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Introduction
William N. Dunn
Associate Dean and Professor
University of Pittsburg
Kingdon, 1984
Problem Definition in Decision Making
How it is measured
Political Science
Sociology
Psychology
Economics
Philosophy
Three Approaches to Policy Analysis
Type of
Approach Primary Question
Information
Normative
What should be done?
(value- Prescriptive
(action)
critical)
Five types of Policy relevant information:
interrelated and interdependent
S.
Types Importance
No.
Policy Problems Conceptualizing problem from different
1 angles-viable solutions
Policy Futures Identifying consequences of future course of
2 action
Policy Actions Forecasting & evaluating consequences of
3 action based on different alternatives
Policy Ensuring an observed consequences of policy
4 Outcomes actions
Policy Finding the degree of value contributed by
5 Performance policy outcome (useful in forecasting policy
future)
Five Info is obtained by the means of - Policy
Analysis Process of Inquiry
S. No. Procedure Information
Prescription
3 Future course of action
(Recommendation)
Present and Past causes and
Description
4 consequences of acting on policy
(Monitoring)
alternatives
Value or worth of consequences in
5 Evaluation
solving the problem
Process of Policy Communication: 4
Stage Process Knowledge:
Policy Problems
1 Policy Futures 2
Policy Policy Actions Materials
Analysis Policy Performance Development
Stakeholders: Documents:
Agenda Setting Policy Memo
Policy Formulation Policy Issue
Policy Adoption Policy Papers
Policy Implemen. Analyst Exe. Summary
Policy Assessment Appendices
News Release
4 Presentations: 3
Knowledge Conversations Interactive
Utilization Conferences Communication
Meetings
Briefings
Hearings
Three Elements of Policy System
Policy
Stakeholders
Policy
Public Policy
Environment
1. Policy
Relevant (Therefore) 2. Policy
6. Qualifier Claim
Information
Probably Govt. should invest in
Nuclear power is two or three The construction of
Times more efficient than Nuclear power plants
Conventional Power Sources (Unless)
(Since)
5.
3. Warrant
Rebuttal
Production of Nuclear energy is Solar Energy can be developed
The only way to ensure continuing growth On a large scale
Of the economy
(Bcoz) (Bcoz)
4. Backing
Backing
Arab Countires can continue
To embargo oil. Other sources This is the conclusion of panel of experts
Are limited
Dunn’s Integrated Framework: Problem Centered
Policy Analysis
Policy
Performance
Evaluation Forecasting
Problem
Structuring
Policy
Structuring
Policy Structuring
Problem Problem Policy Futures
Outcomes Problems
Problem
Structuring
Monitoring Recommendation
Policy Actions
The process of policy analysis is a series of
intellectual activities carried out within a process
comprised of activities that are essentially political
Reconstructed Logic Vs. Logic-in-Use
Prospective Retrospective
Policy Analysis Policy Analsis
Integrated
Policy
Analysis
Three major forms of Policy Analysis:
Efforts of
Preferred
Govt. to
Solutions to
resolve the
Problems
problem
Gaps
Retrospective Policy Analysis
Political Scientists & Political Scientists & Also persons from social
Sociologists – seeks to Sociologists - seeks to work, public
develop and test describe the causes and administration &
discipline based theories. consequences of policies. evaluation research. Seeks
to describe causes & consq
Describe the causes and Less concerned with the Not concerned with dev.
consequences of the development and testing of And testing of discipline
policies. theories. Discipline based theories.
Oriented Analysis
What affected the policies
Seldom attempts to Seldom provides info about They are concerned with
identity specific goals and specific goals and the identification of goals
objectives of policymakers objectives of policymakers. and objectives of policy
(does not distinguish Coz the problem they makers and other
“policy variables”). analyze are usually of stakeholders. Good info for
general nature. evaluating policy outcome.
Integrated Policy Analysis
Policy
Performance