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Anatomy(&(Physiology(Midterm(2018!
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Ms.$Steinberg!
Harding(High(School!
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! Points'Possible! Your%Score!
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Multiple(Choice! 40! !
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Vocabulary! 14! !
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Short&Answer! 21! !
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Your%Score! 75! !
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Part%I:%Multiple%Choice!
1.! Of#the#elements#found#in#the#human#body,!this%one%is%considered%the%central%element%because%it%can%form%four%
covalent)bonds)with)other)atoms.!
a.! Carbon!
b.! Phosphorous!
c.! Hydrogen!
d.! Sulfur!
!
2.! This%bond%forms%as%a%result%of%polarity%in%water%molecules:!
a.! Ionic&bond!
b.! Polar&bond!
c.! Hydrogen)bond!
d.! Covalent)bond!
!
3.! The$sharing$of$valence$electrons$between$two$atoms$creates$this$bond.!
a.! Ionic$bond!
b.! Polar&bond!
c.! Hydrogen)bond!
d.! Covalent)bond!
!
4.! Forms&when&one&atom&takes&an&electron&away&from&another,&forming&opposite&charges.!
a.! Ionic$bond!
b.! Polar&bond!
c.! Hydrogen)bond!
d.! Covalent)bond!
!
Use$the$image$on$the$right$to$answer$questions$5!6!
5.! Which$particle"represents"a"neutron?!
a.! A!
b.! B!
c.! C!
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6.! Which%particle%determines%the%identity%of%an%atom?!
a.! A!
b.! B!
c.! C!
!
7.! Which%of%the%following%is%true%of%electrolytes?!
a.! They%are%neutral%atoms%and%contain%no%charge!
b.! They%should%be%avoided%following%intense%athletic%activity!
c.! Examples)include!carbon,(nitrogen,(and(oxygen!
d.! They%are%ions!found&in&tears,&blood,&nerves,&and&muscles!
!
8.! What%is%the%difference%between%prokaryotic%and%eukaryotic%cells?!
a.! Prokaryotic*cells*are*more*complex*and*evolved*later*on!
b.! Eukaryotic+cells+tend+to+be+smaller+than+prokaryotic+cells!
c.! Only%eukaryotic%cells%have%membrane!bound&organelles!
d.! Most%prokaryotic(cells(have(a(nucleus!
!
!
!
!
! 2!
 9.! The$diagram$to$the$right$shows$a$bilayer,$which$makes$up$most$of$cell$
membranes.)What)is)the)only)molecule)shown)in)the)diagram?!
a.! Proteins!
b.! Lipids!
c.! Carbohydrates!
d.! Nucleic'Acids! !
!
10.!Which%part%of%the%bilayer%is%hydrophilic?!
a.! The$extracellular$heads!
b.! The$middle$tails!
c.! The$intracellular$tails!
d.! None%of%the%above.%The%molecule%is%completely%hydrophobic.!
!
11.!Cell$membranes$have$many$proteins,$each$with$a$different$function.$!Which%class%of%protein%attaches%the%cell%to%
other,'neighboring'cells?
a.! Enzyme!
b.! Carrier&protein!
c.! Anchoring)protein!
d.! Recognition!
!
12.!Which%of%these%accurately%describes%passive%movement%along!a"concentration"gradient?
a.! Movement(of(molecules(from(areas(of(high(to(low(concentration!
b.! Movement(of(molecules!from%areas%of%low%to%high%concentration!
c.! Movement(of(molecules(between(areas(of(the(same(concentration!
!
13.!A"red"blood"cell"is"about"80%"water,"with"the"other"20%"being"other"dissolved"substances."!What%would%happen%
if#the#red#blood#cell#were#placed#into#a#solution#of#60%#water,#40%"salt?
a.! Water&would&flow&out&of&the&
red$blood$cell,$causing$it$to$
shrivel!
b.! Salt%would%flow%out%of%the%red%
blood%cell%in%solution!
c.! Water&would&flow&into&the&red&
blood%cell,%causing%it%to%swell%
and$lyse!
d.! The$red$blood$cell$would$not$
be#affected!
!
14.!How$would$the$solution$in$the$previous$
question)be)described)in)comparison)to)
the$cell?!
a.! Isotonic!
b.! Hypotonic(!
c.! Hypertonic+!
!
Use$the$diagram$to$the$right$to$answer$
questions)15!20."If"your"answer"contains"two"
letters!(AB),"bubble"in"both"letters"on"your!
scantron.
!

! 3!
 15.!Organelle(that(sees(the(sorting,(packaging,(and(shipping(of(proteins!
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16.!Rough&endoplasmic&reticulum!
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17.!Centrioles!
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18.!The$cell’s"genetic"material"can"be"found"here!
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19.!Most%of"the"ATP"generated"by"the"cell"can"be"found"here!
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20.!The$nucleolus!
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21.!DNA$controls$the$activities$of$a$call$by$regulating$the$production$of$___________________.!
a.! Proteins!
b.! Carbohydrates!
c.! Lipids! !
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22.!What%type%of%tissue%is%shown%to#the#right?!!
a.! Adipose!
b.! Loose%areolar!
c.! Reticular!
d.! Simple%squamous'epithelium! !
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23.!What%is%the%primary%function%of%the%tissue%from%the$tissue$in$
question)22?!
a.! Protection)of)high)friction!exposed'surfaces!
b.! Secretion)of)endocrine)fluid!
c.! Energy'storage!
d.! Transportation*of*oxygen!
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24.!Cardiac'muscle'is'physically'notable'as'can'be'seen'the'presence'of:!
a.! Multiple(nuclei!
b.! Intercalated*discs!
c.! Striations!
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25.!Which%layer%of%the%integument%in#the#image#to#the#right#contains(
the$stem$cells$that$divide$to$produce$new$cells? !
a.! A!
b.! B!
c.! C!
d.! D!
e.! E!
!
26.!Which#layer#of#the#epidermis#(seen#in#the#image#to#the#right)#
contains(the(oldest(cells(that(are(dead(and(heavily(keratinized?!
a.! A!
b.! B!
c.! C!
d.! D!
e.! E!
!

! 4!
 27.!Exposure)to)sunlight)is)needed)for)the)integumentary)system)to)generate)__________________,)which)is)
needed$for$absorption$of$_________________.!
a.! Vitamin'C;'iron!
b.! Vitamin&B12;%potassium!
c.! Vitamin'A;'phosphorous!
d.! Vitamin'D;'calcium!
!
28.!If#an#insufficient#amount'of'the'vitamin'in'the'previous'question'is'present,'what'condition'can'it'cause?!
a.! MRSA!
b.! Herpes%!
c.! Staph!
d.! Rickets'!
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29.!Occasionally,+newborn+babies+are+born+with+a+yellowing+of+the+skin.+What+is+the+condition+called,+and+what+organ+
may$be$underdeveloped$in"these"babies?!
a.! Cyanosis,%the%kidneys!
b.! Jaundice,*the*liver!
c.! Melanosis,*the*lungs!
d.! Vitiligo,(the(digestive(tract!
!
30.!A"dermatologist!is#presented#with#four#patients#that#believe#they#may#have#a#cancerous#mole.#A#picture#of#each#
mole,&along&with&the&size,#is#shown#below.#Based#on#the#ABCD#rule,#which#mole(s)#would#be#diagnosed#if#possibly#
cancerous?*Choose*E*if*none*of*them*is*considered*cancerous.!
!

! ! !! !
Patient'A'–!5"mm! Patient'B'–!6"mm! Patient'C!–!2.5"mm! Patient'D'–!4mm!
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31.!Melanoma(pictured(in(the(patient(that(you(chose(in(the(previous(question,(stems(from(uncontrolled!cell$growth$
in#the#following#cell#type:!
a.! Adipocytes!
b.! Melanocytes!
c.! Keratinocytes!
d.! Oligodendrocytes!
!
32.!What%layer%of%the%skin#is#tattoo#ink#injected#into?!
a.! Epidermis!
b.! Dermis!
c.! Hypodermis!
d.! Adipose!
!
33.!Which%of%the%following!structures'can'become'blocked'or'infected,'resulting'in'acne?!
a.! Sebum!
b.! Apocrine)sweat!
c.! Merocrine(sweat!
d.! Dead%skin%cells!
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! 5!
 34.!What%is%the%immediate%purpose%of%inflammation,%the%first%stage%of%the%integumentary%repair%process?!
a.! To#reduce#blood#flow#to#the#injured#area!
b.! To"promote'the'growth'of'scar'tissue!
c.! To"generate'a!scab!
d.! To"increase(flow(of(white(blood(cells(to(the(injured(area!
!
35.!An#individual#who#spent#too#much#time#in#the#sun#finds#their#skin#red#and#peeling#later#that#day.#How#would#this#
burn%be%classified?!
a.! First%degree!
b.! Second&degree!
c.! Third%degree!
!
36.!Ringworm)is)a!common%infection%of%small%children.%It%is%an%example%of%a%_____________%inflection.%It%is%most%
likely&transmitted&by&_________________.!
a.! Viral;'sneezing'and'coughing!
b.! Bacterial;*sneezing*and*coughing!
c.! Fungal;(direct(contact!
d.! Parasitic;!eating'contaminated'food!
!
37.!Which%of%these%skin%disorders%can%be%effectively%treated%with%antibiotics?!
a.! Staph!
b.! Cold$sores!
c.! Athlete’s"foot!
d.! Itching'!
!
38.!Glands'found'in'the'dermis'that'secrete'oily%sebum&onto&the&skin/hair&are&called:!
a.! Sweat&glands!
b.! Sebaceous)glands!
c.! Apocrine)glands!
d.! Merocrine(glands!
!
39.!_____________"is"a"pigment"found!in#skin#that#gives#the#hair,!skin,&and&eyes&color,&and&helps&to&protect&the&body&
from%harmful%UV%radiation%that%causes%skin%cancer.!
a.! Melanin!
b.! Melatonin!
c.! Melanocyte!
d.! Melanoma!
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40.!The$following$is$NOT!a"function"of"the"skin:!
a.! Maintain%homeostasis!
b.! Regulate(blood(pressure!
c.! Protect'the'skin!
d.! Transmit)sensory)stimulations)to)the)brain

Part%II:%Vocabulary
41.!The#repeating#units#(monomers)#of#DNA#are#called#____________________________.!

42.!One$main$difference$between$DNA$and$RNA$is$that$DNA$is$_______________________________$allowing$for$
hydrogen)bonds)to)form)between)bases!of#separate#strands,"while"RNA"is"______________________________.#!
!

! 6!
 43.!A"tumor"that"is#not#benign,#but#has$spread$to$surrounding$parts$of$the$body$is$
_______________________________.!
!

44.!The$four$types$of$tissue$in$the$human$body$are$epithelial,$connective,$muscle,$and$
________________________________.!
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45.!Multi!nucleated)muscle)tissue!used%in%voluntary%movement%of#the#skeleton#is!called&
__________________________________.!
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46.!The!type%of%tissue%that%consists%of%a%matrix%of%protein%fibers,%ground%substance,%and%cells,"and"is"typically"found"in"
the$dermis,!is#called#__________________________________________.!
!

47.!_________________________"tissue"specializes"in"communication"between"the"brain"and"other"cells"of"the"
body.!
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48.!_________________________"tissue"lines"body"surfaces,"such"as"the"skin"and"respiratory"tract.!
!

49.!Blood%supply%of%the%integument!(skin)!is#located#in#this#layer:#_________________________________.!
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50.!Hair,&sweat&glands,&and&nails&are!_______________________________!structures'of#the#integumentary#system.!
!

Questions'51!54:$Label&the&following&tissue&samples&with&their&names:&simple&squamous,&simple&cuboidal,&simple&
columnar,*stratified*squamous,*stratified*columnar,*pseudostratified!columnar,!or#transitional.#Not#all#terms#will#be#used.!

51.!__________________________________________!
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52.!__________________________________________!
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53.!_________________________________________!
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! 7!
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54.!________________________________________!
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Part%III:%Short%Answer!
55.!Fill$out$the$periodic$table"below"using"a"periodic"table.!(6#points)!

Atomic'
Element! Symbol! Atomic'Mass! #"Protons! #"Electrons! #"Neutrons!
Number!

! ! !
! ! ! !
Phosphorous!

! ! !
! 26! ! !
!

! ! !
! ! 39! !
!

! ! !
! ! ! 11!
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56.!About&60%&of&an&adult’s&body&is&water.&Explain&what&it&means&for&water&to&have&the!properties(of(
adhesion,*high*specific*heat,*and*why*it*is*considered*to*be*the*universal*solvent.*What*chemical*
property'of'water'molecules'causes'them'to'have'characteristics?!(2!points)!
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57.!Draw"a"diagram"that"represents"the"cell"cycle."Include"the"following:"G1,"S,"G2,"interphase,"mitosis,"cytokinesis,"
prophase,)metaphase,)anaphase,)telophase!(2!points)
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! 8!
 58.!Muscle'cells'are'much'different'than'other!cells%in%the%body%because%they%expend%high%amounts%of%energy%during%
exercise'and'must'be'able'to'generate'protein'to'repair'any'damage'from'intense'exertion.'What'differences'in'
regards&to&organelles&would&you&expect&muscle&cells&to&have&compared&to&other&cells?!(2!points)!
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59.!Label&a&protein,&carbohydrate,&polar&(hydrophilic)&part&of&a&phospholipid,!and$nonpolar$(hydrophobic)$part$of$a$
phospholipid(in(this(diagram.((2#points)!
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60.!What%is%the%difference%between%cilia%and%microvilli?!(1#point)!
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61.!Compare(hyaline,(fibrocartilage,(and(elastic(cartilage.(Which(does(each(do,(and(where(are(each(located?!(3#
points)!
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 62.!One$of$the$most$important$functions$of$the$skin$is$to$maintain$homeostasis$of$the$body.$What$aspect$of$
homeostasis)does)the)body)help)to)regulate,#and#specifically#what#skin#structures#are#involved?!(2#points)!
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63.!How$is$the$growth$of#hair#similar#to#growth#of#the#epidermis?#At#what#point#do#hair#cells#die?!(1!points)!
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Extra&Credit!
64.!What%is%something%that%you%would!really&like&to&learn&about,&but&haven’t"yet?!
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65.!Today&is!good$news$Friday!$Write&down&some!good$news.$!

! 10!