidelines (Ordinance of SLS standard 614: Part 1 and 2 - Sri
Lanka Standards Institute, 1985). It will serve 250,000 purchasers previously the outline
skyline of year 2030.

The ebb and flow water request is just at 60% of its planned limit. The water treatment
offices contain:

 Intake segment, incorporating the Mahaweli River with appropriate weir, coarse and
fine screen; allow well with submersible pumps and muck expulsion pumps;
 Treatment forms, including aerator, lime and alum bolstering, pre‐ chlorination,
pulsator clarifiers , sand channels, discharging framework, post chlorination and
balance framework;
 Storage, including high lift pump house;
 Sludge treatment;
 Other adornments, including supervisory control and information securing,
programmable strategic controls and radio frameworks.
2.0 Literature Review

The Grade of Concrete is very important for strength and durability of reinforced Concrete
structures. Although strength and durability of Concrete are inter-related, it is not always true
that high strength Concrete has high durability (Grube, Kaufman, Clarin, D. and O'Riordan,
2016). This is because; the durability depends on the porosity of Concrete rather than
strength. As far as the reinforced Concrete water retaining structures are concerned, the
durability requirements are more demanding because Concrete is subjected to more severe
environmental conditions in those structures. Because of this reason, higher Grade of
Concrete is normally specified for reinforced Concrete water retaining structures ((.

In the recent past, Grade 35 Concrete was used for water retaining structures based on BS
5337 recommendation. Even before BS 5337 came into practice, the nominal mixes such as
1: 11/2:3 (equivalent to Grade 35) were used for water retaining structures. At present,
recommendations given in BS 8007 are used for design and construction of water retaining
structures in Sri Lanka in which minimum recommended Grade of Concrete is Grade 35.
Furthermore, the maximum cement content is limited to 400 kg/m3 in the present code
(Jamaliah, 2016). Because of these recommendations, there is difficulty in adopting BS 8007
due to inability to produce Grade 35 Concrete in Sri Lanka, especially in volume batched
Concrete (Aziz, Kumar, Rathore, and Lal, 2017). In this context, this study was carried out to
explore the possibility of using Grade 35 Concrete with the design recommendations given in
BS 8007. A literature survey was carried out to find out the design practices in other
countries such as India, U.S.A., and Australia (Hanly, Koopmanschap, and Sharp, 2015).

A field survey was carried out to collect information on durability and the performance of the
water retaining structure built using Grade 35. In addition, information was collected on
production of Grade 35 and 35 Concrete for construction of water retaining structures in Sri
Lanka (Bennett, and Kane, 2016). It was found that the Indian standard recommends Grade
35 Concrete for water retaining structures and all other codes recommend higher Grades of
Concrete for water retaining structures (Hasle, Bojesen, Langaa Jensen, and Bramming,
2012). Furthermore, it was observed that Concrete in almost all the structures, which were
design and built based on BS 5337 and CP 2007 are in good conditions. The collected
Concrete strength data shows that the production of Grade 35A Concrete by volume batching
was not that successful. But it is possible to obtain Grade 35 Concrete without any difficulty
even with volume batching. Furthermore, design calculations showed that the reinforcement
requirement to control thermal and shrinkage cracks could be reduced with the use of lower
Grade of Concrete such as Grade 35 Concrete (Aziz, Kumar, Rathore, and Lal, 2017).
Finally, amendments are proposed to design recommendation given in BS 8007 to
accommodate Grade 35 Concrete. Basest on this it can be concluded that Grade 35 Concrete
can be used with design recommendation given in BS 8007 to design water retaining
structures more economically (Hasle, Limborg, and Nielsen, 2014).

3.0 Possible Root Cause

The principle Problem associated with outlining since quite a while ago, fortified solid tanks
for fluids are their warm expandability and, in result, the issue of appropriately settling
development holes. The investigation of the consequences of static figurings of the depicted
tank has affirmed this. The impact of temperature angles is unmistakable in diagrams of
malleable anxieties and misshapenings of the tank. Sudden warming up of the pool prompts
huge warm expandability of the structure, since outside dividers of the tank at the same time
lean outwards and increment long because of the warm expandability of solid, singular
sections isolated by extension joints start to push against each other, and noteworthy fixing of
the development joints happens. The cyclic impacts of temperature and absence of
counterbalance components restricting the conceivable outcomes free development of the
tank prompt advancing division of individual fragments of the tank and spreading of
extension holes. This is unmistakable while assessing old tanks which had not been utilized
for quite a while. The cyclic effect of temperature angles prompts warm expandability of the
structure and Problems with extension joints. The Problem of moderate, long haul extension
of development holes in tanks lies is in their development. As per their definition, extension
joints, because of the warm development of the structure, are holes in the progression of a
building, taking into consideration its free twisting, working in light of the withdrawal or
stretching of basic components.

Their part is to secure the working against the impacts of pressure happening because of
warm misshapenings. The absence of their pay prompts splitting of the structure, and in
outrageous cases, its decimation. Conventional answers for development joints are done by
totally (100%) breaking the coherence of the structure – cement and support – adaptable
extension joint. Such arrangements don't confine the development of the structure in any
capacity, which after some time prompts the spreading out of extension holes and their
spillage. An extension joint arrangement in which warm development is remunerated by
sufficient widths of holes in the solid layer was proposed. Fittingly picked support situated
around the adaptable component in the extension joint of the base piece limits the moderate,
steady spreading of the development joint. On account of cyclic cooling and warming up of
the tank, the fortification keeps up a steady separation of individual sections isolated by
enunciated development joints.

Consideration ought to be attracted to the way that presenting such an answer requires
computing the prolonged tank overall, that is all portions together, on the grounds that,
because of the rubbing between the base and ground surface, extra malleable or compressive
pressure is produced in the base. Noteworthy powers likewise happen in the real poles of
extension joint, which should be decisively dimensioned because of the strength of the pole
itself and tying down in the solid. It empowers the larger part of consequences for basic
components which may happen in the mechanical procedure to be represented. On account of
the talked about tank, keeping in mind the end goal to legitimately survey the essential
measurements of divider and base segments and also fortification, a spatial model of the
structure mirroring its real movement must be made.

For this reason, explained parallel development joints between the fragments were expected
in the numeric model, unbending nature of the ground surface, both vertical and in addition
level (frictional power), accepted, the likelihood of ground surface pulling off represented
and elective temperature slopes for the transitional stage decided. The primary
accomplishment of the work was deciding these slopes based on numerical examinations.
Mechanical load (connected in the pivot of the tank dividers), and in addition the weight
applied by fluid, caused altogether bring down basic strain. A critical part of outlining tanks
is the best possible completing and position of extension joints. Customary arrangements of
breaks in the structure can't be effectively connected to long tanks. The absence of
progression in fortification limiting the portions isolated by extension joints prompts their
moderate, long haul development.

4.0 Possible NDT methods

NDT is utilized as a part of an assortment of settings that covers an extensive variety of

modern movement, with new NDT techniques and applications, being ceaselessly created.
Nondestructive testing strategies are routinely connected in enterprises where a
disappointment of a part would cause huge danger or financial misfortune, for example, in
transportation, weight vessels, building structures, channeling, and lifting hardware (Chiba,
Arai, Ueyama, Ogata, and Ota, 2016).

 Weld confirmation

In fabricating, welds are ordinarily used to join at least two metal parts. Since these
associations may experience loads and weakness amid item lifetime, quite possibly they may
flop if not made to appropriate detail (Ishijima, Eliakimu, and Mshana, 2016). For instance,
the base metal must achieve a specific temperature amid the welding procedure, must cool at
a particular rate, and should be welded with perfect materials or the joint may not be
sufficiently solid to hold the parts together, or breaks may frame in the weld making it come
up short. The regular welding surrenders (absence of combination of the weld to the base
metal, splits or porosity inside the weld, and varieties in weld thickness) could make a
structure break or a pipeline to crack. Welds might be tried utilizing NDT systems, for
example, modern radiography or mechanical CT filtering utilizing X-beams or gamma
beams, ultrasonic testing, fluid penetrant testing, attractive molecule review or by means of
vortex current. In an appropriate weld, these tests would demonstrate an absence of splits in
the radiograph, demonstrate clear entry of sound through the weld and back, or show an
unmistakable surface without penetrant caught in breaks (Faisal Ahammad, Mook Lee,
Malul, and Shoham, 2017).

Welding strategies may likewise be effectively checked with acoustic emanation systems
before creation to plan the best arrangement of parameters to use to legitimately join two
materials (Aziz, Kumar, Rathore, and Lal, 2017). On account of high pressure or wellbeing
basic welds, weld observing will be utilized to affirm the predefined welding parameters
(bend current, circular segment voltage, travel speed, warm info and so on.) are being clung
to those expressed in the welding system. This confirms the weld as right to strategy
preceding nondestructive assessment and metallurgy tests (Ishijima, Eliakimu, and Mshana,
2016).

 Structural mechanics

Structure can be perplexing frameworks that experience distinctive burdens amid their
lifetime, Lithium-particle batteries. Some intricate structures, for example, the turbo
apparatus in a fluid fuel rocket, can likewise cost a large number of dollars. Architects will
generally show these structures as coupled second-arrange frameworks, approximating
dynamic structure segments with springs, masses, and dampers. The subsequent
arrangements of differential conditions are then used to infer an exchange work that models
the conduct of the framework (Jamaliah, 2016).

In NDT, the structure experiences a dynamic info, for example, the tap of a mallet or a
controlled drive. Key properties, for example, removal or speeding up at various purposes of
the structure, are estimated as the comparing yield. This yield is recorded and contrasted with
the comparing yield given by the exchange work and the known information. Contrasts may
demonstrate an improper model, fizzled segments, or a deficient control framework (Fiscor,
2016).

5.0 Repair Methods and suitable method

The initial step ought to dependably be an examination to decide the reason for the
crumbling. The general standards of Repair include: capturing and anticipating further
corruption; treating uncovered steel support; and filling gaps or gaps caused by breaking or
left after the loss of spalled or harmed concrete; Various procedures are accessible for the
Repair, insurance and recovery of solid structures, and particulars for Repair principals have
been characterized methodicallly. The determination of the proper approach will rely upon
the reason for the underlying harm (e.g. affect, extreme stacking, development, erosion of the
fortification, substance assault, or fire) and whether the Repair is to be completely stack
bearing or just corrective. Repair standards which don't enhance the quality or execution of
cement past its unique (undamaged) condition include: substitution and reclamation of
cement in the wake of spalling and delamination; fortifying to reestablish basic load-bearing
limit; and expanding protection from physical or mechanical assault.

Repair standards for capturing and anticipating further corruption include: control of anodic
regions; cathodic assurance, cathodic control; expanding resistivity; saving or reestablishing
aloofness; expanding protection from compound assault; insurance against entrance of
unfriendly operators; and dampness control. Procedures for filling gaps left by the expulsion
of spalled or harmed concrete include: mortar Repairs; streaming solid Repairs and showered
solid Repairs. The filling of splits, gaps or voids in concrete for auxiliary purposes
(reclamation of quality and load-bearing ability), or non-basic reasons (adaptable Repairs
where advance development is normal, or on the other hand to oppose water and gas
pervasion) commonly includes the infusion of low thickness pitches or grouts in view of
epoxy, PU or acrylic tars, or micronised bond slurries.
One novel proposition for the Repair of breaks is to utilize microscopic organisms.
BacillaFilla is a hereditarily built bacterium intended to Repair harmed solid, filling in the
breaks, and making them entire once more.

6.0 Conclusion

In KSWTP, There are four fast sand channels. The media used in fast channels is fine sand
with the consistency coefficients around 1.2 and the channel profundity of 100 cm. The
greatest filtrate speed is 3,500 m3/h with the surface stacking rate of 10.95 m3/m2 .h. The
profluent water has a turbidity of 0.6 - 8.0 NTU. Discharge strategy traded off via air blowing
(to extend the channel bed) trailed by passing water and air blends (rub the channel media to
evacuate particles) and after that reasonable water washing. The discharge step expends from
1 to 3 % of clean water delivered. Generally, discharging step is led each 24 h (when the
when turbidity of gushing water achieves 8 NTU, or head misfortune achieves 2.5 m). The
measure of sand misfortune because of discharge is around 500 kg/year.The discharge and air
scour framework configuration guarantees all channels are air-scoured and washed similarly.
The distinction in air or water stream should not be more noteworthy than ± 5 % between any
two channels.