NUTRITION & HEALTH
blood after one week consumption (GPx: T0= 1.45 U.A.; T2= 30.35
12 - Nutrition & Health
330
Effects of Resistant Starch Consumption on
Postprandial Glycemic Responses and Oxidative
Stress Parameters in Hispanic Women
Annelisse Aigster1, William E Barbeau1, Frank D Conforti1, Susan E
Duncan2, Kathy Hosig3, Craig Thatcher4, and Kevin Zhou2
1
Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech,
2
Blacksburg, VA., Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech,
3
Blacksburg, VA., College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg,
4
VA., School of Applied Arts & Sciences, Arizona State University,
Mesa, AZ.
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is considered an epidemic in
Western countries, and its prevalence is more common in the
Hispanic/Latino population. the increased incidence of Type 2
diabetes may be related to an increase in reactive oxygen
species, leading to oxidative stress (OS). Reducing OS through
dietary consumption of resistant starch (RS) may be one
approach to help modulate glucose and insulin responses.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the acute effects of
ingestion of a high amylose corn starch granola bar (~ 18 grams
of RS) compared to a waxy corn starch control granola bar (~ 0
grams of RS) on postprandial glucose and insulin responses and
oxidative stress parameters (oxygen radical absorbance capacity,
cellular glutathione peroxidase, and F2-isoprostanes) in Hispanic
females (n=14). Mean composition of the RS granola bars was
6% protein, 15% moisture, and 18% lipid. Blood samples were
obtained during fasting, and at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after
consumption of the RS or control bars in a crossover design.
Preliminary results showed that consumption of RS or control
granola bars resulted in similar postprandial blood glucose levels
in Hispanic women. Results from insulin and oxidative stress
parameters may elucidate the potential health benefits of RS.
331
Maté-Tea Consumption Increases Antioxidant Status
and Antioxidant Enzymes Gene Expression in Vivo
Ruth Lobato Matsumoto1, Valeria Sutti Nunes2, Demetrius Paiva
Arcari1, Patricia de Oliveira Carvalho3, Marcelo Lima Ribeiro3, and
Deborah Markowicz Bastos1
1
Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, São Paulo
2
University, São Paulo, Brazil, Lipids Laboratory, Medical
Sciences School, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
3
Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco
University, São Paulo, Brazil
Oxidative damage in blood lipoproteins is involved in various
pathological states and the presence of bioactive substances in
the diet, such as phenolic acids and their derivatives, is expected
to help preventing the illness development by diverse, not yet
elucidated, mechanisms. the aim of this study was to evaluate the
in vivo antioxidant activity of maté-tea, a non caloric beverage
produced with the roasted leaves from yerba-maté (Ilex
paraguariensis), a native South American plant. Blood samples of
fifteen healthy women (n=15) were collected in three different
times: before drinking the maté-tea (T0), after one hour (T1) and
after 7 days of daily consumption of instant maté-tea (5g/0.5L)
(T2). Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and the level of
antioxidant enzyme gene expression (glutathione peroxidase -
GPx, catalase - CAT and superoxide dismutase - SOD) were
determined. Consumption of maté-tea increased the plasma total
antioxidant status at T2 (T0= 0.92 ± 0.10 mmol/l; T1= 0.91 ±
0.11mmol/l, p=0.579; T2= 0.97 ± 0.09 mmol/l p=0.001), and
increased the level of antioxidant enzyme gene expression in the
SFRBM2008
U.A., p=0.000; SOD: T0= 0.20 U.A.; T2= 4.69 U.A., p=0.579; CAT:
T0= 0.11 U.A., p =0.001; T2= 1.91 U.A., p=0.001). This data
suggest that regular consumption of maté-tea could act as
antioxidant by different mechanisms and its habitual ingestion
might contribute to minimize the risk of chronic diseases related to
the oxidative damages in blood lipoproteins.
332
Micronutrient/Mineral Supplementation With High-
Dose Α-Tocopherol Is Associated With Decreased Γ-
Tocopherol and Increased Lipid Peroxidation
Richard W Browne1, Andrew Ocque1, Gregory Wilding1, Donna
Tyrpak1, Peter Horvath1, and Jean K Brown1
1
University at Buffalo, SUNY
Background: Regular administration of high-dose vitamin E
supplements may be associated with increased mortality and
evidence indicates that there is a pro-oxidant effect of high dose
vitamin E supplements in vivo. to examine this phenomenon we
assessed the acute (7 day) effect of two commonly used dosages
of mineral/micronutrient supplements on biomarkers of oxidative
stress and inflammation. Methods: a randomized, double blind,
placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial was conducted in men
with prostate cancer. Participants were randomized to either
orthomolecular (OM) high-dose (n=16), recommended daily
allowance (RDA) dose (n=18) or placebo (n=18). the OM
supplement contained the RDA dosage of vitamins/minerals
augmented with increased vitamin C (1000 mg), vitamin E (as α-
tocopherol acetate 800 IU), selenium (200 µg), β-carotene,
lycopene, and lutein (5 mg each). Blood samples were obtained
prior to randomization and after 7 days of supplementation.
Tocopherols, carotenoids and lipid peroxidation products were
measured by HPLC. Antioxidant enzymes were determined by
kinetic enzyme assay. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by
immunoturbidometric assay. Differences between randomization
groups were assessed by analysis of covariance. Results: in the
RDA and Placebo group no significant differences were observed
between pre and post supplementation time points for any study
variables. in the OM group, mean plasma levels of α-tocopherol,
β-carotene and lycopene increased by 110% (p<0.0001), 160%
(p<0.0001) and 40% (p<0.03) respectively while mean level of γ-
tocopherol levels decreased by 60% (p< 0.002). Total plasma
lipid peroxidation products including 9 & 13-hydroxy-
octadecadieneoic acid, 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid and 5-
hydroxy-eicosatetraeneoic acid were increased in the OM group
by >200% (p<0.01). CRP tended to be increased in the OM group
but was not statistically significant. No differences in antioxidant
enzyme activities were observed in this study. Conclusion: the
OM dosages of α-tocopherol, selenium, β-carotene, lycopene,
and lutein used in this study were associated with depletion of μ-
tocopherol and greatly increased levels of circulating lipid
peroxides. Growing evidence indicates that μ-tocopherol is critical
for protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
independent of α-tocopherol. Because large doses of dietary α-
tocopherol displace γ-tocopherol in plasma and other tissues, the
current wisdom of vitamin E supplementation with primarily α-
tocopherol should be reconsidered.
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333
Improving Stability of Fish Oil by Microencapsulation
With Chitosan
Sabrina Hannah1, Susan Duncan1, Sean O'Keefe1, Joseph Marcy1,
Maren Roman2, and Richey Davis3
1
Department of Food Science & Technology, Virginia Polytechnic
2
Institute and State University, Department of Wood Science and
Forest Products, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
3
University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University
Recent research points to numerous health benefits associated
with consumption of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. in
association with these health benefits, there is growing interest in
supplementing commonly consumed food products with lipids,
such as fish oil, that are known to be good sources of omega-3
fatty acids. Supplementation is technically challenging for several
reasons. Perhaps the most significant challenge is the extreme
susceptibility of polyunsaturated lipids to oxidative deterioration.
Microencapsulation provides a means to reduce this and other
technical challenges such as matrix solubility. in this work,
chitosan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, was used to
encapsulate fish oil by spray drying. Two different chitosans,
varying in molecular weight and degree of deacetylation (DD)
were used to prepare microcapsules at oil load levels of 33% and
50% by weight. Surface lipid on microcapsules ranged from 6.9%
for low molecular weight chitosan (DD=95%) at 33% oil load to
16.3% for higher molecular weight chitosan (DD=78%) at 50% oil
load. the percentage of surface lipid is believed to be a significant
factor in oxidative stability as it is more susceptible to oxidation
than encapsulated lipid.
334
Effect of the Fermented Green Tea on Body-Fat
Accumulation in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet
Yuki Hidaka1, Fusako Takayama1, Kazuo Nakamoto1, Hiromu
Kawasaki1, Toru Egashira1, Mitsumasa Mankura1, and Akitane Mori1
1 Abstract: Oxidant induced iron signaling due to activation of iron
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Okayama University
We examined the preventive effect of the fermented green tea
(FGT) on obesity by using rats for evaluating the efficacies of
antioxidant materials in the process of lipid accumulation. Male
Wistar rats were kept for 4 months to examine the effects on body
weight and body-fat content with high fat (HF) diet and with FGT
or water. the lipid content in the liver and feces were determined
for examining influence of the FGT intake. the expression of
uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissues was also
examined. the FGT administration to HF diet group significantly
lowered the accumulation of the body-fat, the final body weight
and visceral fat mass. FGT administration also lessened the lipid
accumulation in the liver. the lipid content of feces had no
difference, so FGT seems to have no effect to inhibit the intestinal
absorption of lipid. on the other hand, protein analysis revealed
that the UCP1 expression in HF diet group administrated with
FGT tended to increase. Therefore, FGT seems to contribute anti-
obesity effect by heat production from mitochondrial fat oxidation
metabolism as UCP1 functions to uncouple ATP production.
S126 SFRBM2008
335
Macrophage As the Target of a Quercetin
Glucuronide in Atherosclerotic Aorta: Implication in
the Anti-Atherosclerotic Mechanism of Flavonoids
Akari Ishisaka1, Tomomi Nishikawa1, Yuko Shiba1, Koji Uchida2,
Noriyuki Shibata3, Junji Terao1, and Yoshichika Kawai1
1 2
Dept. of Food Science, the Univ. of Tokushima, Lab. of Food
3
and Biodynamics, Nagoya Univ., Dept. of Pathology, Tokyo
Women's Medical Univ.
Quercetin is a typical flavonoid in the human diet, and potentially
has antioxidative/anti-inflammatory effects, but the protective
mechanisms in vivo are not known. We have recently developed
a monoclonal antibody to quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3GA), a
major metabolite of quercetin, and found that the Q3GA
accumulated specifically in macrophage-derived foam cells. in this
study, to investigate the actions of Q3GA in macrophages, we
examined the mechanism for accumulation and anti-atheroslerotic
activity of Q3GA using murine macrophage cells (RAW264). We
confirmed the accumulation of Q3GA in RAW264, and it was
significantly inhibited in the presence of DIDS (4,4’-
diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2’-disulfonic acid), an anion
transporter inhibitor. We also confirmed that Q3GA was
deconjugated into the aglycone, a part of which was further
converted to the methylated form. on the other hand, the mRNA
and protein expression of the class a scavenger receptor and
CD36 was suppressed by the treatment of Q3GA. These results
suggest that flavonoids might prevent cardiovascular diseases via
interaction with macrophages in aorta.
336
Zinc Inhibits Glucose/Glucose Oxidase Induced
Cellular Iron Signaling in Caco-2 Cells
Sreenivasulu Kilari1, Raghu Pullakhandam1, and Madhavan K Nair1
1
Micronutrient Research Group, National Institute of Nutrition
(ICMR), Hyderabad, India
regulatory protein-1 (IRP-1) has been implicated in cell death.
Several studies in humans and animals have consistently
revealed that iron and zinc negatively interacts with each other’s
absorption. Recently we have demonstrated that zinc inhibits
intestinal absorption of iron and oxidative stress at the site of
absorption in iron deficient rat model during combined
supplementation with iron. in the present study we tested the
hypothesis that zinc inhibit oxidant induced iron uptake and
subsequent down stream events of iron signaling through IRP-1 in
human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Differentiated Caco-2 cells treated
with zinc (50 μM) reduced oxidant (H2O2 generated from
59
glucose/glucose oxidase) induced Fe uptake, intracellular DCF
oxidation and IRP-1 activation indicating direct evidence for the
involvement of zinc in the iron signaling. Further, zinc inhibited
activation of caspase-3, increased Bcl-2 expression and inhibited
DNA fragmentation, suggesting the protective effect of zinc during
the above processes. Extra cellular iron chelation using
bathophenanthroline di sulfonic acid mimicked the effects of zinc,
implying the negative interaction on iron uptake and subsequent
intracellular events. These results suggest that zinc inhibits
oxidant induced iron signaling through IRP-1 and thus elicits anti
oxidant effects.
337
Possible Synergism Between Tart Cherry Antioxidants
Ara Kirakosyan1, E. Mitchell Seymour1, Peter B Kaufman1, and Steven
F Bolling1
1
The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor,
The levels of anthocyanins in various tart cherry products from
two tart cherry cultivars, ‘Montmorency’ and ‘Balaton’, were
analyzed comparatively by LC-MS. Our results show that the
major anthocyanin compound in both tart cherry cultivars is
cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside, followed by cyanidin 3-rutinoside,
cyanydin sophoroside, and peonidin 3-glucoside. Generally, these
tart cherry products contain higher levels of total phenolics than of
total anthocyanins. the antioxidant capacities of the anthocyanin
and other flavonoid standards, as well as melatonin, obtained
from commercial sources were also analyzed using the TEAC
antioxidant assay. the antioxidant capacity of cyanidin was
considerably higher than that of the other cyanidin derivatives. in
addition, kaempferol, quercetin and melatonin also show
significant antioxidant capacities. in this comparison of the
antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins and other flavonoid
standards, kaempferol proved to be the most active. When TEAC
values were evaluated conceptually against the cherry
phytochemical profile, cyanidin and its derivatives were found to
be the significant contributors to the antioxidant systems of tart
cherries. the isobolographic analysis revealed that two potentially
active constituents, kaempferol and melatonin, when mixed in
ratios 2:1, act synergistically to impact oxidative stress. Results of
this study identify the primary sour cherry antioxidants that
contribute to the observed pharmacological effects; decipher
which ones may act synergistically or additively; and suggest the
amounts most efficacious for human usage. Finally, we show that
the tart cherry products show minimal loss of antioxidant capacity
as a result of varied processing and storage.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by an unrestricted
grant provided by the Cherry Marketing Institute, MI, USA.
338
Intravenous Multivitamin Preparation Fails to
Prevent the Generation of Hydroxynonenal in
Parenteral Nutritive Solutions
Khalil Miloudi1, Blandine Comte2, Thérèse Rouleau1, and Jean-Claude
Lavoie1
1 HNE in erythrocytes and liver respectively (IsoP: C=5±1;
Depts of Pediatrics & Nutrition, CHU Ste-Justine, University of
2
Montréal, Montréal, Canada, INRA, Unit of Human Nutrition,
Clermont-Ferrand/Theix Res Centre, France
Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (PN) received by newborn
infants are contaminated by products derived from oxidation of
nutrients such as 1) peroxides generated in absence of photo-
protection, and 2) 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) from lipid emulsion
(LIP). in North America, PN is achieved by administration of two
solutions without adequate photo-protection, one (AA-MV)
containing amino acids (AA) + dextrose + electrolytes +
multivitamins (MV), and LIP administered separately; both
solutions being mixed closely to the site of infusion. Hypothesis:
Because MV solutions contain antioxidant vitamins (C and E), its
addition to LIP (LIP-MV) prevents lipid oxidation.
Aim: to assess the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of MV
for the prevention of HNE production.
Methods: Four groups (n=4-6 per group) of three days old guinea
pig pups were continuously infused (240 ml/kg/d) during 4 days
with AA-MV or LIP-MV exposed (LE) or protected (LP) from
ambient light. HNE concentrations in PN solutions and levels of
HNE-glutathione adducts (HNE-GS) in erythrocytes were
determined by mass spectrometer single quadrupole (positive,
Selected Ion Monitoring modes) after reduction with NaBH4 (1M),
filtration, purification and separation on liquid chromatographic
SFRBM2008
system (C18 column, acetonitrile/formic acid 0-100%, 30 min).
Data (mean±sem) are analysed by factorial ANOVA, p<0.05.
Results: in vitro, [HNE] was higher (p<0.05) in solutions of LIP-MV
than in AA-MV, and higher in LE than in LP solutions (p<0.05).
LE: 87±8 vs. 68±5 nM, LP: 37±3 vs. 31±3 nM, respectively). in
vivo, [HNE-GS] was higher (p<0.01) in erythrocytes from animals
infused with LIP-MV than with AA-MV, and higher in LE than in LP
groups (p<0.01). LE: 4.61 ± 0.73 vs. 3.14 ± 0.21, LP: 0.86 ± 0.05
vs. 0.41 ± 0.01 pmol/mg prot., respectively.
Conclusion: in opposite to what expected, MV did not protect PN
solutions against generation of HNE but rather favour lipid
peroxidation. Results suggest administering NP solutions
adequately protected from light and under AA-MV modality.
Supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP
79403).
339
The Antioxidant Advantage of Human Milk
Compared to Artificial Milk Is Not Specific to Human
Khalil Miloudi1, Blandine Comte2, Thérèse Rouleau1, Apollinaire
Tsopmo3, James Friel4, and Jean-Claude Lavoie1
1
Depts of Pediatrics & Nutrition, CHU Ste-Justine, University of
2
Montréal, Canada, INRA, Unit of Human Nutrition, Clermont-
3
Ferrand/Theix Res Centre, France, University of Carlton,
4
Canada, depart. Human Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Human
Ecology, University of Manitoba, Canada
Introduction: in newborn infants, human milk (HM) presents a
higher radical trapping ability than artificial milk (AM). However,
preterm newborns are frequently faced to peroxide exposure
since their intravenous nutrition is contaminated by H2O2. the aim
of the study was to compare the effect of HM to AM and chow (C)
on markers of free radical injury (one-electron transfer (1-e)) and
glutathione, (two-electron transfer(2-e)), in presence or not of
H2O2 load.
Methods: Three days old guinea pigs were fed with C or with 70
mL/kg/d of HM or AM. Animals received also intravenous solution
containing dextrose ± 400 μM H2O2. After 4 days of treatment,
animals were sacrificed. Isoprostane-F2α (IsoP) and 4-
hydroxynonenal-glutathione adduct (GS-HNE) (markers of 1-e)
and total glutathione (tGS) & redox potential (E) (marker of 2-e)
were determined in blood and liver. Data (mean±sem, n=4-6)
were analyzed by ANOVA, p<0.05.
Results: in absence of H2O2, diets did not influence IsoP or GS-
HM=4±1; AM=6±2 pg/mg prot; GS-HNE: C=2.0±0.6; HM=2.5±0.5;
AM=1.9±0.3 pmol/mg prot). E and tGS were not influenced by
diets in erythrocytes (E: C=-221±8; HM=-214±2; AM=-210±9 mV;
tGS: C=18±6; HM=17±1; AM=15±8 nmol/mg prot) whereas in liver
AM had an oxidant effect (p<0.05) on both parameters (E: C=-
266±3; HM=-267±2; AM=-245±3 mV; tGS: C=36±3; HM=43±7;
AM=25±5 nmol/mg prot). in presence of H2O2, IsoP was higher
(p<0.05) in erythrocytes from AM group (C=9±2; HM=6±2;
AM=13±2 pg/mg prot) whereas GS-HNE in liver was not influence
by diets (C=2.8±0.4; HM=3.2±0.2; AM=2.2±0.4 pmol/mg prot). E
and tGS were not influenced by diets in erythrocytes (E: C=-
203±2; HM=-213±1; AM=-201±2 mV; tGS: C=10±1; HM=18±1;
AM=13±1 nmol/mg prot) whereas in liver C had a better (p<0.05)
anti-oxidant effect on E and tGS than HM and AM (E: C=-259±1;
HM=-241±3; AM=-247±4 mV; tGS: C=32±2; HM=19±2; AM=21±3
nmol/mg prot). Globally, in animals infused with H2O2, IsoP was
higher (p<0.01) in erythrocytes and E was more oxidized (p<0.05)
in red cells and in liver
Conclusion: Results suggest that, compared to HM and C, AM
has the worst antioxidant capacity whereas the antioxidant
properties of HM are similar to Chow. Compared to AM, the
antioxidant properties of HM are not specific to human.
Supported by Advanced Foods & Materials Network.
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340
Preventive Effect on FGTE Against An Experimental
NASH Model Rats
Kazuo Nakamoto1, Fusako Takayama1, Mitsumasa Mankura1, Hiromu
Kawasaki1, Tetsuya Ogino1, Kozo Utsumi1, and Akitane Mori1
1 2
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Okayama University
Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is contributed to non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) progress. We have invented an animal
model of NASH, by giving OS as the second hit to the fatty liver.
the aim of this study is to investigate the preventive effects and
the mechanism of the fermented green tea extracts (FGTE) on
NASH progress. Methods: Rats were divided into the following
four groups after the fatty liver formation with choline-deficient
high-fat (CDHF) diet for 4 weeks: CDHF (CDHF diet alone),
CDHF+OS (NASH), NASH+FGTE-L (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and
NASH+FGTE-H (300 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Steatohepatitis and
fibrosis were induced by chronic OS load to the fatty liver rats.
After 10 weeks breeding, blood and liver were collected from rats
under anesthesia. the samples were prepared to determine the
OS injuries and efficacies of FGTE administration, by the
biochemical and OS marker and histological and ultrastructural
changes. to examine the liver mitochondrial function, the
respiratory control ratio (RCR) and oxidative phosphorylation
(ADP/O ratio) were measured by oxygen electrode. Results: the
markers of liver function, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial reactive
oxygen species (ROS) productions and CYP2E1 expression were
elevated in NASH rats. Additionally, RCR and ADP/O ratio were
decreased, and the morphological changes, such as
megamitochondrial and swelling, were observed. FGTE
administration recovered these biochemical and OS markers,
mitochondrial function and fibrosis of the liver. Conclusions: the
above-mentioned findings indicate that FGTE can be useful as a
risk reduction food of the progress for NASH in the fatty liver
patients.
342
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Edible Mushroom
Agaricus sylvaticus
Sandro Percario1
1
Federal University of Para
The involvement of free radicals in several illnesses has been
extensively reported in recent years, mainly involving diseases of
great social and economic impact such as atherosclerosis, cancer
and several others. Lately, studies demonstrated that several
medicinal and edible mushrooms possess important antioxidant
activity. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the potential
in vitro antioxidant effect of different forms of presentation of
Agaricus sylvaticus. the method consisted of studying the in vitro
dose-response curve of total antioxidant status of different forms
of presentation of the mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus. All the
samples tested presented high antioxidant activity which was
proportional to the concentration tested. the saturation of the
antioxidant activity was reached with the concentration of
0.5mg/mL for fresh and dried mushroom, and 1mg/mL for pills
and liquid solution. An inhibition of 100% of the production of free
radicals with extremely low values of mushroom mass can be
perceived, of the order of 1 mg, even when we consider that the
industrialization process can diminish the antioxidant activity
originally present. Ahead of the presented evidences, we verify
that A. sylvaticus is carrying of great antioxidant capacity, being
able to consist in an important nutritional antioxidant molecule
source.
S128 SFRBM2008
343
Minimization of Free Radical Damage by Metal
Catalysis of Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplements
A B Rabovsky1, a M Komarov2, J Ivie1, and G.R. Buettner3
1
Research & Technology Development, Melaleuca Inc.,
3
Department of Biochemistry, GWU, The University of Iowa
Multivitamin/multimineral complexes are the most common dietary
supplements. Besides quality ingredients and the amount of each
ingredient in a product, bioavailability is a major concern. Unlike
minerals in natural foods that are incorporated in bioorganic
structures, minerals in dietary supplements are usually in an
inorganic form: sulfates, chlorides, oxides etc. Unfortunately, the
majority of minerals in these forms precipitate at the neutral pH of
the small intestine, making adsorption questionable. in addition,
some minerals catalyze free radical generation, depending on
their form. Thus, antioxidants in supplements could be oxidized
during digestion. We have created a new complexing environment
for minerals that consists of an amino acid chelate and non-
digestible oligosaccharide (AAOS). All essential minerals in this
form are soluble at intestinal pH. Even though soluble, the
commonly used form of copper - gluconate - generates a flux of
free radicals similar to the inorganic forms. Monitoring of
ascorbate radical generated by different forms of copper shows
that ascorbate is oxidized much more slowly with the AAOS
matrix. Direct measurement of the oxidation of ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) and gallic acid (a typical antioxidant ingredient derived
from fruits) by different forms of minerals confirmed the ability of
AAOS to slow these oxidations. Similar results were observed
with iron-catalyzed formation of hydroxyl radicals (Fenton
reaction), as measured by EPR spin trapping. in addition, the
relative rates of oxidation of 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein by
H2O2 with copper were: sulfate > gluconate > glycinate > AAOS.
When compared to traditional forms of minerals used in
supplements, we conclude that the oxidative loss of antioxidants
in solution at physiological pH is much slower when AAOS is
used.
344
Metabolic Syndrome As Risk Factor for Oxidative
Stress in Mexican Elderly
Raquel Retana-Ugalde1, Elsa Correa-Muñoz2, and Víctor Manuel
Mendoza-Núñez2
1
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Fes Zaragoza),
2
Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología (Fes Zaragoza, UNAM)
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common and complex disorder
combining obesity, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. MS is
a primary risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. in
this sense, it has been pointed out that the pathogenesis of these
diseases is linked with an increase of oxidative stress (OxS). the
aim of this study was to determine if MS is risk factor for OxS in
elderly people. a case-control study was carried out in a sample
of 69 elderly: i) 31 subjects with MS, with mean age 66±7 years,
and ii) 38 healthy subjects with mean age 66±9 years. We
measured plasma lipid peroxides (LPO) by TBARS, superoxide
dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total
®
antioxidant status (TAS) with Randox Laboratories Kits .
Metabolic syndrome was defined with the National Cholesterol
Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. We
observed that the subjects with MS had a concentration
significantly higher of LPO than the healthy subjects (MS,
0.304±0.006 vs. Healthy, 0.279±.009, p<0.05). Likewise, it was
found an odds ratio (OR) of 3.12 (CI95% 1.57-6.18, p<0.05) as risk
factor for OxS in subjects with MS. Our results suggest that
metabolic syndrome is a relevant risk factor for OxS in elderly
people.
This work was supported by grant DGAPA, UNAM, PAPIIT
IN303407.
345
Effect of Moderate Exercise on Oxidative Stress in
Mexican Elderly. An Exploratory Study
Juana Rosado-Pérez1, Rocío Ortiz2, Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio3, and
Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez4
1
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FES ZARAGOZA),
2
Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
3
Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Laboratorio de Hematopoyesis y
4
Leucemia, FES ZARAGOZA, UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en
Gerontología (FES ZARAGOZA, UNAM)
Physical exercise has been linked with the health in humans;
however several studies have found that this life style could be
risk factor for oxidative stress (OxS). At the same time, it has
been showed that the aging increases the OxS. for this reason, it
has been questioned if the physical exercise could increase the
OxS in elderly people. the aim of this study was to determine the
effect of moderate exercise on OxS biomarkers in Mexican
elderly. a cross-sectional and comparative study was carried out
in a sample of 56 elderly: i) 30 subjects with low physical activity
(<3Mets), with mean age 68±7 years, and ii) 26 subjects with
moderate physical activity (3-6 mets) with mean age 63±8 years.
We measured plasma lipid peroxides (LPO) by TBARS,
superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and
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total antioxidant status (TAS) with Randox Laboratories Kits . We
observed a positive correlation statically significant between mets
with LPO in subjects with low physical activity (r= 0.68, p<0.001),
and a negative correlation statically significant in subjects with
moderate physical (r= −0.40, p<0.05). Our findings suggest that
moderate exercise decreases of LPO and consequently the OxS
in elderly people.
This work was supported by grant Posgrado en Ciencias
Biológicas, UNAM and Subdirección de Capacitación y Servicios
Educativos del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los
Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE).
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Effect of the Supplementation of Ascorbic Acid and α-
Tocopherol on Oxidative Stress and Bone Mineral
Density in Elderly With Osteopenia. An Exploratory
Study
Mirna Ruiz-Ramos1, Luis Alberto Vargas2, Teresa I. Fortoul-Van Der
Goes3, and Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez4
1
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FES ZARAGOZA),
2 3
Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, UNAM, Facultad de
4
Medicina, UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología (FES
ZARAGOZA, UNAM)
Several studies have linked the Oxidative stress (OxS) with the
pathogenesis of the osteoporosis. in this sense, our group
research found that OxS is an independent risk factor for
osteoporosis linked to increase of SOD/GPx ratio [1]. These
scientific evidences suggest that the supplementation of
antioxidant vitamins could be useful for prevent or improve this
disease. in the present study we determinate the effect of
ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol on oxidative stress and bone
mineral density (BMD) in elderly people. a double-blind controlled
clinical assay was made with 38 elderly with osteopenia, divided
into three groups. Group a (n= 17) received placebo, group B
(n=13) was administered 500 mg of ascorbic acid and 400 IU of
alphatocopherol, whereas group C (n=8) received 1,000 mg of
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ascorbic acid and 400 IU of alpha-tocopherol for a period of 12
months. the following measurements were carried out before and
after the 12-months treatment period: thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances (TBARS), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). BMD was
obtained at the central DXA of hip and column. After treatment,
Group C subjects exhibited an increase statistically significant in
the levels GPx enzymes (p<0.05), likewise this group showed an
increase significant of BMD of column (p<0.05). These findings
suggest that administration of 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid along
with 400 IU of alpha tocopherol for 12 months are useful for
diminish oxidative stress and increase the BMD of column in
elderly with osteopenia. This work was supported by grant
Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM y CONACyT 93235
[1] Sánchez-Rodriguez, et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;
8:24.
347
Limiting Peanut Flavor Fade by Use of An Edible
Coating
Paul J. Sarnoski1
1
Virginia Tech
The aim of this project was to evaluate the addition of an edible
coating to fresh roasted peanuts to extend the presence of peanut
top note flavor and suppress the presence of off-flavors due to
lipid oxidation. Peanuts were evaluated by sensory and analytical
testing at 0, 14, and 21 days after roasting. the addition of a β-
cyclodextrin coating slightly suppressed the presence of
detectable nonanal and to a lesser extent hexanal (off-flavor by-
products) according to solid-phase microextraction gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), but did not
extend the presence of peanut top note flavor. Triangle difference
testing concluded that the edible coating had no effect on the
overall flavor of the peanuts.
348
Sensory Perception of Iron in Drinking Water and Its
Relationship to Oxidation in the Oral Cavity
Brian Thomas Stanek1
1
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Metallic flavor perception can result in food aversion, appetite
suppression, malnutrition, decreased quality of life, and in some
cases morbidity. Metallic compounds are often described as
metallic, bitter, salty, sour, and/or astringent when perceived.
These compounds can be perceived as free metals in drinking
water or in the form of flavor compounds generated from lipid
oxidation in the mouth. This study investigated the relationship
between oxidation in the oral cavity caused by ferrous sulfate and
metallic flavor. a time-intensity sensory test was used to measure
sensory perception of ferrous sulfate over time. Ten human
subjects, prescreened for sensory acuity for metallic flavor, were
trained to differentiate flavors associated with iron in drinking
water. Solutions of 0.1 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, and 1.0 mg/L ferrous
sulfate in drinking water were evaluated for metallic, astringent,
and bitter attributes in triplicate. Metallic flavor intensity yielded
the highest response followed by astringent and bitter attributes.
Astringency lasted the longest when time duration was recorded
followed by metallic and bitter attributes. Panelist expectoration
was collected before and after sampling iron solutions and
measured for an increase in lipid oxidation using Thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS) test. Relating increased
malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in saliva to increasing
concentrations of iron in drinking water affirms the hypothesis
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relating metallic flavor and oral lipid oxidation. MDA
concentrations in saliva following 0.3 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L iron
samples showed a twofold and fourfold increase respectively
when compared to control samples. This study allows for a better
understanding of the perception mechanism of metallic and
related flavors and the potential for suppression by interfering in
lipid oxidation.
Keywords: Metallic flavor; Lipid oxidation; Iron; Time intensity
sensory test; TBARS
349
vivo, caused significant loss of cell viability, oxidative damage and
mitochondrial dysfunction. Pretreatment with HT dose- and time-
dependently protected the cells from acrolein-induced oxidative
damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.
To further understand the protective mechanisms of HT, we have
focused on the induction of phase II enzymes and stimulation of
mitochondrial biogenesis. the results suggest that HT is a potent
inducer of phase II enzymes and enhancer of mitochondrial
biogenesis. These results provide mechanistic evidence to
support the ideas that HT is a mitochondrial targeting antioxidant
nutrient and that dietary administration of HT may be an effective
measure in reducing and/or preventing cigarette smoke-induced
or age-related RPE degeneration.
Key words: HT, DNA damage, phase II enzymes, mt biogenesis

Effect of Spirulina on Experimental Non-Alcoholic

Steatohepatitis Model Rats
Pak Wing1, Fusako Takayama1, Mitsumasa Mankura1, Toru Egashira1,
Yasumasa Kodo2, and Akitane Mori1
1
Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and
2
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spirulina Bio-Lab. Co., Ltd
Background: the progressive mechanisms of the nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) are not well established. Oxidative stress
(OS) is postulated as a risk in the second hit theory of NASH.
Recently, Spirulina (SP), a blue-green algae, is drawn more
attention, because of its antioxidative, nutritional and medicinal
properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the SP
effect on NASH and to elucidate the mechanism. Methods: NASH
model rats were prepared by loading OS following the fatty liver
formation by choline deficient high fat diet (CDHF). Fatty liver rats
were fed with CDHF (CDHF) and treated in addition with: saline
(CDHF+Sham), OS (NASH), OS+the oral SP administration of 2g
or 6g/kg/day (NASH+2SP), (NASH+6SP), respectively. Besides,
as the normal control (Control), rats were fed with MF chow diet.
After experimental period, blood and liver were collected from rats
under anesthesia, to determine OS injuries and efficacies of SP.
Results: the hepatobiliary enzyme leakages and liver fibrosis were
exhibited in NASH rats. the iron deposit in the liver were also
demonstrated, the decreased plasma SOD like activity, and the
increased serum iron level and reactive oxygen species
production in the liver mitochondrial metabolism, and the
increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio of lymphocytes were also
demonstrated in NASH rats. the SP administration significantly
abated these changes. Conclusion: the present study indicates
SP may prevent the NASH through arresting OS aggravation
closely related to inflammation, and modulatory action to
immunoreactivity.

350

Hydroxytyrosol Induces Phase II Enzymes and

Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis to Protect
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells From Acrolein-
Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial
Dysfunction
Lu Zhu1, Zhongbo Liu1, Jiejie Hao1, Weili Shen1, and Jiankang Liu2
1
Institute of Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological
2
Sciences,China, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine,
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is the major antioxidant polyphenol
compound in olive oil and has been shown to have beneficial
effect on human health for preventing various diseases. in the
present study, we investigated the protective effects of HT on
acrolein-induced toxicity in human retinal pigment epithelial cell
line, ARPE19, a cellular model of smoking- and age-related
macular degeneration. Acrolein, a major component of the gas
phase cigarette smoke and also a product of lipid peroxidation in

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