Exercise in Abacus

13
Material Nonlinearity Tutorial
Problem Description
A rectangular steel cantilevered beam has a downward load applied to the one end. The load is expected to
produce plastic deformation. An experimentally determined stress strain curve was supplied for the steel
material. We will investigate the magnitude and depth of plastic strain.
14
Analysis Steps
1. Start Abaqus and choose to create a new model database
2. In the model tree double click on the “Parts” node (or right click on “parts” and select Create)
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part
and
a. Select “2D Planar”
b. Select “Deformable”
c. Select “Shell”
d. Set approximate size = 200
e. Click “Continue…”
4. Create the geometry shown below (not discussed here)
15
5. Double click on the “Materials” node in the model tree
a. Name the new material and give it a description

b. The stress strain data, shown below, was measured for the material used
i. This data is based on the nominal (engineering) stress and strain
Nominal Stress (Pa) Nominal Strain

0.00E+00 0.00E+00
2.00E+08 9.50E-04
2.40E+08 2.50E-02
2.80E+08 5.00E-02
3.40E+08 1.00E-01
3.80E+08 1.50E-01
4.00E+08 2.00E-01
4.00E+08
Nominal Stress (Pa)
3.00E+08
2.00E+08
1.00E+08
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 2.50E-02 5.00E-02 7.50E-02 1.00E-01 1.25E-01 1.50E-01 1.75E-01 2.00E-01
Nominal Strain
ii. Abaqus expects the stress strain data to be entered as true stress and true plastic strain
1. In addition the modulus of elasticity must correspond to the slope defined by the
first point (the yield point)
iii. To convert the nominal stress to true stress, use the following equation
1. 𝜎𝑡𝑟𝑢 = 𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 (1 + 𝜖𝑛𝑜𝑚 )
iv. To convert the nominal strain to true strain, use the following equation
1. 𝜖𝑡𝑟𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝜖𝑛𝑜𝑚 )
v. To calculate the modulus of elasticity, divide the first nonzero true stress by the first nonzero
true strain
vi. To convert the true strain to true plastic strain, use the following equation
𝜎𝑡𝑟𝑢
1. 𝜖𝑝𝑙 = 𝜖𝑡𝑟𝑢 −
𝐸
16
vii. The results should be
True Stress (Pa) Plastic Strain Elastic Modulus (Pa)

2.002E+08 0.000E+00 2.1083E+11
2.460E+08 2.374E-02
2.940E+08 4.784E-02
3.740E+08 9.436E-02
4.370E+08 1.388E-01
4.800E+08 1.814E-01
c. Click on the “Mechanical” tabElasticityElastic

i. Enter the calculated modulus of elasticity, and Poison’s ratio of 0.3
d. Click on the “Mechanical” tabPlasticityPlastic
i. Enter the calculated true stress and plastic strain
1. Note that you can simply copy your calculated values from Excel (or similar) and
paste them into Abaqus
e. Click “OK”
6. Double click on the “Sections” node in the model tree

a. Name the section “PlaneStressProperties” and select “Solid” for the category and “Homogeneous”
for the type
b. Click “Continue…”
c. Select the material created above (Steel) and set the thickness to 5.
d. Click “OK”
17
7. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree, expand the node of the part just created, and double click on
“Section Assignments”
a. Select the entire geometry in the viewport and press “Done” in the prompt area
b. Select the section created above (PlaneStressProperties)
c. Click “OK”
8. Expand the “Assembly” node in the model tree and then double click on “Instances”
a. Select “Dependent” for the instance type
b. Click “OK”
18
9. Double click on the “Steps” node in the model tree

a. Name the step, set the procedure to “General”, and select “Static, General”
b. On the Basic tab, give the step a description and change the time period to 2
i. For this analysis neglect the effects of geometric nonlinearities (Nlgeom = Off)
c. On the Incrementation tab,

i. Set the initial increment size to 0.05
ii. Set the maximum increment size to 0.2
19
d. Click “OK”
10. Double click on the “BCs” node in the model tree
a. Name the boundary conditioned “Fixed” and select “Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre” for the type
b. Select the left edge and click “Done”

c. Select “ENCASTRE” for the boundary condition and click “OK”
11. Double click on the “Amplitudes” node in the model tree

a. Name the amplitude “Triangular Loading” and select “Tabular”
b. Enter the data points shown below
20
i. Abaqus multiplies the load by the amplitude definition, therefore 0 is no load and 1 is the full
load
12. Double click on the “Loads” node in the model tree

a. Name the load and select “Surface traction” as the type
b. Select the right edge

21
c. Under Direction, click edit and select the upper-right corner as the first point, and the lower-right
corner as the second point
d. For the magnitude, enter 5e6
e. For the amplitude, select the amplitude created above (Triangular loading)
22
13. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the beam part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
Element Type” icon
a. Select the entire geometry
b. Select “Standard” for element type
c. Select “Quadratic” for geometric order
d. Select “Plane stress” for family
e. Note that the name of the element (S4R) and its description are given below the element controls
f. Select “OK”
14. In the toolbox area click on the “Assign Mesh Controls” icon
a. Select the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and load
b. Change the element shape to “Quad”
c. Set the technique to “Structured”
23
15. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Edge: By Number” icon
a. Select the left and right edges

i. Specify 8 elements
16. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Edge: Biased” icon
a. Select the top and bottom edges

i. Click on the edges closer to the left side to specify the bias direction
ii. Set the bias ratio to 2
iii. Set the number of elements to 50
b. Select “Done”
17. In the toolbox area click on the “Mesh Part” icon
18. In the model tree double click on the “Job” node

a. Name the job “plastic_beam”
b. Give the job a description
24
19. In the model tree right click on the job just created and select “Submit”
a. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
b. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select “Monitor”
c.
d. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

i. If there are errors, investigate the cause(s) before resolving
ii. If there are warnings, determine if the warnings are relevant, some warnings can be safely
ignored
iii. In the far right column, note how Abaqus adjusted the increment
25
20. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job, and select “Results”
21. In the menu bar click on ViewportViewport Annotations Options

a. Uncheck the “Show compass option”
b. The locations of viewport items can be specified on the corresponding tab in the Viewport
Annotations Options
26
22. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress

a. In the toolbox area click on the following icons
i. “Plot Contours on Deformed Shape”
23. In the toolbox area click on the “Common Plot Options” icon
a. Set the Deformation Scale Factor to 1
b. Click “OK”
24. Click on the arrows on the context bar to change the time step being displayed
a. Click on the three squares to bring up the frame selector slider bar
27
25. To change the output being displayed, in the menu bar click on ResultsField Output
a. Select one of the plastic strain related outputs (PE or PEEQ)
b. Click “OK”
Alternatively, you can select the output variable from the corresponding toolbar (shown below).
Hint: If you don’t see the toolbar, go to view  Toolbars and activate the “Field output” to display the
toolbar (a checkmark will appear next to it).
Note that PE displays individual plastic strain (or principal strain) components, while PEEQ variable provides
the equivalent plastic strain value (similar to vonMises equivalent stress).
28
Truss Tutorial
Description:
Solve for displacements of the free node and the reaction forces of the truss structure shown in the
figure. This is the sample problem from the lecture note example.
Material is Steel with E = 210 GPa and υ =0.25.
1 kN
1000 mm2
1250 mm2
750 mm
29
Analysis Steps
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part and
c. Select “Wire”
30

b. Click on the “Mechanical” tabÎElasticityÎElastic
c. Define Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio (use base SI units)
i. WARNING: There are no predefined system of units within Abaqus, so the user is
responsible for ensuring that the correct values are specified
d. Click “OK”
31

a. Name the section “HorizontalBar” and select “Beam” for both the category and “Truss” for the
type
c. Select the material created above (Steel)
d. Set cross‐sectional area = 0.001 (base SI units, m2)
e. Click “OK”
32
f. Repeat for the “AngledBar”
i. Cross‐sectional area=0.00125
7. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree, expand the node of the part just created, and double click
on “Section Assignments”
a. Select the horizontal portion of the geometry in the viewport
b. Click “Done”
c. Select the “HorizontalBar” section created above
d. Click “OK”
e. Repeat for the angled portion of the geoemetry

b. Click “OK”
33
c. Give the step a description
d. Click “OK”
34
10. Expand the Field Output Requests node in the model tree, and then double click on F‐Output‐1 (F‐
Output‐1 was automatically generated when creating the step)
a. Uncheck the variables “Strains” and “Contact”
b. Click “OK”
11. Expand the History Output Requests node in the model tree, and then right click on H‐Output‐1 (H‐
Output‐1 was automatically generated when creating the step) and select Delete
35
a. Name the boundary conditioned “Pinned” and select “Displacement/Rotation” for the type
c. Select the endpoints on the left (“shift” select ) and press “Done” in the prompt area
d. Check the U1 and U2 displacements and set them to 0
e. Click “OK”
36
a. Name the load “PointLoad” and select “Concentrated force” as the type
c. Select the vertex on the right and press “Done” in the prompt area
d. Specify CF2 = ‐1000
e. Click “OK”
37
14. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Truss part, and in the toolbox area click on the
“Assign Element Type” icon
a. Select “Standard” for element type
b. Select “Linear” for geometric order
c. Select “Truss” for family
d. Note that the name of the element (B21) and its description are given below the element
controls
e. Click “OK”
15. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Edge: By Number” icon (hold down icon to bring up the other
options)
a. Select the entire geometry and click “Done” in the prompt area
b. Define the number of elements along the edges as 1 and click “Enter” in the prompt region,
then “Done” in response to the next prompt.
c.
a. Click “Yes” in the prompt area
38
17. In the menu bar select ViewÎPart Display Options

a. On the Mesh tab check “Show node labels” and “Show element labels”
b. Click “OK”

a. Name the job “Truss”
c. Give the job a description
d. Click “OK”
39
19. In the model tree right click on the job just created (Truss) and select “Submit”
a. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted (Truss), and select
“Monitor”
b. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

ii. If there are warnings, determine if the warnings are relevant, some warnings can be
safely ignored
20. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job (Truss), and select
“Results”
40
21. In the menu bar click on ViewportÎViewport Annotations Options

Annotations Options
c. Click “OK”
22. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress overlaid with the undeformed geometry
ii. “Allow Multiple Plot States”
iii. “Plot Undeformed Shape”
41
a. Note that the Deformation Scale Factor can be set on the “Basic” tab
b. On the “Labels” tab check “Show element labels”, “Show node labels”, and “Show node
symbols”
c. Click “OK”
42
43
24. To determine the stress values, from the menu bar click ToolsÎQuery Æ Probe Values, and click OK.
a. Check the boxes labeled “Nodes” and “S, Mises”
b. In the viewport mouse over the element of interest
c. Note that Abaqus reports stress values from the integration points, which may differ slightly
from the values determined by projecting values from the surrounding integration points to
the nodes
i. The minimum and maximum stress values contained in the legend are from the
stresses projected to the nodes
d. Click on an element to store it in the “Selected Probe Values” portion of the dialogue box
e. Click “Cancel”
25. To change the output being displayed, in the menu bar click on ResultsÎField Output
a. Select “Spatial displacement at nodes”
i. Component = U2
b. Click “OK”
44
26. To create a text file containing the stresses, vertical displacements, and reaction forces (including the
total), in the menu bar click on ReportÎField Output
a. For the output variable select (Von) Mises
b. On the Setup tab specify the name and the location for the text file
c. Uncheck the “Column totals” option
d. Click “Apply”
45
e. Back on the Variable tab change the position to “Unique Nodal”

f. Uncheck the stress variable, and select the U2 spatial displacement
g. Click “Apply”
46
h. On the Variable tab, uncheck Spatial displacement and select the RF2 reaction force
i. On the Setup tab, check the “Column totals” option
j. Click “OK”
47
27. Open the .rpt file with any text editor
a. One thing to check is that the total downward reaction force is equal to the applied load
(1,000 N)
Beam Tutorial 48
Problem Description
The two dimensional bridge structure, which consists of steel T‐sections, is simply supported at its lower corners. A
uniform distributed load of 1000 N/m is applied to the lower horizontal members in the vertical downward direction.
Determine the stresses and the vertical displacements.
49
Analysis Steps
5. Double click on the “Materials” node in the model tree 50

c. Define Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio (use SI units)
i. WARNING: There are no predefined system of units within Abaqus, so the user is responsible
for ensuring that the correct values are specified
d. Click “OK”
6. Double click on the “Profiles” node in the model tree 51
a. Name the profile and select “T” for the shape
i. Note that the “T” shape is one of several predefined cross‐sections
b. C lick “Continue…”
c. Enter the values for the profile shown below
d. Click “OK”

a. Name the section “BeamProperties” and select “Beam” for both the category and the type
c. Leave the section integration set to “During Analysis”
d. Select the profile created above (T‐Section)
e. Select the material created above (Steel)
f. Click “OK”
8. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree, expand the node of the part just created, and double click
52 on
a. Select the entire geometry in the viewport and press Enter
b. Select the section created above (BeamProperties)
c. Click “OK”
b. Click “OK”
10. Double click on the “Steps” node in the model tree 53
d. Click “OK”
11. Expand the Field Output Requests node in the model tree, and then double click on F‐Output‐1 (F‐Output‐1 was
automatically generated when creating the step)
b. Click “OK”
12. Expand the History Output Requests node in the model tree, and then right click on H‐Output‐1 (H‐Output‐1
54 was
automatically generated when creating the step) and select Delete

c. Select the lower‐left vertex of the geometry and press “Done” in the prompt area
e. Click “OK”
f. Repeat for the lower‐right vertex, but model a roller restraint (only U2 fixed) instead
14. Double click on the “Loads” node in the model tree 55
a. Name the load “Distributed load” and select “Line load” as the type
c. Select the lower horizontal edges of the geometry press “Done” in the prompt area
d. Specify component 2 = ‐1000
i. Note that because we have been using standard SI units the load applied is ‐1000 N/m, which is
a total of ‐10,000 N distributed across the lower horizontal members
e. Click “OK”
15. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Bridge part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
a. Highlight all members in the viewport and select Done
c. Select “Linear” for geometric order
d. Select “Beam” for family
e. Note that the name of the element (B21) and its description are given below the element controls
f. Click “OK”
16. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Edge: By Number” icon (hold down icon to bring up the other56
options)
a. Select the entire geometry, except the lower horizontal lines, and click “Done” in the prompt area
b. Define the number of elements along the edges as 5

c. Repeat for the lower horizontal lines, except specify 10 elements along the edges

a. Check the Render beam profiles option on the General tab
b. Click “OK”
19. Change the Module to “Property” 57
a. Click on the “Assign Beam Orientation” icon
b. Select the entire geometry from the viewport
c. Click “Done” in the prompt area
d. Accept the default value of the approximate n1 direction
20. Note that the preview shows that the beam cross sections are not all orientated as desired (see Problem
Description)
21. In the toolbox area click on the “Assign Beam/Truss Tangent” icon
a. Click on the sections of the geometry that are off by 180 degrees
22. In the model tree double click on the “Job” node 58
a. Name the job “Bridge”
d. Click “OK”
23. In the model tree right click on the job just created (Bridge) and select “Submit”
a. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted (Bridge), and select “Monitor”
b. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings 59
ignored
24. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job (Bridge), and select “Results”
25. In the menu bar click on ViewportÎViewport Annotations Options 60
b. The locations of viewport items can be specified on the corresponding tab in the Viewport Annotations
Options
c. Click “OK”
27. In the toolbox area click on the “Common Plot Options” icon 61
b. On the “Labels” tab check the show node symbols icon
c. Click “OK”
28. To determine the stress values, from the menu bar click ToolsÎQuery 62
c. Note that Abaqus reports stress values from the integration points, which may differ slightly from the
values determined by projecting values from the surrounding integration points to the nodes
i. The minimum and maximum stress values contained in the legend are from the stresses
projected to the nodes
e. Click “Cancel”
i. Component = U2
b. Click “OK”
30. To create a text file containing the stresses, vertical displacements, and reaction forces (including the
63total), in
the menu bar click on ReportÎField Output
d. Click “Apply”
e. Back on the Variable tab change the position to “Unique Nodal”

f. Uncheck the stress variable, and select the U2 spatial displacement
g. Click “Apply”
h. On the Variable tab, uncheck Spatial displacement and select the RF2 reaction force 64
i. On the Setup tab, check the “Column totals” option
j. Click “OK”

a. One thing to check is that the total reaction force is equal to the applied load (‐10,000 N)
65
Nonlinear Buckling Tutorial
Problem Description
This is the NAFEMS1 proposed benchmark (Lee’s frame buckling) problem. The applied load is based on
the normalized (EI/L2) value of F = 996.389 N. The analysis will investigate post-buckling nonlinear
behavior of the frame at the applied load location.
This tutorial will also describe x-y plotting capability in Abaqus/CAE, including combining variables to
generate load-displacement plots.
E = 71.74×109 N/m2
ν = 0.0 0.2 L 0.8 L
L = 1.2 m
L
0.02
0.03
1
National Agency for Finite Element Methods and Standards, NAFEMS Non-Linear Benchmarks (Glasgow:
NAFEMS, Oct., 1989., Rev. 1.) Test No. NL7.
66
Analysis Steps
67

i. Enter a Young’s modulus of 71740000000, and Poisson’s ratio of 0
c. Click “OK”
68
6. Double click on the “Profiles” node in the model tree

a. Name the profile and select “Rectangular”
c. Enter “0.03” for “a” and “0.02” for “b”
d. Click “OK”

a. Name the section “beam” and select “Beam” for the category and “Beam” for the type
c. Select the profile created above (rect_beam) and the material created above (Material‐1)
69
d. Click “OK”
b. Select the section created above (beam)
c. Click “OK”
9. In the toolbox area click on the “Assign Beam Orientation” button

a. Select all the geometry
b. Click “Done”
70
c. Leave the default values of “0.0,0.0,‐1.0”

d. Press the “Enter” key
e. The beam normals should be oriented as shown below.
f. Click “OK” to confirm
b. Click “OK”
71

a. Name the step, set the procedure to “General”, and select “Static, Riks”, Click “Continue…”
b. On the Basic tab
i. Give the step a description and
ii. Set geometric nonlinearities on (Nlgeom = ON)
iii. Under “Stopping criteria” check “Maximum load proportionality factor” and set to 30
c. On the Incrementation tab,

i. Set the initial arc length increment size to 0.1
ii. Set the maximum arc length increment size to 2
iii. Set the maximum number of increments to 200
72
d. Click “OK”
c. Select the two free ends of the frame and click “Done”
i. Note: to select multiple items, hold the shift key
d. Select “U1” and “U2” and set to zero, click “OK”
73

a. Name the load and select “Concentrated force” as the type
c. Select the point along the top beam near the corner, Click “Done”
d. Set “CF1” to 0 and “CF2” to ‐996.389
e. Click “OK”
74
14. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the frame part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
a. Select the entire geometry
d. Select “Beam” for family
e. Note that the name of the element (B21) and its description are given below the element controls
f. Click “OK”
75
15. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Part” icon
a. Enter 0.08 for “Approximate global size” , click “OK”

76
16. In the toolbox area click on the “Mesh Part” icon, Click “Yes”
17. Create a set for the upper‐center vertex

a. Expand the Assembly node in the model tree, and then double click on sets
b. Name the set and select geometry for the type, Click “Continue…”
c. Select the vertex where the load is applied, Click “Done”
was automatically generated when creating the step) and select Delete
19. Double click on the History Output Requests node

a. Name the history and select “Continue…”
b. Set the domain to “Sets” and select the set created above
77
c. Leave the frequency set to every increment (n=1)
d. For the output variables select the U2 displacement

a. Name the job “frame_buckle”
78
a. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select “Monitor”

ignored
iii. In the far right column, note how Abaqus adjusted the increment
79

Annotations Options

b. Note that when including the effects of geometric nonlinearities, the deformation scale factor
defaults to a value of 1
80
26. On the results tree, expand the History Output node and double click on the displacement history created
a. Notice that displacement it plotted against Arc Length, not Load or Load Proportionality Factor.
b. To plot load against displacement, we will need to extract the values for Load and displacement from
the Field Outputs.
81
27. In the Toolbox area click on the “Create XY Data” icon

a. Choose “ODB field output” for “Source” and click “Continue…”
b. On the “Variables” tab
i. Select “Unique Nodal” for “Position”
ii. Expand “CF: Point loads” and select “CF2”
iii. Expand “U: Spatial displacement” and select “U2”
c. Select the “Elements/Nodes” tab

i. Select “Node Sets” for “Method”
ii. Select the set created earlier “Top”
82
d. Click “Save”, then “OK” on the next window

e. Click “Dismiss” on the “XY Data from ODB Field Output” window
28. Expand the “XY Data” node on the results tree.

a. There should now be two sets of data under the node as shown.
b. Double click the “XY Data” node

c. For “Source” select “Operate on XY data”
d. From the “Operators” list select “combine(X,X)”, It should appear in the expression box at the top of
the window.
i. The combine(X,X) operator combines two sets of saved XY data
ii. The Y values of the first argument become the X values of the new XY data
iii. The Y values of the second argument become the Y values of the new XY data
iv. The values are combined wherever the X values of the two arguments align
v. For more detail see “Abaqus/CAE User’s Manual” section 45.4.39, “Combining two X‐Y data
objects”
83
e. Select “U:U2 P1: PART….” From the “XY Data” section and click “Add to Expression”
f. Select “CF:CF2 PI: PART….” From the “XY Data” section and click “Add to Expression”
g. Since the load and displacement both increase in the negative direction, they need to be multiplied
by ‐1 to make load and displacement increase in the positive direction.
h. The final expression should look like:
i. Click “Save As…”, name it “load‐displacement”, click “OK”

j. Close the “Operate on XY Data” window
29. Right click on “load‐displacement” under the “XY Data” node and select
“Plot”
a. The buckling behavior can be seen in the plot.
84
30. This data can also be copied into Excel or other programs.
a. Right click on “load‐displacement” under the “XY Data” node and select “Edit”
b. Select all the data in the edit window, right click and choose “Copy”
c. Open Excel, right click in an empty cell and choose “Paste”
85
Geometric Nonlinearity Tutorial
Problem Description
The aluminum arch shown below is completely clamped along the flat faces. The arch is to support a
downward pressure of 600 MPa. The effects of geometric nonlinearities are to be included in the analysis, to
determine if the arch will support the full load, and if it won’t what is the maximum pressure that can be
applied.
Note: This is the same problem originally solved in “Shell Tutorial.” You may skip steps similar to the ones
performed during linear elastic analysis.
86
Analysis Steps
1. Begin with the geometry from the shell tutorial
2. Create a set for the upper‐center vertex

a. Expand the Assembly node in the model tree, and then double click on sets
b. Name the set and select geometry for the type
c. Select the vertex at the top of the part and select “Done”

b. On the “Basic” tab, give the step a description
c. Include the nonlinear effects of large displacements
i. Nlgeom = On
d. On the “Incrementation” tab change the initial increment size to 0.1
87
4. Expand the Field Output Requests node in the model tree, and then double click on F‐Output‐1 (F‐Output‐1
was automatically generated when creating the step)
was automatically generated when creating the step) and select Delete
88
6. Double click on the History Output Requests node

a. Name the history and select “Continue…”
b. Set the domain to “Sets” and select the set created above
c. Leave the frequency set to every increment (n=1)
d. For the output variables select the U2 displacement
7. Because the part is symmetrical and the flat surfaces are fully restrained only a quarter of the arch needs to
be modeled
8. Because the flat surfaces are assumed to be fully restrained we do not need to include them, and can instead
fix just the edge
89
b. Select the edge shown below and click “Done”

90
a. Name the boundary conditioned “Zsymm” and select “Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre” for the
type
b. Select the edge shown below and click “Done”
c. Select “ENCASTRE” for the boundary condition
d. Repeat for the other symmetry condition “Xsymm”

91
a. Name the load “Pressure” and select “Pressure” as the type
b. Select the quarter of the arch surface with the boundary conditions applied to it
c. Select the color corresponding to the top surface
d. For the magnitude enter 600
92
12. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Arch part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
d. Select “Shell” for family
f. Select “OK”
93
14. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Edge: By Number” icon
a. Select the shorter edges of the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and
load
i. Specify 5 seeds
b. Select the longer curved edges of the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary
conditions and load
i. Specify 10 seeds
c. Select “Done”
15. In the toolbox area click on the “Mesh Region” icon
b. Select “Done”
94

a. Name the job “Arch_geom_nonlinear”
95
a. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
b. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select “Monitor”
c. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

i. Abaqus exits with an error
ii. Abaqus is unable to apply the full load
iii. Observing the final time solved, Abaqus only solved for the first 97.5519% of the load
iv. The results for the time steps Abaqus was successfully able to apply can still be viewed
96
18. In the model tree right click on the submitted job, and select “Results”

Annotations Options
97
a. Note that when including the effects of geometric nonlinearities, the deformation scale factor
defaults to a value of 1
b. Click “OK”
98
23. On the results tree, expand the History Output node and double click on the spatial displacement history
created
Note the non-linear behavior of displacement vs. load. Horizontal axis (time) indicates the increment of load
99
Heat Transfer Tutorial
Problem Description
The thin “L‐shaped” part shown above is exposed to a temperature of 20 oC on the two surfaces of the inner corner, and
120 oC on the two surfaces of the outer corner. A heat flux of 10 W/m2 is applied to the top surface. Treat the
remaining surfaces as insulated.
100
Analysis Steps
a. Select “3D”
d. Select “Planar”
e. Set approximate size = 20
f. Click “Continue…”
101

b. Click on the “Thermal” tabÎConductivity
c. Define the thermal conductivity (use SI units)
d. Click “OK”
102

a. Name the section “ShellProperties” and select “Shell” for the category and “Homogeneous” for the type
c. Select the material created above (Steel) and set the thickness to 1
d. Click “OK”
a. Select the surface geometry in the viewport and press “Done” in the prompt area
103
b. Select the section created above (ShellProperties)

c. Click “OK”
b. Click “OK”
9. In the model tree, under the expanded “Assembly” node, double click on “Sets”
a. Name the set “OutsideTemp”
c. On the selection toolbar, from the drop down menu select “Edges”
d. Select the two surfaces on the outside of the corner (left and bottom edges) in the viewport and press
“Done” in the prompt area
104
e. Create another set named “InsideTemp”

f. Select the two surfaces on the inside of the corner in the viewport and press “Done” in the prompt area
10. In the model tree, under the expanded “Assembly” node, double click on “Surfaces”
a. Name the surface “HeatFlux”
c. Select the surface in the viewport and press “Done” in the prompt area
d. Choose the “Brown” side

a. Name the step, set the procedure to “General”, and select “Heat Transfer”
d. Set the reponse to “Steady‐state”
e. Click “OK”
105

a. Name the boundary conditioned “OutsideTemp” and select “Temperature” for the type
c. In the prompt area click on the Sets button

d. Select the set named “OutsideTemp”
106
f. Set the magnitude to 293

g. Click “OK”
h. Repeat the procedure for the inside temperature using the set named “InsideTemp”, set the magnitude
to 393
a. Name the load “HeatFlux” and select “Surface heat flux” as the type
b. Click “OK”
c. Select surface named “HeatFlux”

107
d. For the magnitude enter 10

e.
f. Note that any edge or surface without a boundary condition or load are treated as insulated
14. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree, expand the node of the “Bracket” part, and double click on “Mesh”
15. In the toolbox area click on the “Assign Element Type” icon
c. Select “HeatTransfer” for family
d. Note that the name of the element (DS4) and its description are given below the element controls
e. Click “OK”
108
a. Change the element shape to “Quad”
b. Change the algorithm to “Medial axis” to produce a more uniform mesh for this geometry

a. Set the approximate global size to 5
b. Click “OK”

a. Name the job “HeatFlux”
c. Give the job a description and accept all default parameters
d. Click “OK”
109
20. In the model tree right click on the job just created (HeatFlux) and select “Submit”
While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted (HeatFlux), and select “Monitor”
In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings. If there are errors,
investigate the cause(s) before re‐solving
21. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job
(HeatFlux), and select “Results”
110
22. To change the output being displayed, in the menu bar click
on ResultsÎField Output
a. Select “NT11 Nodal temperature at nodes”
b. Click “OK”
23. Display the contour of the temperatures

a. In the toolbox area click on the “Plot Contours on
Deformed Shape” icon
24. To determine the temperature values, from the menu bar click ToolsÎQuery
a. Change the probe option to “Nodes”
b. Check the boxes labeled “Node ID” and “NT11”
c. In the viewport mouse over the node of interest
d. When done click “Cancel”
111
Axisymmetric Tutorial
Problem Description
A round bar with varying diameter has a total load of 1000 N applied to its top face. The bottom of the bar is completely
fixed. Determine stress and displacement values in the bar resulting from the load.
112
Analysis Steps
2. In the model tree double click on the “Parts” node (or right click on “parts”
and select Create)
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part and select
a. Axisymmetric
b. Deformable
c. Shell
d. Approximate size = 0.2
4. Create the geometry shown below (not
discussed here)
113

c. Define Young’s Modulus and the Poisson’s Ratio (use SI units)

a. Name the section “AxisymmetricProperties” and select “Solid” for the category and “Homogeneous” for
the type
b. Select the material created above (Steel)
114
7. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree and double click on “Section Assignments”
a. Select the surface geometry in the viewport
b. Select the section created above (AxisymmetricProperties)
a. Name the set “Fixed”
b. Select the lower edge of the surface in the viewport
115
c. Create another set named “Symmetry”

d. Select the left edge of the surface in the viewport
a. Name the surface “PressureLoad”
b. Select the top edge of the surface in the viewport

b. Give the step a description
116
13. Expand the History Output Requests node in the model tree, and then right click on H‐Output‐1 (H‐Output‐1 was
117

b. In the prompt area click on the Sets button

c. Select the set named “Fixed”
d. Select “ENCASTRE” for the boundary condition

118
e. Repeat the procedure for the symmetry restraint using the set named “Symmetry”, select “XSYMM” for
the boundary condition
b. Select surface named “Pressure”

c. For the magnitude enter
119
16. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Bar part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign Element
Type” icon
c. Select “Axisymmetric Stress” for family
d. Note that the name of the element (CAX4R) and its description are given below the element controls
a. Change the element shape to “Quad”
b. Change the Algorithm to “Medial axis” for a more structured mesh
120

a. Set the approximate global size to 0.005

a. Name the job “Bar”
121
21. In the model tree right click on the job just created (Bar) and select “Submit”
a. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted (Bar), and select “Monitor”

ignored
22. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job (Bar), and select “Results”

Options
122

a. In the toolbox area click on the “Plot Contours on Deformed Shape” icon
25. To determine the stress values, from the menu bar click ToolsÎQuery
123

c. Note that Abaqus reports stress values from the integration points, which may differ slightly from the
values determined by projecting values from surrounding integration points to the nodes
i. The minimum and maximum stress values contained in the legend are from the stresses
projected to the nodes
i. Invariant = Magnitude
27. To create a text file containing the stresses and reaction forces (including total), in the menu bar click on
ReportÎField Output
124
d. Click Apply
a. Back on the Variable tab change the position to “Unique Nodal”

b. Uncheck the stress variable, and select the RF1 reaction force
c. On the Setup tab, check the “Column totals” option
d. Click OK
125

a. One thing to check is that the total reaction force is equal to the applied load.
126
Plane Stress Tutorial
Problem Description
The steel bracket is fixed to a wall along its left side. A tensile pressure force with a total magnitude of 5000 N is applied
to the right side of the bracket. The bracket contains one line of symmetry, so only half of the geometry is to be
modeled. Determine the stresses in the bracket.
127
Analysis Steps
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part and select
a. 2D Planar
b. Deformable
c. Shell
d. Approximate size = 2
128

b. Click on the “Mechanical” tabElasticityElastic
c. Define Young’s Modulus and the Poisson’s Ratio (use SI units)
129

a. Name the section “PlaneStressProperties” and select “Solid” for the category and “Homogeneous” for
the type
b. Select the material created above (Steel) and set the thickness to 0.01
7. Click on the “Assign Section” icon

a. Select the surface geometry in the viewport
b. Be sure the section created above (plane_stress_tutorial) is selected.
130
a. Name the set “Fixed”
b. Select the left edge of the surface in the viewport
c. Create another set named “Symmetry”

d. Select the two lower horizontal edges of the surface in the viewport
131
a. Name the surface “PressureLoad”

b. Select the right edge of the surface in the viewport

b. Give the step a description
132
13. Expand the History Output Requests node in the model tree, and then right click on H‐Output‐1 (H‐Output‐1 was
133

a. Name the boundary conditioned “Fixed” and select “Displacement/Rotation” for the type
b. In the prompt area click on the Sets button
c. Select the set named “Fixed.
d. Check U1 and U2 to fully restrain the left edge..
e. Repeat the procedure for the symmetry restraint using the set named “Symmetry”, check U2 for the
boundary condition.
134

b. Select surface named “Pressure”

c. For the magnitude enter ‐5e6
i. Note that because we have been using standard SI units the load
applied is ‐5x106 N/m2 which is a total of ‐2500 N distributed across the right edge of the surface
. .
Your model, upon application of BC and load should look similar to the figure below.
135
16. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Bracket part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
c. Select “Plane Stress” for family
d. Pick the tab “Tri” and note the name of the CST element “CPS3” in the description window!
a. Modify the element shape “Tri” and click OK.
136


a. Name the job “Bracket”
137
21. In the model tree right click on the job just created (Bracket) and select “Submit”
a. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted (Bracket), and select “Monitor”

ignored
138
22. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job (Bracket), and select “Results”
23. In the menu bar click on ViewportViewport Annotations Options

Options
139

a. In the toolbox area click on the “Plot Contours on Deformed Shape” icon
25. Request displacement plot along x‐dir. With the undeformed shape superimposed.
The image was obtained using the “superimpose options” icon

and setting the parameters as shown. Note the clear stretching
of the right side of the bracket and the imposition of symmetry
BC preventing the lower horizontal segement from moving in
the vertical direction.
140
26. Activate the icon labeled “Results Options” shown on the right.
a. Uncheck the box “Average element output at nodes.”
b. Change the stress output to S11.
c. Note the stress plot now shows each element acquiring a single color, denoting the Constant Stress
nature of CST element!
“Averaging” creates average stress values at the nodes based on the number of elements sharing the node (and stresses
corresponding to those elements). It then creates a color gradient between values of adjacent nodes, thus the reason
for “smooth” representation of colors. Averaged results can be useful for investigating mesh convergence at a point of
interest where a node can be placed.
141
142
Self Contact Tutorial
Problem Description
A rubber seal is used to seal a flange. The flange material is much stiffer than the seal material, and will be
approximated as rigid. The seal has the possibility of self contact due to the high deformations it undergoes. The
length of the seal is much larger than its cross‐section, so a plane strain model will be used.
143
Analysis Steps
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part “seal”
4. Create the geometry shown below (not discussed here). Dimensions are in millimeters.
a. Hint: Draw the rectangle and large circle first; then use the fillet tool for the small arcs.
144
b. Click “Done”
5. From the menu bar select ToolsÎSurfaceÎCreate

a. Name the surface “seal_surface”
b. Select “Geometry” for type
c. Click “Continue…”
d. Select all of the seal perimeter
e. Click “Done”
7. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part “groove”
b. Select “Analytical rigid”
c. Set approximate size = 50
d. Click “Continue…”
145
a. Click “Done”
9. From the menu bar select Tools Î Reference Point
a. Select the center of the bottom line of the groove feature.

b. The reference point will be created as shown.
146
10. From the menu bar select ToolsÎSurfaceÎCreate Name the surface
“groove_surface”
a. Click “Continue…”
b. Select the groove geometry
c. Click “Done”
d. Select the color corresponding to the inside surface, in this case Magenta.
12. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part “flange”
147
14. From the menu bar select Tools Î Reference Point
a. Select the center of the bottom line of the groove feature.

b. The reference point will be created as shown.
148
15. From the menu bar select ToolsÎSurfaceÎCreate. Name the surface
“flange_surface”
a. Click “Continue…”
b. Select the flange geometry
c. Click “Done”
d. Select the color corresponding to the bottom surface, in this case Yellow.
a. Name the new material “seal_material” and give it a description

c. Define Young’s Modulus and the Poisson’s Ratio (use SI (mm) units)
i. Young’s modulus = 100, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3
d. Since this is an explicit model, material density must also be defined
e. Click on the “General” tab ÎDensity
i. Density = 1 X 10‐5
f. Click “OK”
149

a. Name the section “seal_section” and select “Solid” for the category and “Homogeneous” for the type
c. Select the material created above (seal_material) and set the thickness to 1
d. Click “OK”
18. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree, expand the node of the part “seal”, and double click on “Section
Assignments”
b. Select the section created above (seal_section)
c. Click “OK”
150
b. Select the three parts: “flange”, “groove”, and “seal”
c. Select “Auto‐offset from other instances”
d. Click “OK”
20. In the toolbox area click on the “Translate Instance” icon

a. Select the groove geometry, click “Done”
b. Select the reference point on the groove geometry.
c. Enter 0,0 for end point, Press “Enter”
d. Click “Ok”

a. Select the seal, click “Done”
151
b. Select the lower right corner of the seal.
c. Select the lower right corner of the groove.
d. Click “Ok”

a. Select the flange geometry, click “Done”
b. Select the reference point on the flange geometry.
c. Enter (0,6) for end point, Press “Enter”
d. Click “Ok”
e. The completed assembly should now look like is shown below.

a. Name the step, set the procedure to “General”, select “Dynamic, Explicit”, and click “Continue…”
b. Accept the default settings, click “OK”
152
24. Double click on the “Amplitudes” node in the model tree

a. Name the amplitude “disp_amplitude”, select “Smooth step” for type, click “Continue…”
b. Enter the points (0,0) and (1,1) on the first and second lines respectively.

a. Name the boundary condition “fix_groove” and select “Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre” for the
type.
b. Select the reference point on the groove geometry and click “Done”
153

a. Name the boundary condition “restrain_flange” and select “Displacement/Rotation” for the type.
b. Select the reference point on the flange.
c. Set the x‐displacement to 0. Set the z‐rotation to 0
d. Leave the Amplitude on (Instantaneous), Click “OK”

e. Name the boundary condition “flange_disp” and select “Displacement/Rotation” for the type.
f. Select the reference point on the flange.
g. Set the y‐displacement to ‐2.5.
h. Select the amplitude created above (disp_amplitude) , click “OK”
154
28. Double click on the “Interaction Properties” node in the model tree
a. Name the interaction properties and select “Contact” for the type, click “Continue…”
b. On the Mechanical tab Select “Tangential Behavior”

i. Set the friction formulation to “Penalty”
ii. Set Friction Coefficient to 0.5
c. On the Mechanical tab Select “Normal Behavior”
d. Accept defaults, Click “OK”
29. Double click on the “Interactions” node in the model tree

a. Name the interaction, select “Self‐contact (Explicit)”, and click “Continue…”
b. Click the “Surfaces” button in the lower right of the viewport
c. In the Region Selection window select “seal‐1.seal_surface”, click “Continue…”
d. Change the contact interaction properties to the one created above (if not already done)
e. Click “OK”
155

a. Name the interaction, select “Surface‐to‐surface contact (Explicit)”, and click “Continue…”
b. In the Region Selection window select “seal‐1.seal_surface”, and click “Continue…”
c. Click “Surface” for second surface type
d. In the Region Selection window select “flange‐1.flange_surface”, and click “Continue…”
e. Change the contact interaction properties to the one created above (if not already done)
f. Click “OK”
156
31. Repeat to create surface to surface contact between “seal‐1.seal_surface” and “groove‐1.groove_surface”
32. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Seal part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
a. Select “Explicit” for element type
c. Select “Plane Strain” for family
d. Note that the name of the element (CPE4R) and its description are given below the element controls
e. Select “OK”
a. Select all of the geometry
157

a. Under “Sizing Controls” set Approximate global size to 0.23, Click “OK”

a. Click “Yes”

158
a. Name the job “compress_seal”
b. Give the job a description, click “Continue…”
c. Accept defaults, click “OK”

ignored
159
160
a. An important quantity for this type of analysis would be the contact pressure between the seal and
the flange.
b. Select the contact pressure at surface nodes (CPRESS)
c. Click “OK”
41. The area of self contact can be seen where the fillet area folded onto itself.
161
42. Another quantity that might be of interest is the force required to compress the seal. This can be obtained
from the reaction force at the flange reference point.
a. To change the output being displayed, in the menu bar click on ResultsÎField Output
b. Select the reaction force at nodes (RF)
i. Select RF2 under components for the vertical reaction force.
c. Click “OK”
d. From the menu bar select ToolsÎQuery

e. From the Query window, select “Probe Values”
f. In the Probe Values window select “Nodes” in the Probe: drop down menu
g. Check “RF,RF2”
162
h. In the viewport, click on the flange reference point. The value of the reaction force will appear in the
Probe Values window.
i. Since this is a plane strain analysis, the reported force is a per unit length value.
43. In the menu tree double click on the “XYData” node (or right click on “XYData” and select Create)
a. Note: All XY data and plots are only saved for the current session. When Abaqus is closed they will
not be saved with the model or even the output database.
b. Select “ODB history output” for Souce. Click “Continue”
c. Select “Artificial strain energy: ALLAE for Whole Model”, click “Save As…”
d. Name the data “ALLAE” and click “OK”.
e. Select “Internal energy: ALLIE for Whole Model”, click “Save As…”
f. Name the data “ALLIE” and click “OK”
g. Click “Dismiss” to close History Output window.
163
44. Expand the XYData node

a. Double click on “ALLAE” to plot the data.
b. In the menu tree, click the XY Curve Options icon.
c. Make sure that ALLAE is selected under curves.
d. In the “Thickness” drop‐down menu select the largest line thickness.
e. Click “Dismiss”
f. In the menu tree, right click on “ALLIE” under “XYData” and select “Add to Plot”
164
g. The artificial energy is small compared to the total internal energy of the system.
165
Vibrations Tutorial
Problem Description
The two dimensional bridge structure, which consists of steel T‐sections, is simply supported at its lower corners.
Determine the first 10 eigenvalues and natural frequencies.
166
Analysis Steps
167

c. Define Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio (use SI units)
168
d. Click on the “General” tabÎDensity

e. Density = 7800
f. Click “OK”
6. Double click on the “Profiles” node in the model tree
a. Name the profile and select “T” for the shape
i. Note that the “T” shape is one of several predefined cross‐sections
b. C lick “Continue…”
c. Enter the values for the profile shown below
d. Click “OK”

a. Name the section “BeamProperties” and select “Beam” for both the category and the type
c. Leave the section integration set to “During Analysis”
d. Select the profile created above (T‐Section)
e. Select the material created above (Steel)
f. Click “OK”
169
a. Select the entire geometry in the viewport
b. Select the section created above (BeamProperties)
c. Click “OK”
b. Click “OK”
170

a. Name the step, set the procedure to “Linear perturbation”, and select “Frequency”
d. Select the radio button “Value” under “Number of eigenvalues requested “ and enter 10
e. Click “OK”

c. Select the lower‐left vertex of the geometry and press “Done” in the prompt area
e. Click “OK”
f. Repeat for the lower‐right vertex, but model a roller restraint (only U2 fixed) instead
171
12. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Bridge part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
c. Select “Beam” for family
d. Note that the name of the element (B21) and its description are given below the element controls
e. Click “OK”
13. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Edge: By Number” icon (hold down icon to bring up the other options)
a. Select the entire geometry and click “Done” in the prompt area
b. Define the number of elements along the edges as 5

172

a. Check the Render beam profiles option
b. Click “OK”
16. Change the Module to “Property”

a. Click on the “Assign Beam Orientation” icon
b. Select the entire geometry from the viewport
c. Click “Done” in the prompt area
d. Accept the default value of the approximate n1 direction
17. Note that the preview shows that the beam cross sections are not all orientated as desired (see Problem
Description)
173
18. In the toolbox area click on the “Assign Beam/Truss Tangent” icon
a. Click on the sections of the geometry that are off by 180 degrees

a. Name the job “Bridge”
d. Click “OK”
174
20. In the model tree right click on the job just created (Bridge) and select “Submit”
a. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted (Bridge), and select “Monitor”
175

ignored
21. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job (Bridge), and select “Results”
176

Options
c. Click “OK”
23. Display the deformed contour overlaid with the undeformed geometry
177
b. On the “Labels” tab check the show node symbols icon
c. Click “OK”
178
25. In the menu bar click on Results ÎStep/Frame

a. Change the mode by double clicking in the “Frame” portion of the window
b. Observe the eigenvalues and frequencies
c. Click “OK”
179
26. In the toolbox area click on “Animation Options”

a. Change the Mode to “Swing”
b. Click “OK”
c. Animate by clicking on “Animate: Scale Factor” icon in the toolbox area
d. Stop the animation by clicking on the icon again
27. Click on the “Next” arrow on the context bar to change the mode
28. Expand the “Bridge.odb” node in the result tree, expand the “History Output” node, and right‐click on
“Eigenfrequency: …”
a. Select “Save As…”
b. Name = Frequencies
180
c. Repeat for “Eigenvalue”

d. Observe the XYData nodes in the result tree
29. In the menu bar click on ReportÎXY…
a. Select from = All XY data

b. Highlight “Eigenvalues”
c. Click on the “Setup” tab
d. Click “Select…” and specify the desired name and location of the report
e. Click “Apply”
f. Click on the “XY Data” tab
g. Highlight “Frequencies”
h. Click “OK”
181
30. Open the report (.rpt file) with any text editor
182
Contact Tutorial
Problem Description
Note: You do not need to extrude the right vertical edge of the sensor.
183
Analysis Steps
a. Select “3D”
d. Select “Extrusion”
e. Set approximate size = 50
f. Click “Continue…”
184
a. Click “Done”
b. Set Depth = 2
c. Click “OK”

d. Click “OK”

185
a. Name the section “ShellProperties” and select “Shell” for the category and “Homogeneous” for the
type
c. Select the material created above (Steel) and set the thickness to 0.15
d. Click “OK”
a. Select the entire geometry, except for the vertical face, in the viewport and press “Done” in the
prompt area
b. Select the section created above (ShellProperties)
c. Specify shell offset if necessary
d. Click “OK”
b. Click “OK”
186

a. Name the step, set the procedure to “General”, select “Static, General”, and click “Continue…”
b. Accept the default settings

b. Select the horizontal edges on the vertical surface and click “Done”
187

a. Name the boundary conditioned “Disp” and select “Displacement/Rotation” for the type
b. Select the top edge of the triangular portion of the geometry
c. Set the y‐displacement to ‐3
188
12. Double click on the “Interaction Properties” node in the model tree
a. Name the interaction properties and select “Contact” for the type

i. Set the friction formulation to “Frictionless”
i. Because the surfaces do not start in contact, change the constraint enforcement method to
“Penalty”

a. Name the interaction, select “Surface‐to‐surface contact”, and click continue
b. For the master surface select the lower portion of the geometry and click done
i. While applying the fixed displacement, the nodes at the tip of the upper portion of the
geometry will make contact at an unknown location on the lower surface
ii. Nodes on the slave surface cannot penetrate the surface formed by the element faces on the
master surface
c. Select the color of the surface corresponding to the top surface
d. For the slave surface, set the slave type to “Surface”
e. Select the upper portion of the geometry at the free end and click done
f. Select the color of the surface corresponding to the bottom surface
g. Change the contact interaction properties to the one created above (if not already done)
189
190
14. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Arch part, and in the toolbox area click on the “Assign
d. Select “Shell” for family
f. Select “OK”
c. Change the technique to “Structured”
191
17. In the toolbox area click on the “Mesh Region” icon
b. Select the entire geometry, except for the vertical face

c. Select “Done”

a. Name the job “switch”
192
d. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
e. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select “Monitor”
f. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

ignored
193
a. Set the Deformation Scale Factor to 1
b. Click “OK”
a. Select the contact pressure at surface nodes (CPRESS)
b. Click “OK”
194
195
Impact Tutorial
Problem Description
An aluminum part is dropped onto a rigid surface. The objective is to investigate the stress and deformations during
the impact.
196
Analysis Steps
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part “Bracket”
a. Select “3D”
c. Select “Solid”
a. Extrude the shape to a depth of 20.
197
5. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part “Rigid”
a. Select “3D”
a. Set the extrusion depth to 200 mm.
7. Create a datum point at the center of the plate (midway between diagonal points).
8. From the menu bar select Tools  Reference Point

a. Select the datum point just created. 198
b. The reference point will be created as
shown.
9. Create a surface on the rigid plate.

a. Click on the ToolsSurfaceCreate …
b. Select the rigid plate.
c. You will be prompted to pick a side for internal faces. Pick the color that is
likely candidate as the impact surface. In this example, “Brown” has been selected.
a. Name the new material “Aluminum” and give it a description

b. Click on the “Mechanical” tabElasticityElastic
i. Young’s modulus = 70e3, Poisson’s ratio = 0.33
d. Since this is an explicit model, material density must also be defined
e. Click on the “General” tab Density
i. Density = 2.6 e‐6
f. Click “OK”
199

a. Name the section “bracket_sec” and select “Solid” for the category and “Homogeneous” for the type
c. Select the material created above (Aluminum) and Click “OK”
12. Expand the “Parts” node in the model tree, expand the node of the part “Bracket”, and double click on
b. Select the section created above (bracket_sec)
c. Click “OK”
13. Expand the “Assembly” node in the model tree and then double click on “Instances” 200
b. Select the parts: “Bracket “and “rigid”
c. Select “Auto‐offset from other instances”
d. Click “OK”
14. Now, rotate the bracket so that the impact will occur at the lower right corner. This will ba
accomplished by rotating the object first with respect to the z‐axis followed by rotation about x‐axis.
a. Select “Rotate Instance” icon.
b. Select the Bracket
c. Accept the default values of starting point (0,0,0) by pressing “Enter”
d. Enter (0,0,1) for the end point of rotation axis.
e. Enter ‐15 (degrees) for Angle of Rotation.
The assembly should look similar to the screen shot

below. Be sure to confirm the final rotated position
by clicking on OK at the prompt region!
15. Now, rotate the bracket about the x‐axis.

a. Select “Rotate Instance” icon.
b. Select the Bracket
c. Accept the default values of starting point (0,0,0) by pressing “Enter”
d. Enter (1,0,0) for the end point of rotation axis.
e. Enter ‐15 (degrees) for Angle of Rotation. Be sure to confirm the final rotated position by
clicking on OK at the prompt region!
201
The assembly should look similar to the screen shot below.

a. Select the “Bracket” geometry, click “Done”
b. Select the bottom corner of the bracket as shown.
c. Select the reference point on the”Rigid” member as the end point.
d.
Click “Ok”
e. The completed assembly should now look like is shown below.

17. Double click on the “Steps” node in the model tree 202
a. Name the step, set the procedure to “General”, select “Dynamic,
Explicit”, and click “Continue…”
b. On the “Edit Step” page under the “Basic” tab, set the time
period to 0.02 seconds.

a. Name the boundary condition “fix_rigid_plate” and select
“Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre” for the type.
b. Select the reference point on the bracket geometry and click “Done”
19. Open “Field Output Requests” node in the model tree

a. Double‐click on the “F‐Output‐1”.
b. Change the value of “Interval” to 100. This allows for
capturing of more output increments so that impact
can be better visualized.
c. You may wish to also change the “History output
Requests” to allow for better resolution of history
output plots.
203
20. Select the “Create Predefined Field” icon under the Load module.
a. Name the predefined field.
b. Pulll down “Initial” step under the Step selection (see figure).
c. Set the Category to “Mechanical” and be sure “Velocity” is selected.
d. Note the prompt region asks you to select the regions.
e. Rotate the image on the screen so that the bracket can be highlighted. Be
sure the rigid plate is not selected!
f. Click “Done” in the prompt region.

g. When prompted, Enter ‐500 [mm/s] in the V2 field of the “Edit Predefined Field” window. The
velocity vectors should now be displayed on the screen.
21. Double click on the “Interaction Properties” node in the model tree 204
a. Name the interaction properties and select “Contact” for the type, click “Continue…”

i. Set the friction formulation to “Penalty”
ii. Set Friction Coefficient to 0.5
d. Accept defaults,
Click “OK”

a. Name the interaction, select “General Contact (Explicit)
(Explicit)” and click “Continue…”
b. Select “All* with self” on the Edit Interactions Window.
c. Be sure to assign the appropriate interaction property under
“Global Property assignment in the Contact Properties tab of
the window.
d. Change the contact interaction properties to the one created
above (if not already done)
e. Click “OK”
23. Open the “Field Ouput‐1” and change the Interval for the output request to 100. 205
24. In the model tree double click on “Mesh” for the Bracket part, or use the Module section of the icon panel as
shown.
a. Select “Explicit” for element type
b. Select “Quadratic” for geometric order
c. Select “3D Stress” for family
d. Select “Tet” tab and be sure the element is C3D10M
e. Select “OK”
You may check the “Mesh Control” to be sure only TET elements
are being used in meshing.

a. Under “Sizing Controls” set Approximate global size to 2, Click “OK”

a. Click “Yes” 206
Caution: The mesh will exceed the ability of student version of the
software to solve. You need to use either Academic version or the
Research version to be able to run the job.

a. Name the job
b. Give the job a description, click “Continue…”
c. Accept defaults, click “OK”
ignored. An example is “information” warning message below:
The option *boundary,type=displacement has been used; check status file between steps for warnings
on any jumps prescribed across the steps in displacement values of translational dof. For rotational dof
make sure that there are no such jumps. All jumps in displacements across steps are ignored
207
30.
31. To see the effect of impact, you can either animate the deformed shape, or step through each time step of
the solution. Here the step‐by‐step method is discussed.
ii. Switch to the “First” step of the solution.
iii. Click on the “Next” step.
iv. Repeat a few times and observe the change in the stress contours, and
also be sure the contact does not extend into the rigid surface. You’all also notice that the
Bracket will start to separate from the rigid plate!
32. You may also wish to see the behavior of the system energy, specifically making sure the artificial208
strain
energy is not a substantial percentage of the overall (Internal) energy of the system.
a. Click on the “Create XY Data” icon.
b. Be sure the “Source” is “ODB
History output” then click
“Continue…”
c. Hold the “CTRL” key and select the
energy terms you wish to plot. IN the example
below Internal and Artifical energy terms have
been selected.
You’ll note that Artificial Energy is a very small portion of the overall Internal Energy, thus the model
seems to be valid, at least from the standpoint of element behavior and possibility of errors due to
meshing.

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13

Material Nonlinearity Tutorial

a. Name the new material and give it a description

Nominal Stress (Pa) Nominal Strain

True Stress (Pa) Plastic Strain Elastic Modulus (Pa)

c. Click on the “Mechanical” tabElasticityElastic

6. Double click on the “Sections” node in the model tree

9. Double click on the “Steps” node in the model tree

c. On the Incrementation tab,

b. Select the left edge and click “Done”

11. Double click on the “Amplitudes” node in the model tree

12. Double click on the “Loads” node in the model tree

b. Select the right edge

a. Select the left and right edges

a. Select the top and bottom edges

18. In the model tree double click on the “Job” node

d. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

21. In the menu bar click on ViewportViewport Annotations Options

22. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress

5. Double click on the “Materials” node in the model tree

a. Name the new material and give it a description

6. Double click on the “Sections” node in the model tree

e. Repeat for the angled portion of the geoemetry

17. In the menu bar select ViewÎPart Display Options

18. In the model tree double click on the “Job” node

b. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

21. In the menu bar click on ViewportÎViewport Annotations Options

e. Back on the Variable tab change the position to “Unique Nodal”

a. Name the new material and give it a description

7. Double click on the “Sections” node in the model tree

13. Double click on the “BCs” node in the model tree

b. Define the number of elements along the edges as 5

18. In the menu bar select ViewÎPart Display Options

e. Back on the Variable tab change the position to “Unique Nodal”

31. Open the .rpt file with any text editor

5. Double click on the “Materials” node in the model tree

a. Name the new material and give it a description

6. Double click on the “Profiles” node in the model tree

7. Double click on the “Sections” node in the model tree

9. In the toolbox area click on the “Assign Beam Orientation” button

c. Leave the default values of “0.0,0.0,‐1.0”

11. Double click on the “Steps” node in the model tree

c. On the Incrementation tab,

13. Double click on the “Loads” node in the model tree

15. In the toolbox area click on the “Seed Part” icon

a. Enter 0.08 for “Approximate global size” , click “OK”

17. Create a set for the upper‐center vertex

19. Double click on the History Output Requests node

20. In the model tree double click on the “Job” node

b. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings

23. In the menu bar click on ViewportÎViewport Annotations Options

24. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress

27. In the Toolbox area click on the “Create XY Data” icon

c. Select the “Elements/Nodes” tab

d. Click “Save”, then “OK” on the next window

28. Expand the “XY Data” node on the results tree.

b. Double click the “XY Data” node

i. Click “Save As…”, name it “load‐displacement”, click “OK”

1. Begin with the geometry from the shell tutorial

2. Create a set for the upper‐center vertex

3. Double click on the “Steps” node in the model tree

6. Double click on the History Output Requests node

b. Select the edge shown below and click “Done”