Aws It 201708

AUGUST 2017 / VOL. 20 / NO.
Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTION AND TESTING PERSONNEL
▪Liquid Penetrant
Examination AWS.ORG
▪ Prequalified vs. Qualified

Welding Procedure Specifications
▪ Update to AWS B1.10,
Guide for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDING
AND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING
For Info, go to aws.org/ad-index
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AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Join or Renew: Mail: Form with your payment, to AWS Call: Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 480
Fax: Completed form to (305) 443-5647 Online: www.aws.org/membership 8669 NW 36 St, # 130
Miami, FL 33166-6672
CONTACT INFORMATION Telephone (800) 443-9353
FAX (305) 443-5647
q New Member q Renewal Visit our website: www.aws.org
q Mr. q Ms. q Mrs. q Dr. Please print • Duplicate this page as needed Type of Business (Check ONE only)
A q Contract construction
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
B q Chemicals & allied products
C q Petroleum & coal industries
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
D q Primary metal industries
E q Fabricated metal products
Birthdate: _____________________________ E-Mail:____________________________________________
F q Machinery except elect. (incl. gas welding)
G q Electrical equip., supplies, electrodes
Cell Phone ( )__________________________ Secondary Phone ( )______________________
H q Transportation equip. — air, aerospace
Were you ever an AWS Member? q YES q NO If “YES,” give year________ and Member #:____________________ I q Transportation equip. — automotive
J q Transportation equip. — boats, ships
Company (if applicable):___________________________________________________________________ K q Transportation equip. — railroad
L q Utilities
Address:________________________________________________________________________________ M q Welding distributors & retail trade
N q Misc. repair services (incl. welding shops)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ O q Educational Services (univ., libraries, schools)
P q Engineering & architectural services (incl. assns.)
City:_____________________________________State/Province:__________________________________ Q q Misc. business services (incl. commercial labs)
R q Government (federal, state, local)
Zip/PostalCode:_____________________Country:______________________________________________ S q Other
Who pays your dues?: q Company q Self-paid Sex: q Male q Female Job Classification (Check ONE only)
01 q President, owner, partner, officer
Education level: q High school diploma q Associate’s q Bachelor’s q Master’s q Doctoral
02 q Manager, director, superintendent (or assistant)
q Check here if you learned of the Society through an AWS Member? Member’s name:_______________________Member’s # (if known):________ 03 q Sales
04 q Purchasing
q Check here if you would prefer not to receive email updates on AWS programs, new Member benefits, savings opportunities and events.
05 q Engineer — welding
1/4” HIGH FOLIO LAP
20 q Engineer — design
SCORE/FOLD
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP
BLIND PERF
BLIND PERF
21 q Engineer — manufacturing
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06 q Engineer — other
è Please check each box that applies to the Membership or service you’d like, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment. 10 q Architect designer
q AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (One Year)......................................................................................................$88 12 q Metallurgist
13 q Research & development
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (Two Years) SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$151 22 q Quality control
07 q Inspector, tester
q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12
08 q Supervisor, foreman
OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY: 14 q Technician
09 q Welder, welding or cutting operator
A.) OPTIONAL Book Selection (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling) 11 q Consultant
q Individual Members in the U.S..................................................................................................................................$35 15 q Educator
17 q Librarian
q Individual Members outside the U.S (includes International shipping)...........................................................................$85 16 q Student
ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For more book choices visit https://app.aws.org/membership/books 18 q Customer Service
q Jefferson’s Welding Encyc.(CD-ROM only) q Design & Planning Manual for Cost-Effective Welding q Welding Metallurgy q Welding Inspection Handbook 19 q Other
Welding Handbook Selections: q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 5) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 4) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 3) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 2) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1) Technical Interests (Check all that apply)
Pocket Handbook Selections: q PHB-1 (Arc Welding Steel) q PHB-2 (Visual Inspection) q PHB-4 (GMAW / FCAW) A q Ferrous metals
B q Aluminum
B.) OPTIONAL Welding Journal Hard Copy (for Members outside North America) C q Nonferrous metals except aluminum
q Individual Members outside North America (note: digital delivery of WJ is standard)..............................................$50 D q Advanced materials/Intermetallics
E q Ceramics
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT..................................................................................$_____________ F q High energy beam processes
NOTE: Dues include $17.30 for Welding Journal subscription and $4.00 for the AWS Foundation. G q Arc welding
H q Brazing and soldering
I q Resistance welding
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP J q Thermal spray
K q Cutting
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with digital Welding Journal magazine)................................................$15 L q NDT
M q Safety and health
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with hard copy Welding Journal magazine)..............................................$35
N q Bending and shearing
Option available only to students in U.S., Canada & Mexico.
O q Roll forming
P q Stamping and punching
PAYMENT INFORMATION Q q Aerospace
R q Automotive
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money order (international or foreign), payable to the American Welding Society, or by charge card. S q Machinery
q Check q Money Order q AMEX q Diners Club q MasterCard q Visa q Discover q Other T q Marine
U q Piping and tubing
CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________ V q Pressure vessels and tanks
W q Sheet metal
X q Structures
Signature of Applicant:_________________________________________ Application Date:_______________________
Y q Other
Z q Automation
OFFICE USE ONLY Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________ 1 q Robotics
Source Code: IT Date:_________________________________ Amount:_____________________________________ 2 q Computerization of Welding
REV. 11/16
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Miami, FL 33166-6672
FAX (305) 443-5647
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
Birthdate: _____________________________ E-Mail:____________________________________________
L q Utilities
04 q Purchasing
1/4” HIGH FOLIO LAP

INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP 21 q Engineer — manufacturing
1/8” FACE TRIM
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17 q Librarian
B q Aluminum
E q Ceramics
K q Cutting
O q Roll forming
R q Automotive
W q Sheet metal
X q Structures
Y q Other
Z q Automation
REV. 11/16
PAGE 2 1/8” FOOT TRIM PAGE 3

AUGUST 2017 / VOL. 20 / NO. 3
Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTIONS AND TESTING PERSONNEL
Features
Applications of Spot, Seam, and Projection Weld Symbols

by J. P. Christein and R. D. Campbell / The third in a series of articles
about improving the communication of welding symbols, this article
covers the current requirements for these common weld symbols, plus the
history of the spot weld symbol / 16
Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Penetrant Examination

by J. Worman / A complete evaluation of one of the most popular NDE
methods / 22
Cover photo: Head spin hole plug weld after
the application of liquid penetrant. (Photo
courtesy of the National Board of Boiler and Prequalified vs. Qualified WPSs
Pressure Vessel Inspectors.) by A. J. Moore / Essential differences and how to choose which one
to use / 26
INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is
published quarterly by the American Welding Society.
Editorial and advertising offices are located at 8669 NW
36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443- WPS Qualification: A Comparison Between AWS and NAVSEA
9353. Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Senatobia, Requirements
Miss. Subscriptions $30.00 per year for noncertified,
nonmembers in the United States and its possessions;
by C. Emerick / Highlights and key differences that CWIs should know
$50.00 per year in foreign countries; $20.00 per year for when working with NAVSEA requirements / 29
noncertified members and students; $10.00 single issue
for nonmembers; and $7.00 single issue for members.
American Welding Society is located at 8669 NW 36 St.,
#130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-9353. Update to AWS B1.10, Guide for the Nondestructive Examination
Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla., and additional of Welds
mailing offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to by B. Campbell / Learn about what changes took place in the latest edition
Inspection Trends c/o American Welding Society, 8669 of this staple document / 32
NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166.
Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of articles

for personal, archival, educational, or research
purposes, and which are not for sale or resale. Permis-
sion is granted to quote from articles, provided custom-
ary acknowledgment of authors and sources is made.
Starred (*) items excluded from copyright.
AWS MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of the American Welding Society is to advance
Departments
the science, technology, and application of welding and
allied joining processes worldwide, including, brazing,
soldering, and thermal spraying.
Editor’s Note ................................6 Mark Your Calendar ..................34
AWS DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION News Bulletins .............................8 Certification Schedule ...............35
STATEMENT
AWS values diversity, advocates equitable and inclusive Print and Product Showcase .....12 Classifieds ..................................36
practices, and engages its members and stakeholders in
establishing a culture in the welding community that
welcomes, learns from, and celebrates differences among The Answer Is.............................14 Advertiser Index ........................36
people.
AWS recognizes that a commitment to diversity, equity, Technology Notes ......................33
and inclusion is essential to achieving excellence for the
Association, its members, and employees.
August 2017 / Inspection Trends 5

Editor’s Note
Publisher
Mary Ruth Johnsen, mjohnsen@aws.org
Editorial
Dear Readers,
Editor
Welcome to the August 2017 issue of Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
Inspection Trends. This month brings a se-
lection of topics I hope are applicable and Senior Editor
related to the everyday tasks many of you Cindy Weihl, cweihl@aws.org
perform.
We explore Welding Procedure Specifica- Features Editor
tions (WPSs) from two different angles, al- Kristin Campbell, kcampbell@aws.org
though the conclusions share a common
message. First, Al Moore (AWS SCWI and Associate Editor
NDT Level III inspector), our long-time Katie Pacheco, kpacheco@aws.org
contributor, presents us with a detailed
Carlos Guzman comparison of prequalified versus quali- Assistant Editor
fied WPSs. Understanding the fundamen- Roline Pascal, rpascal@aws.org
tal differences between the two, and knowing when to use one or the
other, can have a positive influence on the results of the job by con- Design and Production
tributing to better accuracy and increased efficiency. On the other
hand, Chris Emerick (AWS CWI and NDT Level III inspector) brings us Production Editor
an article about WPS qualification with a comparison between AWS Zaida Chavez, zaida@aws.org
and NAVSEA requirements. Many aspects are similar in qualifying
Assistant Production Manager
welding procedures to different codes, but knowing the particular vari- Brenda Flores, bflores@aws.org
ances is key to ensuring that requirements are not overlooked, and effi-
ciency is increased. Although each article covers different topics related Manager of International Periodicals
to WPSs, they both reach a similar general conclusion: understanding
and Electronic Media
WPSs and using them judiciously is directly related to efficiency. This
Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
translates to the old and universal adage that we all (and especially
companies) want to accomplish: saving time and money.
In this issue, we also explore one of the most popular NDE methods Advertising
in the industry: liquid penetrant (PT). Jim Worman, senior staff engi-
Manager of Sales Operations
neer at the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors,
Lea Paneca, lea@aws.org
has kindly contributed an informative and thorough article, including
the advantages and disadvantages of PT, and the six basic steps to fol- Senior Advertising Sales Executives
low when using this NDE method. Although PT is not suited for all ap- Sandra Jorgensen, sjorgensen@aws.org
plications, it’s often the choice in new construction and maintenance Annette Delagrange, adelagrange@aws.org
inspection because of its low cost and ease of use. Whether you are just
getting started in PT or are a seasoned pro, I hope you find useful in- Senior Advertising Production Manager
formation in the article. Frank Wilson, fwilson@aws.org
This month we continue our series of articles about applications of
weld symbols. “Applications of Spot, Seam, and Projection Weld Sym- Subscriptions Representative
bols” presents detailed information on the meaning and requirements Evelyn Andino, eandino@aws.org
of these resistance weld symbols, along with the history of the spot American Welding Society
weld symbol. 8669 NW 36 St., #130
To conclude, Bob Campbell, the newly seated chair of the B1A Sub- Miami, FL 33166-6672
committee on NDE of Welds, provides us with the details of the latest (800/305) 443-9353
update to AWS B1.10, Guide for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds.
This 2016 edition includes, for example, updates and revisions to the Copyright
safety and health references, changes and additions to the terms and
Copyright © 2017 by American Welding Society in both
definitions, more in-depth review of the functions and tasks that may printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsi-
be required of those doing visual examinations (VT), substantial addi- ble for any statement made or opinion expressed herein.
Data and information developed by the authors of specific
tions and modernization to the radiographic (RT) method, and the in- articles are for informational purposes only and are not
clusion of descriptions of advanced ultrasonic techniques. intended for use without independent, substantiating
investigation on the part of potential users.
Please don’t hesitate to share your comments or questions about
these or any other NDE topics, that might find their way in to future
issues of Inspection Trends. Please contact me at cguzman@aws.org.
6 Inspection Trends / August 2017

News Bulletins
AWS Partners with Prometric to Offer Hobart Brothers Celebrates 100 Years of
Certification Exams Nationwide Innovation
AWS, Miami, Fla., has partnered with Prometric, a Over the past 100 years, Hobart Brothers Co. has welded
wholly owned subsidiary of Education Testing Service, to its way into a prominent position within the welding indus-
begin offering Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS) and try since being incorporated by founder C. C. Hobart, his
Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR) exams at wife, and three sons on March 24, 1917.
all U.S. and international Prometric locations beginning Significant strides — starting with engineering, manu-
June 1. facturing, and selling specialized electrical equipment to be-
“AWS had been looking at ways to make certification ex- ing best known today for formulating and manufacturing
ams more accessible to the industry. Until recently, CWS filler metals under the Hobart® brand, as well as making
and CWSR test takers took a paper-based test at limited welding power sources — command respect.
AWS testing sites across the country,” said Vanessa Gonza- The company was family owned and operated until 1996,
lez Hernandez, manager of certification programs, AWS. when it was acquired by Illinois Tool Works (ITW).
“By partnering with Prometric, qualified applicants trying To commemorate Hobart’s centennial, private events
to achieve CWS or CWSR certifications can save time and were recently held for employees, retirees, ITW members,
money by avoiding long distance travel to exam sites. They and customers at its Troy, Ohio, headquarters.
can now take computer-based exams at one of the many On May 18, a luncheon attracted more than 500 atten-
conveniently located Prometric test sites, on a day and dees. Former President William Hobart, whose grandfather
time that is most suitable to the candidate.” founded the company, and family members were among the
To learn more about how to prepare for computer-based guests.
testing and what to expect on the test day, visit Vice President and General Manager David Knoll wel-
prometric.com/en-us/for-test-takers/prepare-for-test-day/ comed attendees and pointed out that reaching 100 years in
pages/take-a-practice-test.aspx. business is an incredible milestone. “We are very proud of
the history of the company,” Knoll said.
For info, go to aws.org/adindex For info, go to aws.org/adindex

C. C. Hobart and his three boys, W. H., E. A., and Charles, are Hobart makes products to accommodate various welding
pictured building the company and new products, circa 1920. processes; for example, wire feed gas metal arc welding
(Photo courtesy of Hobart.) machines. (Photo courtesy of Hobart.)
Ohio Governor John R. Kasich sent a proclamation con- Originally from the area, Foster traveled from his current
gratulating the company on its anniversary. home in Rockledge, Fla., to attend this gala. He spent 30
John R. Hartnett, executive vice president of the welding years at Hobart, served as a district manager, and liked the
segment at ITW, marveled at Hobart’s growth through challenge of finding and filling needs along with forming re-
the years, its positive impact on the community, and how lationships. “It takes a long time to win customers’ trust and
many welders got their start at the Hobart Institute of faith in buying products,” Foster said. He also noted his fa-
Welding Technology. ther-in-law, Wilbert Chiasson, worked for the company and
Troy Mayor Michael L. Beamish enthusiastically read a was one of the Cyber-TIG welding machine designers.
proclamation that listed various company accomplishments Potter enjoyed almost 44 years at Hobart. He started on
and declared the 18th day of May 2017 as Hobart Brothers tubular wires, transferred to solid wires and operated those
Co. 100th Anniversary Day in the city. machines, then spooled wires. There’s many reasons he con-
After festivities finished, retirees Dennis Foster and Rus- tinued to commute from Greenville, about 25 miles away.
sell Potter Jr. fondly reflected on their long-term careers. “People care about you here. When times were slow, you
For info, go to aws.org/adindex


Knoll said. He believes Hobart is positioned with ITW to deliv-
er solutions. “We will continue to innovate,” Knoll concluded.
Other key welding highlights, detailed by decade, include
• Introducing its first arc welding unit in 1925
• Offering “Build It Yourself” welding machines in 1935
• Being chosen in 1941 to supply the military engine-
driven welding machines and generators during World
War II
• Debuting the “four-roll drive” wire feeder in 1958
• Having the international A.G. segment begin to manu-
facture welding machines for the European market in 1965
Former President William Hobart (far right) and family members
listened to Vice President and General Manager David Knoll (far left) • Presenting solid-state circuitry to welding power
at a luncheon on May 18 at Hobart’s headquarters in Troy, Ohio. sources and feeders in 1979
• Launching variable polarity plasma arc welding in 1981,
never got laid off,” Potter said. His son now works at the a new method used by NASA for the Space Shuttle fuel tank
company; he hopes he’s been an inspiration, but stressed, • Unveiling the Ultraweld line and family of inverter
“You’ve got to work up to my capacity and be committed.” welding units in 1991
In an interview with the Welding Journal, Vice President • Introducing Trimark Metalloy Vantage metal core wire
and General Manager David Knoll expressed what’s unique in 2001
about Hobart: “We are a very empowered company and be- • Developing a new aluminum alloy, 4943, in 2012.
lieve every employee contributes to our success.” He empha-
sized remaining close to customers is critical. So is operating — Kristin Campbell (kcampbell@aws.org), features editor of
with the core values of trust, respect, and integrity. Inspection Trends
In regard to impacting the welding industry, Knoll em-
phasized, “Helping customers do what they do better is
where we are focused.” He mentioned landmark builds, in- AT&F Wisconsin Upgrades Facility,
cluding the U.S. Bank Stadium and Lambeau Field, have Adds CWI to Its Staff
been possible in part to products the company makes.
He credits overcoming challenges to employees wanting to AT&F, a custom and high-volume steel fabricator, has
do the best for the company. “The future is very positive,” made upgrades to its Manitowoc, Wis., facility as part of
For info, go to aws.org/ad-index For info, go to aws.org/ad-index

continuous improvement efforts. The entire 60,000-sq-ft fa- to be removed and reinstalled on a Virginia Class submarine
cility layout underwent a redesign to improve workflow and during inspections could reduce costs by as much as $1.2 mil-
reduce costs. Additions include an onsite American Welding lion per hull per inspection cycle.
Society Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) to further enhance
welding quality and provide a resource for proper procedures
and training. The new plasma/oxyfuel cutting table features a Laboratory Testing Purchases Fracture
5-axis beveling head, plasma cuts up to 2 in., oxyfuel cuts up
to 8 in., and cutting envelope of 10 × 33 ft. A large-capacity
Technology Associates
boring bar was upgraded as well.
Laboratory Testing Inc. (LTI) has recently announced the
acquisition of Fracture Technology Associates (FTA), Bethle-
hem, Pa. The companies have been in the materials testing
LA-CO Industries to Acquire J. P. Nissen business for more than 30 years. FTA is a commercial, inde-
pendent testing laboratory that has provided fracture me-
LA-CO Industries Inc., Elk Grove Village, Ill., has agreed chanics testing services and tailored software systems to a
in principle to purchase J. P. Nissen Co., Glenside, Pa., a man- variety of commercial, government, and university labs. LTI
ufacturer of industrial marking products for the welding, fab- is an independent, full-service materials testing, NDE and
rication, and construction markets. In bringing together the metrology lab serving a range of industries, including aero-
Nissen line of products with the Markal® and Tempil® space, power, medical, military, and commercial.
brands, LA-CO now provides a combination of industrial Construction of a new fracture mechanics lab is under way
marking and temperature-indicating products. at LTI with more than twice the square footage of the present
lab. It will house LTI’s current test frames and allow for the
addition of FTA’s ten frames and staff within the next year.
Inspecting Welds on Nuclear-Powered Brandon McVaugh, grandson of LTI’s founder and the di-
rector of operations commented, “We plan to integrate FTA’s
Submarines More Cost Effectively equipment and personnel into the Fracture Mechanics De-
partment at LTI within the next year. They will remain opera-
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) re- tional, as an extension of LTI.”
searchers are aligning with the U.S. Navy Metalworking Center — continued on page 15
to study ways to reduce the cost of inspecting welds on nu-
clear‐powered submarines. The lab has entered into a feasibility
study agreement with the Navy to look at developing a nonde-
structive technology that can peer through the submarine’s
coating to find defects in the ship’s welds.
“We’re investigating a cross-platform technique that allows
us to interrogate the welds without doing destructive work on
that treatment,” said LLNL Materials and Engineering Section
Leader Karl Fisher, a principal investigator on the project. Re- WELD PRO OCEDUR E
searchers will explore the use of acoustical structural excitation
with ultrawide-band radar technology.
QUALIFICATION
N MATE RIAL S
For the first phase, the team will use test samples to try the Butt Welds
technique. Simultaneously, two other institutions will be inves- Hardfacing
tigating terahertz and phased array approaches. Corrosion
The Navy estimates reducing the amount of coating that has P1-P62
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the cost of inspecting welds on nuclear-powered submarines.
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Print and Product Showcase
Compact UV Lamp for NDE one white light LED is for the the visual Acoustic Emissions System
inspection, providing a concentrated
Features IP65 Rating beam profile. The UV-A lenses are long Provides Portability
lasting and able to endure rigorous use,
offsetting the effects of lens deteriora-
tion. Also, the lamps are compact and
ergonomic, weighing in at only 2.35 lb
and standing 7.5 in. tall. They can be re-
paired in the field because all the critical
parts, including the power assembly,
can be easily accessed. The cool-running
design enables the device to operate in
temperatures reaching upward of 122°F.
The uVision UV-365ES is the stan-
dard model and has a nominal steady
state intensity of 4700 μW/cm² at 15 in.
The coverage area encompasses 6 in. di- The Pocket AE is a dual-channel
ameter at 15 in., with a minimum UV-A acoustic emissions system packed in a
The uVision™ 365, a new series of intensity of 1200 μW/cm². The uVision rugged, portable handheld unit de-
UV-A LED lamps for nondestructive ex- UV-365EH is a high-intensity model, signed for use as a field survey tool
amination (NDE) and other applica- producing a nominal steady state inten- and suitable for situations when power
tions, features an IP65 rating, which sity of 7000 μW/cm² at 15 in. with an is not readily available. It offers the
means the units can be fully covered in increased coverage area of 7 in. at 15 in. performance, capabilities, and features
dust and suffer no intrusion. They are (such as wide bandwidth, speed, sam-
also protected against jets of water from pling rates, and waveform processing)
all directions. Three powerful UV-A Spectronics Corp. of larger systems in a compact, bat-
LEDs provide fluorescent detection and spectroline.com tery-operated package. The system is
American Welding Society®

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equally useful in the laboratory with
two-channel capabilities and one-
channel parametric input. It’s suited
for leak detection, material and
processes characterization, and
screening for a more detailed follow-
up inspection.
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physicalacoustics.com
bright, concentrated white light for fast
UV Lamp for NDE Offers visible inspections. The lamp can speed
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The EV6500 LED UV inspection construction, along with a fully sealed
covers the present scenario and the
lamp is designed for NDE professionals. housing, fanless cooling system, and
growth prospects of the global eddy
This model aids inspection quality and nonclouding lens.
current examination market, which-
flexibility by offering 7000 μW/cm2 will grow at a rate of 10.23% during
high-intensity UV-A illumination with a Magnaflux the period between 2017 and 2021.
broad-coverage, 100-ft-candle white magnaflux.com This report has been prepared based
light in a single handheld LED lamp. on an in-depth market analysis with
These features allow inspectors to input from industry experts. It also in-
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Report Forecasts Global
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Inspection Trends / August 2017 13

The Answer Is By A. Moore and K. Erickson
Q: I have a query regarding the quali-

fication testing for a fillet weld using
the shielded metal arc welding
(SMAW) process. The welding pro-
cedure specification (WPS) permits a
maximum fillet weld size of 10 mm,
and the qualification coupon used
was a 10-mm plate and a 3.7-mm
pipe in the 2F position. The accept-
ance criteria for this test is macro-
etch test: fillet welds shall have fusion
to the root of the joint but not neces-
sarily beyond, and the minimum leg
size shall meet the specified fillet
weld size. However, the third-party
agency rejected the welder qualifica-
tion because the weld size reached 6
mm, which is oversize for the pipe
thickness of 3.7 mm. The AWS Fig. 1 — Pipe Fillet Weld Soundness Text — WPS Qualification (Fig. 9.21 of D1.1:2015).
Clause 4.30.2.3 from 2008 only men-
tions the minimum leg size has to be A: (by A. Moore) You did not specifi- my response on the current edition of
met. Please clarify whether our
cally reference D1.1, Structural Welding D1.1 (2015), since it is relevant to
welder is approved or not (require-
ment for root fusion is already met). Code — Steel, but I believe it is clear most inspectors reading this column.
you are working with D1.1:2008. I In your case, I’m sure these welder
hope you do not mind that I’m basing qualifications were performed when

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the 2008 edition was appropriate. Not documentation. You did not tell us the verification inspector the authori-
much has changed regarding perform- whether the WPS was used for the ty to require nonconforming work to
ance qualification, so the response is testing or the welder received specific be reworked, repaired, or scrapped.
still appropriate. Based on the descrip- instructions regarding the weld size The verification inspector is not
tion of the qualification test, it looks limitations. It makes an easy case for granted the authority to specify how
like the sketch in Fig. 9.21 of having WPSs that are specific to nonconforming work is to be repaired.
D1.1:2015 — Fig. 1. welder qualification. One must be careful not to overstep
You did not say whether this is a If you were required to requalify the authority granted by the project’s
single-pass fillet or a multiple pass fillet your welders based on the scant infor- governing documents. Even if the en-
weld, so I’m assuming it is a single-pass mation provided, I would say there gineer delegates the responsibility to
fillet weld because the leg is less than a was no need to requalify the welders. review WPSs and performance qualifi-
¼ in. (6 mm). I have to assume the pipe That being the case, I would send the cation records, it does not mean the
wall was 3.7 mm (about 0.140-in. wall) inspector’s employer an invoice for the verification inspector has the authori-
thick, which would be about right for a cost of requalifying the welders plus ty to require the contractor to rewrite
1½-in. schedule 40 pipe. the cost of lost production time. That or revise to WPSs, or to requalify
My personal opinion is that a ¼- should get their attention. welders. The verification inspector
in. single-pass fillet weld on a 53⁄ 2-in.- The structural welding code does should report his or her finding to the
(3.7-mm-) thick pipe is not unreason- not grant the verification inspector engineer for disposition.
able. The code has a provision that the the authority to accept or reject previ-
wall thickness must be sufficient to ous qualification — that is the engi-
prevent melt-through. That might be neer’s responsibility per clause 4.2.2.1.
ALBERT J. MOORE JR. is vice president,
an issue when the fillet weld is much I would say the inspector may have Marion Testing & Inspection, Canton,
larger than the thickness of the pipe overstepped his authority unless the Conn. He is an AWS Senior Certified
wall. However, you did not mention an project specification or other govern- Welding Inspector and an ASNT ACCP
issue with melt-through. ing document grants that authority to NDT Level III. He is also a member of the
Just because your WPS allows for a the verification inspector. The inspec- AWS Certification Committee and the
3 Committee on Methods of Inspection of
⁄ -in. (10-mm) single-pass fillet weld
8 tor, if he or she discovered a discrepan- Welds.
doesn’t mean it is practical on thin cy with the welder’s work or documen-
material. As a matter of fact, the WPS tation, should have reported the issue KENNETH ERICKSON is manager of
is not prequalified if the single-pass to the engineer for disposition. quality at National Inspection &
Consultants Inc., Ft. Myers, Fla. He is an
fillet weld is larger than 51⁄ 6 in. and As a Certified Welding Inspector AWS Senior Certified Welding Inspector,
deposited in the horizontal position (CWI) or a Senior Certified Welding In- an ASNT National NDT Level III Inspector
as a single-pass weld. spector (SCWI), our authority is limit- in four methods, and provides expert
All that being said, I see no reason ed. One must be careful not to impose witness review and analysis for legal
based on D1.1 for the verification personal opinions on the contractor. considerations.
(third party) inspector to reject the When a nonconformity is discovered,
welder qualifications. He or she should it should be reported to the engineer The Society is not responsible for any
statements made or opinions expressed
be able to reference the specific clause for disposition. There is nothing in the herein. Data and information developed by the
that serves as his or her basis of reject- structural welding code that permits authors are for specific informational purposes
ing the welder’s qualifications. I’m the verification inspector to impose only and are not intended for use without
independent, substantiating investigation on
making the assumption that there his or her will on the contractor. The the part of potential users.
were no other discrepancies with the structural welding code does not grant
News Bulletins
— continued from page 11
Warfare Center Hosts NDE Working ter Expert and Surface Warfare Command Systems Materi-
als Laboratory (SWCSML) Manager Tim Tenopir. “The work
Group and decisions made here with this group of experts impacts
all of the ships in the Navy.”
The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Port Hueneme Division The SWCSML contains unique and highly specialized test
(NSWC PHD), Calif., hosted a three-day nondestructive exami- equipment needed for internal and multiple Warfare Center
nation (NDE) working group event on-site from April 18 to 20. collaborative research, development, testing, and evaluation of
The working group, comprised of technical and engineer- materials-related research. The laboratory-facility network can
ing subject matter experts, reviewed NDE action items, pro- handle a variety of testing, development, and validation needs,
posed revisions to technical manuals and instructions, and from simple research to complex product development and
participated in breakout discussions on industry standards small-scale prototype manufacturing. NSWC PHD aims to be
and NDE guidance for naval systems and technology. the Naval Sea Systems Command Materials Center of Excel-
“This is the body that does the research, does the testing, lence for Surface Combat Systems and will serve as the West
and advises the technical warrant holders on policies and de- Coast surface combatant training and certification facility for
cisions,” said NSWC PHD Command Materials Subject Mat- new, emerging, and mature technologies.

Feature By J. P. Christein and Richard D. Campbell
Applications of Spot, Seam, and Projection Weld Symbols

The current requirements for these common weld symbols is presented,
plus the long and varied history of the spot weld symbol
This is the third in a series of articles

in Inspection Trends about improving
the communication of welding sym-
bols. The first article, “Applications of REFERENCE LINE
Groove Weld Symbols,” was published
in the February 2017 issue, and the
second, “Applications of Fillet Weld ARROW
Symbols,” was published in the May
2017 issue. This article addresses basic
welding symbol requirements for spot
welds, plus seam and projection welds. Fig. 1 — Reference line and arrow.
Welding symbols provide a system
for placing welding information on
drawings and worksite instructions to
relay information to fitters, welders,
fabricators, and inspectors. Welding
symbols quickly indicate the type of
weld joint needed to satisfy the re-
quirements for the intended service
conditions.
There are a number of standards
throughout the world that relate to
welding symbols; however, AWS A2.4, Detail of Joint Symbol as Used
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,
and Nondestructive Examination, is the
standard most widely used. Data in Notes:
1. Give size of spot and spacing. As it is impractical when welding to hold size and spacing of
this article are referenced from AWS spots to exact dimensions, such information should be approximate.
A2.4:2012 and AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2010, 2. Show freehand sketch of joint if not obvious.
Standard Welding Terms and Defini- 3. Give width of overlap (E).
tions. Figures 4 through 15 are from
AWS A2.4:2012; Figures 2 and 3 are
Fig. 2 — Spot weld direction (as published in the AWS bulletin, Welding and Cutting
referenced in their respective captions. Nomenclature, Definitions, and Symbols, 1929).
Welding Symbol Basics

In the AWS system, the terms weld
symbol and welding symbol have impor-
tant meanings. The weld symbol iden-
tifies the specific type of weld (for ex-
ample, fillet, groove, plug, and slot).
The welding symbol is the weld symbol
with all the additional element infor-
mation (for example, size, length, and
pitch) applied to it. Even though a
welding symbol may consist of several Fig. 3 — Spot welding symbol (as published in the AWS pamphlet, Welding Symbols and
elements, only the reference line and Instructions for Their Use, 1942).

an arrow are the required elements — row may or may not be broken to indi-
Fig. 1. The reference line is always cate the member to receive the prepa-
The History of the Spot
drawn horizontally. The arrow con- ration for the weld. Weld Symbol
nects the reference line to the arrow
side member of the weld joint. The ar- At the beginning of the 20th centu-
ry, there were no accepted standards
for weld symbols used on drawings. In
1926, the American Welding Society
(AWS) authorized the appointment of
a committee on nomenclature, defini-
tions, and symbols. In 1929, the com-
mittee published a bulletin titled Weld-
ing and Cutting Nomenclature, Defini-
tions, and Symbols. In this bulletin, a
symbol “X” for spot resistance welding
was included. Since the reference line
and arrow had not been defined yet,
Fig. 4 — Spot welding symbol (1968 to present). the “X” symbol was more of a marker
identifying that a spot weld was to be
used to join the two members. This
system only pointed to the member
and not the joint. In the 1929 system,
drawing notes were needed for the pri-
mary direction — Fig. 2.
Detail of Joint Symbol

as Used
In 1942, AWS published the pam-
phlet Welding Symbols and Instructions
for Their Use. With this publication, the
ideographic symbols were introduced
for the first time. Also, it was decided
to make the joint the basis of weld lo-
cation and not the member. The result
was the placement of the weld symbol
on the reference line and and arrow
that points to the weld joint.
The ideographic symbol for the spot
Fig. 5 — Arrow-side spot weld symbol. weld was being considered to be a cir-
cle, but at the time a circle on drawings
already represented holes, rivets, and
other types of fasteners. At the same
time, the use of an “X” to designate a
spot weld on drawings was being used.
It was decided to use the same “X” but
add a vertical center line — Fig. 3. The
symbol was placed directly on the ref-
erence line without “arrow or other
side significance” because the resist-
ance spot weld lies between the mem-
bers being joined. In addition, this
symbol was designed to be placed di-
rectly on the drawing without the use
of the reference line and arrow.
In 1968, the spot weld symbol went
full circle (no pun intended), and was
revised to its present form of using the
ideograph of a circle to represent the
spot weld — Fig. 4.
Fig. 6 — Other-side spot weld symbol.

The Spot Weld Symbol
The spot welding symbol is no longer
limited to spot welds made by resist-
ance spot welding (RSW). Spot welds
made with the gas tungsten arc weld-
ing (GTAW) and electron beam weld-
ing (EBW) processes are other exam-
ples that use the spot weld symbol. As
a result, the spot weld symbol relative
to its location on the reference line
may or may not have arrow-side mem-
ber or other-side member significance
based on the spot welding process be-
ing used. This is why the welding
process is required to be designated in
the tail of the spot welding symbol.
Fig. 7 — No arrow- or other-side significance.
Location of the Spot Weld

Symbol with Respect to
the Joint
For those welding processes in
which arrow-side member significance
is applicable, the arrow-side member
shall be indicated by placing the spot
weld symbol below the reference line
with the arrow pointing to this mem-
ber — Fig. 5. For those welding
processes in which other-side member
significance is applicable, the other-
side member shall be indicated by plac-
ing the spot weld symbol above the
reference line — Fig. 6. For those
welding processes in which no arrow-
side or other-side significance is appli-
Fig. 8 — Spot weld size.
cable, the spot weld symbol shall be
centered on the reference line — Fig. 7.
Spot Weld Dimensions

Spot welds can be dimensioned ac-
cording to size, pitch, and the number
of welds specified. Dimensions for
spot welds are placed on the same side
of the reference line as the spot weld
symbol (Figs. 5 and 6), or all dimen-
sions can be shown on either side
when the spot weld symbol has no
arrow-side or other-side significance
— Fig. 7).
Spot Weld Size

Fig. 9 — Spot weld strength.
The spot weld size is placed to the
left of the spot weld symbol, as shown
in Fig. 8. The size can be either in inch- Unique to spot and seam welds is mum required force in pounds or new-
es or millimeters as long as the same that weld size can also be specified as tons that the spot weld must with-
unit is used throughout the drawing. the shear strength of the spot weld — stand.)
The size is the diameter of the weld at Fig. 9. (Note that although this is
the faying surfaces of the members. termed a shear strength, it is the mini-

Pitch (Spacing) and
Number of Spot Welds
To designate the pitch (center-to-
center distance) between spot welds in
a straight line, this dimension is
placed to the right of the weld symbol
— Fig. 10.
When a definite number of spot
welds is needed, the number is desig-
nated in parentheses on the same side
of the reference line as the spot weld
symbol. However, the number can be
either above or below the weld symbol
when there is no other-side-member
significance and the symbol is cen-
tered on the reference line — Fig. 10.
Fig. 10 — Pitch and number of spot welds. Combining size, pitch, and number
information as previously discussed,
the application of the spot welding
symbol would be as shown in Fig. 11.
Remember, the welding process is re-
quired to be designated in the tail of
the spot welding symbol.
Contours and Finishing

When the exposed surfaces of a spot
welded joint are to be welded with a
flush, flat, or convex contour, that con-
tour is to be specified by adding the
flush or convex contour symbol to the
welding symbol — Fig. 12.
For spot welds that require manda-
tory mechanical postweld finishing to
produce a flush, flat, or convex con-
Fig. 11 — Combined Information on a spot weld symbol (1⁄4-in. diameter spot size, 1-in. pitch tour, that finishing method is to be
distance, and five spot welds).
specified by adding the finishing desig-
nator to the contour symbol — Fig.
13. (“C” means chipping and “G” indi-
cates grinding.)
Projection Weld
The projection weld is a form of re-
sistance weld where one member has
projections or embossments on it. The
projection weld symbol is used with
the projection welding (PW) process in
Fig. 12 — Application of contour symbol. the tail of the welding symbol. The
projection weld symbol is placed above
or below (not centered on) the refer-
ence line to designate which member
receives the embossment — Fig. 14.
Seam Weld
The seam weld symbol is similar to
the spot weld symbol, but it is dimen-
sioned by the width and length of the
Fig. 13 — Application of finishing designator. “C” means chipping and “G” indicates grinding. weld at the faying surface.
Other dimensions, such as pitch

and number, are similar to spot welds,
as are the use of various welding
processes, such as resistance welding
(RSEW), GTAW, EBW, or other
processes. The main differences in
seam welds are that the symbol in-
volves a circle with two parallel lines
through it, indicating a continuous
seam — Fig. 15.
Summary
This article provided a history of the
spot weld symbol plus current require-
ments for spot, seam, and projection
weld symbols. This is part of a series of
articles to provide a foundation of ba-
sic welding symbol requirements per Fig. 14 — Projection weld symbol.
AWS A2.4:2012. Future articles will
provide information on other weld
symbols, such as slot and plug welds,
as well as nondestructive examination
(NDE) symbols.
J. P. CHRISTEIN (jpc00@verizon.net) is
chair of the AWS A2 Committee on
Definitions and Symbols as well as chair
of the A2C Subcommittee on Symbols. He
is also a member of the AWS Technical
Activities Committee.
RICHARD D. CAMPBELL
(rdcampbe@bechtel.com) is with Bechtel
Corporation and has taught AWS CWI
seminars for more than 21 years. He also
developed a seminar on welding symbols
that he teaches for AWS at FABTECH
shows and in-house seminars. He is also
a member of the AWS D1 Structural
Welding Committee. Fig. 15 — Seam weld symbol.
CAN WE TALK?
The Inspection Trends staff encourages an exchange of ideas with you, our readers. If you’d like to ask a question, share an
idea, or voice an opinion, you can call, write, or email. Staff email addresses are listed below, along with a guide to help you
interact with the right person.
Publisher Features Editor Welding Journal Dept.

Mary Ruth Johnsen Kristin Campbell 8669 NW 36th St. #130
mjohnsen@aws.org, Extension 238 kcampbell@aws.org, Extension 257 Miami, FL 33166
(800) 443-9353
Editor Senior Advertising Executive
Carlos Guzman Annette Delagrange
cguzman@aws.org, Extension 348 delagrange@aws.org, Extension 332
Senior Editor Senior Advertising Executive

Cindy Weihl Sandra Jorgensen
cweihl@aws.org, Extension 256 sjorgensen@aws.org, Extension 254

Feature By Jim Worman
Advantages and Disadvantages of

Liquid Penetrant Examination
Liquid penetrant exams for material flaws open to the surface are evaluated
Liquid penetrant examination is one

of the most popular nondestructive ex-
amination (NDE) methods in industry.
It is economical, versatile, and requires
minimal training. Welds are the most
common item inspected, but plates,
bars, pipes, castings, and forgings are
also inspected using the process.
Over the years, liquid penetrant ex-
amination has been called many
names: penetrant testing (PT), liquid
penetrant testing (LP), and dye pene-
trant testing (DP). The American Soci-
ety for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
uses the name liquid penetrant testing
while the American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (ASME B & PVC) and the Nation-
al Board Inspection Code (NBIC) use the
name liquid penetrant examination.
The first documented use of PT was
in the railroad industry. Cast railroad Fig. 1 — Dye penetrant solvent removable aerosol cans.
wheels were dipped in used oil, dried
off, and then coated with powder chalk
or suspension of chalk in alcohol. Once
the wheels were dry, any oil stored in Dye Penetrant Details plastics, and glass) can be examined us-
ing PT. Porous materials (concrete,
the flaw would bleed out into the chalk wood, paper, cloth, and types of fiber-
and be detected. This was called the oil The dye penetrant solvent remov-
able method is of low cost and versatile. glass with the fibers exposed to the sur-
and whiting method. face) should not be examined using PT.
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel It typically comes in three aerosol cans:
cleaner, penetrant, and developer — It is important to remember pene-
Code recognizes six different tech- trant is a very thin liquid designed to
niques of PT. They vary by type of pen- Fig. 1. The cans can be purchased from
welding supply distributors ranging seep into the smallest crack. Conse-
etrant and method of cleaning before quently, if an assembly has stitch
applying a developer. The two pene- from $5 to $15 a can. For less than $50,
you can have all the products you need welds or material not sealed by a weld,
trant types are either fluorescent or the penetrant will travel behind the
color contrast (dye) penetrant. They to conduct liquid penetrant examina-
tions. The aerosol cans are very versa- welds and between layers of unfused
can then be used with any of the three material. Penetrant can be nearly im-
methods of cleaning: water washable, tile. They can be taken up ladders, inside
boilers, down into pits, and into very possible to remove from these areas.
postemulsifying, and solvent remov- Trapped penetrant will cause defects
able. The most popular is dye pene- tight places. Most nonporous materials
(steel, stainless steel, cast iron, alu- in welds if further welding is done, or
trant that is solvent removable. will bleed out over time and contami-
minum, brass, bronze, titanium, rubber,

Six Basic Steps to Follow when Using the Dye Penetrant Solvent Removable Method
1. Preclean Part 2. Apply Penetrant 3. Remove Penetrant

This can range from grinding and wire This is generally done by spraying pen- All penetrant should be removed with
brushing to wiping the part with a rag etrant from the aerosol can or apply- clean, dry, and lint-free rags until thor-
moistened with the cleaner/remover. ing it with a brush. A dwell (soak) time oughly clean. The part or material
The surface needs to be free of dirt, needs to be observed to allow the pen- should be rubbed vigorously until the
rust, scale, paint, oil, and grease; it etrant to permeate into cracks and penetrant is not visible on the dry
also needs to be smooth enough to voids. This typically takes 5 to 30 min rags. Then, cleaner/remover should be
wipe off the penetrant without leaving but should never be long enough for sprayed on another clean, dry, and
residue. the penetrant to dry. The penetrant lint-free rag, and used to rub the part
manufacturer’s recommendations and again until there is no penetrant visi-
written procedure should be followed. ble on the rag.
4. Apply Developer 5. Evaluate Indications 6. Postclean Part

A thin, light coating of developer It is critical to examine the part within The part needs to be cleaned to re-
should be sprayed on the part being the time frame designated in the writ- move all developer after it has been
examined. A dwell time needs to be ten procedure. The length of an indica- evaluated.
observed to allow time for the dye to tion can grow over time as penetrant
exit the flaws and create an indication bleeds out, causing an acceptable indi-
in the developer. The dwell time for cation to be a rejectable defect. The
developer is typically 10 to 60 min. length of indication is measured for
The developer manufacturer’s recom- evaluation, not length of the flaw.
mendations and written procedure Here, the two linear indications are re-
should be followed closely. jectable defects. The round indication
is nonrelevant.
nate paint and process fluids. dress all essential and nonessential vari- a weld crack for repair is using PT to ensure
For PT to be used on ASME Code con- ables. Many liquid penetrant examinations removal of the entire crack. However, if the
struction or NBIC repairs or alterations, a are done for informational purposes only PT is being done to comply with Code, the
written procedure must be followed. This and do not follow a written procedure. For written procedure needs to be followed by
must comply with ASME Boiler and Pressure instance, a written procedure does not qualified NDE personnel.
Vessel Code, Section V, Article 6, and ad- need to be followed if a welder grinding out

Learning about Light not limited to, nozzles (see Fig. 3), tube
sheets (see Fig. 4), knuckles of heads
Intensity, In-Service (see Fig. 5), and head spin hole plug
Inspections welds (see Fig. 6). To effectively use liq-
uid penetrant on the tube sheet in Fig.
ASME Section V also requires the dye 4, an extensive amount of work would
penetrant solvent removable method be need to be done. All rust and scale
evaluated with a minimum light intensi- would need to be removed so the pene-
ty of 100-ft candles on the part surface trant could be cleaned off. Rolled, un-
— Fig. 2. The proper quantity of light fused tube ends would also bleed out
must be verified using a light meter. In dye and cause false indications. The
the ASME B & PV codes of construc- Fig. 2 — Light meter showing 109.9 head spin hole plug weld looks accept-
tion, magnetic particle examination or footcandles of light. able to the naked eye but shows many
liquid penetrant examination is called defects once it has been liquid pene-
out many times to detect the possibility trant examined (see Figs. 7 and 8).
of surface defects. If the material is non-
magnetic, the preferable choice is PT. Once boilers and pressure vessels are
Some typical examples of ASME in service, PT can be a very valuable Ending Thoughts
Code required examinations include: tool. The NBIC recommends PT for ex-
amination of firetube boiler tube sheets In conclusion, PT can be a valuable
• Castings for surface defects, to find leakage around tubes, external tool during new construction and in-
• Plates for laminations in corner joints inspection of weld joints, evaluating service inspections. PT does have limi-
components subjected to fire damage, tations and is not the best method for
when one plate's edge is exposed historical boilers, fiber-reinforced ther- all applications. However, for quick,
and not fused into the weld joint, mosetting plastic pressure equipment, low-cost examinations in any location,
• Head spin hole plug welds, Yankee dryers, and pressure vessels in PT is often the best choice of NDE
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) service. methods.
• Weld metal build-up on plates, and During in-service inspections, PT
• Removal of defects before welding should also be used in areas suspected
repair. to have defects. These include, but are
Fig. 3 — The inside of a pressure vessel Fig. 4 — The tube sheet of a boiler that Fig. 5 — The knuckle of a stainless steel
nozzle that has been in service. has been in service. pressure vessel head that has been in
service.
Fig. 6 — Head spin hole plug weld after Fig. 7 — Head spin hole plug weld after Fig. 8 — Evaluating indications in the spin
cleaning. the application of the penetrant. hole plug weld. Most of the dark red
indications are rejectable defects per
ASME Section VIII.

What Liquid Penetrant Examination Offers
Advantages:
• High sensitivity to small surface discontinuities;
• Easy inspection of parts with complex shapes;
• Quick and inexpensive inspection of large areas and large

volumes of parts/materials;
• Few material limitations (metallic and nonmetallic, magnetic

DAILLY
and nonmagnetic, and conductive and nonconductive can all
be in spected);
• A visual representation of the flaw is indicated directly on the

SOURCE FOR
THE
part surface;
• Aerosol spray cans make the process portable, convenient,

and inexpensive;
• Indications can reveal relative size, shape, and depth of the
PULSE
flaw; and
• It is easy and requires minimal training.
Disadvantages:
• Detects flaws only open to the surface;
• Materials with porous surfaces cannot be examined using this

OF
EVERRYTHING
Y
process;
• Only clean, smooth surfaces can be inspected (rust, dirt, paint,

oil, and grease must be removed);
WELDING
• Metal smearing from power wire brushing, shot blasting, or grit
blasting must be removed before liquid penetrant
examination;
• Examiner must have direct access to surface being examined;
• Surface finish and roughness can affect examination sensitivity

(it may be necessary to grind surfaces before PT);
• Multiple process steps must be performed and controlled;
• Postcleaning of parts and material is required, especially if

welding is performed;
• Proper handling and disposal of chemicals is required; and
• Fumes can be hazardous and flammable without proper

ventilation.
V isit us
go.aws.orr gg/weldsour ce
JIM WORMAN (jworman@national board.org) is a senior staff engineer of the National

Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors. Reprinted with permission from The
National Board of Boiler and Pressure Inspectors.

Feature By Albert J. Moore Jr.
Prequalified vs. Qualified WPSs

Important similarities and differences you need to know
I am frequently asked, “What is the acceptable weld is easy enough to un- different. The traveler must select and
difference between a prequalified derstand, but what is a prequalified review the correct road map before
welding procedure specification (WPS) WPS? The definition according to AWS setting out on a journey. Likewise, the
and a qualified WPS?” To explore the A3.0 is “A welding procedure specifica- correct welding standard must be se-
question from a slightly different an- tion in compliance with the stipulated lected and reviewed before setting out
gle, let’s consider a different question, conditions of a particular welding code to qualify the WPS.
“What is a qualified WPS?” or specification and therefore accept-
The answer depends on the welding able for use under that code or specifi- How Is a WPS Qualified?
standard that governs the work. AWS cation without a requirement for qual-
B2.1, Standard for Welding Procedure ification testing.” Stated another way, Let’s look at how WPSs are quali-
and Performance Qualification, recog- a prequalified WPS is a set of written fied to meet the requirements of AWS
nizes WPSs that are prequalified, qual- instructions provided to the welder D1.1, Structual Welding Code — Steel. A
ified by testing, mock-ups, and stan- describing how the production weld test coupon has to be welded and test-
dard WPSs that are purchased under a will be made, but it is not supported ed. Ideally, the individual tasked with
license agreement from AWS. Our by actual tests. welding the test assembly knows how
discussion is going to be limited to All welding standards recognize a to weld, but there is no requirement
prequalified WPSs and those qualified welding procedure specification that dictating that the individual be a certi-
by testing. Excluded from the discus- has been qualified by testing. The test fied welder. If the effort to qualify the
sion will be WPSs qualified by a mock- regiment may vary from one standard WPS is successful, the welder who
up and standard WPSs purchased to another, but there is a common welded the test assembly is qualified
from AWS. thread for most. The purpose of the and can be certified by the employer. It
testing regiment is to demonstrate the is prudent to carefully plan how the
What Is a Qualified WPS? welded test coupon meets certain WPS is to be qualified to ensure there
soundness requirements. It must also are no missteps, like using the wrong
My definition is that a WPS is a set produce mechanical properties as filler metal or failing to perform all the
of written instructions provided to the specified by the standard. tests needed.
welder to describe how a weld is to be Like a map that provides direction Direction must be provided so the
made. The definition according to AWS to an explorer intent on navigating the welder knows and understands what
A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Defi- landscape, the welding standard is the and how the test assembly is to be
nitions, is “A document providing the map that provides the direction need- welded.
required welding variables for a specif- ed to qualify a WPS. To reach his or
ic application to assure repeatability her objective, the explorer must be Preliminary WPS
by properly trained welders and weldable to use a map. To successfully qual-
ing operators.” ify a WPS or to write a prequalified A preliminary WPS (PWPS) is a
A WPS is qualified by welding a test WPS, one needs to understand how to WPS that has not been tested before.
coupon using parameters similar to use and apply the requirements in- It is a document that can be developed
those used in production, and subject- cluded in the welding standard. to provide the required direction to
ing it to a regiment of tests prescribed A WPS qualified to meet the re- the welder. What information should
by the applicable welding standard to quirements of one welding standard is be included in the PWPS? Everything
verify the required properties are unlikely to meet all the requirements that defines what and how the test as-
achieved. of a different welding standard, even if sembly is to be welded. The PWPS is
at first glance they appear to be very the engineer’s best guess of what will
What Is a Prequalified WPS? similar. While the type of mechanical produce the required results. Briefly,
tests required may be similar, the di- the PWPS must list the welding
The concept of a WPS that has been mensions of the test coupons may dif- process to be used and the base metal
proven by testing to produce an fer and the acceptance criteria may be to be welded, as well as tell the welder

how thick, long, and wide the coupons
must be. The material must be clearly
specified. Listing the base metal as A WPS qualified by testing offers the contractor more
“low carbon steel,” for example, is not
adequate. The base metal specified latitude but involves time and the expense of producing
must include the base metal specifica-
tion, grade or alloy, and if appropriate, and testing sample welds. A prequalified WPS can save
state of heat treatment. Usually, the
latter isn’t an issue with a base metal the contractor time and money if the production welds
included in AWS D1.1. However, if the conform to the constrains of prequalification.
contractor is welding an unlisted base
metal, prequalification is not an op-
tion. The WPS for the unlisted base
metal must be qualified by testing. If
the production requirements include
groove welds, the PWPS must define verify the welder follows the PWPS. toughness tests (for example, Charpy
the specifics of the groove detail that Independent verification by the test V-notch testing, hardness testing,
will be welded. witness should include the proper base chemical analysis of the weld, and pos-
Assuming the weld is not autoge- metal and filler metal is used, the sibly a macroetch of the weld’s cross
nous, the PWPS must list the filler proper welding process was used, the section) may be specified. If all the
metal to be used by the appropriate welding parameters used were within tests are successful, the PQR is
AWS specification, classification, and the listed ranges, the test assembly accepted.
the diameters. If there are specific was welded in the appropriate posi- The WPS to be used for production
storage requirements for the electrode, tion, and the correct progression was is based on the successful outcome of
rod, and possibly the flux that will be used. The welding parameters for each the PQR and is said to be qualified.
used, the PWPS should make a note of weld bead should be recorded. The ac- The WPS is developed using the in-
it. Consider the use of low-hydrogen tual preheat and interpass tempera- formation provided by the PQR. The
electrodes for shielded metal arc weld- ture of each weld bead should also be range of base metals that can be weld-
ing (SMAW). It would be best if the recorded. ed is dependent on the base metal
PWPS specified the electrodes that specification used for the qualifica-
must be stored in a holding oven and Procedure Qualification tion. Likewise, the thickness range
the exposure time limited to ensure Record that can be welded during production
the conditions of low hydrogen are is a function of the thickness of the
met. Why the specificity? The outcome base metal recorded by the PQR. In
All of the essential variables listed
would probably not be good if the addition to the filler metal specifica-
by the welding standard must be
welder decided to weld the test assem- tion, the F number is an essential
recorded by the Procedure Qualifica-
bly in the vertical position with E7028, variable. The filler metal used during
tion Record (PQR). It is advisable to
or if the low-hydrogen electrodes used production is limited by the F number
record the nonessential variables as
for the test had been stored in the and filler metal specification recorded
well. The information recorded must
welder’s pickup truck in an open can by the PQR. When toughness is re-
be the actual data collected when the
for three months before the test. quired, the ranges for the voltage,
assembly is welded. It is not acceptable
The PWPS should provide the amperage, and travel speed recorded
to “fill in the blanks” after the assem-
welder with all the information needed by the PQR are used to determine the
bly is welded. Adding information such
to produce an acceptable weld. To that permissible ranges of those parame-
as voltage, amperage, wire feed speed,
end, it is advisable to list the appropri- ters and the limits of the heat input.
travel speed, preheat, and interpass
ate welding parameters, including It is the welding standard (for exam-
temperature after the fact is called
travel speed and the maximum width ple, AWS D1.1) that provides direc-
“pencil whipping.” It is falsified infor-
of a weave bead if the WPS has to meet tion on the permissible ranges for the
mation and can be and usually is con-
notch toughness requirements. The essential variables listed by the stan-
sidered fraudulent. It voids the weld-
test position and weld progression dard based on the data recorded by
ing documentation, including any
should be listed to ensure the welder the PQR.
WPSs based on that PQR.
knows what he or she is expected to The qualification of a fillet weld is
Once the test assembly is welded, it
do. Vertical progression is an essential different than the way a WPS for a
must be evaluated. The groove weld is
variable when qualifying a WPS in the groove weld is qualified. I like the ap-
visually examined, tested by a volu-
vertical position, so it must be listed. proach taken by AWS D1.5, Bridge
metric nondestructive examination
The more detailed the PWPS is, the Welding Code, which requires the con-
(either ultrasonic testing [UT] or radi-
more likely the welder will weld the tractor to qualify a grooved test as-
ographic testing [RT]), and then it is
test assembly the way it should be sembly to demonstrate that the me-
sliced and diced for the mechanical
welded. chanical properties of the weld are ac-
tests. The testing regiment typically
The welder is expected to follow the ceptable. In addition, a fillet weld is
includes guided bend tests and re-
PWPS when the test assembly is weld- qualified by completing a sample weld
duced section tensile tests. Depending
ed. To ensure that is the case, there that is visually examined and sec-
on the application or customer’s re-
should be a test witness present to tioned, polished, and macroetched to
quirements, additional tests such as

verify the weld has fusion to the root
and is free of internal defects.
A prequalified WPS looks and reads
much like a qualified WPS except that If the contractor is welding an unlisted base metal,
it does not list a supporting PQR be- prequalification is not an option. The WPS for the
cause there is no need to weld a test
assembly or to perform any specific unlisted base metal must be qualified by testing.
testing. The welding standard will
state whether a prequalified WPS is
recognized and under what conditions
it is acceptable. If the welding stan-
dard permits the use of a prequalified a wrought tensile strength of 42 ksi. demonstrate it can produce acceptable
WPS, it will list the conditions of pre- However, the weld is considered to be results.
qualification that must be met. The acceptable if it has an as-welded ten- Prequalified WPS must employ spe-
concept of prequalification recognizes sile strength of 24 ksi. 5052 aluminum cific techniques. A complete joint pen-
there are certain base metals, welding alloy loses about 50% of its yield etration groove welded from one side
processes, and techniques that have strength when it is welded with a with steel backing is prequalified. A
historically produced acceptable re- matching filler metal. The reduction in prequalified complete joint penetra-
sults. If the conditions of prequalifica- as-welded mechanical properties and tion groove welded from both sides
tion can be met, the contractor saves the tendency to crack has earned alu- must be backgouged to sound metal
both time and money by eliminating minum and its alloys a reputation of before welding the second side. The
the need to weld test assemblies and being difficult to weld. As a result, it is use of a minimum preheat tempera-
performing expensive and time-con- not prequalified. ture and the maintenance of interpass
suming tests. Welding processes such as shielded temperature to mitigate the possibility
metal arc welding (SMAW), submerged of hydrogen assisted cracking are also
Metals and Processes arc welding (SAW), flux cored arc weld- conditions of prequalification when
ing (FCAW), and gas metal arc welding welding carbon and high-strength al-
Generally, AWS structural welding (GMAW) (but not short circuit trans- loy steels. Fillet welds are prequalified
codes recognize the concept of prefer [GMAW-S]) have been shown to if the dihedral angle between the
qualification for low carbon steels, produce acceptable welds and are con- members is no less than 80º, but no
high-strength low-alloy steels, and sidered prequalified. GMAW-S has a more than 100º. Skewed T-joints are
austenitic stainless steels that are rela- history of fusion-type defects due to prequalified if incomplete fusion in the
tively easy to weld and result in welds the low heat input associated with low root, called Z-loss, is accounted for
that are as strong as the adjacent base arc voltage and low welding current; and the dihedral angle between the
metal if a matching filler metal is used. therefore, it is not prequalified. Elec- members is no less than 30º. Welds
Aluminum, said to be “almost a metal,” troslag welding (ESW) and electrogas deposited in the vertical position must
be made using uphill progression.
There are other techniques that must
be met in addition to those listed.
A prequalified WPS looks and reads much like a Conclusion

qualified WPS except that it does not list a The WPS qualified by testing offers
the contractor more latitude but in-
supporting PQR because there is no need to weld a volves time and the expense of pro-
ducing and testing sample welds. The
test assembly or to perform any specific testing. prequalified WPS can save the contrac-
tor time and money if the production
welds conform to the constrains of
prequalification.
has proven to be difficult to weld in welding (EGW) have high heat input,
comparison to low carbon steels. Thus, but low notch toughness; therefore, ALBERT J. MOORE JR.
aluminum and its alloys are not pre- those two processes are not prequali- (amoore999@comecast.net) is vice
qualified. Certain alloys, such as 7075- fied. president, Marion Testing & Inspection,
T6 with an ultimate tensile strength of AWS structural welding codes in- Canton, Conn. He is an AWS Senior
83 ksi and a yield strength of 73 ksi, clude prequalified groove and fillet Certified Welding Inspector and an ASNT
are not conducive to fusion welding. weld details that have a history of suc- ACCP NDT Level III. He is also a member
One problem experienced by a cessful use. Should the contractor elect of the AWS Certification Committee and
number of weldable aluminum alloys to use a joint detail that is not prequal- the Committee on Methods of Inspection
is the degradation of the mechanical ified, it is permitted only if the con- of Welds.
properties. For example, 6061-T6 has tractor qualifies the proposed detail to

By Chris Emerick Feature
WPS Qualification: A Comparison Between

AWS and NAVSEA Requirements
Five key differences that CWIs should consider
Qualifying welding procedure speci- NAVSEA uses technical publication

fications (WPSs) for various AWS S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248, Requirements
Important Differences
codes is usually a straightforward and for Welding and Brazing Procedure and
relatively simple task (except, perhaps,
D1.5, Bridge Welding Code). A welder
acquires the base material, filler metal
or electrode, shielding gas (if applica-
Performance Qualification, (hereafter
referred to as TP-248) as the guide for
qualifying welding procedures. This
document is comparable to Clause 4 of
1 The first key difference when
qualifying a WPS to NAVSEA stan-
dards is the notification requirement.
ble), and prepares, welds, and tests AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural All WPSs qualified in accordance
weld test coupons in accordance with Welding Code — Steel (hereafter re- with TP-248 must include the
requirements. If the results are satis- ferred to as D1.1). D1.1 also provides NAVSEA authorized representative
factory, the data is recorded and the for prequalification of WPSs in Clause (AR); this person is notified at least 48
documents usually are certified by a 3, but there is no analogous provision h before the commencement of qualifi-
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI), or in TP-248 for prequalification; all cation welding. The 48-h period is ne-
a designated authorized person for the WPSs must be qualified by testing in gotiable, and the AR may decline to
company. However, the process for accordance with TP-248. (Both D1.1 observe qualification welding, or ap-
military standards — especially Naval and TP-248 permit the usage of WPSs point another person to witness. How-
Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) — qualified to other recognized stan- ever, the activity (term used in TP-248
is a bit more complicated. dards and codes, but this will not be to identify the company or contractor
The following article highlights five discussed in this article.) performing the qualification welding)
key differences that CWIs should con- To keep things simple, this article will is nonetheless required to notify the
sider when employed by or used as discuss requirements for WPSs qualified AR. D1.1 specifies only that the con-
consultants for companies and con- by plate only, using common carbon tractor (equivalent to activity) is re-
tractors whose work involves the re- steels (designated S-1 in TP-248 and sponsible for qualifying WPSs in accor-
quirements of various NAVSEA stan- Group I or II in D1.1) with specified ma- dance with code requirements. Other
dards, codes, and specifications. terial thickness of 0.375 in. (9.5 mm). personnel, such as the engineer, may
observe WPS welding but this is not a
D1.1 requirement.
Table 1 — Required NDE Comparison

2 A second key difference is the
base material applicability of TP-248
and D1.1.
Example: ASTM A572, Gr. 50 plate test weldment 0.375 in. (9.5 mm) thick As one can see in the full title to
D1.1, it covers welding carbon steels
Code VT MT RT Tensile Tests Bend Tests
only. There is provision for welding un-
AWS D1.1 Required Note 1 2 43, 4 listed steels in D1.1, but these are typ-
NAVSEA TP-248 Required Required Required2 2 35 ically compatible with listed steels.
Conversely, TP-248 covers several dif-
ferent material types, including carbon
Notes:
steels, stainless steels, aluminum, cop-
1. Either RT or UT may be used. per-nickel alloys, and titanium. Be-
2. UT required for materials greater than 1 in. (25 mm) thick. cause of the wider range of applicable
3. Two root and two face bends required. base materials, the possible variations
4. For 0.375-in. (9.5-mm) plate, four sides bends may be substituted for in requirements are greater, and the
the two root and two face bends.
5. Two root and two face bends may be substituted for the required CWI working to qualify procedures in
side bends in materials less than 0.750 in. (9.5 mm) thick. accordance with TP-248 must carefully
read all paragraphs, subparagraphs, ta-

bles, and notes to tables. Often, notes
to tables will refer to subparagraphs Several elements in the practice of qualifying
whose requirements or allowable vari-
ations may have been missed on a first welding procedures to various codes are
reading. One advantage that D1.1 has
in this area is an index that makes
essentially the same: acquire the necessary
searching for topics quite a bit easier. materials, weld them accordingly, and test them
TP-248 has no index; therefore, careful
reading is necessary. as required. But knowing the specific differences
is important to avoid neglecting requirements,
3 A third important difference is
related to required nondestructive ex-
and to save time and money.
amination (NDE) and destructive ex-

amination for testing assemblies or
weldments — Table 1.
Both D1.1 and TP-248 require vi- To summarize: for the example does not require any eye examina-
sual examination (VT) and two tensile used in this article (0.375-in.- [9.5- tions. TP-248 requires both: an anual
tests. Additional required NDE for TP- mm-] thick plate weldment), TP-248 eye exam, and welders must endure
248 includes radiographic (RT) and requires MT and RT beyond VT, and welder workmanship training (WWT)
magnetic particle (MT) examination. D1.1 requires only RT; TP-248 requires once every three years and pass an as-
D1.1 requires only RT; ultrasonic ex- three side bends beyond the tensile sociated written test with a minimum
amination (UT) may be used as a sub- testing, and D1.1 requires two root, score of 75%. The WWT must cover
stitute for RT in D1.1. Additional de- and two face bends. These differences the workmanship requirements of ap-
structive examination for TP-248 should not result in a different welding plicable fabrication documents to
includes three guided (side) bend technique, although they will impact which the welder will be working.
tests, whereas D1.1 requires two root inspection effort and testing costs. There are several fabrication docu-
and two face bend tests. For the re- ments that specify workmanship re-
quired bends, each standard allows for quirements for NAVSEA: MIL-STD-
substitutions as follows: D1.1 permits
four side bends in place of two root
and two face bends, and TP-248 per-
4 A fourth important difference
deals with personnel qualifications
1689, Fabrication, Welding, and
Inspection of Ships Structure; and Tech.
Pub. 278, Requirements for Fabrication
mits two root and two face bends in and requirements. Welding and Inspection, and Casting In-
lieu of three side bends. For material AWS does not require any welding spection and Repair for Machinery, Pip-
thicker than 1 in. (25 mm), TP-248 training unless there is a specific rea- ing, and Pressure Vessels, among others.
adds UT as required NDE. son to question a welder’s ability, and It is important to write WPSs with
Table 2 — Required Welding Positions
Example: ASTM A572, Gr. 50 plate test weldment 0.375 in. (9.5 mm) thick
(Charpy V-notch testing not required)
Code Welding Position(s) Positions Qualified Test Weldment Qualified Thickness Range
Required Dimensions
AWS D1.1 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G1 All Positions Note 3 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) to
0.750 in. (19 mm)5
NAVSEA TP-248 3G2 All Positions Note 4 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) to
0.750 in. (19 mm)6
Notes:
1. A test weldment using pipe in the fixed 6G (45-deg inclined) position may be used in lieu of plate positions provided.
2. A test weldment using pipe in the fixed horizontal position (5G) qualifies all positions for plate. A pipe in the fixed 6G (45-deg inclined)
position may be substituted for the 5G pipe.
3. Size of test weldment is 20 in. (50 mm) long when using transverse bend testing and 30 in. (762 mm) long
when using longitudinal bend testing.
4. Size of test weldment must be sufficient to permit removal of required test specimens — typically not less than 15 in. (381 mm) long and
12 in. (305 mm) wide.
5. Qualification of CJP groove weld also qualifies fillet welds and PJP groove welds on plate for all thicknesses, for fillet welds on pipe for all
diameters, and for CJP groove welds on pipe with diameter equal to or greater than 24 in. (610 mm).
6. Qualification using a standard butt joint design qualifies all standard joint designs of the applicable fabrication document or MIL-STD-22,
including fillet welds of any size and edge seal welds (though some restrictions apply; see §§4.4.7, 4.4.9, 4.7.3, and 4.8 in TP-248).

04 Emerick Feature - NAVSEA / D1.1.qxp_Layout 1 7/26/17 4:03 PM Page 31
these workmanship requirements in other words, to qualify a WPS on plate applicable codes and standards, and
mind because they will vary from one to weld in all positions in production, for cost-effectiveness and efficiency.
fabrication document to another. a WPS will have four test-plate weld- This article has examined five key dif-
Workmanship requirements for ments, one for each position (that is, ferences in WPS qualification require-
D1.1 are contained mostly in Clause 5, flat [1G], horizontal [2G], vertical ments between D1.1 and TP-248, to
making the specifying of applicability [3G], and overhead [4G]). For the help CWIs who qualify welding proce-
of a WPS less complicated. The train- same qualification effort, TP-248 does dures in accordance with NAVSEA
ing and eye exam requirements for TP- not require all positions for WPS quali- standards.
248 primarily are necessary for pro- fication. Instead, TP-248 requires only
duction welding; however, the AR may one test weldment in the 3G position. References
want to review a welder’s records con- Alternatively, TP-248 permits qualifi-
taining dates of the most recent eye cation for all positions on plate by 1. NAVSEA Technical Publication
exam and evidence of satisfactory qualifying a WPS using pipe oriented S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248, Requirements for
Welding and Brazing Procedure and Perform-
completion of WWT before procedure in the fixed 45-deg inclined position ance Qualification.
qualification welding. (6G). D1.1 also permits this as speci- 2. AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural
Thus, another component of this fied in Clause 9. Please note: when us- Welding Code — Steel. 2015. Miami, Fla.:
fourth major difference concerns per- ing pipe to qualify plate, thickness American Welding Society.
sonnel records and period of effective- ranges must be adjusted to reflect ma- 3. Military Standard MIL-STD-1689,
ness. For D1.1, a welder’s period of ef- terial thickness and material type Fabrication, Welding, and Inspection of Ships
fectiveness after qualification lasts for used. Thus, to qualify a WPS to weld Structure.
six months and continues indefinitely, complete joint penetration (CJP) 4. NAVSEA Technical Publication
provided the welder uses the applicable welds on 0.0.750-in. (19-mm) plate for S9074-AR-GIB-010A/278, Requirements for
welding process at least once in that either D1.1 or TP-248, a pipe with Fabrication Welding and Inspection, and
Casting Inspection and Repair for Machinery,
six-month period and there is no rea- nominal thickness of at least 0.375 in. Piping, and Pressure Vessels.
son to suspect the welder’s abilities. (9.5 mm) must be used, because both 5. Military Standard MIL-STD-22,
Moreover, there is no documentation D1.1 and TP-248 specify a qualified Welded Joint Design.
requirement for updating the welder thickness range of 0.125 in. (3 mm) to
period of effectiveness (although it is a 2T for material up to 0.375-in. (9.5-
good practice to maintain documented mm) thickness.
evidence of conformance). The period Several elements in the practice of
of effectiveness of welding personnel qualifying welding procedures to vari-
for TP-248 is three months, and records ous codes are essentially the same: ac-
demonstrating compliance with this require the necessary materials, weld
quirement must be maintained. them accordingly, and test them as re-
5
quired. But knowing the specific differ-
ences is important to avoid neglecting
A final major difference (for this requirements, and to save time and
article) between D1.1 and TP-248 is money. A company does not want to CHRIS EMERICK
the required positions for qualifying weld unnecessary weldments or fail to (chris.emerick@cdicorp.com) PhD, CWI,
WPSs (Table 2). produce necessary weldments, and the and NDT Level III is manager of the
CWI whose job it is to manage the welding and nondestructive testing
D1.1 requires that one test plate be programs for a defense contractor in
welded in each position that will be re- welding and testing must know the Norfolk, Va.
quired for production welding. In differences to ensure conformity with

04 Bob Campbell Feature - B1.10.qxp_Layout 1 7/26/17 4:07 PM Page 32
Feature By Bob Campbell
Update to AWS B1.10, Guide for the

Nondestructive Examination of Welds
Keeping up with the pace of modernization and change in the NDE industry
AWS B1.10, Guide for the Nonde- and fillet welds, as well as the associat-
structive Examination of Welds, is an ed terminology;
ANSI Approved American National • An in-depth review of the functions
Standard that describes the most com- and tasks required of those doing visu-
mon nondestructive examination al examinations (VT);
(NDE) methods routinely encountered • Substantial additions and modern-
when utilizing many of the AWS codes, ization to the radiographic (RT)
such as AWS D1.1, Structural Welding method made possible by using
Code — Steel, and AWS D1.5, Bridge computers and digital recording
Welding Code, which govern the fabri- media; and
cation, inspection, and erection of • The inclusion of descriptions of ad-
these structures. vanced ultrasonic techniques, includ-
Production of B1.10 is under the ing substantial information on both
general supervision of the B1 Commit- phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT)
tee on Methods of Inspection, which is and time of flight diffraction (TOFD).
responsible for editing and updating
two NDE standards and the Welding Although the 2016 edition of B1.10
Inspection Handbook. These publica- is still warm (if no longer considered
tions are intended as references to “hot off the press”), the B1A Commit-
those unfamiliar with NDE methods tee is already working on the next edi-
and inspection practices. These guides tion scheduled for release sometime in Our challenge as a committee is
are also part of the recommended ref- 2020 or 2021. keeping up with the pace of modern-
erences for the Certified Welding In- The following are some of the ization and change in the NDE indus-
spector (CWI) examination. changes and additions already in try. The increasing use and advances in
As a long-standing member of the discussion and review: computing and technology in general
B1 Committee and the newly seated have brought changes in nearly all as-
chair of the B1A Subcommittee on • Greater use of higher quality digital pects of the inspection industry. De-
NDE of Welds (specifically assigned to images; scribing how these changes affect ac-
B1.10), our work is challenging, yet re- • Updated diagrams and figures; cepted NDE methods, and describing
warding. Even with more than 25 • Possible additions to weld existing and new methods of inspec-
years as an inspector, I learn far more process/discontinuity relationship tion technologies, is critical to the
from the committee work than I table; AWS mission of promoting and sup-
contribute. • The addition of new inspection meth- porting the science and technology of
Our most recent publication, the 5th ods if and as they become available; welding.
edition, was released in 2016 and in- • More descriptions of modern im-
cludes numerous additions, updates, provements to existing examination
and revisions as follows: methods;
• Enhancements to make the guide
• Updates and revisions to the safety more user friendly, such as including a
and health references; keyword index; BOB CAMPBELL (bcampbell@BANK
• Revisions and additions to the terms • A continuing effort towards improv- ERSTEEL.com) is QA manager at Banker
Steel Co., Lynchburg, Va. He is a long-
and definitions, as well as updates to ing accuracy and clarity; and standing member of the B1 Committee on
discontinuity descriptions; • Consideration of comments and sug- Methods of Inspection and the newly
• Revisions and clarification of the dis- gestions from users (we would love to seated chair of the B1A Subcommittee on
continuity location figures for groove hear them!). NDE of Welds.

Technology Notes Aug 17.qxp_Layout 1 7/26/17 4:00 PM Page 33
Technology Notes
Interpretations D1.1
Subject: Qualification Limits of Subject: T-Joint vs. Butt Joint

Table 6.2 Code Edition: D1.1:2002
Code Edition: D1.4-98
AWS Log: D1.1-02-I08
Code Provision: D1.4-98-I02
Inquiry: Inquiry:
1) If a WPS is qualified per 6.2.4.1 and There are six joint designs in question
in accordance with Table 6.2, does quali- as shown. The relative thickness of the
fication using one of the “production members in each joint type is depicted
type of joint” listed qualify for all the accurately. Taking into account that
corresponding “Joints Qualified per Fig- the definitions for a T-joint and a butt
ure” shown for that row? (e.g., Testing joint as defined in D1.1/D1.1M:2002
with “Direct Butt [6.5(A)]” qualifies the Annex B, are each of the joint designs
WPS for all direct butt joints shown in one through six (joint type six is
Fig. 3.2.) shown to be a butt joint that is slightly
2) Does essential variable #11 of Table offset, but interpretation for a butt
6.1 prohibit a change in groove type joint is still requested) as shown in the
where such allowances are permitted or joint designs (right) considered to be
required by Table 6.2? (e.g., Fig. 6.5(C) butt joints?
flare‐bevel groove is required to qualify
Fig. 3.4 flare‐vee groove.) Response: Yes.
Response:
1) Yes.
2) No.
For info, go to aws.org/adindex For info, go to aws.org/adindex
AUGUST 2017 / Inspection Trends 33

Mark Your Calendar Aug 2017.qxp_Layout 1 7/26/17 3:55 PM Page 34
Mark Your Calendar
Schweissen & Schneiden tion, ultrasonic examination, ASME Section XI and UT oper-
Sept. 24–29. Düsseldorf, Germany. The meeting place for ator training. Contact Sherryl Stogner, (704) 547-6174,
experts and top decision makers of the joining, cutting, and sstogner@epri.com.
surfacing technology industries. Held every four years, the
show offers a range of machinery, products, processes, and GE Inspection Academy Courses and Industrial
services. Visit schweissen-schneiden.com/joining-cutting-sur- Computed Tomography (CT) Operator Course
facing/. Online e-courses, on-site classes, and week-long classroom
programs in the major industrial evaluation techniques.
The Quality Show Learn to operate the 3D technology that is becoming more
Oct. 24–26. Donald E. Stephens Convention Center, Rose- prominent in industrial quality control and metrology. For
mont, Ill. Trade show focusing exclusively on quality manu- information, visit geinspectionacademy.com.
facturing. Engineers and managers responsible for quality in
the manufacturing process for automotive, aerospace, con- INTEG Courses
sumer products, electronics, medical devices, and machinery Courses in NDE disciplines to meet certifications to Canadi-
will have the chance to tour the show floor, attend sessions, an General Standards Board or Canadian Nuclear Safety
and network. Visit qualityshow.com. Commission. The Canadian Welding Bureau, (800) 844-
6790, cwbgroup.org.
ASNT Annual Conference 2017
Oct. 30–Nov. 2. Gaylord Opryland Resort and Convention Laser Vision Seminars
Center, Nashville, Tenn. Contact American Society for Nonde- Two-day classes, offered monthly and on request, include
structive Testing, (800) 222-2768 or asnt.org. tutorials and practical training. Presented at Servo-Robot,
Inc., St. Bruno, QC, Canada. For schedule, cost, and avail-
ability, email info@servorobot.com.
Educational Opportunities
NDE Classes
Brazing Training Seminars Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Hills, Ill., offers
Three-day intensive training programs in all aspects of braz- NDE classes in PT, MT, UT, RT, radiation safety, and eddy
ing from fundamentals to advanced concepts. Covers fur- current, as well as API 510 exam prep and weld inspection.
nace, torch, induction, and dip brazing of aluminum, titani- For more information, contact (708) 974-5735;
um, superalloys, and ceramics. Classes held October 3–5, wdcs@morainevalley.edu; morainevalley.edu/NDE.
South Carolina; and November 14–16, Simsbury, Conn.
Contact Kay & Associates at dan.kay@kaybrazing.com or call NDE Training
(860) 651-5595. NDE training at the company’s St. Louis-area facility or on-
site. Level III services available. For a schedule of upcoming
Certified Welding Inspector/Educator Prep Courses courses, contact Quality Testing Services Inc., 2305 Millpark
and Endorsement Seminars Dr., Maryland Heights, MO 63043; (888) 770-0103; train-
Allentown, Pa. Six-day prep course begins Nov. 13. Single- ing@qualitytesting.net; qualitytesting.net.
day D1.1/D1.5/API endorsements begin Nov. 16. CWI/CWE
and endorsement exams given Nov. 19. Contact Welder Nondestructive Examination Courses
Training and Testing Institute, Tracy Wiswesser, (610) 820- A course schedule is available from Hellier, 277 W. Main St.,
9551, ext. 204; wtti.com. Ste. 2, Niantic, CT 06357; (860) 739-8950; fax (860) 739-
6732.
CWI/CWE Course and Exam
A ten-day program presented in Troy, Ohio. Contact Hobart
Institute of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448; Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses
hiwt@welding.org; welding.org. One- and two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss.,
Houston, Tex., and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real
E-Courses in Destructive and Nondestructive Testing Educational Services Inc.; (800) 489-2890;
of Welds and Other Welding-Related Topics info@realeducational.com.
Online video courses taken at one’s own pace offer certifi-
cates of completion and continuing education units. Contact T.E.S.T. NDT Courses
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology; (800) 332-9448; CWI preparation and NDE courses, including ultrasonic
welding.org/product-category/online-courses/. thickness testing and advanced phased array. On-site train-
ing available. T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc., 193 Viking Ave., Brea, CA
EPRI NDE Training Seminars 92821; (714) 255-1500; fax (714) 255-1580;
EPRI offers NDE technical skills training in visual examina- ndtguru@aol.com; testndt.com

Cert Sche IT Aug 2017.qxp_Layout 1 7/26/17 4:05 PM Page 35
Note: The 2017 schedule for all certifications is posted online at

aws.org/w/a/registrations/prices_schedules.html.
Certification Schedule
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) Dallas, TX Sept. 24–29

Appleton, WI Sept. 24–29
Location Seminar Dates Exam Date New Orleans, LA Oct. 22–27
Minneapolis, MN Aug. 13–18 Aug. 19 Seattle, WA Nov. 5–10
Dallas, TX Aug. 13–18 Aug. 19 Miami, FL Dec. 3–8
San Diego, CA Aug. 13–18 Aug. 19 Houston, TX Dec. 3–8
Mobile, AL Exam only Aug. 19
Miami, FL Exam only Aug. 22 Certified Welding Educator (CWE)
Beaumont, TX Aug. 20–25 Aug. 26 Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
San Francisco, CA Sept. 10–15 Sept. 16 Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code
Houston, TX Sept. 10–15 Sept. 16 Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).
Portland, OR Sept. 10–15 Sept. 16
Nashville, TN Sept. 10–15 Sept. 16
Miami, FL Sept. 17–22 Sept. 23 Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
Hartford, CT Sept. 17–22 Sept. 23 CWSR exams are given at Prometric testing centers. More
Kansas City, MO Sept. 24–29 Sept. 30 information at aws.org/certification/detail/certified-welding-
New Orleans, LA Sept. 24–29 Sept. 30 sales-representative.
Pittsburgh, PA Sept. 24–29 Sept. 30
Long Beach, CA Oct. 1–6 Oct. 7
Tulsa, OK Oct. 1–6 Oct. 7 Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
Ann Arbor, MI Oct. 1–6 Oct. 7 CWS exams are given at Prometric testing centers. More in-
S. Plainfield, NJ Oct. 8–13 Oct. 14 formation at aws.org/certification/detail/certified-welding-
Chattanooga, TN Oct. 8–13 Oct. 14 supervisor.
Miami, FL Exam only Oct. 20
Denver, CO Oct. 22–27 Oct. 28 Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
Des Moines, IA Oct. 22–27 Oct. 28 The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
Cleveland, OH Oct. 29–Nov. 3 Nov. 4 exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Atlanta, GA Oct. 29–Nov. 3 Nov. 4
Beaumont, TX Oct. 29–Nov. 3 Nov. 4 Location Seminar Dates Exam Date
Chicago, IL Exam only Nov. 9 Miami, FL Exam only Aug. 4
Chicago, IL Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Kansas City, MO Aug. 21–25 Aug. 26
Sacramento, CA Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Chicago, IL Sept. 11–15 Sept. 16
Dallas, TX Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Pittsburgh, PA Oct. 9–13 Oct. 14
Charlotte, NC Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Miami, FL Exam only Nov. 17
Spokane, WA Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11
Miami, FL Nov. 26–Dec. 1 Dec. 2
Reno, NV Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
Houston, TX Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 ABB Inc., Auburn Hills, MI; (248) 391-8421
Los Angeles, CA Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 OTC Daihen Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800, ext. 218
Orlando, FL Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-8542
Genesis-Systems Group, Davenport, IA; (563) 445-5688
Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7736
9-Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI On request at MATC, Milwaukee, WI; (414) 456-5454
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education re-
quirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken
at any site listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
Location Seminar Dates
Orlando, FL Aug. 20–25
Boston, MA Aug. 27–Sept. 1
Denver, CO Sept. 10–15
IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Please verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your
course status before making travel plans. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the seminar/exam or exam. Applications
received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visiting our website
aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register online, visit
aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.

August 2017 IT Classified.qxp_Layout 1 7/26/17 4:30 PM Page 36
Advertiser Index
Atlas Evaluation & Inspection Services (AEIS) . . . . . . . . . . . .33 G.A.L. Gage Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
indt.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(732) 388-7711 galgage.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 465-5750
AWS Advertising Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Hobart Institute of Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

aws.org/advertisingsales . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 220 welding.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 332-9448
AWS Certification Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover Met-L-Chek Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

aws.org/certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 273 met-l-chek.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(310) 450-1111
AWS Member Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 21 NDT Seals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

aws.org/membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 480 ndtseals.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 261-6261
AWS Standards Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Olympus NDT, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
aws.org/standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 340 olympus-ims.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 419-3900
B&B Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 PH Tool Reference Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

bbpipetools.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(713) 747-8502 phtool.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(267) 203-1600
Fabtech USA 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Outside Back Cover Triangle Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
fabtechexpo.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 297 trieng.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 878-1500
Fischer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 USA Borescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

fischer-technology.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(860) 683-0781 usaborescopes.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(931) 362-3304
FlawTech, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

flawtech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(704) 795-4401 Visit Our Interactive Ad Index: aws.org/ad-index
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REV. 11/15
cert cri.qxp_FP_TEMP 7/25/17 1:19 PM Page C3

CERTIFICAATION
T
aws.org
MEE YOUR WORK

IT’S TIM
WAS RECOGNI
WA R IZED.
w ere you are on your caareer path, recognition foorr
No matter wh
excellence in a skilled trade sets yoou apart.
Earning an AWS Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI) crreedential

distinguishees you as a leader in the nondestructive weld-tesstting arena
by certifyingg your expertise in radiographic scan interpretattioon.
on
It is a tangibble representation of prooficiency in a relevant, reelaatable and

transferablee industry skill. It is exceellence recognized.
WS CRI proggram at go.aws.orgg/BeccoomeACRI

Learn more about the AW
Current AW
WS CWI’s:
Did you know that AW WS CRI certificcation could be used as ann endorsement to your CWWI
credentiaal? Often times the work you are required to do as a Welding Inspector could ccaall on
skills that overlap with what is neeeded to qualify as a radiographic interpreter. Why noot use
your expeerience to increase your skill set and help further yoour career.
Find out moore at go.aws.or

aws orgg/Becom
meACRI
fabtech 2017.qxp_FP_TEMP 7/25/17 1:20 PM Page C4
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FABRICATING, WELDING AND FINISHING EVENT
THANK YOU TO OUR PLATINUM SPONSORS

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AUGUST 2017 / VOL. 20 / NO.

▪ Prequaliﬁed vs. Qualiﬁed

1/8” HEAD TRIM

AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

1/8” FACE TRIM

PAGE 4 1/8” FOOT TRIM PAGE 1

1/8” HEAD TRIM

AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

1/4” HIGH FOLIO LAP

1/8” FACE TRIM

PAGE 2 1/8” FOOT TRIM PAGE 3

Applications of Spot, Seam, and Projection Weld Symbols

Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Penetrant Examination

Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of articles

AWS MISSION STATEMENT

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 5

6 Inspection Trends / August 2017

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

8 Inspection Trends / August 2017

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 9

For info, go to aws.org/ad-index For info, go to aws.org/ad-index

10 Inspection Trends / August 2017

Single – Double – Compound Bevels

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 11

American Welding Society®

12 Inspection Trends / August 2017

Measure Ferrite Content with

• Measurement range g 0.1

Coating Thickness Material Analysis

For info, go to aws.org/ad-index For info, go to aws.org/ad-index

Inspection Trends / August 2017 13

Q: I have a query regarding the quali-

American Welding Society®

Keep an eye on the latest releasses on the AW

14 Inspection Trends / August 2017

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 15

Applications of Spot, Seam, and Projection Weld Symbols

This is the third in a series of articles

Welding Symbol Basics

16 Inspection Trends / August 2017

Detail of Joint Symbol

Fig. 6 — Other-side spot weld symbol.

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 17

Location of the Spot Weld

Spot Weld Dimensions

Spot Weld Size

18 Inspection Trends / August 2017

Contours and Finishing

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 19

Publisher Features Editor Welding Journal Dept.

Senior Editor Senior Advertising Executive

20 Inspection Trends / August 2017

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Liquid penetrant examination is one

22 Inspection Trends / August 2017

1. Preclean Part 2. Apply Penetrant 3. Remove Penetrant

4. Apply Developer 5. Evaluate Indications 6. Postclean Part

August 2017 / Inspection Trends 23

24 Inspection Trends / August 2017

• Easy inspection of parts with complex shapes;

• Quick and inexpensive inspection of large areas and large

• Few material limitations (metallic and nonmetallic, magnetic

For info, go to aws.org/adindex For info, go to aws.org/adindex

For info, go to aws.org/adindex

For info, go to aws.org/adindex For info, go to aws.org/adindex