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Chapter 6
Operational Amplifier
+VCC
–
Symbol: Input 1 Output
Input 2 +
–VEE
Differential and Common Mode Operation: One of the more important features of a differential circuit
connection as provided in an op-amp is the circuit ability to greatly amplify signals that are opposite at the
two inputs while only slightly amplifying signals that are common to both inputs.
An op-amp provides an output component that is due to the amplification of the difference signals applied
to the plus and minus input and a component due to the signals common to both inputs.
Since amplification of the opposite input signals is much greater than that of common input signals the circuit
provides a common-mode rejection as described by a numerical value called COMMON MODE
REJECTION RATIO (CMRR).
Differential Input: When separate inputs are applied to the op-amp, the resulting difference signal is the
difference between the two inputs. Vd V2 V1 V V
Common Input: When both input signals applied to an op-amp is common, signal element due to the two
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V V 1 2
inputs can be defined as the average of the sum of the two signals. VC 2
.
Output Voltage: Since any signal applied to op-amp in general have both in phase and out of phase
components the resulting output can be expressed as V0 AdVd AcVc .
Where Vd = difference voltage, VC = common mode voltage,
Ad = difference mode gain of the amplifier, Ac = Common mode gain of the amplifier.
Ad
CMRR {Common Mode Rejection Ratio}: CMRR
Ac
Vi R1
Ri Vd AdVd –
Vd AdVd V0 V0 op-amp V0
+
Inverting Amplifier: The most widely used constant gain amplifier circuit is the inverting amplifier.
Rf
Vi R1
– Rf
op-amp V0 . We can write V0 V1
+ R1
Rf
R1
Voltage Follower or Unity Follower: The unity follower circuit as shown in figure provides a gain of unity
(1) with number polarity or phase reversal. From the equivalent circuit, it is clear that V0 V1 and that
the output is the same polarity and magnitude as the input. The circuit operates like an emitter or source
follower circuit except that the gain is exactly unity.
–
op-amp
+
V1 V0
128 Operational Amplifier
Summing Amplifier: Three input summing amplifier.
Rf
R1
V1 – R R R
R2 V0 V0 f V1 f V2 f V3
V2
V3
R3 + R1 R2 R3
Differentiator : A differentiator circuit is shown in figure while not as useful as the circuit forms covered
above the differentiator does provide a useful operation, the resulting far the circuit being
R
Vi(t) C
–
dV (t ) op-amp V0(t)
V0 (t ) RC 1
dt +
Vi R
Integrator: – 1
V0 (t ) V1 (t )dt
RC
op-amp V0(t)
+
Rf
Vi R1 IB–
–
V1 V0
V2 +
IB+
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iB iB–
(1) Input bias current :
2
(2) Input offset current: I0s = |IB+| – |IB–|
(3) Input offset voltage : V0s = V2 – V1
Note: Due to mismatching between V1 and V2 output voltage may be positive or
negative so we apply offset voltage (Vos).
Slew Rate: Another parameter reflecting the op-amp’s ability to handling varying signal is slew rate, defined
as slew rate = maximum rate at which amplifier output can change in volts per micro second.
V0
SR V / s with t in s.
t
Operational Amplifier 129
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the slew rate of given circuit.
240K
Vi 10K
–
3
(0.02V, = 300 × 10 ) V0
+
RF 240 K
Soln. For a gain of magnitude ACL 24 . The output voltage provides.
R1 10 K
K = ACL, Vi = 24(0.2V) 0.48V
SR 0.5v / s
1.1 106 rad/sec
K 0.48
Voltage Buffer: A voltage buffer circuit provides a means of isolation on input signal from a load by using
a stage having unity gain with no phase or polarity inversion.
–
V0 V0 Vi
Vi +
Controlled Sources: Op-amp can be used to form various types of controlled sources. An input voltage
can be used to control on output voltage or current or an input current can be used to control on output
voltage or current. There type of connections are suitable far use in various instrument system (circuit). It
has four types:
(1) Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (2) Voltage Controlled Current Source
(3) Current Controlled Current Source (4) Current Controlled Voltage Source
(1) Voltage Controlled Voltage Source: An ideal form of a voltage source whose output V0 is controlled
by on input voltage VJ is shown in figure. The output voltage is seen to be independent on the input voltage.
This type of circuit can be built using an op-amp as shown in figure.
(i) Inverting op-amp: www.careerendeavour.com
Rf
Vi Ri Vn
–
A V0 Rf
+ K
Vp Ri
Vi 0 0 V0 V0 Rf
Now KCL at point A,
Ri Rf Vi Ri
130 Operational Amplifier
(ii) Non-inverting op-amp:
Rf
Ri Vn Rf
– K 1
AV V0 Ri
p
+
Vi
O Vi Vi Vo V R f Ri V Rf
0 Vi 0 1
Ri Rf R f R f Ri Vi Ri
(2) Voltage Controlled Current Source: An ideal form of circuit providing an output current controlled
by an input voltage is that of figure. The output current is dependent on the input voltage.
Practical Circuit:
Rf
If
Ri
Vi – Vi
Ii V0 Ii
+ Ri
(3) Current Controlled Voltage Source: An ideal form of a voltage source controlled by a input current
is shown in figure. The output voltage is dependent on the input current.
Practical Circuit:
RL
I0
Vi –
Ii V0 I i RL
+ V0
(4) Current Controlled Current Source: An ideal form of a circuit providing on output current dependent
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on an input current is shown in figure. In this type of circuit on output current is provided dependent on
the input current.
Practical Circuit:
R2 RL
I2 I1 I0
R1
– I1 R1 R1
I1 I 0 I1 I 2 I1 1 I1 K I1
+ R2 R2
Low Pass Filter: A 1st order, low pass filter using resistor and capacitor as in figure shown has a practical
slope of –20 dB per decade as shown in figure (rather them the ideal response of figure). The voltage gain
below the cutoff frequency is constant at
Rf 1
Av 1 , at a cut off frequency of fOH
RG 2R1C1
Operational Amplifier 131
Rf V0/V1
–20 dB/decade
RG (V+)
–
Rf (V0)
+ Output
Vi ~
(V–) voltage fOH
f
Second Order Filter: Connecting two sections of filter as in given figure result in a second order low pass
filter with cut off at 40 dB decade closer to the ideal characteristic.
R4 Rf V0/V1
AV –20 dB/decade
– –40 dB/decade
R1 R2 op-amp V0
Vi + f 2 f1
C2
C1 f
f1 f2
High-Pass Active Filter: First and second order high-pass active filter can be built as shown in figure.
1
The amplifier cut off frequency is fOL with a second order filter R1 = R2 and C1 = C2 result
2R1C1
– –
C1 op-amp C1 C2 op-amp V0
V0 Vi +
Vi +
R1 R1 R2
V0/V1
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–20dB/decade
–40dB/decade
f
fOL fOH
Band Pass Filter: Figure shows a band pass filter using two stages. The 1st a high pass filter and the
second a low pass filter. The combined operation being the desired band pass response.
R4 Rf
R4 Rf
–
– R2 op-amp V0
C1 op-amp +
Vi +
R1 C2
A(mid)
–20dB/decade
20dB/decade
fOL fOH
Instrument Amplifier:
V1 + V1
R1 R2
–
V1 R
R I –
V2 V0
R +
– R1
V2 + V2 RL
V1 V2
V1 V2 2 IR V1 V2 I
R
(2 R R )(V1 V2 ) 2 R R2
V1 V2 V0 1 (V2 V1 )
R R R1
2.
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An Active filter shown in figure. The DC gain and 3dB out off frequency are nearly.
Rv
Vi –
R1 V0
+
R2
AV 10 20 log10 10 20dB {log10 10 1}
R1
V0( S ) 1 1 1
At 3dB frequency ; Since, DC gain 0
V1( S ) 2 1 ( R2C1) 2
2
On putting the value of R2, C1 and comparing L.H.S. and R.H.S. = 1KHz
3. In the given op-amp find, the value of output voltage. Given V1 = 2 V d.c. and V2 = 4 V d.c., AOL =
2 × 105, VCC = 15V..
Inverting terminal
V1 –
V0
V2 –
Non-inverting terminal
Soln: Let AOL is open loop voltage gain. In this care V0 = (V2 – V1)AOL
V0 = (4.2) × 2 × 105 × 10–6 4 × 10–1 = 0.4V
[Vsat output will vary between + Vsat and –Vsat]
If V1 = –2 V, V2 = 4 V
V0 = (4 + 2) × 2 × 105 × 10–6 = 12 × 10–1 = 1.2V
For Ideal Op-amp (Open Loop): Input and output voltage characteristic of open loop Op-amp.
V0
+Vsat
Vi
–Vsat
It is clear that open loop op-amp is able to amplify signals of very small amplitude. So, practically, open
loop Op-amp is not used.
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For Ideal Op-Amp (Open loop):
(i) Ri = , (ii) AOL = , (iii) R0 = 0, (iv) Slew rate = (v) CMRR =
(vi) Band width =
R1 Rf
V0
V0 AOL (V p Vn ) (V p Vn ) Vp Vn
AOL
134 Operational Amplifier
I1
–
Concept of Virtual Ground: I2 V0
+
AOL =
V0
V1 – V2 = 0 V1 V2
AOL (ideal case)
In ideal case, I1 = I2 = 0
4. In the given op-amp circuit. Find the output voltage.
400K
40K
–
VS = 0.1V V0
+
Current R=1K
is zero
Soln. The given op-amp is inverting amplifier. By the inverting amplifier gain formula
V0 R
A f . Given, R = 400K, R = 40K, V = 0.1V
Vi R1 f 1 i
400
V0 = – 0.1 1V
40
V0
5. For the given op-amp circuit. Find voltage gain V .
i
450K V B 100K
100K
100K A
–
Vi Vn
V0
Vp +
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Soln. Applying KCL at point A.
Vi 0 0 V V 100
i V 4.5Vi (i)
100 450 V 450
Now KCL at point B.
0 V V V V0
(Now by equation (i) V = –4.5 Vi)
450 100 100
4.5Vi 4.5Vi 4.5Vi V0
450 100 100
V0
6. In the given figure of OP-amp. Find the value of resistance R. Given 10
Vi
R V2B 100K
100K
Vi A
–
100K Vn V0
Vp +
100K
10K I
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I – 0
V = 1V i V 0
+ I L
25K
V0 Rf 100
Soln. This is inverting amplifier V R 10 10
i i
V0 = –10V
For current IL 0 (10) I L 25 K
10
IL 0.4mA For current I,
25
0 ( 10) 100K I I = 0.1mA
I0 = I + IL = 0.4 + 0.1 0.5 mA
136 Operational Amplifier
8. Based on Non-inverting amplifier.
20K
A I
5K
– I0
Vn V
Vp + IL 0
5K . From the above given op-amp. Find IL and I0?
+ V = 1V
– i
0 1 1 V0
Soln. By VGP, Vn = Vp = 1V. KCL at point A, V0 5V
5 20
5 1 5
IL = 1mA = = 1mA, I = = –0.2mA, I0 = I – IL = –(1 + 0.2) = –(1.2)mA
5 20
So, the current direction of I and I0 will be reverse.
9. In the given figure of op-amp. Find the value of I0 and IL?
4K
1K A I
– I0
Vn V0
Vp + IL
5K
+ 5V
–
R2
R1 Vn
V1 –
V
R1 V V0
V2 +
Vp
R2
In the above given op-amp figure. Find the value of output voltage in term of V1 and V2.
Soln. By the VGP condition Vp = Vn = V.
V1 V V V0
For the upper loop, ... (i)
R1 R2
V2 V V
For the lower loop, ... (ii)
R1 R2
V2 1 1 R R1
V V 2
R1 R1 R2 R1 R2
V2 .R2
V ... (A)
( R2 R1 )
Now putting the value of equation (A) in equation (i)
R2
V0 (V2 V1 ) for ideal subtractor circuit CMRR is
R1
R
Super Position, Principle: Let V1 be at ground, then V2 1 2 V
R1
V
R2 V2 www.careerendeavour.com
R RV
V02 1 2 . 2 2
R1 R2 R1 R1 R2
( R1 R2 ) R2V2 R
V02 . ; V02 2 V2
R1 ( R1 R2 ) R1
R2
Total V0 R (V2 V1 )
1
138 Operational Amplifier
10. In the given op-amp circuit. Find the output voltage V0?
R2 33K
R1
2V –
11K Vn V0
4V +
R3 = 11K Vp
R4 = 33K
10K
2V –
10K Vp V0
4V +
90K
Rf 100
Soln. Firstly, considering first inverting loop, V01 Vi 2 20V
R1 10
4 90 360
Now, considering non-inverting loop VP = 3.6V
90 10 100
100
V02 = 1 10 3.6 39.6 V0 (39.6 (20V )) 19.6Volt
Adder:
3R
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R A Vn
V 1
–
R V
V 2
0
R +
V3 Vp
Soln: By VGP Vn = Vp = 0
V1 V2 V3 0 V0
KCL at point A V0 3(V1 V2 V3 )
R R R 3R
So, the above op-amp is working as a inverting adder.
For the given op-amp circuit. Find the value of output voltage.
2R
R
–
R VB V0
V1 +
R I=0
V2
R
V3
Operational Amplifier 139
V1 V V2 V V3 V 1
Soln. KCL at point B 0 or V (V1 V2 V3 )
R R R 3
2R 1
V0 1 V V0 (1 2). (V1 V2 V3 ) V0 (V1 V2 V3 )
R 3
So, this is non-inverting adder.
12. In the given op-amp figure. Find the output voltage.
50K
40K A
2V –
25K Vn B V0
3V
+
10K Vp
4V
20K
5V
100K
100K
–
Vn V0
13. + .
20K Vp
18V
40K
15V
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In the above given op-amp circuit, find output voltage.
Soln. Vp = Vn = V (By VGP)
18 V 15 V 41
KCL at positive terminal, 0 V Volt .
20 40 3
41 41
0 V0
KCL at positive terminal, 3 3 82
V0 Volt
100 K 100 3
140 Operational Amplifier
V01
14. For the given op-amp circuits. Find .
V02
10K –
2 V01 = 11Vi
1K +
–
1 R
+ VA
R –
+ V1
– 3 V02 = –11Vi
+
R
Op-amp (3) is working like inverting amplifier, V02 11Vi 11Vi
R
V01 11Vi
1
V02 11Vi
15. In the given op-amp circuit find output voltage.
3K 4K
A
I1 V1 2.4mA
12V + –
– V2 V0
I +
2K 2
B 1K
12V +
– 12
I 2.4mA; VB 0 2.4 1 2.4V , VA 2.4V ;
2K 5
I
2.4 V0
2.4 V0 12.0V
4
Operational Amplifier 141
16. In the given op-amp circuit find V0 and I0.
8K
R A I
–
Vn V0
0.1mA Vp + I0
2K = RL
2V –+
IL
Soln: By VGP Vn = Vp = 2V
Now, KCL at point A
2 V0 2.8
0.1 = V0 2.8Volt , I L 1.4mA , I0 = 1.4 + 0.1 = 1.5mA
8 RL
17. In the given op-amp figure. Find the output voltage.
100K
200K
20K A
V1 = 2V – 50K
25K B –
V2 = 5V + V01
V0
+
V3 = 10V
2 5 0 V0
Soln. By VGP, VB = VA = 0, Now, KCL at point A, V01 30Volt
20 25 100
10 ( 30) V0 10 40 V0 10
Now, KCL at second OP-amplifier ;
50 200 50 200
V0 1T0 Volt
18. In the given Op-amp circuit. Find V0?
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300K
100K A
V2=2V –
V
10K Vp n V0
V1=1V +
10K
10 1
Soln. Vp 0.5V , By VGP condition, V = V = 0.5V
10 10 n p
2 0.5 0.5 V0
Now, KCL at point A, V0 2.5Volt
150 300
142 Operational Amplifier
19. In the given Op-amp circuit. Find output voltage.
510K
680K
18K 750K
– 22K
– 33K
+ VA
–
+ VB
~V 1 = 20V +
V0
20 106 0 VA 20 106
Soln. We will 1st calculate VA,
18 510
1 1 VA 528
20 106 ; VA 20 106 , V 5.86 10 4 Volt
18 510 510 18 A
680
Similarly on solving, VB 5.86 10 4 V , VB 0.081Volt , V = 0.409 Volt
22 0
20. Calculate the output voltage for the circuit with input V1 = 40mV, V2 = 20mV.
470K
47K
V1
V2 12K
B –
A V0
+
200K VB
Vi = 10mV –
VA
+ F0
V0
100K 10
4k I
– I0
BI =0 V0
12V +
– 2mA
+ IL
6K
3 12 0 V0
Soln. Applying KCL at point B, 2 10
4K 3K
V0
2 103 3 103 V0 (15Volt )
3K
V0 0 15
IL 2.5m Amp , I 5mA , I 0 I I L 7.5mA
6 3K
V0
23. In the given circuit find voltage gain V .
i
2K
1K
Vi –
Vn
V0
Vp + 3K
1K
0 V V V0 V
In the V0 4V , V 0 .
1 3 4
V0
V0 V
V
In the inverting loop applying KCL, i V V V V 4
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0 0
Vi
1 2 4 2 Vi
V0
24. In the given circuit. Find ?
V1 V2
V1 –
+
+
V1 6K
I
2K V0
V2
4K
–
–
V2 +
V0 12 I
Soln. V0 6 I 2 I 4 I 12 I ; V1 V2 2 I 6
V1 V2 2 I
144 Operational Amplifier
25. In the given circuit find V0?
+
V0
3K –
VBV
2K
3K A
–
Vn
6V +
–
V + p
6 0 0 VB
Soln. Vn = Vp = 0{VGP}, Now, KCL at point A, VB 4V
3 2
0 VB VB V0 4 4 V0
Now, KCL at point B, VB 4V , V0 10V
2 3 2 3
26. In the circuit calculate the output voltage V0?
D2
3K
6K
D1
2K
Vi –
V=0 V0
+
V0 –
V0 V0
+ 4K
B 2K A
10K
IS
15V0
5V 5V0 10V 10V0 2V 0 17V 15V0 V
17
Now, KCL at point A
V0 V 15V0 2V0 V
( I S ) 0 V0 V 2 I S 0 V0 2IS 2 I S 0 17
2 17 17 IS
28. In the given circuit find value of IL.
R
R
–
V
R Vp n V0
+
R
Vi +
– IL
RL
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R f
R1
Vi –
IB V0
+
| IB | | IB |
(i) Input bias current = . Let | I B || I B | , 0 V0 | I B | R f ; V0 | I B | R f
2
R
(iii) Input offset voltage; VOS V1 V2 , output to input offset; V0 1 f VOS .
R1
146 Operational Amplifier
10K
1K
–
29. V0
+
+ V
– i
Rf 10
(a) V0 1 .VOS R f .I B = 1 1 .10 10.300nA 110 3mV 113mV
R1
10
(b) Rcomp R1 || Rf K
11
Rf 10
(c) V0 1 R .VOS R f I OS = 1 10mV 10 K 100 pA
1 1
= 110mV 0.001mV 110.001mV
30. If input offset voltage = 4mV, input offset current = 150nA, input bias current = 300nA.
500K
5K –
Vi
V0
+
5K
R
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500
Soln. V0 1 f VOS R f .I OS = 1 .4mV 500 K 150nA = 101 × 4 + 75
R1 5
= 404 + 75 = 479mvolt.
Calculation of CMRR
Ad
CMRR
AC Ad = differential mode gain, AC = Common mode gain
V1 V2 A V0 AC
V0
V0 Ad Vd ACVC Vd V1 V2 , VC , d V
2 d VC 0,
VC Vd 0
Operational Amplifier 147
31. In the given circuit. Find the value of CMRR?
R
V2 –
V1 R V0
+
R
R
Soln. V0 (V1 V2 ) , V0 (V1 V2 ) Vd V1 V2 , Ad 1
R
1
For AC , V1 V2 . AC 0 CMRR
0
32. In the op-amp circuit, CMRR = 40dB and Ad = 50dB. Find AC.
Soln. Here, CMRR = Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Ad = Difference Mode gain, AC = Common Mode gain
CMRR and Ad are given in dB. First off all we will change it in normal value.
40dB = 20 log10 CMRR
40
CMRR = (10) 102 100 50dB = 20log10 Ad
20
Ad Ad 316.27
Ad = 102.5 = 316.22 CMRR = A AC =
C CMRR 100
AC = 3.16
–
Slew Rate: Vi = sin t +
V0
A=
Ri =
R0 = 0
33. www.careerendeavour.com
What is the maximum value of input voltage given to an voltage follower so, that there is no distortion (Slew
rate is given).
S .R
Soln: V0 Vm sin t , Slew Rate = Vm. cos t , S.R. = Vm. Vm
2f
34. For the circuit shown below the value of V0 is
10K
10K
–
48K VpVn V0
6V +
5K
6K
4 2 2 4
(a) V (b) – V (c) V (d) – V
3 3 3 3
148 Operational Amplifier
66 2 Rf 10 2 2 4
Soln. Vp = V , V0 1 V p 1 . = (2)
48 6 3 R1 10 3 3 3
35. For the circuit shown below the input resistance is
Vn – i1
Vp
+ is 4K
is 2K
10K
iz
is i V
Vs 2k is 10k (is i1 ) i1 Vs 2k is 10k is s s 17 K Rin
2 2 is
36. The voltage transfer characteristic of an operation amplifier is shown in figure. What are the values of gain
and offset voltage for this op-amp.
V0
10
–6 –4 –2
(mV)
2 4 6 Vin
–10
(a) 10, 1mV (b) 7500, –1mV (c) 20, 2mV (d) 7500, –2mV
Soln. V0 AV (Vin VOS ), VOS Offset Voltage, A V Voltage Gain
dV0 10 (5)
AV 7500 , When V = 0, V = –V
dVin (2 0)mV 0 in OS
R1
–
A0 V0
Vin +
– +
1 R2
Soln. Gain error is given as g A 1 R , A0 = 1000 (Open loop gain)
0 1
R2
4 (Closed loop gain), g 1 (1 4) 0.5%
R1 1000
Operational Amplifier 149
38. In the following non-inverting amplifier. The op-amp has an open loop gain of 86dB, gain error is
150K
12K
–
V0
+
Vin +
–
1 R2
Soln. Gain error for non-inverting amplifier is given by g 1
A0 R1
1 150 4
So, gain error is g 1 6.75 10 or g 0.0675%
20, 000 2
39. Op-Amp of a given figure has open loop gain of 45. What is closed loop gain of an op-amp.
20K=Rf
R1=2K
–
V0
+
Vin +
–
Rf 20
1 1
R1 2 11 4 11
Soln. For non-inverting ACL 8.95
Rf 20 1 11 56
1 1 2 45
1 R1 1
AOL 45
Differentiator:
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if
i Rf
c
N –
Vi dVi
V
C1 Vp n V0 = –R1C1 dt
+
R comp = Rf
d dV
By VGP, Vp = Vn = 0, Now, KCL at point N, iC C1 (Vi VN ) C1 i , this is far capacitor current.
dt dt
V0 dVi V0 dVi
For feedback resistor Rf. i f R C1 dt R 0 V0 RfC1
f f dt
We may now write the magnitude of gain A of the differentiator as,
V0 f 1
| A | | J RfC1 | RfC1 or | A | where fa
Vi fa 2RfC1
150 Operational Amplifier
40. In the given differentiator, if Vi = sin(2 × 102t). Draw wave form of V0.
Rf=1.5K
C1
Vi –
0.1F V0
+
dVi
Soln. V0 CR f , V0 0.1 106 1.5 10 3.cos (2 10 2 t ).2 10 2
dt
V0 3 102 cos(2 10 2 t ) 0.09 cos(2 10 2 t )
Vi
+1
5m sec
5m sec
–1
+0.9
–0.9
Practical Differentiator:
Zf
Cf
Z1 Rf
Vi –
R1 C1 V0
+
R comp = R1 | | Rf = R1(Rf >> R1)
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V0( s ) Zf SR f C1
This is inverting op-amp:
Vi ( s ) Zi (1 SRf ( f ) (1 SC1 R1 )
V0( S ) SR f C1 SR f C1
For R f C f R1C1 , we get 2
2
Vi ( S ) (1 SR1C1 ) f
1 j
fb
1
Where, fb
2R1C1